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Three Qubit Entanglement Polytopes

This document summarizes a lecture on three qubit entanglement. It discusses two classes of three qubit entanglement - the GHZ state and W state. It also discusses the quantum marginal problem of determining possible reduced density matrices ρA, ρB, ρC that are compatible with a pure state |φ>ABC. For the W class, the set of compatible spectra is given by the inequality λAmax + λBmax + λCmax ≥ 2. The document proves that a closest point to the origin exists in the SLOCC class G.|φ>ABC if and only if there exists a state in the class with ρA = ρB = ρC = I/

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37 views2 pages

Three Qubit Entanglement Polytopes

This document summarizes a lecture on three qubit entanglement. It discusses two classes of three qubit entanglement - the GHZ state and W state. It also discusses the quantum marginal problem of determining possible reduced density matrices ρA, ρB, ρC that are compatible with a pure state |φ>ABC. For the W class, the set of compatible spectra is given by the inequality λAmax + λBmax + λCmax ≥ 2. The document proves that a closest point to the origin exists in the SLOCC class G.|φ>ABC if and only if there exists a state in the class with ρA = ρB = ρC = I/

Uploaded by

Daniel Sebastian Perez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Mathematics of Entanglement - Summer 2013

30 May, 2013

Three Qubit Entanglement Polytopes


Lecturer: Michael Walter

Lecture 10

Last time we talked about SLOCC (stochastic LOCC), where we can post-select on particular
outcomes
Given a class of states that can be interconverted by SLOCC into |i other by SLOCC, C =
{|i : |i |i}, a result by Dur-Vidal-Cirac says that
C := {(A B C)|i/k . . . k : A, B, C SL(d)}

(1)

For three qubits there is a simple classification of all possible types of entanglement. Apart
from product states, and states with only bipartite entanglement, the two classes have the following
representative states:
1
|GHZi = (|000i + |111i)
(2)
2
and
1
|W i = (|001i + |010i + |100i)
(3)
2
The class of SLOCC operations forms a group:
G = {A B C : A, B, C SL(d)}.

(4)

A easy to check fact is that SL(d) = {eX : tr(X) = 0}. Therefore


G = {eA eB eC = eAII+IBI+IIC : tr(A) = tr(B) = tr(C) = 0}.

(5)

We denote CABC by G.|iABC .

Quantum Marginal Problem for Three Parties

What are the possible A , B , C compatible with a pure state |iABC CABC ? We say before
that this only depends on the spectra A , B and C , as one can always apply local unitaries and
change the basis.
For example, for the W class the set of compatible spectra is given by the equation A
max +
B
max + C

2.
max
Let us start with a simpler problem, namely given a state |iABC , does there exist a state in
G.|iABC with A = B = C = I/d? This is equivalent to
tr(A A) = tr(B B) = tr(C C) = 0,

(6)

for all Hermitian traceless matrices A, B, C, which in turn is equivalent to


tr(A A) + tr(B B) + tr(C C) = 0,

(7)

for all Hermitian traceless matrices A, B, C. We can write it as


hABC |A I I + I B I + I I C|ABC i = 0.
10-1

(8)

Thus the norm of the state |ABC i should not change (to 1st order) when we apply an infinitesimal
SLOCC operation.
Let us look at
tA

ke etB etC |ABC ik =


hABC |etA etB etC |ABC i
t
t
= 2hABC |A I I + I B I + I I C|ABC i.

(9)

So from Eq. (??), if |ABC i is the closest point to the origin in G.|ABC i, then A = B =
C = I/d.
What happens when there is no point in the class with A = B = C = I/d. That seems
strange, as it implies by the above that there is no closest point to the origin. But indeed this is
the case for the |W i class, for example. Consider
(0; 01/) (00 01/) (00 01/)|W i = |W i
and when  goes to zero, one approaches the origin. However the limit is not in G.|W i.
Theorem 1. The following are equivalent:
There exists a closest point to 0 in G.|ABC i.
There exists a quantum state in G.|ABC i with A = B = C = I/d.
G.|ABC i is closed.

10-2

(10)

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