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Test of screw piles uplift
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126 views9 pagesScrew Pile Load Testing
Test of screw piles uplift
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Trevor ClineCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 9
NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
A Study of the Screwed Pile
—The Results of Installation and Loading Tests
and Analysis of Penetration Mechanisms—
Abstract
Eco SABA" Hist OHA"
Installation and loading tests of mid-size screwed steel pipe piles were executed,
and the following results were obtained. 1) Itis possible to drive them into and through
sand layers having 50 to 70 STP N-values, with no discharge, noise nor vibration. 2)
The characteristics of pile penetration are influenced by spiral wing diameter, angle
and shape. 3) There is a strong correlation between bearing capacity and torque and
it is possible to estimate the capacity from the R,-value proposed in this paper.
1. Introduction
Piling isthe most common foundation construction method for
structures on soft ground, Pile foundations canbe classified into main
{types as shown in Fig 1. These pile foundation construction meth-
‘ods have specific characteristics as described below. Driven piles
are highly reliable as to the end bearing capacity, but produce such
environmental problems as noise and vibration and thus are no Tonget
used in eties or in nearby areas, Castin-place piles and bored pre-
cast conerete piles do not cause noise and vibration problems, but
requite the disposal of muddy water and surplus soll. These waste
_materials have been posing a social problem in recent years. Castine
Impact ven ples
[Displacement aa} Bored piles
Screw piles
sete pie
See eis
toe pti Ses
Nowaxpaceneni]_|_ Tomer excavation
piles
+ Cement mil.
arth dll method
| nena method
| Reverse eitculation
od
Fig. 1 Classification of pile foundation construction methods
place ples are installed by forming holes in the ground and then
filling them with concrete, The slime produced in tis process must
be disposed of, and the end bearing capacity is difficult ro check.
“The screw pling method was formerly used as an effective means,
for manually installing ples in Japan. At the advent of diesel bam-
ers, however, the serew piling method los its economic advantage
and is now rarely used in Japan, except for small-diameter screw
piles for residential construction".
“This paper presents the study results of screw ste! pipe piles
expected to provide solutions tothe problems of conventional piling
methods.
2, Installation and Features of Serew Steel Pipe Piles
The serew stel pipe pile (hereinafter referred to as the screw
pile) isa steel pipe with spiral blade fixed at its lower end as illus-
trated in Fig. 2. Using e pile driver or the ike, the sorew ple is given
«vertical downward oF upward load and a rotating torque, and is
twisted int the ground withthe wedge effect ofthe blade wilized as
the driving foree. The serew piles feature the following:
1) They are classified as displacement piles and are expected to pro-
vide a large bearing capacity due othe base enlargement effect
of the blade.
2) They are expected to develop lerge uplift bearing capacity due
to the anchor effet ofthe blade.
3) The bearing capacity of every pile can be checked according to
‘Building Construction Division
242 (6: Blage angle on cle
of ation axis W)
(ieferto Fig. 6)
y= 508 mm
Dy =7627mm
Fig. 2 Shape of test pile with one bade)
construction records such as torque, and te finish of thei serew=
‘ng can be controlled easily and accurately.
4) They produce no surplus soil, muddy wate, and other waste ma-
terials at al
'5) They can be easily pulled out by turning them in the reverse di-
rection,
6) They have excellent deformation capacity, srength, and seismic
performance.
3. Purposes of Study
This study has the following purposes:
1) Check whether or not medium-iametr ples inthe diameter range
of 300 to 600 mm, can be screwed in ordinary Japanese.
2) Extract and analyze blade shape parameters that fect he istl-
Jatin of serew ples.
3) Determine the bearing capacity characteristics of screw ples
4) Clarify the relationship between the end bearing capacity and
serewing properties (mainly torque) of screw piles.
4, Outline of Test Site
‘The test sites were situated in Fusu City, Chiba Prefecture, and
Jn reclaimed land atthe center of the Boso Peninsula and along the
“Tokyo Bay. The subsurface investigation results are shown in Fig. 3
‘The strata are composed as described below, starting with the sur
face layer.
(1) 0,00 to 1.30 m: Backfill stratum (Secondary sedimentary stra-
um)
‘This stratum is classified a a secondary sedimentary stratum and
‘mainly composed f coarse sand with many scattered shell pieces.
@) 1,30 102.70 m: Alluvial sandy sol stratum
‘This is a greenish gray fine sand stratum and has shell pieces
seattered because it is also a marine stratum, The N-value ranges
{rom 8 to 10, indicating a slightly low degree of consolidation
@) 2.70 103.70 m: Allavial cohesive soil stratum
‘Yellowish brown sandy silt is deposited, and the N-value is 110
2, indicating a soft state.
(4) 5.70 to 12,90 m: Diluvial-alluvil sandy soil stratum
‘This stratum was deposited from the end ofthe Pleistocene tothe
start ofthe Holocene.
'5.70 10 8.60 m: Fine sand layer with N-valve of 21 t0 29 (inter
‘mediate layer)
8.60 co 10.80 m: Silly, fine sand layer with N-value of 7 0.9
10,80 to 12.90 m: Medium sand layer mixed with fine gravel,
NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
sale Sanda pean et
BE)? I
io
i Es i
olen co) 0 2 0 fal w
surface soil !39| mn mnr omen
= 830]
27 Fine sand i i
wel AT
Sandy silt | YS foi rH
Ct ee ee
oe i
aod aL
Fine sand BB om An
o iat |L
sity,
Fine sand 9730} shah
Pine |2880 nd grt
iia
ee feted — NLL
es a
Fine sand [3099] 4
151s of
Fig. 3 Boring data
having N-value of 21 1029
(5) 12.900 15.31 m: Diluvial sandy sol stratum
‘Dark gray and well-compacte fine sand is distributed. This sta-
tum exhibits an N-value of $0 or over and is highly compacted. It
‘canbe rogarded asthe bearing stratum,
5. Installation ‘Test ‘Types and Installation Machin-
ery
In the serew piling method, the end shape of screw piles has a
large influence on the installability ofthe screw piles. The following
canbe considered as parameters:
1) Diameter of stel pipe body
2) Shape of blade
3) Ouiside diameter of blade
4) Pitch of blade (elevation change per rotation)
5) Open-end rato af bottom plate portion of steel pipe body (refer
‘o "Definition of terms” at the end ofthe paper)
Pallsizeserew piles were installation tested to determine the ef-
fects of these five items on the installability ofthe screw piles.
‘Table I list the test specimens. ‘The standard pile had the steel
pipe diameter D, of 508.0 mm, two blades withthe diameter D, of
1.5D, and angle of $°, and the open-end rato of 90%. The effect of
‘each parameter was evaluated by the test results of al ofthe 24 speci-
‘mens, ll but some specimens were tested twice each, A specimen is
schematically illustrated in Fig. 2. pile diver (Nippon Sharyo Model
DH-658M) was used asthe base pile installation machine, and an
earth auger (Sanwa Kizai Model SMD-150H) was used as the driv-
‘machine
-43- NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
‘Table 1 List of tet ples
‘Sealpipe | Blade shape lade Ganetr] Oper ond [Bho angle] inbedmew
espe | camer vai | ratio” | depth Remarks
Datos) pup, |) | 9téee) | cL
Tawi [soe | Bode [1S 0 S_[1s7 | 16 | Sandie pe
2 Ss1sMO9 Te a7] 133
3 Swi2MO 2 26
= sW20M09| 20 is] as
Ss swisMo7 wo us| 140
6 sWisMoo ° 133 10)
7 5Wiss09 23 ura
1s swisD05 ro | 30] 137
9 5815M00 Tae 2 iba | 3a
To SSi5MI0. blade ve maT) na
11-SWiSDI0 10] a
12 SWiSDIOB 100 | 10 | 130. 130 | Withexcnason bi
13 SWHTM09 1 138 | 137
4 SSISMBL Te 136) Booms
is owisM09 | 66 | Bolster | _13 om 3 [6a [art
16 owissi9 25 | 164 | 140 |
17-6WisDO 10 | 164 [40
1 6S15M00. Thine 2 6a
19 6S15M0 tase 100) isa | 138
20" 6815000 lade io 16a
31 awismoy | 3185 | Balades | 15 w 3150) 150
22 3WisMO7 70 Ts [ass
23351500 Teisde © 162,
24 3515MI0 Thine 7007 168
‘Daa in bank spose ar same sto of standard pile (WISM),
6. Measurement Items and Methods (GV, penetration per rotation (mnvrotation), applied load (KN),
‘The measurement items and methods of screw pile installation
data are described below.
1) Applied load
‘A vertical load was applied toa screw pile during installation. It
\was divided into downward and upward components. The upward
load was measured with a load cell set between the wire used to lift
the earth auger and the top ofthe leader. The downward load was
‘measured witha load cell eta the end of wire used to pull down the
earth auger (as normally done under the inner excavation method).
2) Torque
‘The motor current was measured and converted 1o a correspond
ing value of torque.
3) Penetration
“The penetration of the screw pipe per rotation was measured and
was also converted from the penetration rate
4) Penetration rate
The feed rate ofthe earth auger lifting wite was measured as the
penetration rate ofthe screw pile.
5) In-pipe soil elevation
The elevation of soil inthe see! pipe was measured with aplomb
bob when the pile end reached desired depth or was installed to 5,8,
10 or 12 m below the ground level, or when the installation ofthe
pile was stopped.
7. Results of Installation Test
“Typical results of the installation test are shown in Fig. 4. The
‘measurement items are shown for two specimens. Or the torque
and inpipe sol elevation (m) are shown ftom left to right, The Y-
axis indicates the penetration ofthe end of each screw ple. The pen-
cation characteristics ofthe screw piles greatly depend onthe Blade
shape parameters. Particularly where the N-value suddenly increased,
the serew piles greatly differed in their penetration, and some serew
piles were not driven any futher
Tneach case, the penetration torque exhibited a good correlation
‘withthe N-value. The screw pile penetrated through a soft soil with
‘relatively small torque. In the intermediate strata and the bearing
stratum, the torque changed with the hardness of the soil encoun
tered. The torque increased with increasing pipe diameter (blade di
ameter, indicating the effect ofthe pile area or volume. As the effect
ofthe end shape, a single blade required a larger torque than two
blades, but provided a larger penetration per rotation. The torque
increased with increasing blade diameter and angle, and decreased
with decreasing blade diameter and ange. The slip phenomenon that
the penetration became practically 2er0 was found to occur ahead of
an intermediate steatum when the blade diameter rtio was 1.2 and
ahead of te bearing stratum when the blade angle was 2.5°.
‘The penetration per rotation can be controlled by changing the
applied load. The serew pile can penetrate through soft soil by an
amount approximately equal to the blade pitch, but cannot peneteate
through hard soil by such a large amount. When the end resistance
increases during a change from soft to hard sols, the slip phenom-
‘enon sometimes occurs. Applicaton of load increases the pressure
imposed on the bottom plate portion and facilitates the penetration
ofthe pile into hard sol. The applied load-depth curve indicates how
44 Dent)
Denn)
ewan ee)
NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
a] Te a
fam ta a TA
HO EEN) ny
Tee chk tot) UT
a bode 6 20000" *y mm 400 me 200 00° “yr ee
: ee] HEN
tea eet Ne Ate) Sih
as} cA Ae)
Fig. 4 Installation record (apper sow: SS1SMIO-L, lower row: 6S15MI0-1, two piles with same N-valves)
the load was applied tothe pile at each depth. The applied load in-
cludes the dead weight of the earth auger (151.9 KN).
The in-pile sol elevation dees not uniformly increase in the depth
direction. The level of the soil in the pipe increases as the serew pile
penetrates through a hard soil with a lage end reaction as in the
intermediate or bearing stratum. This may be taken to mean that ad
ditional soil enters the pipe when the end reaction of soil to the pile
tend exceeds the resultant ofthe static fictional forces between in-
side wall ofthe pipe and the soil preexisting in the pipe. Photo 1
shows the condition of soi in a screw pile withdrawn after installa
tion and longitudinally halved. Tis photo confirms the above-men-
tioned phenomenon. The in-pipe sol elevation increases with in
creasing pipe diameter
when the end of a
‘According tothe test results discussed above, it was found that eae
rew ple is shaped to ensure good penetration,
the soil conditions tthe pile end during installation can be pract-
Photo 1 Soil in ses pipe (6086 mm diameter)
245 NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
cally grasped by torque contol and thatthe blade diameter and angle
affect the installaility ofthe serew pile
8. Penetration Mechanism of Screw Piles
8.1 Force equilibrium at pile end during penetration
"The screw piling method twists the stee! pipe body of the screw
pile so thatthe blade atthe lower end ofthe serew pile excavates the
soil and pushes up the soil. The cesultant driving force causes the
penetration ofthe screw ple into the ground. Wien the screw pile is
hanced as a closed-end pile, this phenomenon is explained below
according tothe equilibrium of forces.
‘Thaxisy on the cirle of action shown in Fig. Sis linearly devel-
oped in Fig, 6. Fig. 6 shows the model ofthe blade excavating and
Penetrating the soil encountered Fig 7 illustrates the equilibrium of
forces acting on the blade and bottom plate where @ i the blade
angle, isthe penetration angle and 7, isthe torque acting atthe
pile end (reer to “Nomenclature” atthe end of the paper). Ths eq
Tibrium of forces is shown in vector form in Fig. 8, and is math-
matically expressed by the following equations where isthe torque
Nomexeavation suice
v
Fig. 6 Relationship between non-excavation surface on axis yand blade
Instead state
Fig. 7 Forces acting on bade and bottom plate
eng 1D¢ FL!
sino
Pain eoe@
lg. 8 Equlbrium of forces (vector diagram)
converted into an equivalent force on the circle of action (axis y)
i Qun @
Ry Let ny = Pyt0s O~ Fysin 8 @
Elimination of P, from Eqs. (1) and (2 allows , to be expressed
as a function ofthe torque as follows:
(e080 asin OH Qua) + (in 8+ 0s OL
Da, )(eos 0 asin 8}
p+ Pasin 9+ Fcos 8
@
‘The screw pile penetrates while rotating, but does not always:
penetrate atthe blade pitch P (elevation change per rotation) like
screws. This is beeause the excavated soil, which isan elastic-plastic
‘material, is pushed upward o obtain the penetration force, To repre-
sent this phenomenon, the sol above the blade ofa screw ple pen-
‘trating into the uniform ground and below the bottom plate portion
‘ofthe serew ple is assumed to be an elastic-plastic spring as shown
in Fig. 9. The equilibrium of forces acting on the screw pile pen-
‘ettating into the ground ina steady state cane be illustrated as shown
in Fig. 10.
From the equilibrium of forces shown in Fig. 11 R, = f+ Ly
(vith the bit edge resistance ignored), when the soil on the blade
surface undergoes elastic deformation or PS = 92, the equilib-
Acta tehvice
a
ig. 9 Dynamic characteristics of soil (as elastic-plastic pring) %
‘Spine oF
Jo btor plas
Fig 10 Equilibrium of forces ating on blade
|
&
Fig. 11 Equilibsium of forces acting on pile end
rium of forces acting on the blade is given by
Ay = A FAERS) 51, ®
Fm hs, $s obsined as follows
ap MiBnn2he
Sar 2
When the sil on the blade surface undergoes elastic-plastic de-
temnionce?-5> 9? twepitnit tm ctng ene te
On
eas ht
From this, $s obtained as follows:
Ady
2K [AQ AsOys +E)
Tis thus theoretically clear that irrespective of the whether the
soil encountered is elastic or elastic-plastic, the screw pile penetrates
‘through the soil by an amount smaller than the blade pitch when
there are the second terms in Eqs (5) and (7) and when Ly is stall
From Eqs. (5) and (7), when L, =, the condition 4,/A, for the elas-
tic behavior of the soll is given by
AyiA, S05
When L, = 0, the condition 4,/A, for the elastic-plastic behavior
of the soil is given by
A,iA, > 05
From Eq, (7), when Ay/Ay
S=0
‘When 4,/A, is larger than the value ofS (or the blade area ratio
‘A.IA, is smaller than the reciprocal ofthe value s) and when Ly = O,
‘the screw pile does not penetrate through a uniform soil
An BAe
S=P.
o
Qs P2PK.,
NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
9. Evaluation of Penetration Resistance by Energy
Equilibrium and End Bearing Capacity
9.1 Rvaluation of Penetration Resistance by Energy Equilibrium
Like the equilibrium of forces, the equilibrium of input energy
and consumed energy allows the conelation between the torque and
penetration resistance tobe obained and the end bearing capacity to
be estimated.
‘Assuming that the serew pile is rigid as shown in Fig. 12 and
‘ignoring as an infinitesimal tem the directional cosine that depends
on te blade shape and pile penetration condition, the energy input
to the pile head per rotation is the sum of the energy (,S) impat by
te applied load and the energy (227) input by the torque. The en-
‘ergy consumed in the bottom plate portion isthe sum ofthe energy
(8,5) consumed by pile penetration inthe bottom plate portion, the
energy (ck, xD, ) consumed by fiction ofthe bottom plate portion,
the eneray (a(R, — y+ Qu) RD.) consumed by friction ofthe blade
upper surface, the energy (UR, ~ Ls + Qy) x(P~S)) consumed by the
soi due tothe upward forced deformation of the blade, the energy
(@azxD,') consumed by horizontal bit edge resistance, and the en-
e1gy (QS) consumed by vertical bit edge resistance (eer to Fig,
D
Let abe the transfer rato that takes into account the energy con-
‘sumed by te skin fiction during installation of the sere pile. Then,
from the equilibrium ofthe input energy and consumed energy,
lL + 247} = LaS +207,
=R,S + aR,xD,' + {Ry Ly + Qun)tD!
+(Rp—Lo+ QnKP-8) + QuatDe' + Qu ®
sand
2s + LoxD«! +P) QuarDe'~ QufaxDe' +P) (gy
ax{Dy'+ Dy) +P
{922 Estimation of end bearing capacity
‘When the penetration is equal tothe blade pitch P as shown in
Fig, 13, the pile end is not affected by the blade, and the penetration
«bd
x
lg. 12 Model for energy equilibrium
-47- ‘NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
Rex day
ig. 13 Penetration and soil condition at pile end
resistance R, ofthe pile end is equal tothe wlimate bearing capacity
{ofthe botiom plate prion. When $< P, the blade loosens the soil
found the bottom pate potion, andthe effective stress ofthe lower
par ofthe Bade diminishes. AS a result Ri considered 10 be e-
dhoed toda, (ds the penevation resistance reduction fect)
“The end bearing capacity is expressed by Ea,(10) as the sum of
to pensation resistance ofthe bottom pat portion and he bearing
capacity ofthe Bade (area ratio multiple ofthe penetration resist
"nce of the bottom plate portion multiplied bythe effective ratio).
aa, +43}
10. Vertical Load Test
10.1 Load test plan
‘A vertical load test was conducted to clarity the bearing proper-
ties ofthe piles. The test pile was 609.6 mm inthe ste! pipe body
‘diameter D, and 1.5D, inthe blade diameter, and its screwing was
stopped at 13.8 m below the ground level so that its end setled by
bout 1, into sandy layer at a depth of 12.9 m, The load test plan
was executed under the Ground Engineering Society Standard "Ver~
tical Load Tests of Piles”. The test pile was statistically loaded in
‘multiple eyeles in one direction with the load controlled. Another
screw pile with excellent pulling performance was used as the reac-
tion ple. The load test schedule is shown in Table 2, and che meas-
urement intervals are shown in Table 3.
‘The measurement items were th pile head displacement, pile
a0)
‘Table 2 List of oud steps and eyes
Toad sop (ON) isu for values enclosed in parentheses
1 | s0csm-sa0ci0m1 96200 98001000
2 | 9804100)-1,960(200-2.990(30m)3.92n.400)-2,940(300)-
1470(150)0
3 | 1.960c200-3,20(400)-8 0rs00) 5 ARO, 9001500)-
2.450(250)-0
4 | 1,960c20)-3,520(400)-5, 801600) -6.860c700-7.880.800)-
82009007, 840(800)-3.5201400)-0
"Note: Undetined values af intl oad.
Dioad
Initia oad
Load within hysteresis loop
Selemen (nn)
8
|
a
Fens
0 Loo 2000 S000 4000 5060” 6000 7.000
Lod en)
Fig. 1 Pile end losd-settlement curve (D = 609.6 mm, D, = 15D)
head strain, ple end strain, and in-pipe soil displacement. The pile
‘end strain gauge was attached tothe inside of the stel pipe at 1D,
above the pile end and was protected.
102 Vertical load test results
‘The end load-end penetration curve obtained from the vertical
load testis shown in Fig, 14. The test pile had extremely large initial
stiffness and peneteated deawing a mild arc to & depth equal to 10%
ofthe blade diameter. Ic then exhibited almost linear under-load pen-
cexration behavior and indicated no sudden drop in strength.
‘When the load at which the pile end penetrated by an amount
‘equal to 109 ofthe blade diameter is taken a the ultimate load, the
ultimate load is 4,966 KN in the vertical load test.
11. Vertical Load Test Results and R, Value
‘OF the installation records ofthe pile used in the Toad test, he
torque, penetration, and applied load are shown in Figs. 1a, (),
and (©), respectively The R, valve obtained from the energy equild~
‘um by using the load test results is shown in Fig, 18(@). As the
preconditions to determine the R, value, the transfer aio @of Land
70 the pile end and the coefficient cof skin fiction berween the
soil and blade are put atthe following values by considering the
actual resus:
«Transfer aio of L, and Tt pile end: a= 09
+ Coefficient of skin fiction between sil and blade: 0-=0.5
The bit edge resistances Q., and Q,, ae estimated at
Qe Ou=9
AS a rel, R, was 2,550 KN when the insalltion ofthe tes ple
was stopped. The value of obtained from the free equilibrium is
«so shown in Fig. 15(). This value practically agrees with the value
of R, obtained from the energy equilibrium Since the calculated R,
Yalu is the resistance imposed by the sol onthe bottom plate poe
tion ofthe screw ple, R, canis considered to reflect the soi condi-
tions in the bottom pate portion ofthe serew ple.
“The end bearing capacity of piles installed by the srew pling
‘method ean be expressed by Eq, (10). If and dae determined, 2,
«an be calculated from
From the equilibrium of forces shown in Fig. 1, itis lear that
the end upit capacity is lager than the diving force f..Q,can
be eximated by
5 28, Ly= 2119 KN
12. Conclusions
“The following findings were derived from the results ofthe full-
size pile installation test and vertical loa test: NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
Fenelon (rman), mesure
[Pencirion (mm/rttion),clelaes
ceion rg)
"Ape ad pang “Reb Fore egiiviom
‘Aid teas aN), sewing 00 Bay gen
Ag : : RL
fa }- a; gf + g,
t 3 g
BG i, i, Pe
8 oh a 9 4
rf pe
B 3B B 4
ac ee oa eo
roe) a ped et
° ” °
ig. 15 Installation record and R, value of load test pile
1) The screw pling method can install medium-diameter screw piles
into a sandy layer with an N-value of aboot $0 to 70. Like their
smaller-diameter counterparts, the medium-diameter screw ples
‘cam be installed without surplus soil and with low noise and vi-
bration,
2) The blade diameter, angle, and shape have large effects on the
installability of serew ples.
3) The soil strengths strongly comelated with the excavation torque.
‘The R, value proposed here is confirmed tobe a factor that ean be
used to estimate the bearing capacity of screw ples.
13. Future Issues
‘The following canbe cited a future issues:
+ Further clarification of mechanism of penetration
‘The dynamic phenomena occurring at the pile end will be clari-
fied further to find the mechanism of penetration that can explain the
Penetration of screw piles under all soil conditions.
+ Clarification of factors a, Q.4 and Q,,to derive R value and of,
factors d and e to estimate end bearing capacity
‘The values given in Chapter 1 were calculated by assuming these
factors. The values of these factors will have to be determined by
accumulating data through model testing (.g., with pressurized
sandy ground tank), tition testing, numerical analysis, fll-size pipe
installaon testing, and load testing, among other methods,
+ Derivation of equations for estimating end bearing capacity and
uplift eapacity of sevew piles
Postscript
‘This paper is based on the paper “Study on Screw Steel Pipe
Piles” published in the Joumal of Structural and Construction Engi-
neering (Vol. 45 B, pp. 453-462, 1999), Architectural Institute of
Japan, and contains some revisions made since then
Acknowledgments
‘The authors are indebted to people engaged inthe development
‘of screw ples for their cooperation in the preparation ofthis paper.
-
Applied dead weight
‘Dead weight of heavy devices (a motor) that ride onthe pile
bead.
Applied load
‘Resultant ofthe applied dead weight and hold-down load,
Bit edge resistance
Penetration resistance of the soi to which the excavation bit edge
is subjected
Blade
‘A doughnut disk-shaped stel plate atached to the end ofa steel
Pipe pile, Its shape is spiral or disk-lke, and its quantity is one or
Blade diameter ratio
Ratio ofthe blade diameter to the steel pipe body diameter.
Bottom plate
‘A plate attached to the end of a pile. Used on closed-end piles.
Bottom plate portion
Cross-sectional portion ofthe end ofa fille steel pipe. Iis the
49. NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 82 JULY 2000
bottom plate” oF “bottom plate ring and in-pipe soil portion”,
and isthe projected area portion that offers penetration resistance
Bottom plate ring
‘A doughnut disk-shaped plate attached tothe end ofa pile. Used
‘on open-end pile. (This term sometimes refers to the internal
portion ofthe blade when the blade extends into the inside ofthe
steel pipe.)
Circle of action
CCirele of action for the resultant of fictional forces used to cal-
‘ulate the torque
Driving foree
‘Vertical component ofthe wedge reaction.
End bearing capacity
‘Beating capacity produced by the bottom plate potion or blade
portion
End uplift capacity
Resistance produced by the blade to the upward pulling ofthe
pile
Excavation bit
‘Abit attached to the end or lower end of the blade,
Hold-down load
‘Vertical load applied tothe pile bythe hold-down deviee of a pile
driver,
Non-excavation surface
Ground surface not excavated by the bottom plate potion or blade,
Open-end ratio|
(Open area/botiom piste portion area
Opening
‘Opening tthe pile end opening inthe stel pipe or bottom plate
fing)
Penetration
‘Amount by which a pile penetrates into the ground during instal-
lation.
Penetration force
Resultant of he applied load and deiving force that acts down-
‘ward on the pile during installation,
Penetration resistance
Resistance produced by the soil othe boom plate portion ofthe
pile
Torque
Rotating force produced by the motor or twisting force acting on
the pile body.
Wedge reaction
Force acting downward onthe pil in the direction normal tothe
blade when the piles wisted into the ground during installation
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A, Projected area of bottom plate postion
AL Projected ara of blade alone
a” Transfer eto of Land 70 pile end (0