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Laws of Logic

The document outlines 11 laws of logic: 1) Double Negation Law: A statement and its double negation are equivalent. 2) Negation Law: The negation of a statement combined with itself using "or" is a tautology, and combined using "and" is a contradiction. 3) The negation of a tautology is a contradiction and vice versa. 4) Identity Law: A statement combined with tautology using "and" or "or" is equivalent to the statement itself. 5) Idempotent Law: A statement combined with itself using "and" or "or" is equivalent to the statement itself.

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Shaher Bano Mirza
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2K views3 pages

Laws of Logic

The document outlines 11 laws of logic: 1) Double Negation Law: A statement and its double negation are equivalent. 2) Negation Law: The negation of a statement combined with itself using "or" is a tautology, and combined using "and" is a contradiction. 3) The negation of a tautology is a contradiction and vice versa. 4) Identity Law: A statement combined with tautology using "and" or "or" is equivalent to the statement itself. 5) Idempotent Law: A statement combined with itself using "and" or "or" is equivalent to the statement itself.

Uploaded by

Shaher Bano Mirza
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Roll No.

1255 Bio-Informatics 5th Semester(M)

LAWS of Logic
1. Double Negation Law:[¬(¬P)‗P]

P ¬P ¬(¬P)
T F T
F T F
2. Negation law:[P V ¬P ‗ t & PΛ¬P ‗ c]

P ¬P PV¬P PΛ¬P
T F T F
F T T F
3. Negation of t & c:[¬t ‗ c &¬c ‗ t]

P ¬P PV¬P=t PΛ¬P=c ¬t ¬c
T F T F T F
F T T F T F
4. Identity law:[PΛ t ‗ P & PVc ‗ P]

P t c PV¬c PΛ¬t
T T F T T
F T F F F
5. Idempotent Law:[PΛP ‗ P & PVP ‗ P]

P PVP PΛP
T T T
F F F
6. Universal Found Law:[PVt ‗ t & PΛc ‗ c]

P t c PVt PΛc
T T F T F
F T F T F
7. Cumulative Law:[(i)PΛQ ‗ QΛP &(ii) PVQ ‗ QVP]
(i)
P Q PΛQ QΛP
T T T T
T F F F
F T F F
F F F F
(ii)
P Q PVQ QVP
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F F

1st Assignment Discrete Mathematics 08/10/2009


Roll No.1255 Bio-Informatics 5th Semester(M)

8. Associative Law:[(i)(PΛQ)Λr ‗ PΛ(QΛr) (ii) (PVQ)Vr ‗ PV(QVr)]


(i)
P Q r PΛQ QΛr (PΛQ)Λr PΛ(QΛr)
T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F
T F T F F F F
T F F F F F F
F T T F T F F
F F T F F F F
F T F F F F F
F F F F F F F
(ii)
P Q r PVQ QVr (PVQ)Vr PV(QVr)
T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T T T T T
T F F T F T T
F T T T T T T
F F T F T T T
F T F T T T T
F F F F F F F
9. Distributive Law:[(i)PΛ(QVr) ‗ (PΛQ)V(PΛr) (ii) PV(QΛr) ‗
(PVQ)Λ(PVr)]
(i)
P Q r PΛQ PΛr QVr PΛ(QVr (PΛQ)V(PΛr)
)
T T T T T T T T
T T F T F T T T
T F T F T T T T
T F F F F F F F
F T T F F T F F
F F T F F T F F
F T F F F T F F
F F F F F F F F
(ii)
P Q r PVQ PVr QΛr PV(QΛr (PVQ)Λ(PVr)
)
T T T T T T T T
T T F T T F T T
T F T T T F T T
T F F T T F T T
F T T T T T T T
F F T F T F F F
F T F T F F F F
F F F F F F F F

1st Assignment Discrete Mathematics 08/10/2009


Roll No.1255 Bio-Informatics 5th Semester(M)

10. Demorgan’s Law:[(i)¬(PΛQ) ‗ ¬PV¬Q (ii) ¬(PVQ) ‗ ¬PΛ¬Q]


(i)
P Q PΛQ ¬(PΛQ) ¬P ¬Q ¬PV¬Q
T T T F F F F
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T
(ii)
P Q PVQ ¬(PVQ) ¬P ¬Q ¬PΛ¬Q
T T T F F F F
T F T F F T F
F T T F T F F
F F F T T T T
11. Absorption Law:[(i)PV(PΛP) ‗ P (ii) PΛ(PVP) ‗ P]
(i)
P PΛP PV(PΛP)
T T T
F F F
(ii)
P PVP PΛ(PVP)
T T T
F F F

1st Assignment Discrete Mathematics 08/10/2009

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