PIPENET VISIONTM

Spray/Sprinkler Module
User and Reference Manual
Software Revision 1.30

2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Foreword
Spray/Sprinkler User and Reference Manual
Sunrise Systems Limited

This manual is designed to act as a user and reference

guide for the Spray/Sprinkler module revision 1.30. It
contains a number of tutorial examples which should help
both new users and users of previous PIPENET modules.

PIPENET and PIPENET VISION are registered trademarks of Sunrise Systems Limited. All other names
and services mentioned in this manual that are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks, are the
property of their respective owners.

Contents

Table of Contents
Foreword

Part 1 Sunrise Systems

1 Welcome ................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Sunrise - Product
...................................................................................................................................
Modules
3
3 Obtaining Support
................................................................................................................................... 4
4 Sunrise - How
...................................................................................................................................
to Contact Us
4
5 Conventions
...................................................................................................................................
used in this document
4

Part 2 Installation

1 Installation................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Prerequisites
................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Updating a...................................................................................................................................
key license
8
4 Security Key
...................................................................................................................................
Problems
9

Part 3 A Tour of the User Interface

14

1 Overall view
................................................................................................................................... 14
2 The Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Window
15
3 Tabular view
...................................................................................................................................
window
16
4 Properties
...................................................................................................................................
Window
16
5 Component
...................................................................................................................................
Properties
17
6 Fittings ................................................................................................................................... 19
7 The Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
overview window
19
8 Menus

................................................................................................................................... 20

File Menu .........................................................................................................................................................

Edit Menu.........................................................................................................................................................
View Menu.........................................................................................................................................................
Libraries Menu
.........................................................................................................................................................
Options Menu
.........................................................................................................................................................
Colouration
.........................................................................................................................................................
Menu
Calculation
.........................................................................................................................................................
Menu
Tools Menu
.........................................................................................................................................................
Window Menu
.........................................................................................................................................................
Help Menu.........................................................................................................................................................

20
22
24
26
27
27
28
29
29
30

9 Toolbars ................................................................................................................................... 31
Spray Toolbar
.........................................................................................................................................................
Options Toolbar
.........................................................................................................................................................
Calculation
.........................................................................................................................................................
Toolbar
Tag Toolbar
.........................................................................................................................................................
Find toolbar
.........................................................................................................................................................

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31
31
32
33
34

II

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Part 4 Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe

System

36

1 Network Representation
................................................................................................................................... 36
2 Labelling...................................................................................................................................
the diagram
36
3 Labels

................................................................................................................................... 36

4 Inlets and...................................................................................................................................
Outlets
37
5 Network Topology
................................................................................................................................... 38
6 Simple three
...................................................................................................................................
pipe system
38
7 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and Design Phases
39
8 Specifying
...................................................................................................................................
Units
42
9 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
pipe type
43
10 Entering the
...................................................................................................................................
pipe data
45
11 Undefined
...................................................................................................................................
or invalid components
47
12 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 48
13 Calculating
................................................................................................................................... 49
14 Inspecting
...................................................................................................................................
the results
50
15 Saving and
...................................................................................................................................
loading the network
51

Part 5 Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler

System

54

1 A small Sprinkler
...................................................................................................................................
System
54
2 Specifying
...................................................................................................................................
units
54
3 Creating ...................................................................................................................................
a user defined pipe schedule
54
4 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
nozzle type
57
5 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
pump library
58
6 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
pipe type
59
7 Entering the
...................................................................................................................................
pipe data
60
8 Entering the
...................................................................................................................................
pump data
62
9 Entering the
...................................................................................................................................
nozzle data
63
10 Entering ...................................................................................................................................
specification data
64
11 Performing
...................................................................................................................................
calculations
65

Part 6 Example 3 - Condensate Tank

Deluge System

68

1 Condensate
...................................................................................................................................
tank deluge system
68
2 Preliminary
...................................................................................................................................
considerations
69
3 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 70
4 Creating ...................................................................................................................................
a user defined pipe schedule
71
5 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
pipe type
72

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Contents

III

6 Nozzle characteristics
................................................................................................................................... 73
7 The design
...................................................................................................................................
and calculation phases
74
8 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 74
9 Network data
...................................................................................................................................
entry
75
10 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results
77

Part 7 Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring

Main

80

1 Pressures...................................................................................................................................
in a ring main
80
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 81
3 Creating a
...................................................................................................................................
pipe type
81
4 Network data
...................................................................................................................................
entry
82
5 Pump data
...................................................................................................................................
and the library
84
6 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 85
7 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results
86

Part 8 Example 5 - A Maintenance Area

Sprinkler System

88

1 A maintenance
...................................................................................................................................
area sprinkler system
88
2 Initialisation
................................................................................................................................... 89
3 Specifications
................................................................................................................................... 91
4 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
and results
92

Part 9 The Schematic

94

1 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Window
94
2 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Underlay
94
3 Selection...................................................................................................................................
Tool
95
4 Pan and Zoom
...................................................................................................................................
Tool
96
5 Area Tool................................................................................................................................... 96
6 Polygon Tool
................................................................................................................................... 97
7 Text Tool ................................................................................................................................... 99
8 Link Component
...................................................................................................................................
Tools
100
9 Pipe Component
...................................................................................................................................
Tools
101
10 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
Printing
101
11 Exporting
...................................................................................................................................
the Schematic
103
12 Moving ...................................................................................................................................
around the network
103

Part 10 The Tabular View

106

1 Tabular ...................................................................................................................................
View
106
2 Validation
................................................................................................................................... 107
3 Copying...................................................................................................................................
Cells
107

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IV

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Part 11 Specifications

112

1 Introduction
...................................................................................................................................
to Specifications
112
2 Specification
...................................................................................................................................
Rules
113
3 Breaks and
...................................................................................................................................
Blocks
114
4 User Interface
................................................................................................................................... 114
5 Nozzle Specification
................................................................................................................................... 117

Part 12 Status Checking

120

1 Status checking
................................................................................................................................... 120
2 Specification
...................................................................................................................................
Checks
120
3 Height Checking
................................................................................................................................... 121

Part 13 Colour Schemes

124

1 Colour Schemes
................................................................................................................................... 124
2 Tagging ................................................................................................................................... 127
3 Background
...................................................................................................................................
Colours
127

Part 14 Elevation Profile and Hydraulic

Grade Line

130

1 Elevation
...................................................................................................................................
Profile Window
130
2 Hydraulic
...................................................................................................................................
Grade Line
132

Part 15 Multiple Pipe Generation

136

1 Multiple...................................................................................................................................
Pipe Generation
136

Part 16 Nozzle Generation

140

1 Nozzle generation
................................................................................................................................... 140

Part 17 Libraries

144

1 Libraries................................................................................................................................... 144
2 Spray Library
...................................................................................................................................
Editor
145
3 Pipe Schedules
................................................................................................................................... 147
4 Nozzles ................................................................................................................................... 148
5 Pumps -...................................................................................................................................
Coefficients Unknown
149
6 Pumps -...................................................................................................................................
Coefficients Known
150
7 Linings ................................................................................................................................... 151
8 Deluge Valves
................................................................................................................................... 152
9 Editing system
...................................................................................................................................
libraries
152

Part 18 Specifying Options

1 Title

156

................................................................................................................................... 156

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Contents

2 Spray Options
................................................................................................................................... 156
3 Units

................................................................................................................................... 158

4 PipeTypes
................................................................................................................................... 162
5 Schematic
...................................................................................................................................
display options
163
6 Calculation
...................................................................................................................................
options
165
7 Spray Tables
................................................................................................................................... 167
8 Defaults................................................................................................................................... 168

Part 19 Modeling

170

1 Remote ...................................................................................................................................
Nozzle Specification
170
2 Mass Balance
...................................................................................................................................
Specifications
170
3 Design Facility
................................................................................................................................... 170
4 Linings ................................................................................................................................... 171
5 Pipe Modelling
................................................................................................................................... 172
6 Hazen Williams
................................................................................................................................... 173
7 Coulson...................................................................................................................................
Richardson Equation Model
174
8 Pipe C-factor
................................................................................................................................... 174
9 Pipe hydrostatic
...................................................................................................................................
pressure loss
175
10 Equipment
...................................................................................................................................
items
175
11 Filters ................................................................................................................................... 175
12 Deluge Valves
................................................................................................................................... 176
13 Non-return
...................................................................................................................................
valve
177
14 Overboard
...................................................................................................................................
Dump Valves
178
15 Orifice Plates
................................................................................................................................... 178
16 Pumps ................................................................................................................................... 180
17 Spray Nozzles
................................................................................................................................... 185

Part 20 NFPA Submittal Report

188

1 NFPA Submittal
...................................................................................................................................
Report
188

Part 21 Exporting the Schematic

192

1 HP-GL/2...................................................................................................................................
Output
192
2 DXF Ouput
................................................................................................................................... 192

Part 22 Errors

196

1 Errors ................................................................................................................................... 196

2 Basic errors
................................................................................................................................... 196
3 Input errors
................................................................................................................................... 197
4 Global errors
................................................................................................................................... 197
5 Specific...................................................................................................................................
component errors
199
6 Numerical
...................................................................................................................................
errors
200

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Part 23 Reference Data

202

1 Bibliography
................................................................................................................................... 202
2 Properties
...................................................................................................................................
of water
202
3 Surface ...................................................................................................................................
Roughness
203
4 Physical...................................................................................................................................
Constants
203
5 FOC Rules
................................................................................................................................... 203
6 NFPA Rules
................................................................................................................................... 207
7 Chinese...................................................................................................................................
Standard (GB)
212
8 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 3505 Class D (uPVC)
212
9 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 1387 Heavy
214
10 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 1387 Medium
215
11 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- ANSI B36.10 Schedule 40
216
12 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- ANSI B36.10 Schedule 80
217
13 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- BS 1211 Class C (cast Iron)
218
14 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 bar g
219
15 Schedule
...................................................................................................................................
- Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 Bar g
220

Index

221

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Sunrise Systems

Part

Sunrise Systems

Sunrise Systems

1.1

Welcome

Welcome to the latest version of the PIPENET modules, collectively referred to as

PIPENET VISIONTM. This version includes a number of improvements, for example:

All PIPENET modules are certified to operate under Windows Vista

Ability to export the network as an AutoCAD DXF file
Addition of new Polygon tool, allowing the selection of non-rectangular areas
The ability to define pump curves using cubic coefficients and cubic splines in
addition to quadratic curves.
In addition to producing the PIPENET standard output file, the calculator can
now also produce an NFPA compatible output file.
The maximum number of library pumps allowed has been increased from 50 to
120
The maximum number of library nozzles allowed has been increased from 50 to
150
Ability to copy pump plots from the the library dialogs to the Windows
clipboard.

Windows Vista and the location of the Examples directory

For support of the PIPENET modules under Windows Vista, it has been necessary to
change the installed location of the Examples directory. This is because Vista does not
allow data files to be stored anywhere under C:\Program Files.
Examples for all modules can now be found in the following locations:
Windows 2000/XP:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Pipenet\Examples
Windows Vista:
C:\ProgramData\Pipenet\Examples
A shortcut to the Examples directory is to be found in the Windows Start menu and the
directory can also be found on the installation CD.

1.2

Sunrise - Product Modules

The PIPENET suite of programs has been designed to enable the accurate simulation of
the flow of fluid through a network of pipes and other components. The full suite of
programs consists of the following modules:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Standard Module
Spray Module
Transient Module

1.3

For the analysis of the single phase flow of liquids and gases.
For the analysis of fixed fire-protection systems employing water.
For the analysis of transient flow in all types of network
employing a liquid.

Obtaining Support
Support queries, or details of any problems experienced, should be emailed to:

support@sunrise-sys.com.
If you are experiencing problems with a specific PIPENET network please remember to attach the
data files, together with any associated library files, to the email. For PIPENET VISION files
include the .SDF data file and the associated .SLF file, For PIPENET Classic files include the
.DAT file together with the any associated library files, .PDF, .PMP, .UFL, and .VLB. Please also
include any other information that might help in locating the source of the problem.
For queries relating to installation, in particular security key problems, include the key number.
For USB keys this is a five digit number of the form 1nnnn or 2nnnn. For parallel port keys the
number is located in the bottom right-hand corner of the key label (not the Sunrise address label).
Before sending any queries relating to the installation of the software make sure that you have
read the trouble-shooting section in this document and provide details of any error messages
encountered during installation.

1.4

Sunrise - How to Contact Us

Sunrise Systems Limited may be contacted by post, by fax, by email or via our website:
Sunrise Systems Limited
Sunrise Business Park
Ely Road
Waterbeach
Cambridge
CB25 9QZ
United Kingdom
Telephone +44 1223 441311
Fax: +44 1223 441297
email pipenet@sunrise-sys.com
web site http:\\www.sunrise-sys.com

1.5

Conventions used in this document

The following are the conventions used in this manual:
Items such as File | New shown in bold indicate the selection of an option from a
menu. The item before the vertical bar is the main menu item and the item after

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Sunrise Systems

the vertical bar is the specific menu option. For example; File | New indicates
that the menu option New is to be selected from the File menu.
Capitalised item shown in bold, for example Apply, generally indicate the
selection of a button or item in a dialog.

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Installation

Part

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Installation

2.1

Installation
Installation of a PIPENET module will have been described in the installation guide,
which accompanies the CD-ROM. This chapter deals with problems that may occur once
the software has been installed from CD-ROM.

2.2

Prerequisites
To run any of the PIPENET modules, you need the following:

2.3

A valid PIPENET license provided by an appropriate HASP security key

A release CD-ROM
A PC with an Intel Pentium IV (or equivalent) processor
128 Mbyte memory
At least 40 Mbytes of free disk storage
Microsoft Windows 2000, XP or Vista
A display monitor with a resolution of at least 800 x 600, but preferably 1024 x
768 or even 1280 x 1024

Updating a key license

Depending on the type of licence, a security key may be restricted in its use in some way.
For example, it may only license some of the PIPENET modules, it may be restricted to
run a specific release, or it may have an expiry date applied to one or more modules
licensed by the key.
Keys can be re-programmed without needing to returned to Sunrise Systems Limited for
re-programming, using an encrypted file which can be sent by email to the customer.
Expiry dates
If a module has been licenced with an expiry date, then any attempt to use the module
beyond the expiry date will result in the key no longer being recognized as a valid key. If a
key expires then Sunrise Systems should be contacted, requesting an update. If approved,
a small encrypted text file will be sent to the customer by email.
Updating a licence file
When you are in receipt of an encrypted licence file then proceed as follows to update the
security key:
1. Make sure that you have started PIPENET and there is no network open
2. Select the menu option Help | Update key and the following message will be
displayed:

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Installation

3. Selecting ok will display a dialog for navigating to the encrypted licence file
4. As soon as you have selected the licence file a second dialog will be displayed,
hopefully indicating the success of the operation:

5. If the operation fails then Sunrise Systems should be contacted for further
assistance, which may necessitate the return of the key. This may occur with
security keys that are several years old.
Note that the encrypted licence file is only valid for a specific key, as identified by the
number in the bottom right-hand corner of the key's label. For parallel port keys this will
be a four digit number, for USB keys a 5 digit number greater than 10000. Note also that a
licence file can only be used once to update a key, if an attempt is made to update a
security key more than once, the second and subsequent attempts will fail with an error

2.4

Security Key Problems

If you have got as far as installing the software then the most common problems
encountered are those to do with licensing. If you can load the software but cannot open or
create a problem because of an error message relating to a security key or licensing
problem then proceed as follows.
Security access rights
It is important that the installation of PIPENET modules be performed with Administrator
access rights and privileges. These rights and privileges are required for:
Installation of the drivers for the security key
Addition and/or updating of system files in the Windows System directory. (note

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10

Spray/Sprinkler Module

that PIPENET will never replace an existing file in this directory if it is more
recent than the one shipped with PIPENET).
Access to the Windows' System registry
If you did not have these rights when you installed the software then the key drivers will
not have been correctly installed and thus the software cannot be run. Re-install the
software having obtained the necessary rights and privileges. Contact your IT support
group if you are unsure as to how to proceed.
Fitting the security key
A USB key must be fitted to an available USB port and a parallel key to port LPT1:. If
you are using a parallel port key then the key may be fitted in series with security keys
provided by other software manufacturers.
Licensing provided by a key
Each key is specifically programmed for the needs of each user. Depending on the
licensing agreement, the key will be programmed:
for one or more PIPENET modules,
for a specific number of runs or unlimited number of runs
for use before a programmed expiry date or for unlimited use.
If the key is not programmed for the module you are attempting to run, or the number of
runs has expired, or the key has passed its expiry date then any error messages displayed
will inform you of the specific error.
If the key is correctly fitted and the drivers have been correctly installed then the status of
the key and the licences available can be checked via the Help | Key Status menu option. If
the security key is correctly fitted then this will display the key details, including key
number and customer name, in addition to licensing details.
Checking installation of security key drivers
If you have followed all of the instructions above and you have a key licence for the
module you are trying to run then you should have no further problems. However, if you
are still having problems, please perform the following checks and email the results to
Sunrise Systems. Be sure to include the key number. If you cannot run Key Status then the
key number is also printed in the bottom right-hand corner of the key's label.
Trouble shooting
The most common reasons for failure are not having the correct key fitted or the key
drivers were not installed correctly. If the key drivers were not installed then the most
likely reason for the failure is that you did not have the necessary access rights during
installation. The following summarises the checks you should perform to locate the source
of the problem:
1. Check that you are using a security key appropriate to the module you are trying
to run.

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Installation

11

2. Check that the key is correctly fitted to a USB or parallel port on the computer
where you are attempting to run the PIPENET software.
3. You must have Windows Administrator privileges to install the key drivers
since changes are made to the System Registry. If you do not have these rights
you will have to contact your IT department to set up your account details. It is
recommended that you contact your IT department anyway to confirm any other
rights and restrictions there may be.
4. Check that you have read and write access rights to the drive where the software
will be installed (by default C:) and where the temporary files will reside (also
by default drive C:). This is necessary since some organisations prohibit their
users from accessing the local disk and selected network drives, other than for
read access. Again if you do not have these rights then you will have to contact
your IT department.
5. Please check (re-install if necessary) that the software and key drivers are
correctly installed.
6. The installation of the key drivers can be checked by running the program
KEYSETUP.EXE which can be found in the keydriver sub-directory of the
PIPENET installation directory. Running this program produces the display:

Select the Check key drivers button to confirm installation. Entering this
command will display the status of the key drivers, which if correctly installed
will display the date of installation and other information on printer port,
version number of driver etc.
7. If step 5. reports that the key driver is not installed then terminate any running
PIPENET module and select the three buttons in the sequence Remove key
drivers, Install key drivers and Check key drivers.
8. The last of the four buttons in the dialog, Check key, will attempt to read the
key, displaying the internally stored key number and the customer name. The
customer name may not be present on very old keys but the key number should
always be readable if the key drivers are correctly installed.
The key check utility is stored on your hard drive during installation in the sub-directory

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12

Spray/Sprinkler Module

keydriver, the key check utility program is named KeySetup.exe.

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A Tour of the User Interface

Part

14

Spray/Sprinkler Module

A Tour of the User Interface

3.1

Overall view
The user interface is common to all PIPENET modules, although the toolbars and menus
may vary slightly to reflect the different features available. When the program is started
and a PIPENET data file is opened the screen will appear thus:

The four main windows depicted are as follows:

Upper-left: a Properties Window used for displaying the attributes of the
currently selected component. This window replaces the dialogs of earlier
versions of the software since data can be entered and edited in this window.
Lower-left: Schematic Overview Window showing an overall view of the
schematic, with a rectangle showing the region covered by the main schematic.
The rectangle may be dragged, with the main schematic window being
automatically scrolled to reflect the changes. Conversely, scrolling the main
window or changing the zoom factor will change the position and/or size of the
rectangle in the Overview window.
Upper-right: the Schematic Window, essentially as in the previous versions of
PIPENET, but allowing colour coding, multiple selections, an improved Area

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A Tour of the User Interface

15

Tool with copy, paste, delete, flip and invert operations, and an unlimited
undo/redo facility.
Lower-right: a Tabular View of the database is provided by a browse window, via
which the user can display and edit component properties, and display results.
The Tabbed Properties and Schematic Overview windows can be closed by clicking the
button at the top-right of each window. To re-display the windows select either the View |
Properties or View | Schematic Overview option.
The Properties Window and the Schematic Overview can be moved to the right-hand side
of the screen or "floated" by clicking and dragging the top of each window.
At the top of the screen is the usual assortment of menus and toolbars and at the bottom
the status bar.
Menu styles
The menus are arranged differently to the previous PIPENET programs, although users of
other Windows' programs may find them more familiar. To revert to the old style of menu
select the menu option Window | Use pipenet menu style. To revert to the new window
style select Window | Use Windows menu style. See also the Window Menu.

3.2

The Schematic Window

The Schematic window is the primary means of entering and viewing networks. It closely
resembles the schematic window of earlier products but has a number of improvements.
When the window is first displayed it is presented with a light-grey background suitable
for general viewing. The background colour may be changed to white or black. However,
for coloured links and text, it will generally be found that a white background is unsuitable
for viewing.
New elements are added by selecting the appropriate element tool from the tool palette
and then placing and drawing the component using the mouse.
All labeled elements created via the schematic are automatically assigned a unique label.
Labeled elements include nodes, link elements and attribute elements. Numeric labels are
used (no tags) with each component type having its own set of unique labels.
The background colour and the font sizes used for labeling components can be changed
using the Display Options dialog.
Schematic Underlay
A facility has been included whereby a graphic may be imported and displayed as a
background to the main schematic. Display of this underlay is enabled and disabled via
the View menu. The underlay may be zoomed independently of the main network to
achieve relative scaling and registration. Zooming the network, zooms the underlay by the
same selected zoom factor. In normal use the procedure to use an underlay commences
with a new network:

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16

Spray/Sprinkler Module

1. Import and display the underlay.

2. Select a suitable zoom size for the underlay.
3. Commence laying out the PIPENET components using the underlay as a guide.

3.3

Tabular view window

The Tabular View window provides details of attributes and results for network
components. Data may be entered and edited via this view, columns re-arranged, and
attributes/results printed. In fact the grid provides many of the properties (but no
calculation facilities) associated with a spreadsheet product such as Windows Excel or
Lotus 123. Copy/paste facilities are provided with unlimited undo/redo capability.
More than one Tabular View window may be open at a time, each showing the same or a
different component type.
Tabular View windows are opened via the View menu.

3.4

Properties Window
This is a tabbed set of windows showing:
1. The Properties of the currently selected component, including where appropriate
a graph, for example, a pump curve or a filter profile. Unlike earlier versions of
PIPENET, properties can be entered and edited via this window. When a
calculation has been performed this window will also contain the results for the
component. Properties are displayed in three columns; the first is the name of the
property, the second the current value of the property and the third the units
(where appropriate). Properties are either entered explicitly as values or text
strings or a value is selected from a drop-down list of acceptable values. If a
property cell is greyed out it indicates that the value of the property cannot be
edited.
2. a fittings window for assigning fittings to pipes.
The Tabbed properties window is normally displayed but if closed it can be re-opened via
the View menu.
Pump operating point
Following a calculation, the operating point for each pump will be displayed on the
pump curve in the properties window. The operating point is indicated by a small red
triangle and will be at the point where the pressure and flow match the calculated results
for the pump.
Nozzle operating point
Following a calculation, the operating point for each nozzle will be displayed on the
nozzle characteristic curve in the properties window. The operating point is indicated by a
small red triangle and will be at the point where the pressure and flow match the
calculated results for the nozzle.

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A Tour of the User Interface

3.5

17

Component Properties
This window displays the properties (and possibly results) associated with the currently
selected component. If no component is selected the window is blank.
When

a component has been drawn on the schematic it will be assigned default

parameters. These defaults may be edited in the properties tab. Data entry fields in the
properties window are either straightforward numeric or text entry, or of the selection style
when there is a limited number of options available. Fields which cannot be edited will be
"greyed" out.
The properties for all components are displayed in the same general manner: In the top
left-hand corner of the grid is the symbol for the component, below this a number of rows,
one for each attribute or result. Each row comprises of three columns:
Column 1 - Name of attribute or result.
Column 2 - Displays the value of the attribute or result. The value displayed here
may be edited unless it has been "greyed" out.
Column 3 - Units where appropriate.

The above example shows the attributes for a pipe. All attributes can be edited: The length
and elevation of the pipe are shown in feet and the diameter in inches. The status of the
pipe is selectable from a drop-down list, and will be one of Normal, Blocked or Broken.
To edit a field click in the appropriate row in the second column and enter the new value,
or select from the available options. To accept the value enter Tab to move down to the

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next field or Enter on the keyboard. Values with a light-grey background cannot be edited.
Changes made in the window can be undone and redone using the undo and/redo keys:

The left key is Undo and the right key Redo.

Scroll buttons
In the bottom right-hand corner of the window are two scroll buttons, these are used to
move from the currently displayed component to the next or previous component of the
same type. For example, if a pipe is currently displayed, selecting the left button will move
to the previous pipe (if there is one). Pressing the right button will move to the next
component. Components are ordered in the sequence in which they were created.
Display of accompanying graph
Some components may have an accompanying graph. If so, this is also displayed in the
Properties window. For example, selecting a pump in the network will display the pump
curve along with the pump parameters. Currently graphs are displayed for pumps and
filters.

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3.6

19

Fittings
If the currently selected component is a pipe then this window will display the fittings on
the pipe.

The top window displays a list of available fittings, the bottom a list of the fittings
currently selected on the pipe. The lower window displays for each fitting type; the fitting
name, the K-factor and the number of fittings selected on the pipe; below the window is
shown the sum of the K-factors for all fittings.
Adding a fitting
To add a fitting to a pipe select the desired fitting from the top window, and then the Add
button. Each selection of the Add button adds one fitting of the selected type to the pipe.
Removing a fitting
To remove a fitting select the desired fitting type in the bottom window and then the
Remove button. Each selection of the Remove button removes one fitting of the selected
type.

3.7

The Schematic overview window

Provides an overall view of the schematic with a rectangle showing the part of the
network currently displayed in the schematic window. The rectangle tracks changes in size
and position of the main schematic window but the rectangle in the overview can also be
dragged to effect a scroll of the main schematic window.

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Display of the Overview window, which is not shown on starting the program, is done via
the View | Schematic Overview menu option.

3.8

Menus

3.8.1

File Menu
The available options will be from the following. The displayed options will vary
depending on whether or not a network is open.
New
Creates a new network. If licenses are available for more than one module type a
prompt will be displayed requesting the PIPENET module be selected; Standard,
Spray/Sprinkler or Transient.
Open
Opens an existing data file - files may be old format data files with a .DAT file
extension or new style files with a .SDF file extension.
Close
Closes the network - if changes have been made to the network you will be
prompted to save the file first before closing.
Save
Saves the current network and continue working
Save As
Saves the current file under a different file name.
Export...
This will export the current network as an old style .DAT file together with any
associated old-style library files, that is .PDF files, .UFL files, etc. When

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selecting this option you should be aware that some graphical information will
not be saved, for example colour schemes. When prompted for a file name enter
the name of the .DAT file, any associated library files will be saved with the same
name, but with a different file extension.
Autosave...
AutoSave is a feature that can be used to automatically save your edits and
modifications periodically. Select this option to set the interval, in minutes, at
which the network is to be automatically saved. The default is zero indicating that
the autosave feature is disabled.

Open Library
Opens an external system library.
Import Library
Imports a library file - opens a system library or old format library file (e.g. .pmp
pump library file) and import its definitions into the local user library.
Print
Print the schematic or the grid - which is printed will depend on which of the
two windows is selected. If in doubt, click in the desired window before selecting
Print. If the grid is selected, the current grid page will be printed. If the schematic
is selected then a dialog box is displayed via which the user can select the
scaling and hence the number of pages required to print the schematic.

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Print Preview
Previews appearance of printed output.
Print Setup
This option displays a standard Windows dialog from which the user can select a
particular printer, landscape or portrait mode, etc.
Exit
Exits PIPENET.
Recently used file list
Provides a list of recently opened files.
3.8.2

Edit Menu
This menu provides a number of edit related functions:
Undo
Undoes last operation - this command will undo the last change made in the
Schematic, Properties or Tabular View window. Following the word Undo is a
brief description of the last operation performed.
Redo
Redoes last undone operation - as with the Undo command, following the word
Redo is a brief description of the last undo operation.
Cut
Combination of a copy operation followed by a delete.
Copy
If the select tool is in operation this will copy the attributes of the selected
component. If the Area tool is in use it will copy all components within the
selection rectangle.

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Paste
If the select tool is in operation this will paste the last copied attributes to the
selected component as long as the components are of the same type, i.e. both
pipes, both pumps, etc. If the Area tool is used it will paste all components copied
by the last copy operation.
Paste in column
This option is only available in the Tabular View. When a single cell in a column
is selected, it will reproduce the contents of the cell in all cells in the same
column.
Mirror
Used with the Area Tool to mirror the contents of the selected area left-right.
Invert
Used with the Area Tool to invert the contents of the selected area.
Undo/redo on the toolbar
Note the undo and redo operations are available via two shortcut buttons in the toolbar:

The left button is the Undo and the right button Redo.
Undo
Undo last operation - this command will undo the last change made in the
Schematic, Properties or Tabular View window. Following the word Undo is a
brief description of the last operation performed.
Redo
Redo last undone operation - as with the Undo command, following the word
Redo is a brief description of the last undo operation.
Cut
Combination of a paste operation followed by a delete.
Copy
If the select tool is in operation this will copy the attributes of the selected
component. If the Area tool is use it will copy all components within the selection
rectangle.
Paste
If the select tool is in operation this will paste the last copied attributes to the
selected component as long as the components are of the same type, i.e. both
pipes, both pumps, etc. If the Area tool is use it will paste all components copied
by the last copy operation.
Paste in column

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

This option is only available in the Tabular grid when a single cell in a column is
selected, it will reproduce the contents of the cell in all cells in the same column.

Mirror
Used with the Area Tool to mirror the contents of the selected area left-right.
Invert
Used with the Area Tool to invert the contents of the selected area.
Undo/redo on the toolbar
Note the undo and redo operations are available via two shortcut buttons in the toolbar:

The left button is the Undo and the right button Redo.
3.8.3

View Menu
The view menu controls some aspects of the overall appearance of the various windows.
Toolbar
Displays or hides the main toolbar containing the file and edit related buttons this is best left displayed at all times.
Status Bar
Displays or hides the Windows status bar - this is best left displayed at all times.
Palette
Displays or hides the palette bar which is used to select the tool for drawing
within the schematic window - this is best left displayed at all times.
Schematic Window
Opens the schematic window if for some reason it has been closed - only one
schematic window can be open.
Data Window
Opens a tabular view window - more than one tabular view window can be open
at any one time.
Properties
Displays or hides the Properties Window which contains the tabbed set of
windows providing information on the currently selected component and its
fittings.
Schematic Overview
Displays or hides the Schematic Overview Window.

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Zoom
Used to zoom the network and/or the graphical underlay.
View graphical underlay
Selecting this option will display a graphical underlay which has been imported
from a Windows extended metafile (.EMF), a Windows metafile (.WMF) or an
AutoCAD .DXF file.
Import graphical underlay
Imports a graphical underlay from a Windows enhanced metafile, file extension
.EMF. These files can be produced by many graphics programs and there are
utilities available for converting from some CAD formats to extended metafiles.
The imported graphic is displayed near the centre of the window scaled to fit the
current size of the window. The size of the imported graphic can be controlled by
zoom (see above). Its position is currently not controllable. However using the
Area tool to move the network, the registration between the underlay and the
PIPENET network can be adjusted. The intensity of the displayed image,
specified as a percentage, can be controlled via the underlay tool (The U button)
on the Options toolbar.
nu controls some aspects of the overall appearance of the various windows.
Toolbar
Displays or hides the main toolbar containing the file and edit related buttons this is best left displayed at all times.
Status Bar
Displays or hides the Windows status bar - this is best left displayed at all times.
Palette
Displays or hides the palette bar which is used to select the tool for drawing
within the schematic window - this is best left displayed at all times.
Schematic Window
Opens the schematic window if for some reason it has been closed - only one
schematic window can be open.
Data Window
Opens a tabular view window - more than one tabular view window can be open
at any one time
Properties
Displays or hides the Properties Window which contains the tabbed set of
windows providing information on the currently selected component, fittings.
Schematic Overview
Displays or hides the Schematic Overview Window.

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Zoom
Used to zoom the network and/or the graphical underlay.
View graphical underlay
Selecting this option will display a graphical underlay which has been imported
from a Windows .EMF file.
Import graphical underlay
Import a graphical underlay from a Windows extended metafile, file extension
.EMF. These files can be produced by many graphics programs and there are
utilities available on the Internet for converting from some CAD formats to
metafiles.
The imported graphic is displayed near the centre of the window scaled to fit the
current size of the window. The size of the imported graphic can be controlled by
zoom (see above). Its position is currently not controllable, however using the
Area tool to move the network, the registration between the underlay and the
PIPENET network can be adjusted. The intensity of the displayed image,
specified as a percentage, can be controlled via the underlay tool (The U button)
on the Options toolbar.
3.8.4

Libraries Menu
Before attempting to use libraries, the user should first read the chapter on libraries.
The Libraries menu contains a number of module specific entries. Those for the Standard
module include:
Schedules - Define or edit pipe schedules in the local user library.
Nozzles - Define or edit pipe spray nozzles in the local user library.
Pumps - coefficients unknown - Define or edit pumps with unknown
coefficients in the local user library.
Pumps - coefficients known - Define or edit pumps with known coefficients in
the local user library.
Linings - pipe linings - Define or edit pipe linings
Deluge Valves Define or edit deluge valves.
Selecting any of these options displays a tabbed dialog with the appropriate library edit
selected. It is important to note that these edits are applied to the definitions in the Local
User Library. To edit System libraries select the last option Edit system Libraries.

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The final option in the Libraries menu opens a very similar window except that in this
case edits are performed on a named System Library. It is important to re-emphasis the
distinction between Local User Libraries, where changes made only affect the current
user, and System Libraries, where changes may affect other users.
3.8.5

Options Menu
Options displays a tabbed dialog for viewing and setting the various options in use:
Title - Title for the network. Up to four lines of text may be specified.
Module Options - Various modeling options.
Units - Units to be used.
Pipe Types - Pipe types.
Display options - Schematic display options.
Calculation- Calculation options, including tolerances.
Output tables - Selection of which output results are to appear in the browser
output.
Defaults - Default information for pipes and nozzles (module dependent).

3.8.6

Colouration Menu
This menu contains three items which can be used to setup the colouring of nodes and/or
pipes based on the value of one or more attributes. The options are described in detail in
Colour Schemes.
Simple rules
This option is used to define the colouring of links and or nodes based on the

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

value of a single attribute or result, for example node elevation, pipe length,
velocity of fluid through pipe, and so on.
Complex nodes
This option is used to define more complex colouring rules for nodes based on
the values of more than one attribute or result.
Complex links
This option is used to define more complex colouring rules for pipes based on the
values of more than one attribute or result.
3.8.7

Calculation Menu
This menu provides a number of calculation and output related commands:
Check
Check conditions for calculation - checks that specifications are complete and
consistent, and if pipe elevations are in use, that node heights are consistent. This
option opens a status window (if it is not already open) as described in Status
Checking.
Spec. for Calculation
Displays the Options dialog with the Calculation options tab displayed.
Input data
Runs validation in calculator, producing an output browser file. Validation does
not consume a calculation for those users with metered licenses.
Pipe Sizing
Runs the pipe sizing phase of the calculation only, his phase will calculate the
bore of any pipes with an undefined bore. Validation does not consume a
calculation for those users with metered licenses.
Calculate
Runs a calculation, consuming one calculation for those users with metered keys.
Browse
Browse the output of the last calculation or the last request for input
NFPA Submittal Report
Hydraulic calculation details can be written to a file in tabular form in order to
assist in the preparation of a fire protection submittal of the kind required by the
NFPA. Following a successful calculation select this option to produce an NFPA
Submittal Report that can be loaded into most word processors, including Word.

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3.8.8

29

Tools Menu
The tools menu provides a number of useful tools:
Tag selected items
Used in colour coding to tag, or mark, selected components as being significant
in some way so that they can be colour coded.
Remove tags
Marks all tagged components as untagged.
Make Path
Used in the construction of an elevation profile to construct a path though two or
more selected nodes..
Export clipboard
Copies schematic to clipboard - from where it can be pasted into other
applications.
Export HP-GL/2
Exports schematic as an HP-GL/2 file containing instructions for off-line
plotting. HP-GL/2 is Hewlett-Packard's standardized Graphics Language
supported by many CAD and graphics programs and peripherals. On selecting
this option you will prompted to supply an output file name.
Export DXF file
Exports schematic as an AutoCad DXF file, which can be used as input to
many CAD programs. On selecting this option you will prompted to supply an
output file name.
Add multiple pipes
This tool provides a means of defining a run of pipes based on a table of
elevations and distances. From this data, if supplied in a suitable form, the
PIPENET module can automatically generate a sequence of pipes with the correct
lengths and rises (elevation changes). For further information on this facility see
the Add multiple pipes section.

3.8.9

Window Menu
In addition to the standard Windows window menu offering options to Tile or Cascade
windows, this menu also offers an option to switch the appearance and ordering the menus
between two styles: New style, which closely resembles other windows programs, and
PIPENET style, which has a similar ordering to earlier versions of the program. However,
there are some obvious differences. For example there is no view menu and most options
are displayed on a tabbed dialog. To revert to the old style of menu select the menu option
Window | Use PIPENET menu style. To revert to the new window style select Window
| Use Windows menu style.

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3.8.10 Help Menu

Help topics
Display help contents.
About PIPENET VISION
Details of PIPENET version numbers - note that unlike previous versions of
PIPENET the calculators will have version numbers different from those
displayed in the graphical user interface. With the first releases of the software
the version numbers will be of the form:
Graphical user interface - version 1.nn
Spray Calculator - version 4.nn
Key Status
Status and information relating to Hasp security key and associated licenses.
Selecting this option will display the current licenses available on the fitted key,
the following is an example of the display:

Selecting OK closes the window, whilst selecting Save will save the displayed
details to a text file (the save feature is not implemented).
Update Key
This option is only available in the Help menu when no PIPENET file is open.
Activating this option will initiate an update to a local HASP security key using a
license file supplied by Sunrise Systems.

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3.9

Toolbars

3.9.1

Spray Toolbar

31

This toolbar contains, from left to right, the following tools

A group of five general tools
Select - Used to select an item on the schematic, for example to display
properties of a component, to drag a node, to select an item for deletion.
Pan and zoom - pan and zoom
Area tool - Used to select a rectangular area for copy/paste operations.
Polygon tool - Similar to the Area tool except that it allows an irregular
shaped area to be selected
Text tool - For creating text elements on the schematic.
Then there are seven tools for creating the different types of link components (i.e.
components with an input and output node) available with the Spray module:
Pipe
Pump
Filter
Nozzle
Non-return valve
Deluge valve
Overboard dump valve (see note below)
Finally, there are two component tools - components must be placed on a pipe:
Orifice plate - only one per pipe
Equipment item
Note that if the Remote nozzle specifications or Mass balance specifications option has
been selected in the Calculation options dialog then the overboard dump valve icon on the
toolbar will be greyed out (non-selectable). This is because overboard dump valves can
only be used with the User-defined specifications option.
3.9.2

Options Toolbar
The options toolbar provides a number of convenient shortcuts to schematic related
options. For example, display of node labels, grid style, etc.

The toolbar consists of four button groups, from left to right the button options are:

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Group 1 - grid related options:

Display grid
Select Orthogonal grid
Select Isometric grid
Snap to Grid
Group 2 - label options:
Display node labels
Display component labels
Display component direction
Display pipe fittings present symbol
Group 3 - results related options:
Display node colouring legend button - if this is selected a node colour
coding legend is displayed in the schematic window.
A drop-down box from which the parameter to be displayed on nodes can be
selected. For example, elevation and pressure.
Display pipe/duct colouring legend button - if this is selected a link colour
coding legend is displayed in the schematic window.
A drop-down box from which can be selected the parameter to be displayed
on pipes, for example flow rate, velocity.
Arrows indicate flow direction
Group 4 - Underlay control:
A single button is provided. Selecting the button will display a dialog where
the intensity of the underlay can be specified as a percentage.
When an option is selected the button is shown as depressed, as illustrated
for the Select Orthogonal grid option (second button in the above diagram).
3.9.3

Calculation Toolbar
This toolbar contains a few buttons related to a calculation and the calculation output.

Check
Checks conditions for calculation - checks that specifications are complete and
consistent, and if pipe elevations are in use, that node heights are consistent. This
option opens a status window (if it is not already open) as described in Status
Checking.
Input data
Runs validation in calculator, producing an output browser file. Validation does

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33

not consume a run for users with metered keys.

Pipe sizing
Runs the pipe sizing, or design phase, of the calculation only. Pipe bores will be
calculated for those pipes with undefined sizes and returned to the user interface
for display with the rest of the pipes' attributes. Pipe sizing does not consume a
run for users with metered keys. Pipe sizing is only possible if there is at least
one pipe type and no ducts present in the network.
Calculate
Runs a calculation, producing a browser output file that can be viewed in the
supplied browser, Word or Write.
Browse
Browses the output of the last calculation or the last request for input.
Design phase
Places the front-end in design phase, in this phase pipe sizing operations can be
performed repeatedly.
Calculation phase
Selection of this button places the calculator in calculation mode, any pipe sizes
calculated in the design phase are fixed for all future calculations.
3.9.4

Tag Toolbar
This toolbar displays two drop-down lists of the label tags used in the current network for
nodes and for links. It can also be used to select which tag is to be used as the default for
all new nodes and links. To add a tag to a list simply enter the tag in the edit field
followed by return.

Selecting the arrow to the right of the text field will drop down a list of currently used tags
- selecting a tag from this list sets that tag as the default.

If you have a tag selected in one of the drop-downs then whenever you create a new
component, its automatically assigned numerical id will be prefixed with the specified tag
and a '/'.
Unused tags cannot be explicitly deleted but each time a file is re-opened the tags in use

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are re-evaluated, and only those in use will be displayed.

3.9.5

Find toolbar
This toolbar is useful for finding components in the schematic window, particularly for
large networks.

The toolbar consists of:

a Find button
a drop-down list of component types including the special type <Any> that can be
used to find a component of any type with the specified label
an edit box for entering the label of the component to find
a Next button - this button is only enabled if the component type is <Any> and a
find has been performed. Having found one component with a matching label,
selecting this button will find the next component with the same label (assuming
there is one).
If a component is not found then an information message will be displayed on the status
bar at the bottom of the main window.

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Pipe System

Part

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

4.1

Network Representation
Schematic Diagrams
I n general, networks consist of a number of components (Pipes, Pumps, Valves, Filters
and Nozzles) all connected together. The points at which the components may be joined to
other components are referred to as nodes. Consider, for example, the simple system
shown in Figure 1.1, which consists of a single pipe with a nozzle on one end. A liquid
enters at the open end of the pipe and is discharged through the nozzle. The network can
be represented schematically by the diagram shown below:

Other Network Data

As well as the topology of the network, PIPENET must be given data on the physical
characteristics of the components in the network. For example, the lengths of the pipes
and the discharge coefficients of nozzles in the network.

4.2

Labelling the diagram

When preparing a network for simulation, every component and every node must be given
a label which identifies it uniquely. The production of a fully labeled schematic diagram is
an essential part of any simulation.

4.3

Labels
Each component and each node in the network must be given a label which identifies it
uniquely. Labels may either be tagged or untagged. Untagged labels are simply a number
in the range 0-32767. Tagged labels consist of a 'tag' (a string of up to 8 characters)
followed by a slash (/) and a number in the range 0-999. Tags can be used to make labels
more meaningful, and to allow sections of large networks to be more easily identified. Up
to 100 different tags can be used in one system. Tags must begin with a letter, and may
contain only letters and numbers. For example, the following are all legal labels:

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37

Untagged:
1
1273
9999

Tagged:
JETTY6/1
JETTY6/876
P/12
Notes:
1. Untagged labels greater than 999 and tagged labels may not be used in the same
network.
2. Tags not followed by a slash and a number are not valid labels. For example,
XYZ is a valid tag but not a valid label when used alone.
3. Tags are case insensitive, that is, RING is taken to be the same as Ring and ring.

4.4

Inlets and Outlets

When drawing a schematic diagram of a network almost all components, for example a
pipe, pump, valve or filter component should have two nodes-one at each end. One of
these nodes is designated the component's input node and the other is designated its output
node, collectively input and output nodes may be referred to I/O nodes. Note that fluid
does not necessarily flow from the input node to the output node. PIPENET uses the
convention that flow from input node to output node is referred to as positive, and flow
from output to input is referred to as negative. In displayed results a negative value for
flow indicates flow from the output towards the input.
Some components have only an input node, and although the component may appear to be
drawn between two nodes, the output node is not visible and therefore it can have no other
component connected to it. For example, a spray nozzle does not have an output node
because the output from a nozzle cannot be attached to any other component- all nozzles
are assumed to discharge to atmosphere.

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4.5

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Network Topology
The topology of the network is defined by specifying the input and output node of every
component in the network. Thus we can define the topology of a simple network such as:

as having:
Pipe P1 has input node 1 and output node 2.
Nozzle 100 has input node 2.

4.6

Simple three pipe system

The Network under consideration is shown in the figure below.

Water is flowing into pipe 1 at node 1, and out of pipes 2 and 3 at nodes 3 and 4. The two
outlets will be required to have a flow rate of 150 litres per minute, and a pressure of 1 bar
G. In practice only one outlet has its pressure specified, but the symmetry of the network
ensures that the other node is similar. PIPENET will calculate the pressures and flow rates
throughout the network.
The details of the three pipes are as follows:

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Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

Pipe label Input

node
1
1
2
2
3
2

Output
node
2
3
4

Diameter
(mm)
32
20
20

Length
(metres)
1
1
1

Elevation
(metres)
0
0
0

39

C-factor Fittings
120
120
120

None
None
None

Note that node and link labels will be assigned automatically as the network is entered.
Your network will only agree with the above diagram if the pipe labeled in the diagram
above is drawn first, then the pipe labeled 2 and finally the pipe labeled 3.
Note also that pipes have a notional direction from input to output, which does not
necessarily correspond to the direction of flow. The elevations shown here are changes in
elevation of the pipes as measured from the input to the output. Thus a positive value
means that the elevation increases as we go from the input to the output and a negative
value, that the elevation is decreasing. A value of zero indicates that there is no elevation
change. Note that elevation can be specified as elevation changes on pipes, or as absolute
elevations on nodes (see Spray model options for further details).
The three pipes will come from the built-in schedule Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 Bar G,
with a design velocity of 5 m/s.
In this first example the details of entering a network, performing a calculation and
viewing the results will be described in some detail with few references to other parts of
the help. Subsequent examples will contain references to topics already covered in the
example, only going into detail when discussing new features.

4.7

Calculation and Design Phases

The Design Phase
When designing a network it is generally required that the velocity of the fluid in each
pipe does not exceed a given value (known as the design velocity of the pipe). The
velocity of the fluid in a pipe depends on:
The flow rate through the pipe.
The diameter of the pipe.
It is thus important that all the pipes are correctly sized, so that the fluid velocity does not
exceed the design velocity. This problem is addressed by the design phase of the
simulation.
Given the required flow rates in and out of the network, PIPENET will find optimum
diameters for each pipe in the network, so that the velocity of the fluid does not exceed the
design velocity. The user must supply the required flow rate for all nozzles and for all but
one of the I/O nodes in the network. PIPENET can then find the flow rates required
throughout the network, and thus calculate optimal sizes for the pipes.
The following should be noted:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

If desired, the diameter of some (or all) pipes in the network can be set by the
user. PIPENET will then size only those pipes whose diameter has not been set.
If the user wants certain pipes in the network to be given the same diameter, then
the Pipe Groupings facility should be used.
When sizing a pipe (or group of pipes), PIPENET will choose the smallest pipe
size which ensures that the design velocity is not exceeded by the fluid.
The design phase assumes that all nozzles discharge at the minimum required
rate. In most systems there will be some nozzles which actually discharge at a
rate greater than the minimum requirement, and so flow rates and velocities in the
system will rise. This may cause the velocity of the fluid to rise above the design
velocity in some pipes in the system. These pipes will be identified during the
calculation phase and a warning will be issued. To solve this problem the user
should set the diameters of these pipes to slightly larger than the designed
diameters.
Calculated diameters are displayed in the Properties window and the Tabular
View with a yellow background to the text.
More than one simulation may need to be performed in order to size all the pipes in a
network.
The Calculation Phase
In the calculation phase all the diameters of the pipes are known -either set by the user or
found by PIPENET during the design phase. PIPENET simulates the behaviour of the
network under pressure and flow rate conditions set by the user. All nozzles in the
network are assumed to discharge to atmospheric pressure. The user must supply flow
rates and/or pressures at various parts of the network by making Calculation Phase
Specifications (see next section). PIPENET will then calculate the pressures and flow
rates throughout the network.
Typically the calculation phase is used to do one or more of the following:
Determine what pressures are needed to produce the required flow rates.
Select suitable pumps for the network.
Check that all demands made on the network can be satisfied. A warning will be
issued for any nozzle supplying at less than its required rate.
Check that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed the design velocity of
the pipe. A warning will be issued for any pipe in which the fluid velocity
exceeds the design velocity.
User Interface and the Design and Calculation phases
When a calculation is performed a Pipe Sizing operation will be performed if there are
unset pipe sizes and the user has requested that the Design Phase be run. However, the
user will usually perform a pipe sizing operation, possibly make some changes to the
network, and then perform another pipe sizing operation, repeating these operations steps
as required. Only when he/she is happy will they perform a calculation.

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Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

41

The controls relating to the two phases are on the Calculation toolbar:

and the sequence of operations will typically proceed as follows:

1. The two buttons D and C correspond to the Design and Calculation phases. If a
design phase is required then the D button is selected by default and the pipe
sizing button (the third button) is enabled.
2. The user enters the network and if he/she requires that PIPENET performs a
Design phase then pipes may be entered with undefined bores.
3. When the user has entered the network they will select the pipe sizing button to
size the undefined pipes. The calculated pipe sizes are returned to the user where
they are displayed along with other pipe attributes, but note if another pipe sizing
operation is performed the sizes may change if changes are made to the network.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as required.
5. When the user is happy with the network they select the C button (pipe sizing
button is disabled) to fix the designed pipe sizes and then perform a calculation
(fourth button).
6. The user can revert to the design phase by selecting the D button. However, the
bores of pipes fixed in step 5 do not become unset.
Pipe grouping
The Grouping facility allows the user to specify sets of pipes in the network which are
required to have the same diameter. For example, when designing a ring main, it might be
desirable for the pipes in the primary main to share a common diameter. The facility is
used by setting up groups of pipes, labeled 1, 2, 3 etc. When the facility is used PIPENET
will ensure that all the pipes in the same group are given the same diameter.
The following should be noted:

Pipe groups should be labeled consecutively, starting with '1'.

All pipes in each group must be of the same pipe type.
No more than one pipe in each may have its diameter set by the user (as setting the
diameter of one pipe in the effectively fixes the diameter of all other pipes in the
group).

A pipe is added to a group by specifying the design group number in the attributes for the
pipe:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

In this example, pipe 1 belongs to Design group 1. Note the default design group is unset,
indicating that the pipe does not belong to a design group.

4.8

Specifying Units
By default the system assumes that the units are SI, we will change this to metric where
pipe bores are specified in mm rather than the SI unit of metres and flow is in litres /min
Select the menu option Options | Units and then from the dialog that appears select the
unit system as Metric from the system options in the upper part of the left-hand window.
Information on the other features available in this dialog are discussed in Specifying
options - Unit options:

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Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

43

Select OK to close the dialog.

4.9

Creating a pipe type

In the Spray/Sprinkler module it is mandatory that all pipes belong to a pipe type, which is
simply a reference to a pipe schedule, the bores that can used from the schedule, and
usually the maximum velocity allowed in each usable bore. If no pipe type is defined then
the pipe drawing tool on the toolbar is disabled and the status message No Pipe Type
appears in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This status will disappear when a pipe
time is defined and the pipe button will be enabled:

We are going to use a built-in pipe schedule so all we need to do is to define the pipe type.
1. Select the menu option Options | Pipe type.
2. Select the New button to create a new pipe type.
3. Select the schedule Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 Bar G from the drop-down list in
the right-hand part of the dialog.
4. Use the tab key or the cursor to move to the C-factor field and enter the value as
120, the dialog should appear as follows:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

We now need to set the maximum velocities. These are entered in the grid in the bottom
right-hand corner. We could do this by typing the value in every cell in the third column.
However, there is a much quicker way to do this. Enter the value 5.00 in the first cell of
the third column followed by Return. Now select the cell with the mouse and whilst
holding the button down, drag the mouse down the column so that all cells in the column
are highlighted. On releasing the mouse button all cells will be set to the same value of
5.00. The dialog now appears as:

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Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

45

Finally select OK to save the changes and close the dialog.

Other parts of this dialog box allow the user to line the pipes with some material, or to
restrict the calculation to a subset of the full schedule.
Note that if a pipe is defined as using a pipe type, then instead of explicitly entering the
pipe diameter, the diameter is selected from a combo box listing the available sizes
together with the unset value.

4.10

Entering the pipe data

With the schematic and the editable Properties Window this is a simple task. You can
either draw the first pipe, enter the data for the first pipe, draw the second pipe, enter its
data and so on, or draw all three pipes and then add the data for all three pipes. We will
choose the latter method.
To draw the first point proceed as follows:
1. From the toolbar select the pipe drawing tool
2. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear and left
click.
3. If the selected point coincides with an existing node, that node becomes the input
node; otherwise a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
4. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
5. Place the cursor at the point where you want the output node to appear and left
click.
6. As with the input point, if the selected output point coincides with an existing
node then that node will become the output node. Otherwise a new node is
created.
7. If in between defining the input node and the output node you want to abort
creation of the link, select the Escape key.
8. Now draw the second pipe in a similar manner ensuring that on the first click the
cursor is over the output node of the first pipe. Finally draw the third pipe in the
same manner as the second pipe. Note that if a pipe is coloured red this means the
pipe is selected and its properties will appear in the Properties Window.
9. Select the node and pipe label buttons
from the display toolbar if they
are not already selected and the network should appear as:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Now we can add the properties to the pipe, for example the bore and length of each pipe.
Click on the first pipe and its current properties appear in the Properties Window. Observe
that since we are using a pipe type some of the information is already filled in:

Click in the value field for the pipe diameter and select the value 32 from the drop-down
list of available pipe sizes, followed by Tab to move to the next field; the length. Enter a
value of 1.0 for the length of the pipe followed by either Tab or Return to accept the value.
You can now click on the second and third pipes entering the appropriate diameters and
lengths. Alternatively, having entered the values for the first pipe use the red right arrow
button in the bottom left-hand corner of the Properties Window to move to the next pipe
(for long time users of PIPENET this is equivalent to the Next button). Clicking the left
arrow button moves to the previous pipe if there is one. Note pipes are assumed to be in
order of creation.

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Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

47

To view all three pipes we can use the Tabular View. Select the menu option View | Data
window to display the window:

Data can be edited in this window simply by clicking in the appropriate cell. Entering a
new value or selecting from a list of valid options, and pressing either Tab to move to the
next field or Return.
Both the Schematic Window and the Tabular View can be displayed simultaneously by
selecting the menu option Windows | Tile horizontally or Windows | Tile vertically.
It is a good idea to save the network at this point by selecting the menu option File | Save.

4.11

Undefined or invalid components

When a pipe, or any link component, is first drawn in the schematic it is coloured blue to
indicate that either the component has not had its attributes specified and/or it has an
invalid combination of attributes, for example a zero length pipe. When one or more
attributes are entered for the component its colour changes to black (or white if the
background is black).
The colour of a component may revert to blue in either of the following situations:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

1. If a check is performed using the check button on the calculation toolbar and the
component is found to be invalid.
2. If the file is saved and re-opened, and on re-loading the component it is found to be
invalid.

4.12

Specifications
Before sending the network to the calculator, we need to specify conditions of pressure
and flow rate at various nodes. Without these, the problem is not mathematically tractable.
Also, we must designate certain nodes as input and output nodes. We achieve this simply
by adding some attributes to some of the nodes.
Click on the first node, that is the node with label 1 on the extreme left of the schematic
and we observe in the Properties Window that it has no specifications and is not
designated as an input or output node. The same applies for nodes 3 and 4.
Since all the pipes have had their diameter set, the design phase of the calculation will not
have much to do. However, it must still run and we must still provide appropriate
specifications for it. The rules for design phase specifications say we must supply the flow
rates at all but one of the I/O nodes. We will set nodes 3 and 4 to have design phase flow
rates of 50 lit/min.
The rules for calculation phase specifications say that there must be as many specifications
as there are I/O nodes, and at least one of them must be a pressure specification. In this
case then we need three specifications, and at least one of them must be a pressure. We
will specify a flow rate of 50 lit/min on each on the two outlets, and a pressure of 1 bar G
on node 4.
Select the first node and in the properties window, click on the drop down in the
Input/Output node, change the selection from No to Input and then hit the Return key.
The properties window should appear as:

Now select node 3, then in the properties window change the input/output node status to
Output and the Design and Analysis fields both from NO to YES. The dialog should
appear as:

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49

Now enter the values for node 4 and the Properties Window should appear as:

If you have the Tabular View window open you can select Design or analysis
specifications from the drop-down list of components and inspect all specifications:

4.13

Calculating
Having created and specified the network, we are now in a position to calculate its
pressures and flow rates.
Select the menu option Calc | Calculation, or click on the Calculate toolbar button .
If you want to check that the data is correct without performing a calculation then (useful
for those users with limited run licenses) you can use the Calc | Check menu option

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

instead, or click on the Check toolbar button .This option will check that the input data is
valid without performing a calculation.
For all but very large networks (200 pipes or more) the calculation will complete almost
immediately. Whilst the calculator is active the following dialog appears:

On completion of the calculation the dialog will display the completion status. Select the
OK button to close the dialog or the Browse button to close the dialog and display the
output data. Selecting OK simply closes the dialog, the browser can subsequently be
started from the calculation toolbar.

4.14

Inspecting the results

Selection of the Browse button on completion of a calculation, or selecting the Browse
option from the calculation toolbar, displays the following dialog:
Allowing inspection of the results using the PIPENET supplied browser, Write or Word;
we shall use the PIPENET browser.
The calculation results are held in a temporary file but may be saved to a more permanent
file by selecting the menu option File | Save As.
The report file is suitable for printing with most printers with the page orientation set to
landscape. The scroll bars can be used to move around the report. At the top and bottom of
the vertical scroll bars, page icons can be found. These page icons will allow users to
move from one page to the next. On the left side of the horizontal scroll bar, an annotation
appears indicating the current page number.
Using the browser text may be searched for using the Search menu option provided in the
browser window.
When you have finished viewing the output, exit the Output Browser by selecting File |
Exit.
Using the Tabular View to view results
The output produced by the calculation phase is more suited to printing than on-line
viewing. Results can be viewed in the Tabular view by selecting the Results tab for the
appropriate component type. Selecting the Results tab for pipes results in:

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Example 1 - A Simple Three Pipe System

4.15

51

Saving and loading the network

The network can be saved at any time in a data file from the PIPENET main window, as
follows:
1. Select the File | Save as menu option,
2. The default file type is .SDF and is the one required. Enter the file name as
SPR.SDF,
3. Click on the OK push button or press Return.
4. After saving a data file, it is safe to close PIPENET. If an attempt to close
PIPENET is made at any other time, the user is warned of unsaved work and
asked to confirm whether they want to save the changes, or not, or whether they
want to return to PIPENET.
The network can be loaded again very simply. When loading a data file, PIPENET will
load any related library files automatically.
Open PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler
Select the File | Open menu option, or the equivalent button. When the file open dialog is
displayed, enter the desired file name or double click on SPR.SDF. Note the file type can
be changed to .DAT to enable reading of old style data files.

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler

System

Part

54

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

5.1

A small Sprinkler System

The second example consists of a pump connected to three nozzles. It demonstrates the
use of user-defined pipe schedules, nozzle types and pump types. The pipe bores are
generated in the design phase and the calculation phase makes use of the Remote Nozzle
Specification option for specifications. The example is available in complete form under
the name exam2.dat in the examples directory. Schematically the network appears thus:

5.2

Specifying units
Units will be specified as metric as in the previous example.

5.3

Creating a user defined pipe schedule

Having loaded the PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler module we will first input a user defined
pipe schedule. As we discovered in the first example, the library is used to contain data on
user-defined pipe schedules, lining types, nozzle types and deluge valve types. The file is
created using the Library pull-down menu, and saved using the File pull-down menu.
The data for the user-defined pipe schedule is shown below.
Schedule Name : Schedule 80
Roughness : 0.4572 mm
Bore Data :
Nominal Bore
(mm)
15
20
25
32
40

Internal Diameter
(mm)
unset
unset
24.003
unset
37.973

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

Nominal Bore
(mm)
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

55

Internal Diameter
(mm)
48.9966
unset
73.9902
unset
97.0026
unset
145.999
194.005
243.23
289.001
318.008
364.007
410.007
456.006
548.005
unset
unset
unset
unset
unset

Entering the Pipe Schedule

Select the menu option Libraries | Schedules; a tabbed dialog set appears with schedules
displayed:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

In the left-hand window is a list of all currently defined schedules. Selecting an item in
this list displays the schedules properties on the right-hand side of the dialog. Data for
eight pipe schedules are built into the PIPENET Spray/Sprinkler module. A non-built-in
schedule in the list can be edited by simply selecting it in the left-hand window and
editing the various attributes that appear in the right-hand side. Note that built-in
schedules cannot be edited.
To add data for a schedule select the New button. Provide:
The schedule name, Schedule 80 (this is the name that will appear in the left-hand
window when the data entry is complete).
An optional description (if not specified the name will be the same as the
schedule name).
A roughness value of 0.4572 mm.
The tab key can be used to move from one field to the next. Note that in selecting New
the data grid in the bottom right-hand side lists all internal bores as unset. This simply
means that no value has been supplied for the corresponding nominal bore.
Now place the cursor in the internal bore field corresponding to a nominal bore of 25.00
mm and enter the value 24.003 (from table above). Selecting tab moves to the next field
which we can skip (leaving the value as unset. Selecting tab again moves to the next field
where we enter the value 37.973. Continue in this way until the last diameter has been
entered. Select the Apply button - changes are accepted and the new schedule appears in
the list in the left-hand window.

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

57

If you are happy with the displayed results you can either select OK to quit the dialogs or,
since we going to define other library items, simply select another tab, specifically the
Nozzles tab since we are going to define a library nozzle in the next section,

5.4

Creating a nozzle type

The data for our nozzle is as follows:

Nozzle Descriptor: Example nozzle.

K-factor: 75 (flow rate units: lit/min, pressure units: bar G)
Minimum pressure: 1.3 bar G.
Maximum pressure: 9.5 bar G.

Nozzles are entered in a similar way to schedules. A dialog is displayed in the left-hand
side with a list of available nozzles and the data is entered in the right-hand side. This is
the same for all library components except pumps as we shall see in the next section.
Select New to add a new nozzle, provide the data above and select Apply to accept the
changes. The dialog should then appear as:

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5.5

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Creating a pump library

For this example, a pump is also needed. This data is entered using the menu option
Libraries | Pumps - Coefficients Unknown (or if you already have the library dialogs
selected by selecting the Pumps - Coefficients Unknown tab)
Pumps in PIPENET are modeled with a quadratic performance curve and the required data
are the three coefficients A, B and C (refer to Modeling - Pumps for details). If these
coefficients are known for the pump then they may be specified directly using the
Coefficient Known tab instead. However, these coefficients are not usually known, and
the manufacturer generally supplies,with each pump, a graph of the pressure increase
against throughput. In this case coordinates from the graph can be entered and the
Pump/Fan Pre-Processor will find the coefficients by regression analysis.
The points to be entered are:
Flow rate
l/min
0
115
395
575
860
1100
1450

Pressure
Bar (H2O)
3.95
3.75
3.15
2.75
2.05
1.5
0.6

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

59

To specify the pump details proceed as follows:

1. Select the New button.
2. Select the units for flow (lit/min) and pressure (bar water) from the drop-down
lists.
3. Provide the name for the pump (this is the name that will appear in the
drop-down box at the top right-hand on the dialog when data entry is complete).
4. Provide an optional description.
5. Provide a minimum flow rate of 114.6 litres/minute and a maximum flow rate of
1450 litres/minute.
6. Now place the cursor in the first cell in the data entry grid in the lower left-hand
side of the dialog and enter the first flow rate value of 0.0.
7. Tab to the next field and enter the corresponding pressure of 3.95.
8. Continue in this way entering the remaining data pairs, using tab to move from
one cell to the next.
9. When all the data pairs have been entered, select the Apply button to calculate
and display the pump curve.
The completed pump specification should appear as:

5.6

Creating a pipe type

Before we can create any pipes we must first create a pipe type. This is done using the
menu option Options | Pipe types (or if you already have the library dialogs selected by
selecting the Pipe types tab). Proceed as follows:
1. Select New

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2. Select the corresponding schedule from the schedule drop-down. This is the first
editable box on the right-hand side of the dialog - the pipe type name becomes
the schedule name
3. Enter a C-factor value of 120
4. Click in the first cell of the column labeled Max. Velocity in the data entry grid
and enter the value 3.9 followed by a tab or Return. Select this cell and with the
mouse button held down, drag the mouse down to select all cells in the maximum
velocity column. On releasing the mouse button, all cells will have the value 3.9.
Alternatively you could enter each value independently.
5. Select the Apply button to accept the pipe type.
The dialog should appear as:

5.7

Entering the pipe data

Lay the pipes out in the schematic window as we did in the previous example, the pipes
being as follows (note leave space between the output node of pipe 1 and the input node of
pipe 2 for a pump):
Pipe
label
1
2
3
4
5

Input
node
1
3
4
4
6

Output
node
2
4
6
5
8

Bore
(mm)
unset
unset
unset
unset
unset

Length
(metres)
0.5
10
5
0.5
5

Elevation
(metres)
0
5
0
-0.5
0

C-factor

Fittings

120
120
120
120
120

None
90 elbow
None
None
None

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

6
7

6
6

7
9

unset
unset

0.5
0.5

-0.5
-0.5

120
120

61

None
None

All pipe bores should be left unset, since the pipes are to be sized by PIPENET during the
Design phase. Note if the pipes are drawn in the order specified above you should have
input and output designations as shown above. If you draw them in a different order then
the designations may not agree, but as long as the network, when completed, is
topologically the same as the following results will be the same..

To add the fitting to pipe 2:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Select pipe 2.
Select the Fittings tab in the properties window.
Select the 90 elbow in the upper window.
Select the + button to add the fitting.

The fittings window now appears as:

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5.8

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Entering the pump data

Select the pump tool
from the tool bar and draw a pump between the output node of
pipe 1 and the input node of pipe 2. To achieve this with the pump tool selected click on
the output node of pipe 1 and whilst holding the mouse button down move the cursor to
the input node of pipe 2 and release the mouse button. The pump is the selected item and
its properties appear in the properties window.
Select the pump type from the drop down list as Example pump followed by Return. The
properties window changes to display the pump data from the library and the pump curve
is reproduced in the bottom of the Properties window:

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

5.9

63

Entering the nozzle data

Select the nozzle tool
from the toolbar and draw three nozzles, connected to the nodes
numbered 9, 7 and 5 (again node numbering could depend on the order in which the pipes
were drawn), but the final schematic should appear topologically the same as:

For each nozzle in turn:

1.

Select the nozzle so that its properties appear in the Properties window.

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

2.
Select the nozzle type as Example Nozzle followed by Enter - attributes from
the library item appear in the Properties window.
3.
Set the required flow rate to 150 litres/minute - a characteristic curve appears
in the lower part of the Properties window.

5.10

Entering specification data

Node 1 is the only I/O node and must be specified as an input node. Select the node and
change it to an input/output node, leaving its flow rate and pressure specifications unset.
The number of design phase specifications must be one less than the number of I/O nodes.
In this case then there are no design phase specifications.
Associated with each bore in the pipe type is a maximum velocity, and associated with
each nozzle is a required flow rate. The design phase will, for each pipe, select the
smallest bore from the schedule which can deliver the required flow rate without
exceeding the maximum velocity.
As there is one I/O node, the user must supply one calculation phase specification. When
the system is operating it is required that each nozzle is discharging at its required flow
rate or higher. To ensure this condition is satisfied we use the Remote Nozzle
Specification option. The calculator will find the hydraulically most remote nozzle, and
specify that its flow rate is exactly the required flow rate. In general, this will mean
increasing the total flow through the system, and that may, in turn, cause the fluid velocity

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Example 2 - A Small Sprinkler System

65

to rise above the design velocity. In such circumstances it will be necessary for the user to
set the bores for some pipes.
The Remote Nozzle Specification option provides the system with one specification, and
so this is all that is required. Select Options | Calculation and select the Remote Nozzle
specifications:

5.11

Performing calculations
The specifications are now complete, and a calculation may be performed as in the first
example and the results inspected via the Browser.
It is easy to perform several simulations on a network under different conditions, once the
basic network data has been input. Specifications can easily be edited, and the different
data files saved under different names. The same library private data file and pump library
can be used for all simulations. It is recommended that the user experiments with this
network. Try setting different sets of specifications altering the flow rate required through
the nozzles, editing the lengths of pipes, etc.

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Example 3 - Condensate Tank

Deluge System

Part

68

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System

6.1

Condensate tank deluge system

In this more realistic example we look at the fire protection system on a tank farm. Each
tank is to be protected by a pair of external deluge systems, and we will investigate the
design of the system. The example illustrates the following:
Use of PIPENET to size pipes in a network.
Use of the Remote Nozzle Specification option.
Creation of a pipe schedule and nozzle library data.
The files relating to this example are supplied with PIPENET, and are_farm.dat and its
associated library files in the examples sub-directory.
The Network
Each deluge system will consist of three horizontal semicircles, spaced at 3.28 m intervals
vertically. Each semicircle will have 12 nozzles, 6 each side of the vertical feed pipe. Each
tank has two such semicircular deluge systems. The total number of nozzles protecting a
tank is therefore (3 x 2 x 12) = 72 nozzles. An elevation of a single tank, a plan of a single
deluge ring and a labeled schematic are shown in the following figures.

The semicircles are held at a distance of 0.4 m from the side of the tank.

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Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System

69

We will use PIPENET to:

Find appropriate diameters for the pipes in the system.
Determine the pressure and flow rate needed at the system inlet to ensure that all
nozzles in the system discharge at or above the required rate.

6.2

Preliminary considerations
Before we can run the simulation, we have to work out some of the parameters that
PIPENET will be using.
Lengths of pipes
Nozzle spacing

= p x D / 24
= p(15 + 0.8) /24 m
= 2.068 m

The pipes between nozzles will be treated as straight, of length 2.068 m

Required Nozzle discharge rate
Surface area of tank

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= pxDxH
= p x 15 x 10 m
= 471.24 m2

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Required flow rate through each nozzle

Required flow rate through each nozzle = Demand / No of nozzles
= 4712.4/72 lit/min
= 65.4498 lit/min
The flow rate required through each nozzle forms part of the nozzle data in the input file.

6.3

Initialisation
Title
The Options | Title option is used to enter a title for the run as Example 1 - Condensate
Tank Deluge System.

Parameter options
In this example we will use the Hazen-Williams equation with NFPA rules for fittings.
The default values for the density and viscosity of water will be used.
Specifications data
In this system the specifications are particularly simple. Note that there is just one I/O
node - the input node V/1. We will look separately at the specifications required for the
design and calculation phases. Parameters are defined via the menu option Options |
Module options:

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Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System

71

Specifying units
Units will be specified as metric as in the previous two examples.

6.4

Creating a user defined pipe schedule

This will be created as in the previous example using Libraries | Schedules. The data for
the user-defined pipe schedule is shown below.
Schedule Name : SPECIAL.
Roughness : 0.4572 mm.
Bore Data : See table below:
Nominal Bore
(mm)
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150

Internal Diameter
(mm)
unset
18
24
32
38
54
66
82
95
108
unset
161

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Nominal Bore
(mm)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

Internal Diameter
(mm)
211
260
311
342
393
unset
unset
unset
unset
unset
unset
unset
unset

When completed the Schedule dialog should appear as:

6.5

Creating a pipe type

The pipe type is created in the same way as in the previous example, with a C-factor of 16
and a maximum velocity on each pipe of 4 ms-1.

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Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System

6.6

73

Nozzle characteristics
The pressure drop, P, across a nozzle is given by:
P = (Q/K)2
Where Q is the flow rate through the nozzle and K is a constant. The nozzles in this
system have a K-value of 45.0 (with P measured in bar and Q measured in lit/min). The
minimum and maximum operating pressures are 1.5 and 3.5 bar G respectively. This
nozzle performance data is contained in the library along with the pipe schedule data.
As in the previous example, nozzles are entered into the library via the Libraries |
Nozzles menu - a dialog is displayed in the left-hand side with a list of available nozzles
and the data is entered in the right-hand side. Select New to add a new nozzle, provide the
data above and select Apply to accept the changes. The dialog should then appear as:

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6.7

Spray/Sprinkler Module

The design and calculation phases

As always, the simulation is run in two phases - the design phase and the calculation phase
.
In the design phase PIPENET will find appropriate sizes for pipes in the network based on
the assumption that each nozzle is discharging at a rate of 65.4498 lit/min, as calculated
above. The design velocity will be 4m/s for all pipes.
In the calculation phase PIPENET will find the pressures and flow rates throughout the
system when every nozzle is discharging with a flow rate of at least 65.4498 lit/min. This
is accomplished using the Remote Nozzle Specification option which ensures that every
nozzle discharges fluid at or above its required rate. From the results of this phase we will
be able to determine:
The pressure required at the inlet (node V/1) to ensure that all nozzles discharge
fluid at or above the required rate.
Whether, under these conditions, the fluid velocity in every pipe in the designed
network remains below the pipe's designed velocity.

6.8

Specifications
Design phase specifications
During the design phase PIPENET will assume that all the nozzles discharge at exactly
their required rate (in this case 65.4498 lit/min). The user must supply the flow rates at all
I/O nodes except one. Since there is only one I/O node the user needs to provide no design
specifications in this case.

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Example 3 - Condensate Tank Deluge System

75

Calculation phase specifications

We are going to use the Remote Nozzle Specification option for our calculation phase.
This instructs PIPENET to ensure that all nozzles are discharging at or above their
required rate (65.4498 lit/min). The most remote nozzle will supply water at exactly the
required rate, whilst other nozzles in the system will supply at a slightly higher rate. Under
this option the user must supply one less specification than there are I/O nodes in the
system. However, in this case, there are none. In this example, the use of most remote
nozzles adds one flow specification to the calculation phase. For further information on
how to determine the number of specifications see Specification rules.
Even though we are making no user-defined specifications, we must still remember to
declare node V/1 as an input node.

6.9

Network data entry

This example includes many more pipes and nozzles than previous examples so we have
chosen to create components with tags, this is simply no more than placing a name before
the numeric pipe label, for example with previous examples we had component labels like
1,2, 3... now we can have labels with tags C/1, C2, B1....
Using tags
We could lay out the network as in the previous examples and then using either the
properties window or the tabular view change all of the labels manually. However there is
a way to avoid this using the Tag tool bar:

Tags can be assigned separately for nodes and components, by default both have a setting
of <NO TAG>. You can either:
Click in the data entry field and a new tag followed by a Return.
Select an existing tag by selecting the drop-down button to the right of the data
entry field and selecting from the list of available tags.

If you have a tag selected in one of the drop-downs then whenever you create a new
component, its automatically assigned numerical id will be prefixed with the specified tag
and a '/'.
Pipe data
The following table shows the data for the A branches, the other two branches will have a

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similar pattern of connection.

Pipe
label

Input
node

Output
node

Length
(metres)

Elevation Fittings
(metres)

V/1
V/2
V/3
A/1
A/2
...
A/5
A/6
A/7
A/8
...
A/12

V/1
C/7
B7
A/2
A/3

C/7
B/7
A/7
A/1
A/2

0.5
3.28
3.28
2.068
2.068

0.5
3.28
3.28
0
0

A/6
A/7
A/7
A/8

A/5
A/6
A/8
A/9

2.068
1.034
1.034
2.068

0
0
0
0

A/12

A/13

2.068

Tee or Cross
Tee or Cross
Tee or Cross

Note that no bores are provided since we will use the design phase to do the sizing for us.
Entering the network the hard way
It will probably be very difficult to ensure that you end up with a network which has the
same numbering as that shown below, but the main points to note are that:
The schematic has been laid out on an isometric grid.
The three pairs of branches containing the nozzles have been labeled with tags of
A B and C.
The main line has been labeled with a tag of V.

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77

An easier way
There is another way to generate the 3 pairs of branches. This is using the automatic
nozzle generation tool on the Tools toolbar. We can use this to speed up data entry
because all of the nozzles are of the same type and all of the pipes between the nozzles are
of the same length. There are several ways we could do this. One way is to select the
nozzle generation tool, when the dialog is displayed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Set the tag to be used for pipes (A/B/C).

Set the tag to be used for nozzles (A/B/C).
Select the nozzle type from the right-hand window.
Set the length of the pipe between two nozzles as 2.068.
Set the angle at which the line is to be drawn as either -30 degrees or +150
degrees.

Note the tag fields will be used independently of any setting on the tag tool bar.
This is done for each branch, i.e 6 times. Yet another way is to create one branch pair, say
the A branch and then use the Area tool to reproduce the other two branch pairs. It only
remains to position the branches and add in the main line.

6.10

Calculation and results

The specifications are now complete, and a calculation may be performed as in the first
example and the results inspected via the Browser or the Tabular view:
Useful information may be obtained using colour coding, for example the following
illustrates the bores calculated in the design phase:

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Similarly the following illustrates the calculated pressure at each nozzle:

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Example 4 - Pressures in the

Ring Main

Part

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main

7.1

Pressures in a ring main

In this example we look further at the design of the ring main supplying the fire protection
system in example 3. The example illustrates the following:
Use of lined pipe schedules.
Creation and use of a pump library file.
Use of orifice plates to create a pressure drop.
The files relating to the first stage of this example are: _ring1.dat and _ring.pdf
The Network
The network is a ring main in a typical process plant, feeding a number of potential
fire-hazard areas. The system is to be designed to protect five zones, one of which is the
condensate tank farm investigated in the previous example. Only one of the zones may be
discharging at any given time, but the system must be designed to cater for any of them.
The pipes in the network are cast iron. The pipes in the primary main are below the
ground and are lined with cement.

In example 3 we found that in order to supply the deluge systems for the Condensate Tank
Farm, a pressure of 3.52 bar G is required at the deluge system inlet. In this example we

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Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main

81

investigate how this supply requirement can be met by a pump at PUMPS2/1. This is done
in two stages:
Stage 1
In stage 1 of this example we find the pressure required at the pump outlet
(PUMPS2/1) in order to produce a pressure of 3.52 bar G at the node FARM/2.
Stage 2
In stage 2 of this example we add a pump to the network at PUMPS2/1 (Input
node IN/1, output node PUMPS2/1). We will investigate the pressure it produces
when supplying FARM/2. An orifice plate is used to ensure the correct pressure
of 3.52 bar G is attained. The orifice plate will be sized for us by PIPENET.
Given the pressures required at the other outlets, similar calculations could be
carried out for them.

7.2

Initialisation
Title
The Title option is used to enter a title for the run ('Example 2 - Pressures In the Ring
Main').
Units
The Units option can be used to select the units to be used. In this case we use Metric
units.
Module parameters
We will use the Hazen-Williams equation with NFPA rules for fittings. The default values
for the density and viscosity of water will be used.
Pipe schedule and Pipe Type data
The pipes are all taken from the built-in schedule 6, Cast Iron to BS.1211 Class C. The
pipes in the primary main, which are underground, will be lined with a 2 mm thickness of
cement. They will have a C-factor of 90 and a design velocity of 10 m/s. The outlet feed
pipes and pump outlet pipes will be unlined. They have a C-factor of 120 and a design
velocity of 8 m/s.

7.3

Creating a pipe type

The Pipe Type is set up in a manner similar to the preceding examples. The schedule in
each case is Cast Iron BS.1211 Class C. The first pipe type is unlined, with a C-factor of
120 and design velocity of 8 m/s. The second type is lined with 2 mm of cement, has a
C-factor of 90 and a design velocity of 10 m/s.
The dialogs for the two pipe types should appear as:

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7.4

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Network data entry

The following table shows the data for the A branches, the other two branches will have a
similar pattern of connection. Refer to the previous example for the use of tags instead of
pure numeric identifiers.

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Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main

83

Pipe
label

Input
node

Output
node

Bore
(mm)

Length Elevation Fittings*

(metres) (metres)

PUMPS1/1

PUMPS/1

250

33.45

-3.45

PUMPS2/1

PUMPS2/1

250

33.45

-3.45

RECOV/1

RECOV/1

200

15.0

5.0

FARM/1

FARM/1

125

5.75

3.00

FARM/2

FARM/2

125

5.75

3.00

RCVR/1

RCVR/1

100

10.0

0.0

DRUM/1

DRUM/1

100

80.0

1.5

GAS/1

14

GAS/1

150

15.0

1.5

GAS/2

10

GAS/2

150

15.0

1.5

1*

150

15.0

0.0

2*

150

122.5

0.0

3*
4*

3
4

4
5

150
150

25.0
30.0

0.0
0.0

5*

150

260.0

0.0

6*

150

75.0

0.0

7*

150

135.0

0.0

8*

150

60.0

0.0

9*

10

150

162.0

0.0

10*

10

11

150

92.5

0.0

11*
12*

11
12

12
13

150
150

55.0
20.0

0.0
0.0

13*

13

150

95.0

0.0

14*

14

150

75.0

0.0

15*

14

12

150

75.0

0.0

16*

13

150

220.0

0.0

17*

11

150

82.5

0.0

LRE x 2
BFLY
LRE x 2
BFLY
LRE
TEE
BFLY
LRE x 2
TEE
BFLY
LRE x 2
TEE
BFLY
TEE
BFLY
LRE
TEE
BFLY
LRE
TEE
BFLY
LRE
TEE
BFLY
TEE x 2
BFLY
LRE
TEE
BFLY x 2
BFLY
LRE
BFLY
BFLY x 2
LRE
BFLY x 2
BFLY x 2
LRE
BFLY x 2
LRE
BFLY x 2
BFLY x 2
BFLY x 2
TEE
BFLY x 2
TEE
BFLY x 2
TEE
BFLY x 2
TEE x 2
BFLY x 2
TEE
BFLY x 2

Fittings* TEE - Tee or Cross; BFLY - Butterfly valve; LRE - Long radius elbow

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

The pipes in this example are taken from a built-in schedule. However, some of the pipes
are lined with cement (pipe labels with an * after the name), which is not a built-in lining.
The private data file must thus include data for cement. This data is entered by choosing
the Pipe Lining option from the Libraries | Linings menu. The data required is the lining
name and roughness value. As we are using the Hazen-Williams equation the roughness
will not actually be used, but a value must be specified (we use 10-5mm).

7.5

Pump data and the library

The performance coefficients of the pump are unknown so we must take coordinates from
the performance curve and use the menu option Libraries | Pumps - Coefficients
Unknown to find values for the coefficients A, B and C. The data required is as follows:
Pump descriptor: ELECTRIC_PUMP
Minimum flow rate = 2000 lit/min
Maximum flow rate = 13000 lit/min
Coordinates from the curve:
Flow rate
(lit/min)
2000
5000
9000
11000
13000

Pressure
(Bar)
12.5
11.0
8.5
7.0
5.5

Adding the pump to the library

For this example, a pump is also needed. This data is entered using the menu option
Libraries | Pumps - Coefficients Unknown (or if you already have the library dialogs
selected by selecting the Pumps - Coefficients Unknown tab).
To specify the pump details proceed as follows:
1. Select the New button.
2. Provide the name for the pump (this is the name that will appear in the
drop-down box at the top right-hand on the dialog when data entry is complete).
3. Provide an optional description.
4. Provide a minimum flow rate of 2000 litres/minute and a maximum flow rate of
13000 litres/minute.
5. Now place the cursor in the first cell in the data entry grid in the lower left-hand
side of the dialog and enter the first flow rate value of 2000.0.
6. Tab to the next field and enter the corresponding pressure of 12.5.
7. Continue in this way entering the remaining data pairs, using tab to move from
one cell to the next.
8. When all the data pairs have been entered, select the Apply button to calculate
and display the pump curve.

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Example 4 - Pressures in the Ring Main

85

The completed pump specification should appear as:

7.6

Specifications
Design phase specifications
As all the pipe diameters are already set, we are not interested in the results of the Design
phase of the simulation. However, we must still supply a set of design phase specifications
(in this case we choose to set all flow rates to the same as in the calculation phase, as
given below).
Calculation phase specifications
We set the following calculation phase specifications:
Stage 1
FARM/2: Pressure 3.52 bar g.
Flow rate 5364 lit/min.
Other outlets: Flow rate 0 lit/min
PUMPS1/1: Flow rate 0 lit/min
Stage 2
(The network having had a pump added with input node IN/1, and output node
PUMPS2/1)
FARM/2: Flow rate 5364 lit/min
Other outlets: Flow rate 0 lit/min
PUMPS1/1: Flow rate 0 lit/min
IN/1: Pressure 0 bar g.

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7.7

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Calculation and results

Stage 1 Results
The results (see table below) show that in order to produce a pressure of 3.52 bar G at the
node FARM/2, with a flow rate of 5364 lit/min, a pressure of 5.752 bar G is required at
the pump outlet, PUMPS2/1.
Flow at inlets
Inlet Node Pressure Flow rate
(bar G )
(lit/min )
PUMPS1/1 5.543
.0000 *
PUMPS2/1 5.752

5364.

Note: A * after a value indicates that this is a specification

Stage 2 Results
When the pump is added a pressure of 8.543 bar G is produced at the node FARM/2. In
order to reduce this pressure to the required pressure of 3.52 bar G, an orifice plate can be
added to the pipe FARM/2. This is done using the Orifice Plate tool. The pressure drop
required across the orifice plate is (8.543-3.52)=5.023 bar G. This forms part of the data
for the orifice plate. Given this required pressure drop, PIPENET can size the orifice plate
for us if we carry out another calculation runthe required diameter is 69.3567mm.
The files relating to the solution to Stage 2 of this problem are also stored in the Examples
directory as:

pipenet\examples\_ring2.dat
_ring.pdf
_ring2.out
_ring2.pmp

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Example 5 - A Maintenance
Area Sprinkler System

Part

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Example 5 - A Maintenance Area Sprinkler System

8.1

A maintenance area sprinkler system

The previous examples have shown how to create new networks from scratch. These have
been simple examples with few pipes. In practice, the engineer will often be dealing with
pre-existing networks, and they can typically have several hundred or more pipes. This
example considers the alteration of a previously existing system that is more elaborate
than the previous one. The example illustrates the following points:
The alteration of existing networks, and the addition of new components.
The modeling of a SPRINKLER system with only a few nozzles working at any
one time.
The ease with which both loop and tree systems may be mixed.
Comparison of the Mass Balance and Remote Nozzle Specification options.
The files relating to this problem are supplied with PIPENET and are: _maint.dat and
_maint.pdf.
Description of the Problem
The system is a regular network, consisting of 2 long parallel mains, 6" in diameter, made
of 90/10 cupro-nickel 14 bar G running along the walls of the Maintenance Area, with
risers running along the roof to the apex at 12.5 foot intervals. The nozzles are fixed to the
risers at 10 foot intervals. The apex of the roof is 15 feet above the mains, which is located
1.9 feet below the top of the wall. There are 18 nozzles on each riser and a tie set.
In this example, we will assume that the basic system is installed, and that a new fire
hazard over an area measuring 20 feet by 70 feet is to be covered with a larger application
rate than was originally assumed. To achieve the greater cover, we first have to show that
the installed system will not be able to cope, and then add some new pipes and nozzles to
cover the new hazard.
In this example, we are not concerned in this example with the pump(s) used to feed the
system, although it would usually be necessary to consider if the installed ones are
inadequate for the new hazard.
The system is illustrated below. Note that not all the nozzles are marked, and some pipe
and node labels have not been shown.

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Example 5 - A Maintenance Area Sprinkler System

8.2

89

Initialisation
Entering the network details
Each node with the tag NEW1 has a nozzle with the same label (e.g. node NEW1/6 has a
nozzle NEW1/6). The two risers NEW2 and NEW3, which spring from slightly different
points on MAIN3, are otherwise identical to NEW1.
Pipe
label

Input
node

Output
node

MAIN3/1

MAIN1/1

MAIN3/1

MAIN3/2

MAIN3/1

MAIN3/2

MAIN3/3

MAIN3/3

MAIN3/3

NEW1/1

MAIN3/1

NEW1/1

NEW1/2

NEW1/1

NEW/2

NEW1/3

NEW1/2

NEW1/3

NEW1/4

NEW1/3

NEW1/4

NEW1/5

NEW1/4

NEW1/5

NEW1/6

NEW1/5

NEW1/6

Bore
(in)
6

Length
(ft)

Elevation Fittings*
(ft)

99.15

8.65

6
6
2
2
2
2
2
2

12.5

12.5

TEE

2.9

1.975

EL45

2.9

1.975

EL45

2.9

1.975

EL45

2.9

1.975

EL45

2.9

1.975

EL45

EL90 x 2
TEE

...

Fittings* EL90 - standard 90 Elbow; TEE - Tee or cross; EL45 - standard 45 elbow.

Modeling of a sprinkler system

The essential difference between a SPRAY system and a SPRINKLER system is in the
nozzles. In a SPRAY system, all the nozzles are usually open, and will discharge when

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

water is supplied to them, whereas in a SPRINKLER system, each nozzle is individually

controlled, either with a fusible plug or electronically. When modeling SPRINKLER
systems it is necessary to specify some nozzles as being turned on. To change from the
default of a SPRAY system select the menu option Options | Spray options and then the
Sprinkler option:

Nozzle Data
The existing nozzles are all of the same type with a K-factor of 95. The operational range
is 1.39.5 bar G. Note that these data are in metric units, while the rest of the data is in
Imperial.
Preliminary Calculations
First, we must convert the nozzle data to the same units as the rest of the problem. In UK
gal/min and psi G, the K-factor is 5.4871 and the operational range 18.856137.79 psi G.
The required application rate over the new hazard is 0.6 UK gal/ft2min
Area of application = 70 x 20 = 1400 ft2
System demand at inlet = 0.6 1400 = 840 UK gal/min
Number of nozzles = 12 (RISER2/10 - RISER2/15 and RISER3/10 RISER3/15)
Required flow from each nozzle = 840/12 = 70 UK gal/min
Required nozzle inlet pressure = (70/5.4871)2 == 162.7 psi G

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Example 5 - A Maintenance Area Sprinkler System

91

This is above the maximum operating pressure for this nozzle type, so we can conclude
that the present system cannot cope. With 18 additional nozzles, the required flow rate per
nozzle becomes:
= 840/(12+18)
= 840/30
= 28 UK gal/min
Required nozzle inlet pressure = (28/5.4871)2 = 26.04 psi G
This is within the operating range for the nozzles as 18.856 < 26.04 < 137.79 psi G
Parameter options
In this example we will use the Hazen-Williams equation with NFPA rules for fittings.
The default values for the density and viscosity of water at 20C will be used.

8.3

Specifications
Design Rules require that the area to be protected receive a certain total flow rate. In this
case, this is 0.6 UK gal/ft2min over 1400 ft2. As calculated above, if the 30 nozzles in the
area each discharge 28 UK gal/min, this requirement will be met. PIPENET can deal with
this situation in two ways:
Ensure that the total flow rate into the system (and as the nozzles are the only
output, the total flow rate into the area) is equal to the sum of the flow rates
required at each nozzle (mass balance option).
Ensure that each nozzle individually meets its required flow rate, so that the area
is covered uniformly (remote nozzle specification option).
In this example we will investigate both, to see if there is a significant difference in the
results.
Design phase specifications
All the pipes in the network are already sized, so we are not interested in the results of the
design phase. However, we must still provide design phase specifications. The network
has two I/O nodes, and therefore requires one flow rate specification. This will be 0 on
node MAIN2/7, indicating that the outlet is closed.
Calculation phase specifications
If we use the Mass Balance option for our calculation phase, PIPENET automatically
assigns a calculation phase specification to every I/O node in the network based on the
design phase flow rate (See the Technical Manual for a full description of the Mass
Balance option and making specifications).
If we use the Remote Nozzle Specification option, we must give one more calculation
phase specification. In this case, we simply specify that node MAIN2/7 have a flow rate of
0; we are simply copying the design phase specification (See the Technical Manual for a

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full description of the Remote Nozzle Specification option and making specifications).
Even if we are making no user-defined specifications on it, we must still remember to
declare node MAIN1/1 as an input node.

8.4

Calculation and results

Mass balance and remote nozzle specification
These selection of mass balance or remote nozzle specification is made via the menu
option Options | Calculation:

Results
Both simulations should run smoothly, and in neither one does the flow exceed the
designed speeds or pressures of the network. If you run the simulation and look at the
"Flow Through Nozzles" section of the output browser file you should observe that the
specifications are indeed met by the simulation. Using the Mass Balance Option we ensure
that the system delivers exactly 840 UK gal/min. However, the Remote Nozzle
Specification only uses 6% more water and ensures that a more uniform protection is
provided. The pumps would have to deliver 47.4 psi G in this case, rather than 43.3 psi G
if the Mass Balance is used.
PIPENET has provided an assessment of the feasibility of installing the new risers, and
other configurations could just as easily be tested. If they require the enlargement of some
of the existing pipes because these exceed their designed velocities, PIPENET issues a
warning in the report file.

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The Schematic

9.1

Schematic Window
The Schematic window is the primary means of entering and viewing networks. It closely
resembles the schematic window of earlier products but has a number of improvements.
When the window is first displayed it is presented with a light-grey background suitable
for general viewing. The background colour may be changed to white or black. However,
for coloured links and text, it will generally be found that a white background is unsuitable
for viewing.
New elements are added by selecting the appropriate element tool from the tool palette
and then placing and drawing the component using the mouse.
All labeled elements created via the schematic are automatically assigned a unique label.
Labeled elements include nodes, link elements and attribute elements. Numeric labels are
used (no tags) with each component type having its own set of unique labels.
The background colour and the font sizes used for labeling components can be changed
using the Display Options dialog.
Schematic Underlay
A facility has been included whereby a graphic may be imported and displayed as a
background to the main schematic. Display of this underlay is enabled and disabled via
the View menu. The underlay may be zoomed independently of the main network to
achieve relative scaling and registration. Zooming the network, zooms the underlay by the
same selected zoom factor. In normal use the procedure to use an underlay commences
with a new network:
1. Import and display the underlay.
2. Select a suitable zoom size for the underlay.
3. Commence laying out the PIPENET components using the underlay as a guide.

9.2

Schematic Underlay
It is possible to import a graphic to underlay the main pipe network. The graphic to be
imported must be a Windows enhanced metafile (file extension .EMF), a Windows
metafile (file extension .WMF) or an AutoCAD .DXF file.
Currently the image is loaded on the first request to display the underlay (see View menu).
Once loaded the underlay may be zoomed to establish the relative scale between the
underlay and the network. Generally the procedure will be as follows:
1. Load the underlay.
2. Establish a suitable scaling for the underlay.
3. Start drawing the network over the underlay.

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The display of the underlay can be turned on or off via the View menu - when turned off
the underlay will track any changes to the scale of the network, retaining the correct
relation.
Zoom of the underlay is independent of the network, whereas zooming the network, also
zooms the underlay to maintain relative scales.
Currently the underlay can not be translated left-right or up-down, although the network
can be moved using the Area Tool.

9.3

Selection Tool
The first button is the selection tool, and is used to select a single component. Simply
click the left mouse button whilst pointing at a component to select it. A selected
component is shown highlighted in red and its attributes displayed in the Properties
Window. Right-clicking the mouse on a selected component will display a pop-up menu,
the contents of which are dependent on the type of component selected, but generally, the
pop-up menu will allow you to:

Delete a component.
Add waypoints.
Delete waypoints.
Insert a node in a pipe.
Reverse the direction of a component, note reversing the direction of a pipe will
negate the elevation change.
Copy and paste the attributes of a component.
The selection tool can also be used for dragging nodes to a new position, and for dragging
pipe components, such as orifice plates, along the length of a pipe. To drag a node or a
component, click the left mouse button and whilst holding the button down move the
mouse to the desired position and release the mouse button. Note, that if a node is dragged
then all of the components to which it is connected also move with it.
Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.
Adding a waypoint
If you left-click on a pipe, and with the mouse button held down move the mouse then a
waypoint will be inserted at the selected point in the component link.
Selecting several components
To select multiple components select the first component in the normal way by placing the
cursor on or near the component and left-clicking on the component. Subsequent
selections are made in the same way but with the keyboard Ctrl key held down whilst
making the selections. Another way to select multiple components is using the Area tool.
Copy/Paste
To copy the attributes from one source component onto another target component of the

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same type:
1. right-click on the source component and select the Copy option (alternatively
use Ctrl-c)
2. right-click on the target component and select the Paste option (alternatively use
Ctrl-v) - all attributes are copied from the source component to the target
component.
If the source and target components are pipes, then prior to the copy all fittings are
removed from the target pipe and replaced with the fittings from the source pipe.
If Paste (Incl. layout) is selected instead of Paste the process is very similar, except that
any waypoints and components (for example orifice plates) are also copied from the
source to the target.

9.4

Pan and Zoom Tool

This tool can be used to zoom the network to a required size or to pan across the network.
To zoom the network, hold down the left mouse button and drag the cursor
until the network is at the required size. Dragging to the right will enlarge the
network, to the left will minimize.
To pan across the network, click the left mouse button whilst in the schematic
window and move the mouse in the direction you wish to pan. Click the left
mouse button again to cease panning. Whilst panning, if the cursor is moved to
the edge of the window the network will scroll along until the end of the scroll
bar is reached.

9.5

Area Tool
The Area tool is used to select and manipulate a number of components at the same time.
With the Area tool it is possible to:

Move a group of components

Select a group of components.
Copy-paste a group of components.
Delete a group of components.
Mirror (left-right) a group of components, i.e. mirror the components about a
vertical centre line.
Invert (up-down) a group of components, i.e. flip the components about a
horizontal centre line.
To use the tool, click the left mouse button at the point which is to be the top-left of a
rectangular area. Whilst holding the mouse button down move to the point which is to be
the bottom-right-hand corner of the rectangle and release the mouse button. A dashed
outline of the defined rectangle is drawn and all nodes and components which lie
completely within the rectangle are selected.

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Via the Edit menu, or by right-clicking, the selected items can now be moved, deleted,
mirrored, inverted or copied. Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.
Selected items
The items marked as selected are:
Each node contained within the rectangle.
Each link component contained within the rectangle whose input and output
nodes are both within the rectangle, i.e. components crossing the boundary are
not selected.
Moving the selected area
The rectangle and all selected items within the rectangle can be moved by selecting the
left mouse button and whist it is down dragging the rectangle to a new position. On
releasing the mouse button the components will be drawn at the new position.
Copying selected items
Items selected within the rectangle can be copied to the clipboard, from whence they can
be pasted onto the same network, or onto another network in a separate instance of the
same module. Copy/paste are activated via the Edit menu options, the Copy and Paste
buttons on the toolbar, or by right clicking within the defined rectangle to display a pop-up
menu of options.
Note that if
you are using
copy/paste to
copy from
instance of a
module to
another
instance of the
same module,
ensure that
both instances
are using the
same unit
systems.

9.6

Polygon Tool
The Polygon tool is used to select and manipulate a number of components at the same
time. It is similar to the Area tool except that it allows components to be selected within a
polygonal area. With the Polygon tool it is possible to:
Move a group of components
Select a group of components.

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Copy-paste a group of components.

Delete a group of components.
Mirror (left-right) a group of components, i.e. mirror the components about a
vertical centre line.
Invert (up-down) a group of components, i.e. flip the components about a
horizontal centre line.
Note that for the purposes of mirror and inversion operations the centre of the polygon is
the centre of the enclosing rectangle.
To use the tool, proceed as follows:
1. Define the first point by holding the shift key down click the left mouse button.
2. Define the second point by moving the mouse to the location of the second point
and whilst holding the shift key down, click the left mouse button;
3. Repeat step 2 for as many points as you require to define the polygonal area.
4. When you have defined all the points right click the mouse anywhere in the
schematic (without the shift key being down) to close the defined polygon - the
last defined point is connected to the first.
Via the Edit menu, or by right-clicking, the selected items can now be deleted, mirrored,
inverted or copied. Full undo/redo is available for all operations with this tool.
Selected items
The items marked as selected are:
Each node contained within the defined polygon.
Each link component contained within the polygon whose input and output nodes
are both within the polygon, i.e. components crossing the boundary are not
selected.
Moving the selected area
The polygon and all selected items within the polygon can be moved by selecting the left
mouse button and whist it is down dragging the polygon to a new position. On releasing
the mouse button the components will be drawn at the new position.
Copying selected items
Items selected within the polygon can be copied to the clipboard, from whence they can be
pasted onto the same network, or onto another network in a separate instance of the same
module. Copy/paste are activated via the Edit menu options, the Copy and Paste buttons
on the toolbar, or by right clicking within the defined rectangle to display a pop-up menu
of options.. or the Copy and Paste buttons on the toolbar.

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9.7

99

Text Tool
The Text Tool is used to place text on the schematic, for example, as titles and additional
labeling information. To place a text item on the schematic click the left mouse at the
approximate point at which the first character is to appear; the following dialog appears:

Enter the text which is to appear in the text field and then select OK to accept the text or
Cancel to abort. Text options can be specified in the Properties Window and include
typeface, size, style (normal, bold, italic or bold and italic) and colour.

To change the colour of the text click on the arrow button in the cell. Selecting the
drop-down arrow in the Colour field will display a small selection of colours:

Moving and editing text

Once a text element has been added to the schematic it can be selected, edited and
moved:

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1. Click on a text element and its properties can be edited in the Properties window.
2. Click and drag to move the text.
3. Right-click on a text element and select Delete from the pop-up menu to delete
the text.

9.8

Link Component Tools

For all link elements, the procedure for creating a new link is as follows:
1. Select the appropriate element tool from the tool palette.
2. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear and left
click.
3. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the
input node; otherwise a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
4. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
5. Place the cursor at the point where you want the output node to appear and left
click.
6. As with the input point, if the selected output point coincides with an existing
node then that node will become the output node, otherwise a new node is
created.
7. If in between defining the input node and the output node you want to abort
creation of the link then select the Escape key.
When the component is drawn it will be displayed in blue to indicate that this is new
component for which the component defaults have been used. If any changes are made to
the component's attributes then it will change to black.
Waypoints
For some components, specifically those for which both an output and an input node is
displayed (excludes components such as spray nozzles and Transient caissons), additional,
intermediate points may be specified between the input and output nodes. These
intermediate nodes, or waypoints, do not form part of the hydraulic network and merely
exist to aid in the layout of the schematic. To add waypoints at the time a new component
is added, proceed as follows:
1. Place the cursor at the point where you want the input node to appear and left
click.
2. If the selected point coincides with an existing node then that node becomes the
input node; otherwise a new node is created and displayed at the selected point.
3. A line representing the link element is drawn and tracks mouse movements.
4. To add an intermediate point hold the shift key down and left-click the mouse at
the desired position. This may be repeated as many times as you like to create
multiple-segment pipes.
5. If you left click without holding down the shift key then the output node is
created.
6. If, after creating the pipe, you want to add additional waypoints or to move
waypoints, this can be done using the selection tool.

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7. The creation of a pipe can be aborted any time between the creation of the input
and the out node by pressing Escape.
If you have selected the display of direction and/or the presence of fittings on pipes then
the associated symbol will be displayed on each segment of the pipe.
Undefined or invalid components
When a pipe, or in fact any link component, is first drawn in the schematic it is coloured
blue to indicate that either the component has not had its attributes specified and/or it has
an invalid combination of attributes, for example a zero length pipe. When one or more
attributes are entered for the component its colour changes to black (or white if the
background is black).
The colour of a component may revert to blue in either of the following situations:
1. If a check is performed using the check button on the calculation toolbar and the
component is found to be invalid.
2. If the file is saved and re-opened, and on re-loading the component it is found to
be invalid.

9.9

Pipe Component Tools

These tools are used for placing components on a pipe, for example orifice plates and
equipment items. These components can only be added to existing pipes and cannot be
created in isolation:
1. Place the cursor on the pipe.
2. Left click to add the attribute element to the pipe.
3. The component may subsequently be moved along the length of the pipe using
the selection tool.
4. Attributes for the added component are displayed in the Properties Window as for
link components.
With any of the attribute element tools selected it is possible to move any attribute
element along the length of a pipe using click and drag; see also the section on the
Selection Tool.

9.10

Schematic Printing
A schematic may be printed by selecting the File | Print option. The schematic may be
printed to any supported Windows' printer on a single page or across multiple pages. Note
however, that printing to a large plotter using a Windows' printer driver may be very slow
since some Windows' drivers will work by rasterizing the schematic. For optimum
drawing you should export the schematic for off-line plotting.
To print a schematic select the File| Print option, this will display a dialog box showing a
range of print scales and the number of pages required to print at each scale, and offering
the option to print all pages or a selected range of pages.

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However many pages are required to display the schematic, the network will be displayed
centred across all pages. Each printed page will show the network title, the date, and the
page number in the form Page m of n. Page fit can be selected to print the complete
schematic on one page. If the option Visible window only is selected, only that part of the
network visible in the schematic window will be printed on a single page.
Printing will be to the currently selected printer with the currently selected page
orientation. To change either or both of these: select the File | Print Setup menu option to
display the standard Windows print setup dialog.

The appearance of the printed schematic can be previewed using the File| Print Preview
option.

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9.11

103

Exporting the Schematic

The schematic may be exported for use with other graphical or CAD programs. Currently
the only export format provided is HP-GL2. Support for additional formats will be
provided in future versions.
HP-GL/2 is a widely used format and is suitable for off-line plotting and can be used as
input to some graphical and CAD programs. To export the schematic select the Tools |
Export HP-GL/2 option. This will create an HP-GL/2 file in the temporary directory with
the name temp.hpgl.

9.12

Moving around the network

To move around the network, displaying each component in turn can of course be
achieved by using the mouse to select the component and then viewing its attributes in the
Properties Window. Alternatively, you can view all components of a given type via the
Tabular Window, clicking on a row will highlight the corresponding component in the
schematic window, and vice-versa, selecting a component in the schematic window
highlights the corresponding component in the Tabular View. Yet another way is to use
the two arrow buttons in the bottom right-hand corner of the Properties Window to select
the next component of the same type (right-facing arrow) or the previous component of
the same type (left-facing arrow).
There is another way to move around the network, highlighting components in turn, using
the four cursor keys on the keyboard. This is best illustrated by the following example.
With pipe 2 the currently selected component and all component directions being from left
to right, selecting the right cursor key moves to pipe 3 and selecting the left cursor key
moves backwards to pipe 1.

Now consider what happens when we are on pipe 3:

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Selecting the right cursor key will move to uppermost component on the right, i.e. pipe 4:

To move to pipe 5 from pipe 4 simply select the down cursor key:

Selecting the down cursor key again will move to pipe 6 whilst selecting the up cursor key
will move back to pipe 4.
If the component is reversed, i.e the input node is to the right of the output node then
selecting the right cursor key will move to the link to the left. Similarly selecting the left
cursor key will move to the link to the right of the current link. So selecting the right
cursor key is interpreted as a move in the component direction and the left cursor key as a
move in the reverse direction.

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10

The Tabular View

10.1

Tabular View
The Tabular View window and the Properties Window are used to enter and edit the
attributes of components displayed on the schematic. The Tabular View window cannot
be used for adding new components or deleting existing components. These operations
must be performed via the schematic.
Each tabular view displays the information for one component type selected from the
drop-down list at the top of the window:

Sorting
Components are initially displayed in data entry order, however, rows may re-ordered by
clicking in a column heading. For example, to sort pipes in ascending order of diameter,
click on the heading for the pipe diameter column. To sort in descending order of
diameter, click on the column heading a second time - clicking on a heading toggles
between ascending and descending order.
Cell shading
Cells are normally displayed with a white background, however the following cell
shadings may also be observed:
Cells coloured light grey are read-only.
Cells coloured yellow (currently only for pipe sizes) indicates that the displayed
size has been calculated during the design phase.
Selecting a row
Left-click on the leftmost cell of the row to select a row.
Editing a cell
The contents of editable cells (non-editable cells will be grayed out) are either of the direct
data entry type or of the drop-down selection type, For example in the pipe tab, pipe bore
and pipe length are both of the direct data entry type - simply click on the cell to edit or
re-enter the value. The pipe status is selected from a drop down list and is one of Normal,
Broken or Blocked.

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Cell edits can be undone using the Undo/Redo facilities.

Printing
The current grid can be printed by selecting the Print button.
Add to report
This facility is not implemented yet.

10.2

Validation
All attributes are validated as they are entered:
Fields are validated to check that they are of the correct type, that is if a field
must contain only numeric data then only entry of numeric digits and optional
sign and decimal point are permitted.
Simple range checking is carried out to ensure that numeric values are within
range, for example pipe bores must always be positive, filter coefficients must
always be negative, temperatures must be at or above absolute zero and so on.
If an invalid entry is made then a simple dialog is displayed indicating the fault, for
example:

Clicking OK leaves the error highlighted, the value must be corrected before moving on
to further editing.

10.3

Copying Cells
A cell or a rectangular group of cells can be copied using techniques similar to those used
in Excel or 123. All paste operations can be undone.
Copying a single cell
To copy a single cell simply right-click on the cell to display a popup menu and then
select the Copy option. The copied cell can be pasted to another target cell by
right-clicking on the target cell and selecting the Paste option. However, note that a cell in
one column can only be copied to another cell in the same column, since it makes no sense
to allow copying between columns which represent completely different types of attribute.
Paste does not work in read-only columns or component label columns.

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Copying a cell or range of cells

Right click on the cell to be copied and select the Copy option. Now select the target
group of cell as follows:
1. Left click the first target cell.
2. Whilst holding down the shift key left-click on the last target cell (in the same
column).
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Paste option.
Copying a single cell to multiple, non-contiguous cells in the same column
The previous operation will also work if the selected cells in the column are
non-contiguous:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Left click the first target cell.

Whilst holding down the Ctrl key select any number of other cells in the column.
Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
Select the Paste option.

Paste-in-Column
Since the operation of reproducing a single value in a column is common, a shortcut is
provided via the Paste-in-Column option in the popup menu. Simply point to the value to
be repeated in the column and select Paste-in-Column.
Copying a contiguous group of cells from one row to the corresponding
cells in another row
Select the source cells as follows:
1. Left click the first source cell.
2. Whilst holding down the shift key left-click on the last source cell (in the same
row).
3. Right click on any cell within the selected group to display the popup menu.
4. Select the Copy option.
Select the target cells in the same manner only now select the Paste option in the popup
menu. Note the source and target selections must start and end in the same columns.
Copying a rectangular group of cells from one area of the grid to another
Select the source area as follows:
1. left-click a cell at one corner (top-left for example) of the rectangular group.
2. whilst holding down the shift key left-click on the diagonally opposite corner cell
to select the group.
3. Right click on any cell within the group to display the popup menu.
4. select the Copy option.
Select the target area in the same manner only now selecting the Paste option in the popup
menu. Note the following:

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The source and target areas must have the same shape, i.e. they must be the same
number of columns wide and the same number of rows high. Note however, the
one exception to this in the next paragraph.
The source and target areas must start and end on the same column.
Copying a contiguous group of cells from one row to the corresponding
cells in several rows
A combination of the previous two copy operations provides the facility to copy cells from
one row to the corresponding cells in a number of rows:
1. Select the cells from the source row as described in "Copying a contiguous group
of cells from one row to the corresponding cells in another row".
2. Select Copy from the popup menu.
3. Select the target cells as described in "Copying a rectangular group of cells from
one area of the grid to another".
4. Select Paste from the popup menu.
5. Repeating a value.
Copy cells to external programs
Cells can be copied in the ways described above and then pasted into an external program,
typically a spreadsheet. All cells in the Tabular View can be selected by clicking in the top
left-hand corner cell.

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11

Specifications

11.1

Introduction to Specifications
In

order to solve a network, boundary conditions must be provided in the form of flow or
pressure specifications on input and output nodes or pressure specifications on internal
nodes (an internal node is any node which is not an input or output node. These
specifications must obey the rules described more formally in the following Specification
Rules section.
Many of the aspects of specifications can however, be described by reference to a simple
single pipe network.
With this simple example, an initial approach might be to provide equal flow
specifications on both the input and output nodes. However, since the output flow must
equal the input flow, one of these specifications is not required. If we provide two
identical flow specifications then there is redundancy and there is no unique solution to
the network. If instead, we provide two different flow specifications then the
specifications would be inconsistent, and again there would be no solution.
With one flow specification provided at one node we know the flow at the other node,
however, we do not know the pressure. In fact pressures cannot be determined without the
specification of a reference pressure. So, for our simple network, it turns out that we must
provide two specification, one of which must be a pressure specification. Thus there are
three possibilities:
1. We provide a flow specification on the input and a pressure specification on the
output
2. We provide a pressure specification on the input and a flow specification on the
output,
3. We provide a pressure specification at both the input and output.
This can be generalized to larger networks with any number of input and output nodes to
the simple statement that:
The number of specifications must be equal to the total number of input and output
nodes, and at least one of the specifications must be a pressure specification. See
Specification Rules for further details and the special considerations which apply to the
Design Phase, nozzles and remote specifications.
Disjoint Network
A network is considered disjoint if it is in two or more unconnected parts, or
sub-networks. The following is an example of a simple disjoint network, with two
sub-networks A and B:

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Since each sub-network is solved separately, the specifications in each sub-network must
be valid. Thus in the above example there must be a total of four specifications, with
sub-networks A and B each having at least one pressure specification.
It is obvious from this example that the network is disjoint, however, disjoint networks
can also arise in a less obvious way from the use of breaks and blocks in pipes. Consider
the following simple three-pipe network, with the central pipe blocked

The network was initially setup with the pipe in the normal, unblocked state and the
calculation ran satisfactorily with a flow specification provided at the input and a pressure
specification provide at the output. When the blocked pipe was added the network refused
to calculate - why? Simply, that the blocked pipe has split the network into two disjoint
networks, one consisting of the single pipe A/1 and the other of the single pipe C/1.
Whilst the network containing the pipe C/1 includes the original pressure specification,
the A/1 network does not have a pressure specification. It should be noted that with a
blocked pipe a zero flow specification is added to the node at each end of the block, hence
there are correct number of specifications.

11.2

Specification Rules
Assumptions
1. Input and output nodes correspond to those points in the network where fluid
enters or leaves the network.
2. Internal nodes are those nodes which are not inputs or outputs.
3. Sub-networks may be created by the presence of breaks and blocks.
4. If a node is at one end of a break then it is considered to have an attached
pressure specification.
5. If a node is at one end of a block then it is considered to have an attached flow
specification.
6. In the Design Phase an arbitrary pressure of 50 bar G is associated with one of the
nodes, therefore a user-supplied pressure specifications is not used in this phase.
Design phase
1. There must be one (and only one) pressure specification, which may be on an
input node, an output node or an internal node.

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2. In a network with a total on n input and output nodes, all but one of these nodes
must have a flow specification.
Calculation Phase
1. There must be at least one pressure specification.
2. Pressure specification may appear on input, output or internal nodes.
3. The total number of pressure and flow specifications must equal the total number
of input and output nodes, but see the following:
4. A user supplied pressure specification is not required in the Analysis Phase if
there are one or more nozzles present. The rule that the total number of
specifications must equal the total number of input and output nodes still holds.
5. Selection of the Most Remote Nozzle option adds one flow specification to the
Analysis Phase. This means that we must only provide n - 1 pressure or flow
specifications, where n is the number of input or output nodes.

11.3

Breaks and Blocks

In terms of the solving of a network modeling breaks and blocks are modeled as follows:
Block
Each of the input and output nodes of the break is assumed to have an associated
zero flow specification.
Break
Each of the input and output nodes of the break is assumed to have an associated
pressure specification.
Each break or block may separate a single network into two sub-networks, and since
specifications must be valid in each sub-network, problems can occur. The most likely
problem to arise is that the presence of a blocked pipe breaks a valid network into two
sub-networks with one of the sub-networks having no associated pressure specification.

11.4

User Interface
Viewing and editing specifications
The specifications associated with a node can be viewed in a number of ways:
1. by clicking on a node, the details of the specification appear in the Properties
window where they may be edited. If no specifications have been attached to the
node then the properties window appears as:

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2. by displaying the tabular view window and selecting the component type as Node
to display all nodes with details of any specifications attached or Design phase
specification or Calculation phase specification as required.
Adding specifications
Specifications are added by selecting the appropriate node and then setting the status of
the node as an I/O node as appropriate, changing the Design specification drop-down to
YES if you want to add a design specification and the Calculation Specification
drop-down to YES if you want to add a calculation specification. Changing either of these
will result in the display of additional attributes. For example, adding a calculation phase
specification will change the display to:

where the pressure and/or flow can be provided.

Removing specifications
Specifications are removed simply by clicking on the node and changing the Design
specification and/or Calculation specification options to NO.
Checking specifications
Specifications are checked during the performance of a check operation along with height
checking and general consistency checking. This can be initiated by a user selecting the
Calculation | Check menu option or more readily by selecting the Status tab in the
Properties Window.

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A number of messages, relating to specifications can appear in the status window. Most
will be errors preventing a calculation from being performed. Specifications are checked
separately for the Design and Analysis phases.
The errors and warnings are as follows:
Broken pipe encountered - warning
The presence of a broken pipe may separate a network into two sub-networks,
where each sub-network is checked separately for consistency of specifications.
Blocked pipe encountered - warning
The presence of a blocked pipe may separate a network into two sub-networks,
where each sub-network is checked separately for consistency of specifications.
There is a potential danger here that one of the sub-networks may be left without
a pressure specification, resulting in a network for which there is no solution.
Node has no inputs and is not an I/O node - warning
Taking into account component directions, a node has been found that has no
inputs. It may have been the user's intention to associate a specification with the
node.
Node has no outputs and is not an I/O node - warning
Taking into account component directions, a node has been found that has no
outputs. It may have been the user's intention to associate a specification with the
node.
No design pressure specification - error
One, and only one, design pressure must be provided for the design phase.
No design flow specification -error
At least one flow specification must be provided in each sub-network, together
with a single pressure specification.
One I/O node with no flow specification is required for Design
For the Design phase at least one I/O node must be provided which has no flow
specification. The I/O node may have a pressure specification.
No analysis pressure specification - error
At least one design pressure must be provided for each sub-network. See also
blocked pipe warning above.
There must be at least two specifications - error
At least two specifications must be provided for each phase.
Network is over specified in analysis phase
More specifications than are necessary have been supplied, that is:
number of flow specifications + number of Pressure specifications > number

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of I/O nodes.
Network is under specified in analysis phase
Insufficient specifications have been supplied, that is:
number of flow specifications + number of Pressure specifications < number
of I/O nodes

11.5

Nozzle Specification
For deluge systems the first calculation is almost always the most remote nozzle option.
This assumes that all the nozzles have to deliver at least the required minimum flow rate.
This may not always be essential or required. For example, there could be one nozzle
which is at a much higher level than the other nozzles but is there only to deliver a
nominal amount of water. There could be another nozzle somewhere in the system which
is in a critical area. This particular nozzle may not be the most remote nozzle. It might be
sufficient if this nozzle met the required minimum flow rate. The user can then select this
nozzle and assign its flow rate. The "real" most remote nozzle would then deliver less than
the required flow rate but that does not matter.
By definition one can only assign the flow rate at one nozzle and the flow rate must be
given by the user. This is achieved using the Options | Calculation dialog but only when
the User defined specifications option is selected:

In this example there is a specification on nozzle 9 with a flow rate of 150 l/min.
Note that if there are any overboard dump valves present in the network then the Remote

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nozzle specifications and Mass balance specifications options will be greyed out. This is
because overboard dump valves can only be used with the User-defined specifications
option.

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12

Status Checking

12.1

Status checking
A facility is provided for checking the correctness of the currently defined network prior
to attempting to perform a calculation. This will check for component errors, specification
errors and height elevation inconsistencies. This facility is activated whenever a
calculation is attempted or explicitly by selection of the Calculation | Check option, when
the following window is displayed:

If there are no errors or warnings, the window contains a single status line as depicted
above. If there are errors and/or warnings these are shown one to a line, with the first
column showing a component label (where appropriate) and the second column a
description of the error. All components found to be in error, for example a zero length
pipe will be coloured blue.
Warnings are shown in back text, and indicate possible problems with the network. Errors
are shown in red text and indicate problems that may prevent a successful calculation.
If a component number is displayed in a cell then double-clicking anywhere in the row
will highlight the component in the schematic window, scrolling the schematic window to
display the component if it is not already visible.
For reference purposes a copy of the check results can be printed via the Print button.

12.2

Specification Checks
When a check is activated the number of specifications and their type is validated against
the rules defined in Specification Rules. The following is the check window displaying a
specification error.

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Double-clicking in the first column of a row containing an error will select a node in the
sub-network containing the error

12.3

Height Checking
Height checking will be performed if pipe elevations are used, and essentially involves
summing the rises and falls in every loop to check that the sum is zero (within the height
check tolerance. For every loop in error one line will be displayed in the status window,
with the component identifying one node in the loop. The error description will include
the value of the error in user-defined length units. Clicking on the component cell will
highlight all of the components in the loop, as well as creating a path. The creation of a
path means that a graphical elevation profile can be displayed.

If two or more height errors are found then selecting the Common Height Errors button
will highlight all of the pipes that appear in two or more loops. This is not guaranteed to
pinpoint the error, but it may help.

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Colour Schemes

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13

Colour Schemes

13.1

Colour Schemes
A colour scheme is a simple set of rules used for the colouring of components on the
schematic. At any time two colour schemes may be in effect, one for colouring nodes and
one for colouring pipes/nozzles. The two colour schemes can be selected from an
application specific set of colour schemes. There is a default colour scheme for both nodes
and pipes/nozzles which provides the default colouring of:
RED - item is selected
BLUE - item is not completely defined or is invalid.
In all other situations a component is displayed in the default colour: black for white and
grey backgrounds or white on a black background.
Each colour scheme can assign one of six colours to a component: RED,GREEN, BLUE,
CYAN, MAGENTA and YELLOW. If a component falls outside of the rules for a colour
scheme it will assign a default colour of black (on a white or grey background) or white
(on a black background).
Two generic types of colour scheme are identified:
1. Simple schemes where components are coloured according to the value of a
single attribute or result.
2. Complex schemes where components are coloured according to some logical
combination of one, two or more attributes and results.
Simple Colour schemes
With simple colour schemes, the user selects a component attribute or result, for example,
pipe length, pressure difference, node elevation, and then creates a scheme by associating
the selected attribute or result with a set of intervals. The intervals are defined by five
values v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, the intervals being:
< v1
v1 & < v2
v2 & < v3
v3 & < v4
v4 & < v5
v5

RED
GREEN
BLUE
CYAN
MAGENTA
YELLOW

If intervals are not defined they will be provided automatically based on a suitable scaling
of the known values for the attributes or results. Note for results the intervals are
calculated on the completion of a calculation.
Colour schemes are displayed and edited via the Classes dialog.

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This consists of two columns, one for nodes and the other for pipes/nozzles. At the head
of each column is a combo box for selecting the colour scheme. Note these two combo
boxes have a dual purpose in also selecting which attribute is displayed above a
component in the schematic.
Below the combo box are five edit boxes used for defining the six intervals. The coloured
boxes alongside the edit boxes define the colours for the six intervals. The edit boxes will
be grayed out if the selected colouring scheme does not use intervals.
Immediately below each column of five edit boxes are two check boxes:
Colours On - used to enable/display colours. If this box is unchecked then the
default colouring scheme will be used. However, the selected attribute will still
be displayed when the Display Attributes buttons are selected.
Auto classify - used to select automatic calculation of ranges following
completion of a calculation. If this box is checked then the five values defining
the six intervals will be re-calculated each time a calculation is performed.
Use modulus - if this is selected then classification will not take the sign of the
attribute into consideration.
The final three buttons are used to select the way in which the intervals are coloured, the
default being the six colours ordered as RED, GREEN, BLUE, CYAN, MAGENTA and
YELLOW. The ordering of the colours may be reversed by selecting the Reverse colours
button. As an alternative to the six colours a single colour may be selected to be
represented in six shades. Selecting the Graduated button displays a pop-up window via
which the colour can be selected.
The two combo boxes for selecting the colour scheme (and hence the attribute to be
displayed on the schematic) are reproduced on the Options Toolbar. The Options toolbar

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can also be used to display legends (one for nodes and one for pipes) on the schematic.
For example:

The legends can be moved around by clicking and dragging with the mouse.
Values are displayed with the correct sign for directional components; negative if the flow
is in the opposite direction to the component direction, or positive if it is in the same
direction.
Note for pipes, results are shown on the Schematic or in the Properties Window with the
correct sign; negative if the flow is in the opposite direction to the component direction, or
positive if it is in the same direction. For colour coding the absolute value is used, for
example, +10 m/s will be coded using the same colour as -10 m/s. This means that the
interval values specified in the dialog should be zero or positive.
Complex rules
Complex rules allow the user to define a colouring rule in a more flexible manner. This is
best described by reference to the dialog used to enter a complex colouring rule:

This shows the dialog for entering a complex rule for a pipe, that for a node has the same
layout. It comprises:
1. A name for the rule.

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2. Up to three conditions (only two are used in this example) consisting of an

attribute or result name (selectable from a drop down list), a relational operator
(again selectable from a drop-down list) and a value.
3. Logical And or Or operators relating the conditions.
4. The colour to be used for display.
The above example states that each pipe with a bore greater than 12 inches, where the
calculated velocity in the pipe exceeds 30 ft/sec, is to be coloured red.
The legend window can be selected for display as with simple rules, for the above
example it would appear thus:

13.2

Tagging
In

addition to the default colour scheme, one additional tagging colour scheme is provided
which is common to all application modules. This scheme can be used to colour
components based purely on user selection. This operates as follows:
1. The user selects components in the normal way
2. The user then tags these selected items by selecting the menu option Tools | Tag
Selected Items.
3. Steps 1 and 2 can be repeated, each Tag-Selected-Items operation adding to the
set of tagged items.
Now if the tagged colour scheme is selected, tagged items will be displayed in CYAN
(this colour may be changed via the Options | Display Options menu item.
Tagged items can be made untagged by selecting the menu option Tools | Remove Tags.

13.3

Background Colours
By default the schematic is displayed on a light grey background, this is probably the best
choice if component colouring is used. Other background colours can be selected via the
Options | Display Options menu item.
Regardless of the chosen background colour, the schematic is always printed on a white
background.

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Elevation Profile and

Hydraulic Grade Line

Part

14

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14

Elevation Profile and Hydraulic Grade Line

14.1

Elevation Profile Window

This window can be selected for display via the Graphs tab in the Browse Window.

Before a profile can be plotted a path must be defined using the Tools | Make Path menu
option. To use this, simply select two or more nodes and then select the Tools | Make
Path menu option to select all components joining the selected nodes. To select more
than one node at a time, simply hold down the Ctrl key down whist selecting the nodes.
The path found is the shortest path, where shortest means the smallest number of nodes.
Having created a path, the elevation profile will be displayed with the nodes plotted from
the leftmost of the two nodes selected to the second, rightmost node. The vertical axis
displays an elevation scale in the user-selected units and the horizontal axis the distance as
measured from the starting node.
Right-clicking with the mouse displays a popup menu with the following options:
Show values - selecting this option will display the value at a point in a bubble
tool-tip.
Label Point - if the mouse is position on or close to a node this will label the
node.
Add Text - add text annotation to plot
Add Arrow - add an arrow to plot
Add arrowed text - add arrowed text to plot
Copy - copies the plot to the clipboard, from where it can be inserted in, for
example, a Word document.
Edit properties - selecting this option will display a tabbed dialog, via which it is

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possible to edit the title, labels, styles and the axes. These properties can be saved
as a template.

The following figure shows the same plot with some nodes labeled and an arrowed text
item:.

The Elevation profile has a number of uses, the major two being:
1. The display of a Hydraulic Grade Line.
2. Locating height check errors reported in theStatus Window.
For the first of these, the following shows the elevation profile, after a calculation has
been performed, with the hydraulic grade shown.

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In the second of these, clicking on the line in the Status Window, displaying a height error,
will highlight the loop in the network, as well as making a closed path. The following
depicts the profile of a height check error (with labeled nodes) which clearly indicates the
error. Note the first and nodes shown on the plot are the same physical node and hence
their differing heights on the plot illustrates the scale of the error.

14.2

Hydraulic Grade Line

The Hydraulic Grade Line (GL) is the sum of the static head, and elevation head., that is:
HGL = SH + EH {with units of length}

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If the static pressure is known then we can also use the relation :

where P is the static pressure, Z is the elevation, and

the density.

The Hydraulic grade line can be displayed in the elevation profile window, following a
calculation by selecting <defined later>.

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Multiple Pipe Generation

Part

15

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15

Multiple Pipe Generation

15.1

Multiple Pipe Generation

This facility is activated via the Tool menu and provides a quick and simple method of
generating pipe runs, typically as used in pipeline applications. Here the user may start
with a set of distance and elevation pairs, possibly in a spreadsheet form.
Selecting the tool via Tools | Add Multiple Pipes option produces the dialog:

The left-hand window contains the attributes to be set for each pipe created when the OK
button is selected, the right-hand window the set of distance-elevation pairs. Above this
right-hand window is the number of pipes to created, which can be changed using the
up-down buttons to the right of the displayed value. The distance is incremented
automatically by the length of the pipe specified in the left-hand window. Values in the
right-hand window can be edited.
The check box at the bottom of the dialog indicates that the pipe run will be displayed in
profile with pipes being drawn to scale according to their lengths. If this box is unchecked
then the window appears thus:

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Here the pipe run is displayed in plan at a specified angle of inclination, angles being
measured anti-clockwise from the horizontal. Selecting the option Use proportional
lengths draws the pipes to scale according to their lengths.
Data can be copied from a spreadsheet and pasted into the right-hand window, the number
of rows being set automatically from the number of data pairs copied. This facility must
be used with caution since the data from the spreadsheet must be arranged in the same
column order as that used in the right-hand window, and the units must agree with those in
the column headings. Undo/redo is available with this facility.

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Nozzle Generation

Part

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16

Nozzle Generation

16.1

Nozzle generation
For the Spray/Sprinkler module a tool is available for generating either
a run of n nozzles separated by pipes of equal length l, or
generating n nozzles equally spaced along a distance of l .
Selecting the tool from the tools menu displays a dialog of the form:

The left-hand window contains the attributes of each pipe, the right-hand window the
attributes of each nozzle. With the check box in the last row of the left-hand window
unchecked, clicking OK will generate n nozzles (in the example above 10 nozzles are to
created) separated by pipes of the specified pipe length. If the check box is checked then
the dialog changes to:

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Here the length field is now grayed out in the left-hand window since the separation of the
nozzles is determined by the number of nozzles and the total run length as specified in the
last row of the left-hand window.
The pipe run can be drawn at an angle by providing an angle of inclination (bottom
left-hand corner of dialog) measured in degrees counter-clockwise from the horizontal.

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Libraries

Part

17

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17

Libraries

17.1

Libraries
Two types of library are used in PIPENET modules:
Local User Library
This library is associated with the data file and is opened when the data file is open. It can
contain various items, depending on the module in use,:

fittings
pumps
valves
nozzles
linings
pipe schedules

There is only one local user library. It has the file extension .SLF and replaces all of the
separate library files from previous modules. Whilst a data file is open entries can be
added, deleted or edited using the Library Editor dialog.
A local user library can be shared by one or more data files, although if the library is
changed in one network, it is changed for all users of the library.
Local and system libraries have the same format, the only difference is in their
relationship to the data file.
System Library
Whereas the local user library is considered to be under the control of the user opening the
data file, and is for all intents and purposes part of the data file, system libraries are
external libraries, generally considered to be under the control of some central
administrator.
System libraries can be referenced by a data file but are not normally edited whilst a data
file is open, instead the user must edit system libraries in an External System Library
Editor.
The concept of separate System Libraries introduces extra flexibility in that now a user
can have more than one source for schedules, fluids, etc. There also is the possibility of
imposing central control over some (System) libraries whilst allowing users to have their
own private library definitions.
A network data file referencing a single Local User Library essentially corresponds to the
way in which previous products have worked. I.e., in previous products a network data file
could only refer to a single PDF file, a single UFL library and so on. However, System
libraries provide the facility for a network to gather library definitions from multiple files.

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Opening Libraries
Libraries opened from the File menu are always considered external system libraries. Only
the new format libraries, that is those with a .SLF extension, can be opened.
Importing libraries
New and old style libraries (i.e. .PDF, .PMP, etc.) can be imported via the Import Library
option in the file menu. Imported libraries are merged into the single local user library.
Exporting Libraries
Libraries cannot be exported individually but only as a result of exporting the network as
an old style .DAT file. This is achieved by selecting the File | Export... menu option and
then providing the name to be given to the .DAT file. Any associated library files will be
saved with the same file name but with the appropriate file extension.
Libraries - example 1 - new data and library file
In this example we assume that a new data file is being created and no library files exist.
1. Create a new project.
2. Define the library items using the Library Editor dialog.
3. Create the network.
Libraries - example 2 - new data file using old style library files
In this example we assume that a new data file is being created but it is required to import
library files created under a previous version of the PIPENET.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Create a new project.

Go to the File menu and select the option Import library.
Use the file dialog to select the library to open, that is a .PDF, .PMP, etc. file.
Open the file - the file is imported into the local user library.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each old style library to be imported.
Create the network.

Libraries - example 3 - old data file using old style library files
Opening an old style .Dat file automatically imports any old style library files referenced
by the .Dat file.

17.2

Spray Library Editor

The Library Editor comprises a number of pages, one for each type of library item. For the
Spray/Sprinkler module these are:
Schedules - Define or edit pipe schedules.
Nozzles - Define or edit nozzles.
Pumps - coefficients unknown - Define or edit pumps with unknown
coefficients.
Pumps - coefficients known - Define or edit pumps with known coefficients.

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Linings - Define or edit pipe linings.

Deluge valves - Define or edit deluge valves.
Selecting any of these options displays a tabbed dialog with the appropriate library edit
selected:

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Libraries

17.3

147

Pipe Schedules
This library page is used for creating and editing pipe schedules:

To the left is a list of available schedules, both built-in and user-defined, selecting any
item in this list displays the properties of the schedule on the right.
At the top right are three fields common to all library editors:
1. The name of the schedule as it appears in pop-up menus, the length of this
name is limited to 20 characters.
2. An optional longer description.
3. The source of the schedule, which may be one of the following:
Built-in schedule provided with the Spray/Sprinkler module. Built-in
schedules cannot be edited.
Local user library - these items may be edited whilst a network is open.
System library - these items can only be edited when a network is not
currently open.
Below these three fields is a field containing the roughness, and below that a grid showing
the standard nominal sizes and the corresponding internal diameters. If the nominal
diameter is "unset" then the corresponding nominal diameter is not included in the
schedule.
Nominal diameters are greyed-out indicating that their value is fixed, however by scrolling
down to the end of the grid 10 user-defined sizes are revealed, for these entries both the
nominal and internal bores can be edited. Right-click within the grid area to display an

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option to copy the grid contents to the clipboard.

Roughness and diameters are displayed in the user specified units (see Options - Units).
Adding a new schedule
To add a new schedule select the New button in the bottom left-hand corner of the dialog.
Enter the desired values (if the Description field is left empty it will by default be the same
as the schedule name). When all of the data has been entered click the Apply button to
accept the new schedule or the Cancel button to abort.
Editing an existing schedule
Select the schedule to be edited from the left-hand window, enter the desired changes and
then select the Apply button to accept the changes.
Deleting an existing schedule
Select the schedule to be deleted in the left-hand window and then the Delete button.

17.4

Nozzles
To view a library nozzle, select the required nozzle from the left-hand window and its
properties are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a nozzle, select the nozzle in the
left-hand window and then select the Delete button. To add a new nozzle:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Select the New button.

Provide a unique name for the nozzle and an optional description.
Enter the values for K-factor, Minimum pressure and maximum pressure.
Select the Apply button to add the nozzle to the library.

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Libraries

17.5

149

Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

This dialog is used to define the characteristics of a pump when the pump coefficients are
unknown:

Creating a new pump

To create a new pump:
1. Select the NEW button and provide a name and description.
2. Select the desired flow rate and pressure units from the drop-down lists provided at the
top left-hand corner of the dialog.
3. Provide a minimum and maximum flow rate.
4. provide a minimum of three points for the curve in the bottom left-hand corner window
5. select the desired curve type- Quadratic (default), Cubic or Smooth (cubic spline)
6. provide the two degeneration factors (defaults 0.0) for a Quadratic curve that modify
the curve slope outside the working range
7. select Apply to add the pump to the library
8. the coefficients are calculated and displayed, along with the pump curve
Note that the definition of the pump curve will only be accepted if:
for a quadratic curve - at least three points are provided for a quadratic
and the slope of the calculated curve is negative everywhere between
the minimum and maximum values
for a cubic or smooth curve at least four points are provided.
Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the
clipboard; right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.

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Editing an existing pump

1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.
2. Make any changes required to the pump parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.
Deleting a pump
1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.
2. Select the Delete button.

17.6

Pumps - Coefficients Known

This dialog is used to define the characteristics of a pump when the pump coefficients are
known:

Creating a new pump

To create a new pump:
1. Select the NEW button and provide a name and description.
2. Select the desired flow rate and pressure units from the drop-down list in the top
left-hand corner of the dialog.
3. Provide a minimum and maximum flow rate.
4. Provide the coefficients.
5. Select Apply to add the pump to the library.
6. The pump curve is displayed.
Note that the definition of the pump curve will only be accepted if the slope of the
calculated curve is negative everywhere between the minimum and maximum values.

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Right-click within the grid area to display an option to copy the grid contents to the
clipboard; right-click within the graph area to copy the graph to the clipboard.
Editing an existing pump
1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.
2. Make any changes required to the pump parameters.
3. Select Apply to commit the changes.
Deleting a pump
1. Select the pump from the drop-down list presented in the pump name box.
2. Select the Delete button.

17.7

Linings
To view a library lining, select the required lining from the left-hand window and its
properties are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a lining select the lining in the
left-hand window and then select the Delete button. To add a new lining:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Select the New button.

Provide a unique name for the lining and an optional description.
Enter the value for roughness.
Select the Apply button to add the lining to the library.

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Deluge Valves
To view a library deluge valve, select the required deluge valve from the left-hand
window and its properties are displayed on the right-hand side. To delete a deluge valve
select the deluge valve in the left-hand window and then select the Delete button. To add a
new deluge valve:
1. Select the New button.
2. Provide a unique name for the deluge valve and an optional description.
3. Enter the values for the K-factor, X-factor and bore (see the modeling section for
further details).
4. Select the Apply button to add the deluge valve to the library.

17.9

Editing system libraries

Editing System Libraries is essentially the same process as for editing the Local User
Library, using the same dialogs. There are however, some important observations:
System Libraries can be edited whilst a network referencing the file is open, but
this is not generally recommended.
System Libraries are designed to be shared by a number of users and any edits
may affect other users.
System Libraries will typically be administered by a central controller who would
control access to the libraries via read/write permissions.
Whilst there is only one User Library referenced by a network there can be many
referenced System Libraries.

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Selecting this option will either:

Open a library file directly if one and only one system file is referenced by the
network, or
Display a list of referenced library files, any one of which may be selected for
editing.

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18

Specifying Options

18.1

Title
Use this dialog to enter a title for the PIPENET problem. A title may consist of up to four
lines of text, each line no more than 65 characters in length. The first line of the title will
be displayed on each page of a printed schematic.

18.2

Spray Options
The options page provides control over a number of modeling and calculation options for
the Spray/Sprinkler module:

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Design Rules
Select one of the available options:
NFPA
NFPA 96/2001 - note that NFPA96 refers to the NFPA edition from
1996. This edition made some changes to the way calculations are made.
The equivalent lengths of fittings before 1996 were applicable only to
Schedule 40 carbon steel pipes. In 1996 NFPA introduced a table of
correction factors for other pipe schedules based on the inner diameter of
pipes. This changes the equivalent length of fittings for pipes other than
schedule 40.
FOC
OLDFOC
Chinese Standard (GB) - Note if this option is selected then the
corresponding Chinese options for the Pressure Model and Orifice Plate
model are automatically selected. The support for the Chinese Standard
(GB) is based on the [CHINGB]
Pressure Model
Select from the available options, referring to the Modeling section - Pressure
Models for further details.
Elevations
Specify means by which node heights are derived.
Use pipe elevations

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Each pipe is assigned a change in elevation (rise) from its input to its output.
A reference node is selected and assigned a reference height. The height of
each node is calculated with reference to the reference node. This option can
result in height inconsistencies if a network contains one or more loops. In a
loop the sum of the elevation changes must sum to zero. However, if a rise
has been incorrectly entered the sum will not be zero and a height check error
will be reported. Height check errors can be difficult to locate in large loops.
Use node elevations
The elevation of each node is directly entered as an attribute of the node height check errors cannot occur with this method.
Warnings Control
The default is to treat warnings as errors. Occasionally, it may be appropriate
to allow a calculation to continue even if there are warnings.
Orifice plate model
Select one of the available options:

BS1042
Heriot-Watt
Crane.
Chinese Standard (GB) - Note, this option is automatically selected when
the Chinese Standard option is selected for the Design Rules. It cannot be
de-selected other than by changing the Design Rules.

Fluid
Select water at 20C or select user-defined and provide the values for density
and viscosity.
Spray or Sprinkler mode
Select either the Spray option in which all newly created nozzles will created with
the nozzle open, or the Sprinkler option in which case all newly created nozzles are
turned off.

18.3

Units
A wide selection of unit systems are provided, including:

SI
Metric
US
Imperial
User Defined

Each of the first four provides a fixed, consistent set of options. For example the unit of

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diameter (of pipes) and length in the SI system is fixed at metres and the unit of
temperature is fixed at Kelvin. The User Defined option allows the user to specify the
unit to be used for each measure independently. We could, for example, have length
measured in metres but diameter measured in inches.
In general it is recommended that the very first operation in the process of creating a new
network should be the selection of the appropriate units. Whilst units can be changed later
it can lead to complications and confusion to do so. In particular switching between mass
and volumetric flow can create problems when the fluid density is unknown (dependent
on fluid model being used) and a warning may be issued in these situations.
The Units dialog
Selecting the menu option Options | Units displays:

The left-hand side is a scrollable window via which for each quantity (length, diameter,
velocity, etc) a unit (metres, feet, etc.) may be selected. For users of previous versions of
PIPENET this window is functionally identical to the Units dialog in those versions; the
same set of options is available. The units options window can be scrolled vertically to
display more options.
The example above illustrates that SI units are in use and units cannot be changed
individually. Selecting the User-defined option will result in the following display and all
unit options are now enabled:

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Display Precisions
At the upper right of the dialog is an area where the display precisions can be set
individually for general display (in the Property windows, dialogs and the data window)
and in the Schematic window. To use this facility select the name of the quantity (Length,
Diameter, etc.) in the left-hand window and the display changes to:

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Here Length has been selected. The values displayed for the precision [0.123] indicate
that three decimal places will be used for the display of length in the selected unit of
length (metres in this example).
Selecting the arrow to the right of each field produces a drop-down showing that the
number of decimal places can be selected to between zero and eight.:

When a network is saved the preferred precisions are saved and they are reloaded when
the the file is re-opened. Selecting the Save As Defaults button will save the current
settings in the registry and these will be the defaults used when new networks are created.
Unit Conversion Tool
At the lower right of the dialog is a unit conversion tool, again this area is only active if a
measure is selected

To use the tool simply enter a value in the left-hand field, select the unit that the value
represents from the left-hand column (from unit) and the unit to which to convert to from
the right-hand column (to unit) and the result is displayed in the right-hand field. This
example illustrates that 1 metre is converted to 3.2808399 ft. The example below
illustrates the use of the tool to convert a pressure, specifically 1.0 psi Abs converts to
6894.75... Pa Abs.

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PipeTypes

In the spray module all pipes in a network must be of a specified type. A pipe type will be
associated with a pipe schedule, and this schedule must already exist before the pipe type
can be created. An optional lining definition may be provided by specifying the material
and the lining thickness.
If no pipe type is defined then the pipe drawing tool on the toolbar is disabled and the
status message No Pipe Type appears in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This
status will disappear when a pipe type is defined and the pipe button will be enabled:

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Creating a new pipe type

To create a new pipe type:
1.
2.
3.

4.

Select the New button.

Select the associated schedule from the drop-down list provided - a name and
description is provided automatically.
Provide velocities or pressure drops for all those bores which are to be provided
by the schedule, bores being marked as available or unavailable by selecting the
bore in the bottom right-hand corner window and selecting the Use in design or
Avoid in design button as appropriate (default is all valid bores are marked as
available). Bores for which Avoid in Design have been selected are shown with a
red background in the velocity/pressure cell.
Select Apply to complete the creation of the pipe type.

Note that if a pipe is defined as using a pipe type, then instead of explicitly entering the
pipe diameter, the diameter is selected from a combo box listing the available sizes
together with the unset value.
Editing an existing pipe type
1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand window.
2. make any changes required to the pipe type parameters.
3. select Apply to commit the changes.
Deleting a pipe type
1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand window.
2. Select the Delete button.
A pipe type cannot be deleted if it is in use.

18.5

Schematic display options

All schematic related display options are displayed on the Display tab. Selecting this
option will display a dialog box:

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Label Options
The label options allow nodes to be labeled, links to be labeled, component direction to be
indicated and the presence of any fittings on a pipe to be shown.
For pipes an additional option is available indicating whether or not all segments of a
multi-segment pipe (that is one containing way points) are to be labeled, or only the
central segment. Labeling only the central segment may improve the appearance of printed
schematics.
An arrowhead pointing from the input towards the output indicates component direction.
As with the standard PIPENET definition, component direction does not necessarily
correspond to the direction of flow.
The presence of one or more fittings on a pipe is indicated by a blue diamond symbol
centred along the length of the pipe.

Results Options
Results options - selecting the option "Arrows indicate flow direction" will display an
arrow on each pipe indicating the direction of flow instead of the component direction.
Which results are displayed, pressure, flow rate, velocity, etc. is selected via the classes
tab of the Properties Window or the Options toolbar.
Line Thickness

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Specify the thickness of the lines used for drawing as one (default), two, three or four
pixels.
Grid Options
Via the Grid options you can select the display of a grid, its style and whether all nodes
and waypoints are confined to lay on grid intersections. The grid can be orthogonal
(vertical and horizontal grid lines) or isometric (one vertical axis, one axis at 30 degrees to
the horizontal and a third at 150 degrees to the horizontal).
Colours and Fonts
This options are used to select the background colour and the font size for node and link
labels.
Tool Tips
Selecting this option will cause tool tips to be displayed when the mouse cursor is on or
near a component. the tool tip will display the component type, its label and the current
parameter selected from the Options toolbar. The information is displayed for a few
seconds and then will disappear. For example moving the mouse to a pipe will display:

Here the tool tip is displaying the calculated volumetric flow.

18.6

Calculation options
Calculation related options are accessed via the Options | Display Options menu option.
Selecting this option will display a dialog box:

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This page contains a number of calculation related option

Number of lines per page
This is the number of lines per page used in the traditional output file produced
by the calculator.
Maximum number of iterations
The default value of 50 should be sufficient for almost all circumstances. If you
see the error message "Failed to Converge" then increasing this value may
produce results.
Convergence Accuracy
This parameter defines the convergence accuracy used to determine when two
iterations are sufficiently close to assume a solution has been reached.
Height Check Tolerance
If pipe elevations are used this is the acceptable error in resolving node heights
in loops.
Specification
Select the type of specification required - note the Nozzle label and flow rate
fields will only be enabled for User-defined specifications, and only used to
supply a single Nozzle specification.
Temporary Path
Enter the path to be used for the storage of all intermediate temporary files
required by the calculator.

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Calculation of node heights from pipe elevations

If pipe elevations are being used (see Spray Options dialog) then whenever a
check or calculate operation is performed the node heights will calculated from
the pipe elevations. Here a reference node, from which all other node heights are
calculated, and a reference height can be provided. Note the calculated node
heights are only for display in the schematic window they have no effect on the
hydraulic calculations. If a reference node is not provided then an arbitrary node
will be used and assigned a zero elevation. If node elevations are being used then
the two edit fields are greyed out.
The specification of a reference height and the calculation of node heights
from pipe elevations simply provides additional useful feedback to the user,
the information has no affect on the calculated results.

18.7

Spray Tables
This dialog allows the user to select the tables to appear in the calculation output for the
Spray/Sprinkler module.

If the include validation box (lower left-hand corner) is selected, a listing of the original
input file will be included at the beginning of the output file. This will display any errors
or warnings arising from the input file.

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18.8

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Defaults
Via this dialog the user can specify the defaults to be applied when creating new nozzles:

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19

Modeling

19.1

Remote Nozzle Specification

This very useful feature allows the user to specify that all nozzles must be discharging at
or above their required minimum rate. PIPENET achieves this by identifying the most
remote (see below) nozzle in the network and making a flow rate specification on it of its
minimum required discharge rate. This counts as one calculation phase flow rate
specification. Thus, when using this option the user must supply another (Nio-1)
calculation phase specifications so that total no. of specifications = no. of I/O nodes (ie Nf
+ Np=Nio).
The 'Most Remote' nozzle is the nozzle in the network which is hardest to supply at its
minimum rate. Thus, if the most remote nozzle is being supplied at this minimum rate, all
other nozzles will be supplying above their minimum rate. Some of the factors which
influence the remoteness of a nozzle are:
The elevation of the nozzle.
The K-factor of the nozzle.
The minimum flow rate required through the nozzle .

19.2

Mass Balance Specifications

If this option is selected then PIPENET will automatically make all the calculation phase
specifications, and the user need only supply the design phase specifications. PIPENET
will make a calculation phase flow rate specification on every ionode in the network. The
flow rates specified will be those used in the design phase. Thus in effect this option sets
the calculation phase specifications to the same as the design phase specifications.

19.3

Design Facility
PIPENET's Design Facility helps the user to design safe networks, which meet given
supply demands whilst ensuring that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed a
given maximum value (known as the design velocity of the pipe), or that the pressure drop
per unit length of pipe does not exceed a given maximum value (the design pressure
drop).
As a simple example of this type of calculation, consider once again the example network:

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Suppose that the nozzle is required to supply water at a rate of 600 lit/min, but that for
safety reasons the velocity of fluid in the pipe must not exceed 4 m/s. (i.e. the design
velocity is 4 m/s). Then we have:
Flow rate through pipe = Fluid velocity x Pipe cross-sectional area Pipe Design
velocity x Pipe cross-sectional area.
Using 600 lit/min = 10 lit/s = 0.01 m3/s:
0.01 4 x (0.25 x p x d2)
or
d2 0.01/p1 = 0.003183
d 0.056411m = 56.4 mm.
Thus in this case the diameter of the pipe should be larger than 56.4 mm. The actual
diameter of the pipe used will depend on what sizes of pipe are available. This is
determined by the pipe schedule being used.
Given the flow rates required in and out of the network, PIPENET will calculate the flow
rates through every pipe in the network. PIPENET will then perform a calculation similar
to the one given above, and select a suitable diameter for each pipe.

19.4

Linings
Any of the available pipe schedules (built-in or user-defined) may also be lined in
accordance with the user's requirements. This is done by specifying the lining to be used
for the Pipe Type, together with the thickness of the lining. Of course, if no lining is to be
used then no such data is supplied.

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Three types of lining are built into the program, and a further 3 types may be defined by
the user in the Private Data File. The 3 built-in linings are:
Concrete
Asbestos
Epoxy
In order to define a lining it is simply necessary to specify the name and roughness of the
lining material via the Library option..

19.5

Pipe Modelling
Modeling Equation
Pipes are assumed to be of uniform circular cross-section.
P = Pfric + Pelev + Pplat
where:
Pfric = Pressure loss due to friction and fittings.
Pelev = Pressure loss due to elevation change.
Pplat = Pressure loss due to any orifice plate fitted.
Pipe Friction Loss (including fittings)
Pfric is found using one of the two methods: the Coulson-Richardson equation method or the
Hazen-Williams equation method.

Data Required
From the library:
The pipe schedule data (if a user-defined schedule used).
In the input file:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Definition of the Pipe Type (Schedule, lining, C-factor and design velocities).
Pipe label.
Input and output nodes.
Nominal Diameter.
Pipe length.
Increase in elevation from inlet to outlet.
A list of fittings on the pipe.

Notes
1. The pipe diameter may or may not be supplied by the user. If the diameter is not
set by the user then a suitable size will be found by PIPENET's Design Facility.
2. Increase in elevation may be given directly or by supplying the elevations of the
input and output nodes.
Chinese Standard (GB)

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With Chinese Standard (GB) options, the pipe pressure loss due to friction and fittings is
calculated as follows:

where:
Pfric
u
D
L
Le

19.6

is the pipe pressure loss due to friction and fittings, unit is M pa.
is the fluid velocity, unit is m/s
is the internal diameter of the pipe, unit is m.
is the pipe length, unit is m.
is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, unit is m.

Hazen Williams
The Hazen-Williams equation is an empirical formula which gives an explicit expression
for the frictional pressure loss.
SI units
The frictional losses are given by:

where:
L is the pipe length in metres.
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, in metres.
Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in l/min.
D is the pipe diameter in mm.
C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor ) for the pipe.
Imperial units
The frictional losses are given by:

where:
L is the pipe length in feet.
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, in feet.
Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in UK gallons per minute.
D is the pipe diameter in inches.

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C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor ) for the pipe.

19.7

Coulson Richardson Equation Model

The Coulson-Richardson equation is a theoretical equation which gives the pressure in
pipes, ignoring frictional effects. By comparing the theoretical results obtained using the
Coulson-Richardson equation with those obtained in experiments the pressure drop due to
friction effects can be found. Based on the work of the French engineer Henri
Darcy(1803-58) the following equations are obtained:

where:
D is the internal diameter of the pipe.
L is the pipe length.
Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings.
f is the Fanning friction factor.
u is the fluid velocity.
r is the fluid density.
The Fanning friction factor depends on Reynold's number (Re = uD r/ where is the
fluid viscosity) and the relative roughness of the pipe (pipe roughness/pipe diameter). The
standard values for f can be obtained from a graphical representation known as the Moody
diagram. This is represented in PIPENET by the following empirical formulae (where r is
the surface roughness of the pipe):
Laminar flow (Re < 2000):
f =16/Re
Transitional flow (2000 < Re < 3000):
f is found by interpolating between laminar value for Re = 2000 and turbulent
value at Re = 3000.
Turbulent flow (Re > 3000):
1/f = -1.768ln(0.27r /D + 1.252/Ref )
Bernoulli. Equation
Note that the Coulson-Richardson method is the same model as used in earlier products,
where it was referred to by the more generic name of the Bernoulli equation.

19.8

Pipe C-factor
There are two possible methods for calculating pressure drop in pipes - the
Coulson-Richardson method and the Hazen-Williams method.
The Coulson-Richardson method uses pipe roughness in its calculations, which is taken

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from the pipe schedule used for the Pipe Type. In this case there is no need to specify a
C-factor for the pipe.
The Hazen-Williams method uses the pipe C-factor in its calculations, and so in this case
the C-factor must be given.
It should be noted that for maximum flexibility the roughness or C-factor value of the Pipe
Type can be overridden by the user when entering the individual pipe data. However, by
default the roughness or C-factor of each pipe will be determined by the pipe's pipe type.

19.9

Pipe hydrostatic pressure loss

The pressure drop caused by the difference in elevation of the two ends of a pipe Pelev is
given by:
where:
r is the fluid density.
Z is the change in elevation in the pipe.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.

19.10 Equipment items

An equipment item is a fitting on a pipe which is not one of the nine standard fittings built
into the Spray/Sprinkler module. It is defined by supplying:
The label of the pipe to which it is fitted.
A descriptor of up to 20 characters.
An equivalent length.

19.11 Filters
Modeling Equation
P = AQ|Q| + BQ
where:
P is the pressure increase from inlet to outlet.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the filter.
A is a coefficient less than or equal to zero.
B is a coefficient less than zero.
This is operative for values of Q whose modulus is less than a given maximum flow Qmax.
Note that filters are reversible (Q may be negative), and that as:
A 0 and B < 0
the pressure drops in the direction of the flow.

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Typical Performance Curve

19.12 Deluge Valves

Defining a Deluge Valve Type
Before a deluge valve can be added to the network it must first be defined in the private
data file via the Libraries | Deluge Valve Type menu option. Selecting this option will
display a list of defined valve types.
A descriptor, manufacturer supplied K factor and X factor, and bore must be supplied.
Adding the valve to the network
Provide a label for the valve and identify the input and output nodes. The deluge valve
type is selected from the list of types provided in the dialog.
Modeling Equation
P = Qx/K
where:
P is the pressure drop across the valve.
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the valve.
K is a constant for the valve.
X is a constant for the valve (typical values are 1 or 2, see curves below).
Typical Performance Curves

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Data Required
In the library
1. valve descriptor to identify the type of valve (usually the manufacturer's valve
name is used).
2. The valve K factor.
3. The valve X factor.

19.13 Non-return valve

Non-return valves allow unrestricted flow of fluid in a positive direction, and prevent all
flow in a reverse direction. Positive flow is taken to mean from the valve's input node to
its output node, in which case there will be no pressure drop across the component.
Caution should be exercised not to position a non-return valve such that it would isolate a
portion of the network. If this was to happen, the calculator could report an error: "
network cannot be solved"
Note that even if the solution to the problem has the valve open, PIPENET can still
generate this message. Occasionally, a non-zero "leakage flow" may be reported through a
closed valve. This arises from rounding errors in the calculation which are smaller than
the requested convergence accuracy, and is therefore usually negligible.
User Input Parameters
None.
Modeling Equations
Open valve:
P1 = P2.
Fully closed valve:
Q1 = 0.
Continuity Equation:
Q1 = Q2.

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where:
P1 is the inlet pressure.
P2 is the outlet pressure.
Q1 is the inlet flow rate.
Q2 is the outlet flow rate.

19.14 Overboard Dump Valves

Overboard dump valves (pressure safety valves) operate with a trigger pressure PS. When
the pressure upstream of the valve is below PS the valve remains shut, and it opens when
the pressure rises above PS. Once the valve is open, the upstream pressure will stabilize at
PS. PIPENET models overboard dump valves as a special kind of outlet, with no need to
model the network downstream of the point at which the trigger pressure will be
measured.
Note that if there are any overboard dump valves present in the network then the Remote
nozzle specifications and Mass balance specifications options will be greyed out in the
Calculations options dialog. This is because overboard dump valves can only be used with
the User-defined specifications option. Note also, that if the Remote nozzle
specifications or Mass balance specifications option has been selected the overboard
dump valve icon on the toolbar will be greyed out (non-selectable.

19.15 Orifice Plates

Orifice plates may be inserted into any pipes in the network, and produce an additional
pressure drop across the pipe. In order to define an orifice plate the user must specify:
1. A label for the plate.
2. The label of the pipe to which the plate is attached.
3. Either the diameter of the orifice plate Or the pressure drop required across the
plate.
Modeling - Pressure drop due to an Orifice Plate
Orifice plates may be inserted in any pipe, and are modeled using one of three models as
selected by the user:
Plates with flange tappings in accordance with BS1042, taking into account
pressure recovery downstream. The restrictions of BS1042 are applied so plates
may only be used in pipes with diameters in the range 2 14 inches (50.8 355.6
mm). Furthermore the ratio of the orifice diameter to the pipe diameter must be in
the range 0.1 0.748 for pipes over 4 inches in diameter.
The "Heriot-Watt Orange Book" orifice plate model. This model derives from
curves for laminar flow given by Miller in "Internal Flow Systems" and for
turbulent flow given by the ESDU in "Flow of liquids. Pressure losses across
orifice plates, perforated plates and thick orifice plates." The ratio of the orifice
diameter to the pipe diameter should be less than 0.8.

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Sharp-edged orifice plates as described in Crane T.P. 410M. The ratio of the
orifice diameter to the pipe diameter should be in the range 0.2 0.75. In
addition, the Reynolds number of flow in the pipe should be greater than 100, as
the accuracy of the model decreases at lower values.
The pressure drop due to an Orifice Plate, Pplate, may be found in one of two ways: either
it may be specified directly by the user (in which case PIPENET will calculate the orifice
diameter necessary to produce this pressure drop), or it can be calculated by PIPENET
from the orifice diameter given by the user. Users should exercise caution when using this
facility as the calculation of pressure drop from plate diameter is unstable in that a small
change in orifice diameter may result in a very large change in the pressure drop.
Chinese Standard (GB)
With Chinese Standard (GB) options, the pressure drop due to an orifice plate is
calculated as follows:

Where:
Pplat is the pressure loss due to the orifice plate, unit is 10-2 M pa.
u
is the fluid velocity, unit is m/s
g
is the acceleration due to gravity
is the friction factor of the orifice plate, which can be calculated using the
x
following equation:

Where:
D
Do

is the internal diameter of the pipe, unit is m.

is the diameter of the orifice plate, unit is m

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19.16 Pumps
A pump provides a pressure increase which depends on the pump speed and performance
curve. The pump performance curve is entered as a library.
User Input Parameters
Pump Type - selected from a list of defined library pumps (either with unknown
coefficients or known coefficients).
Quadratic Modeling Equations
The pressure increase produced by the pump is:

where:
s is the pump setting.
Q is the flow rate through the pump.
A, B, C are pump performance coefficients.
The pump performance coefficients A, B and C are entered directly, or calculated by
PIPENET for a specified pump curve, in pump libraries. The user also specifies an
operating range for flow rates through the pump. It is recommended that the zero flow rate
point is given when defining a pump curve.
The pump setting, s, must be between 0.0 and 1.0. A setting s = 0.0 represents a shut
down pump, while s = 1.0 represents a pump at full speed.
The quadratic curve will, in general only apply to the specified working range of the
pump, however degeneration factors can be used to specify the behaviour of the curve
below the specified working range and/or above the specified working range.

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181

Within the work region QLL to QUL

PIPENET calculates a binomial correlation to fit the input data, see the solid line
in the above figure:

Below the minimum flow rate QLL

We introduce a degeneration factor n, which is in the range 0 to 10. The larger the
value of n., the flatter of the pump curve is. When the degeneration exponent n is
zero, i.e. no degeneration the equation becomes the normal quadratic.

where:

Above the maximum flow rate QUL

We introduce a degeneration factor m, which is in the range 0 to 10. The larger the
value of m the quicker of the pump curve degenerates..

where:

Notes
If the user knows the performance coefficients for a pump and does not want to use a
pump library, then the pump can be defined as a non-library pump by giving the values of
A, B, C, Qmin, Qmax.
In order for the calculator to function correctly, it is necessary to ensure that there is only
one flow rate corresponding to each pressure gain, and so the following restrictions are
applied:

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For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, the slope of the performance curve must
be negative or zero.
For flow rates between Qmin and Qmax, there must be no flow rate that gives no
pressure change. (That is, the performance curve must not cross the horizontal
axis.)
For flow rates outside the range Qmin to Qmax, PIPENET extrapolates the performance
curve using the tangent to the curve at the minimum or maximum flow rate, and issues an
appropriate warning message.
PIPENET will calculate the power required by a pump based on specified efficiency. The
power calculation will assume that the pump is 100% efficient if the efficiency is not
specified
Cubic Modeling Equations
A simple quadratic curve can deviate considerably from the supplied pump data,
especially when the flow rate exceeds the pump capacity, or is less than the allowed
minimum flow rate. The cubic curve can provide better results.

There is a potential problem with the cubic curve in that it may lead to multiple solutions.
Therefore, the above function must satisfy the following condition:

Smooth Cubic Spline Modeling Equations

The smooth curve uses cubic spline functions to fit a known pump curve. The obtained

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Modeling

curve is not only a smooth curve but also can closely match all input data.

Within the specified working range QLL to QUL in the region of [Qi, Q i+1]

Below the lower limit, with Q < QLL and along the tangent direction at the point
[QLL, DPLL]

where:

Above the upper limit, with Q > QUL and along the tangent direction at the point
[QUL, DPUL]

where:

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NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is an analysis of the energy conditions on the suction
side of the pump to determine if the liquid will vaporize at the lowest pressure point in the
pump. NPSH is measured in the units of length.
There are two components that must be considered for NPSH:
NPSHR is defined as Net Positive Suction Head Required. NPSHR is a function
of the design of the pump, and is determined by the pump manufacturers via
testing.
NPSHA is defined as Net Positive Suction Head Available, which can be
calculated as follows:

Where,
Pi is the (absolute static) pressure at pump inlet;
Pvap is the vapour pressure;

r is the liquid density;

g is the gravitational acceleration;
Patm is the atmospheric pressure;
HS is the suction head which includes not only the suction lift but also the sum of
the losses in the inlet pipe and the velocity head.
If NPSHA < NPSHR, then cavitation will happen.
The cavitation parameter is a dimensionless ratio used to relate the conditions which
inhibit cavitation to the conditions which cause cavitation. There are several common
forms of the cavitation parameter. In PIPENET, the cavitation parameter uses the

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185

definition:
cavitation parameter = NPSHA / H
where H is the total head of the pump.
The calculation of NPSHA and cavitation parameter is based on the vapour pressure of
water at 60 F (15.6 C) at 1767.745 Pa A, which was calculated using Water-steam
property facility of the PIPENET Transient module. This information will be given as a
note below the table in the report. This vapour pressure value is only used to calculate
NPSHA and cavitation. It is not used for other purpose, such as a warning of cavitation.

19.17 Spray Nozzles

User Input Parameters
User supplied descriptor and user supplied K factor, minimum and maximum operating
pressures.
Modeling
Q = KP
where:
Q is the (volumetric) flow rate through the nozzle.
P is the drop in pressure across the nozzle.
K is a constant for the nozzle.
This equation holds for values of P between given minimum and maximum values Pmin
and Pmax. This is known as the working pressure range of the nozzle.
Note that the value of K depends on the units used for P and Q. Generally the units used
for P and Q when quoting the K value of a nozzle are bar and litres/min respectively.
Data Required
In the library:
1. A nozzle descriptor to identify the type of nozzle (usually the manufacturer's
nozzle name is used).
2. The nozzle K-factor.
3. Pmin and Pmax.
In the input:
1. Nozzle status (ON or OFF) - note that if a nozzle is off this is indicated in the
schematic by a presence of a small solid circle inside the nozzle symbol:

2.
2.

Nozzle label.
Input node.

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4.
5.

Nozzle name in the library.

The flow rate required through the nozzle.

Notes
1. Nozzles can be defined without including them in a library by specifying the
values of K, Pmin and Pmax. When there are several nozzles of the same type it is
easier to define the type in a library as described above.
2. The flow rate required through the nozzle is used by PIPENET's Design Facility.

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20

NFPA Submittal Report

20.1

NFPA Submittal Report

Hydraulic calculation details can be written to a file in tabular form in order to assist in the
preparation of a fire protection submittal of the kind required by the NFPA. This is done
by selecting Calculation | NFPA submittal report, which will open a dialog allowing the
output file to be selected; the output is written in rich text format (.RTF file). Note that
this option is only enabled once a calculation has been performed.
The output file contains three tables. The first table Summary values contains various
items which can be copied on to the submittal summary sheet; the second and third tables
Node analysis and Pipe information are designed to comply with the format
specified in the 2007 Edition of NFPA-13, and are suitable for inclusion in the submittal
report. Values are shown in the user's currently selected units. Node heights are shown
relative to an arbitrary datum node unless both i) pipe/duct elevations are in use (see
Elevations on the Options | Module options dialogue) and ii) a reference node and
height have been specified (see Calculation of node heights from pipe elevations on the
Options | Calculation dialog).
Using the following network as an example:

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NFPA Submittal Report

The following tables are generated:

Example 3-sprinkler system

Title
Calculation date

1-Oct-2007 15:54

Calculator

PIPENET Vision Spray calculator, version 4.20

Friction loss formula

Hazen-Williams

Design standard

NFPA 1996/2001

Convergence accuracy

1.000000E-03

Elevation check tolerance (ft)

1.640

Total number of sprinkler heads

Number of sprinkler heads on

Total sprinkler discharge (US.gal/min)

75.000

Total non-sprinkler output flow (US.gal/min)

0.000

Total input flow (US.gal/min)

75.000

Highest fluid velocity (ft/sec)

16.088

Pressure at input nodes

See NODE ANALYSIS table

Summary Table

Node tag

Elevation (ft)

Node Type

Pressure (psi G)

Discharge (US.gal/min)

NODE/1

0.00

Input

33.400

0.000

NODE/2

0.00

31.537

0.000

NODE/3

6.50

24.973

0.000

NODE/4

6.50

22.604

0.000

NOZZLE/1

6.50

Sprinkler

19.518

24.741

NOZZLE/2

6.50

Sprinkler

20.766

25.519

NOZZLE/3

6.50

Sprinkler

19.518

24.741

Node Table

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Spray/Sprinkler Module

Notes
Node 1

Elev 1
(ft)

K factor

Flow added (q)

(US.gal/min)

Nominal ID
(inches)

Node 2

Elev 2
(ft)

Pipe label

Total flow (Q)

(US.gal/min)

Actual ID
(in)

75.000

1.5

75.000

1.610

NODE/1

0.00

NODE/2

0.00

Fittings quantity,
type, and
equivalent
length (ft)

L (ft)

C factor

F (ft)

T (ft)

10.000

Pe (psi)
Pf per ft
(psi)

120.0

0.000
PIPE/1

0.00

NODE/3

6.50

1.25

75.000

1xE=3.00

6.499

1.864
120.0

1.380

6.50

NODE/4

6.50

1.25

-2.813

1xE=3.00

3.000

3.751
120.0

3.000
PIPE/3

75.000

1.380

6.50

5.60

NOZZLE/1

6.50

PIPE/4

24.741

0.000

1xE=2.00

8.999

1xT=5.00

7.001

1.049

2.369
120.0

6.50

5.60

NOZZLE/2

6.50

PIPE/5

8.999

0.000

3.086
120.0

0.000
25.519

1.049

6.50

5.60

NOZZLE/3

6.50

PIPE/6

24.741

6.070

0.000
0.204

8.999
NODE/4

4.822

0.193
16.001

NODE/4

7.909

0.395
6.000

NODE/4

10.277

0.395
9.499

NODE/3

16.841

0.000

3.000
PIPE/2

Pf (psi)

0.186
10.000

NODE/2

Pt (psi G)

1xE=2.00

8.999

1xT=5.00

7.001

1.049

1.839
120.0

4.822

0.000
0.193

16.001

3.086

Pipe Information

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21

Exporting the Schematic

21.1

HP-GL/2 Output
Via the Tools | Export HP-GL/2 menu option the schematic can be output as a HewlettPackard HP-GL/2 file, with a .hpgl file extension. This type of file can be read by a
number of graphics programs and is commonly used as an offline plotting format. The
specifications for the HP-GL/2 format are provided by [HPGL2].

21.2

DXF Ouput
Via the Tools | Export DXF file menu option the schematic can be output as an
AutoCAD DXF ASCII file. The format of the DXF files produced is according to the
Autodesk DXF Reference March 2006 [ACAD06]. The DXF format is a complex format
and one which can change with releases of of AutoCAD. The output produced by
PIPENET has been verified by loading the files into AutoCAD 2008, but is also know to
be compatible with a number of other CAD programs, for example QCAD (low cost CAD
program from RibbonSoft.) and progCAD 2007 (ProgeSOFT).
The DXF file specifies the following layers:
SCHEMATIC - the main part of the schematic including all nodes and
components
NLABELS - node labels
CLABELS - component labels
INDICATORS - fittings symbol (blue lozenge) and directional arrows.
TEXT - text items other than node and component labels.
The following screenshots show model and paper layouts:

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Exporting the Schematic

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22

Errors

22.1

Errors
Errors can be detected at various points in the opening of an existing network file, or in
the creation of a new network:
Basic errors in the operating environment, the most common error being the
absence of a valid licence to run a PIPENET module, or the absence or incorrect
operation of the security key drivers.
Input errors detected either in reading the main data file or an associated library
file
Specific component errors detected in the GUI when a check operation is
performed, for example pipe has zero length these errors should be
self-explanatory;
Global errors detected in the graphical user interface (GUI) when a check
operation is performed
Numerical errors that can only be checked after the calculation starts and are
therefore reported in the calculator output.

22.2

Basic errors
These are usually related to the absence of a valid licence to run the program or incorrect
operation of the security key drivers, but other options are also possible:
Attempts to run the software on earlier versions of Windows operating system
may fail the software is only validated for Windows 2000 and XP.
A working PIPENET system may suddenly stop working if a new operating
system is installed or a new Windows service pack is installed. Generally Sunrise
Systems will discover these errors in advance and be able to provide suitable
fixes, new security key drivers, etc.
No valid licence separate licences are available for the three PIPENET
modules Transient, Spray/Sprinkler and Standard. Attempting to run a module
for which you have no licence will produce an error. To determine which
licences you have see the Help | Key status menu option . If in doubt, contact
Sunrise Systems for details of your current licences.
Licence has expired with the issue of PIPENET VISION 1.10 expiry date
checking was added to HASP security keys. If an old key is being used, or if the
licence for the module you are attempting to run has expired, then a message will
be displayed informing you of the situation. To see the expiry dates see the Help
| Key status menu option, if no expiry dates are shown then you have an old key
that needs to be updated. Keys can be updated remotely by Sunrise Systems
providing (usually via email) a small encrypted key-update file see the
Updating a key licence section for further details.
Drivers for security keys not installed correctly see the installation instructions
supplied with the software for information on how to check the status of the
drivers and if necessary re-install them. Periodically the supplier of the security

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197

key drivers will have to issue new versions of the drivers when a new operating
system or service patch is released. When this occurs Sunrise Systems will make
the drivers available on our website or via email.

22.3

Input errors
Input errors can occur when reading either old .DAT files or library files, or more rarely
when reading the newer .SDF data files and SLF library files. These errors should not
occur, since PIPENET wrote the files and they should be correct. However, with the older
.DAT files and library files some users would edit the file directly using a simple text
editor, and this could result in errors. With the newer file formats (which can still be
opened in a simple text editor) it is not expected that users will directly edit the files.
One error that may occur with both the old and new types of file is that one of the library
files referenced by the main data file may be missing. In the earlier version of PIPENET
this could occur if the .DAT file and the associated library files were moved to a new
location, since the .DAT file would contains references to the library files in their original
location. With PIPENET VISION, if a library file cannot be found in its original location a
search will be made in the directory where the main data file (.SDF file) is located.

22.4

Global errors
These are errors detected when a check is performed, and which relate either to the
network as a whole, or to some section of the network. For the Spray/Sprinkler module the
following errors are possible, classified as errors, warnings or information:
At least one pipe type must be defined error
All pipes in a Spray/Sprinkler module must belong to a pipe type, therefore at least
one pipe type must have been defined.
A library deluge valve must be defined error
User defined deluge valves are not allowed. There is a deluge valve in the network
but there is no library deluge valve defined.
Blocked pipe found warning
A blocked pipe has been found this is a warning message only but is noted since
blocked pipes can have an expected affect on a calculation. If this item is
double-clicked in the Check dialog the pipe with the block will be highlighted.
Broken pipe found warning
A broken pipe has been found this is a warning message only but is noted since
blocked pipes can have an expected affect on a calculation. If this item is
double-clicked in the Check dialog the pipe with the break will be highlighted.
Height discrepancy discovered at node error
Pipe elevations are being used, and in checking a loop an error has been
discovered, that is the sum of all elevations in the loop does not sum to zero.
Double-clicking on this item will highlight the loop in error in the schematic, for

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further information see the height checking section..

I/O node must be on a single pipe when using variable fluid properties and
volumetric flow rate - error
An input or output node must only be connected to one pipe when using variable
fluid properties and volumetric flow rate.
Most remote nozzle option specified but no nozzles in network - error
The Most remote nozzle specification option can only be used if there are one or
more nozzles present in the network.
Network is empty error
Network contains no components and there is therefore nothing to calculate.
Network is over specified in analysis phase - error
There are too many specifications in the analysis phase, that is the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler module is being
used with the Mass Balance option.
Network is under specified in analysis phase error
There are insufficient specifications in the analysis phase, that is the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler module is
being used with the Mass Balance option.
Network is under specified in design phase - error
There are insufficient specifications in the design phase, that is the number of
specifications and number of input/output nodes do not meet the specification
requirements.
Network must have at least one inlet - warning
The network must have at least one inlet.
Network must have outlets or nozzles error
The network must have one or more outlets.
No analysis phase pressure specification error
At least one pressure specification must be provided for the analysis phase see
specifications requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler
module is being used with the Mass Balance option.
Node has no inputs and is not an I/O node - warning
A node has been discovered that has no pipes that use the node as an output, but
the pipe is not declared as an I/O node. An equivalent description is that all the
pipes connected to the node use the node as an input.
Node has no outputs and is not an I/O node - warning

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A node has been discovered that has no pipes that use the node as an input, but the
pipe is not declared as an I/O node. An equivalent description is that all the pipes
connected to the node use the node as an output.
No open nozzle found warning
One or more nozzles have been defined and none of them are open.
One I/O node with no flow spec is required for Design - warning
If a design phase is being used then there must be at least one input/output node
with no flow specification see specifications requirements
Pipe type <pipe-type-name> has a lining that is too thick error
The pipe named pipe type has a lining with a thickness that is greater than or equal
to half the smallest used bore.
Reversed flow at inlet- warning
There is a reversed flow at an input node. This will occur if (and taking
specifications into account) the total flow into the network is greater than the flow
out of the network and the node has been specified as an input node with the value
for the flow specification being unset.
Reversed flow at outlet- warning
There is a reversed flow at an output node. This will occur if (and taking
specifications into account) the total flow out of the network is greater than the
flow into the network, and the node has been specified as an output node with the
value for the flow specification being unset.
There must be at least two specifications - error
There must be at least two specifications provided for the analysis phase see
specifications requirements. This message is not produced if the Spray/Sprinkler
module is being used with the Mass Balance option.

22.5

Specific component errors

These are errors detected during a check operation and relate to a single specific
component. These errors are self-explanatory and usually relate to an incorrect or missing
parameter. Examples include:

Elevation change exceeds length (pipes)

Minimum pressure must be less than the maximum pressure (nozzles)
Coefficients must be less than zero (filters)
Dump valve - Trigger pressure must be set and > 0.0 (overboard dump valves)
Flow density must be given (nozzles)
Pump efficiency must be given (pumps)
Orifice plate - pressure drop must be given (orifice plates)

Note that many of these errors are of the general form <attribute name> must be given, as

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in the last three examples above, indicating that a value for the attribute has not been
provided.
Double-clicking on the error in the Check status dialog will highlight the component in
the schematic.

22.6

Numerical errors
There is a general category of errors that cannot be detected in the GUI because they can
only be checked by the calculator, either in setting up the calculation, or during the
calculation itself. For example:
calculation fails to converge this may because the calculation cannot be solved
as defined, or it may just require a few more iterations than are specified in the
calculation options.
Also note that when you request a calculation a check is performed first and any errors or
warnings noted in the check status dialog. If errors are detected and you select the option
Calculate (Ignore Errors) then the calculation may fail or produce unpredictable results.

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23

Reference Data

23.1

Bibliography
[CRANE]
Technical paper No 410M "Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and
pipe"; Crane Co, 1988
[NFPA13]
2002

NFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems"; NFPA

[CHINGB]

Code of Design for Sprinkler Systems GB 50084-2001; National Bureau of

Quality and Technology Supervision, P.R. China and Ministry of
Construction, P.R. China; April 5 2001.

[HPGL2]
"The HP-GL/2 and HPRTL Reference Guide", Third edition, Addison
Wesley, 1997
[ACAD06]

23.2

"DXF Reference", March 2006, Autodesk

Properties of water
The physical properties of water are built into PIPENET. A selection of the properties for
the temperature range 5 - 90C are shown below.
Temp C
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90

Viscosity
Pa s
0.001506
0.001300
0.001135
0.001002
0.000891
0.000797
0.000718
0.000651
0.000544
0.000463
0.000400
0.000351
0.000311

Cp
1.506
1.300
1.135
1.002
0.891
0.797
0.718
0.651
0.544
0.463
0.400
0.351
0.311

Density
lb/ft.hr
3.643
3.145
2.746
2.424
2.156
1.928
1.737
1.575
1.316
1.120
0.968
0.849
0.752

kg/m3
999.9
999.7
999.1
998.2
997.0
995.6
994.0
992.2
988.1
983.3
977.5
971.8
965.3

lb/ft3
62.42
62.41
62.37
62.32
62.24
62.15
62.05
61.94
61.69
61.38
61.02
60.67
60.2

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Reference Data

23.3

203

Surface Roughness
Table showing values of surface roughness for typical materials:
Material
Drawn tubing
Commercial steel
Wrought iron
Cast iron
Galvanised iron
Asphalted cast iron
Riveted steel
Concrete

23.4

Roughness (in) Roughness

(mm)
0.00006
0.0015
0.0018
0.0457
0.001
0.0254
0.010
0.2540
0.006
0.1524
0.0048
0.1219
0.0360.36
0.9144 9.144
0.0120.12
0.3048 3.4

Physical Constants
All values are SI.
Atmospheric Pressure
Acceleration due to gravity
0 C

23.5

101325 Pascal
9.80665 ms-2
273.15 Kelvin

FOC Rules
Equivalent Lengths (metres) of Fittings for FOC Rules Pipe Sizes 15mm to
40mm
Code Fitting Type

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

45 Screwed Elbow
90 Screwed Elbow
(Standard)
90 Welded Elbow (Long
Radius)
Screwed Tee or Cross (Flow
turned 90)
Gate Valve (Straightway)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve
(Swinging)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve
(Mushroom)
Globe Valve (Straightway)

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mm

15.0

20.0

25.0

32.0

40.0

in.

0.5
0.34
0.63

0.75
0.34
0.63

1.0
0.4
0.77

1.25
0.55
1.04

1.5
0.66
1.22

0.3

0.3

0.36

0.49

0.56

1.25

1.25

1.54

2.13

2.44

0.38
2.42

0.38
2.42

0.38
2.42

0.38
2.42

0.38
2.42

12.08

12.08

12.08

12.08

12.08

16.43

16.43

16.43

16.43

16.43

204

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Butterfly Valve

2.19

2.19

2.19

2.19

2.19

Notes
1. Data taken from 29th Edition FOC Rules, Table 6124.
2. The above values are used only for a Hazen-Williams C Factor of 120. For other
values of C factor, the values are scaled in accordance with Table 6124 of the
FOC Rules.
3. Equivalent lengths of 15mm fittings are assumed the same as the corresponding
20mm fitting.
4. Equivalent lengths of valves below 50mm are assumed the same as the
corresponding 50mm valve.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Reference Data

205

Pipe Sizes 50mm to 100mm

Code Fitting Type

45 Screwed Elbow
90 Screwed Elbow
(Standard)
90 Welded Elbow (Long
Radius)
Screwed Tee or Cross (Flow
turned 90)
Gate Valve (Straightway)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve
(Swinging)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve
(Mushroom)
Globe Valve (Straightway)
Butterfly Valve

mm

50.0

65.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

in.

2.0
0.76
1.46

2.5
1.02
1.89

3.0
1.27
2.37

3.5
1.44
2.71

4.0
1.61
3.04

0.69

0.88

1.1

1.26

1.43

2.91

3.81

4.75

5.42

6.1

0.38
2.42

0.51
3.18

0.63
3.94

0.72
4.5

0.81
5.07

12.08

18.91 19.71

22.54

25.36

16.43
2.19

21.64 26.8
2.86 3.55

30.64
4.06

34.48
4.56

Notes
1. Data taken from 29th Edition FOC Rules, Table 6124
2. The above values are used only for a Hazen-Williams C Factor of 120. For other
values of C factor, the values are scaled in accordance with Table 6124 of the
FOC Rules.
3. Equivalent lengths of 90mm fittings are the arithmetic means of the
corresponding 80mm and 100mm fittings.

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206

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Pipe Sizes 125mm to 900mm

Code Fitting Type

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

45 Screwed Elbow
90 Screwed Elbow
(Standard)
90 Welded Elbow (Long
Radius)
Screwed Tee or Cross (Flow
turned 90)
Gate Valve (Straightway)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve
(Swinging)
Alarm or Non-Return Valve
(Mushroom)
Globe Valve (Straightway)
Butterfly Valve

mm

125

150

200

250

300-900

in

5.0
1.96
3.67

6.0
2.3
4.3

8.0
3.05
5.67

10.0
3.89
7.42

12.0 - 36.0
3.89
7.42

1.72

2.0

2.64

3.35

3.35

7.36

8.61

11.34

14.85 14.85

0.97
6.12

1.13
7.17

1.5
9.4

1.97
12.3

30.62

35.88 47.27

61.85 61.85

41.64
5.47

48.79 64.29
6.38 8.62

84.11 84.11
9.9
9.9

1.97
12.3

Notes
1. Data taken from 29th Edition FOC Rules, Table 6124.
2. The above values are used only for a Hazen-Williams C Factor of 120. For other
values of C factor, the values are scaled in accordance with Table 6124 of the
FOC Rules.
3. All fittings above 250mm (10in) are assumed to have the same equivalent length
as the corresponding 250mm fitting.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Reference Data

23.6

207

NFPA Rules
Equivalent Lengths (metres) of Fittings for NFPA Rules - Pipe Sizes 15.0mm
to 40mm

Code Fitting Type

Nominal Pipe Size

mm
15.0
20.0
in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Standard 45 Elbow
Standard 90 Elbow
Long radius Elbow
Tee or Cross (Flow turned
90)
Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve
Non-return Valve
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve

25.0

32.0

40.0

0.5
0.3048
0.6096
0.3048
1.2192

0.75
0.3048
0.6096
0.3048
1.2192

1.0
0.3048
0.6096
0.6096
1.524

1.25
0.3048
0.9144
0.6096
1.8288

1.5
0.6096
1.2192
0.6096
2.4384

0.3048
1.2192
4.3
1.52
1.8288

0.3048
1.2192
4.3
1.52
1.8288

0.3048
1.524
4.3
1.52
1.8288

0.3048
2.1336
4.3
1.52
1.8288

0.3048
2.7432
4.3
1.37
1.8288

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (1990), except for fitting types 7 and
8 which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C factor of 120. For other
values of C factor the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15
Table A-7-2 (g).
3. Equivalent lengths of 15mm fittings are assumed the same as the corresponding
20mm fittings.
4. Equivalent lengths of gate and butterfly valves below 50mm are assumed the
same as the 50mm values.

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208

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Pipe Sizes 50mm to 100mm

Code Fitting Type

Nominal Pipe Size

mm
50.0
65.0
in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Standard 45 Elbow
Standard 90 Elbow
Long radius Elbow
Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90)
Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve
Non-return Valve
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve

2.0
0.6096
1.524
0.9144
3.048
0.3048
3.3528
4.3
2.74
1.8288

2.5
0.9144
1.8288
1.2192
3.6576
0.3048
4.2672
5.2
2.65
2.1336

80.0

90.0

100.0

3.0
0.9144
2.1336
1.524
4.572
0.3048
4.8768
6.1
2.59
3.048

3.5
0.9144
2.4384
1.524
5.1816
0.3048
5.7912
6.9
3.0
3.6576

4.0
1.2192
3.048
1.8288
6.096
0.6096
6.7056
7.7
3.5
3.6576

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (1990), except for fitting types 7 and 8
which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C factor of 120. For other
values of C factor the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 5 Table
A-7-2 (g).
3. The equivalent length of a 90mm butterfly valve is assumed the same as the 100 mm
valve.

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Reference Data

209

Pipe Sizes 125mm to 300mm

Code Fitting Type

Nominal Pipe Size

mm
125
150
in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Standard 45 Elbow
Standard 90 Elbow
Long radius Elbow
Tee or Cross (Flow turned
90)
Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve
Non-return Valve
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve

200

250

300

5.0
1.5240
3.6576
2.4384
7.6200

6.0
2.1336
4.2672
2.7432
9.1440

8.0
2.7432
5.4864
3.9624
10.668

10.0
3.3528
6.7056
4.8768
15.240

12.0
3.9624
8.2296
5.4864
18.288

0.6096
8.2296
10.000
5.1000
2.7432

0.9144
9.7536
12.200
6.7100
3.0480

1.2192
13.716
15.300
10.970
3.6576

1.5240
16.764
19.800
12.800
5.7912

1.8288
19.812
23.000
15.240
6.4008

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (1990), except for fitting types 7 and 8
which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C factor of 120. For other
values of C factor the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15
Table A-7-2(g)

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

210

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Pipe Sizes 350mm to 600mm

Code Fitting Type

Nominal Pipe Size

mm 350
400
in

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Standard 45 Elbow
Standard 90 Elbow
Long radius Elbow
Tee or Cross (Flow turned
90)
Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve
Non-return Valve
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve

450

500

600

14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
4.5720 5.1816 5.7912 6.4008 7.6200
7.9248 9.1440 10.3632 11.5824 13.716
6.4008 7.3152 8.2296 9.1440 10.668
20.4216 23.7744 27.1272 30.1752 36.576
2.1336
38.100
23.000
15.240
7.3152

2.4384
44.196
23.000
15.240
7.9248

2.7432
50.292
23.000
15.240
9.1440

3.0480
60.960
23.000
15.240
10.668

3.6576
67.056
23.000
15.240
13.4112

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (1990), except for fitting types 7 and 8
which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C factor of 120. For other
values of C factor the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15
Table A-7-2 (g)
3. Equivalent lengths for these sizes are taken from Factory Mutual data sheet 2.89
except for fittings types 7 and 8, which are manufacturer's data for 300 mm valves.

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Reference Data

211

Pipe Sizes 700mm to 900mm

Code Fitting Type

Nominal Pipe Size

mm
700
750
in

Standard 45 Elbow

Standard 90 Elbow

Long radius Elbow

Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90)

5
6

Gate Valve
Swing Check Valve

7
8
9

Non-return Valve
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve

800

28.0
30.0
32.0
9.0082 9.6516 10.295
1
15.756 16.882 18.007
6
1
5
12.668 13.573 14.478
4
3
2
42.238 45.255 48.272
0
0
0
4.2061 4.5066 4.8070
81.319 87.128 92.936
4
0
5
23.000 23.000 23.000
15.240 15.240 15.240
13.411 13.411 13.411
2
2
2

850

900

34.0
10.938
5
19.133
0
15.383
1
51.289
0
5.1074
98.745
1
23.000
15.240
13.411
2

36.0
11.5819
20.2585
16.2879
54.3060
5.4079
104.553
6
23.000
15.240
13.4112

Notes
1. Equivalent lengths are taken from NFPA 15 (1990), except for fitting types 7 and 8
which are manufacturers' data.
2. The above values are used only with a Hazen-Williams C factor of 120. For other
values of C factor the equivalent lengths are scaled in accordance with NFPA 15
Table A-7-2 (g).
3. Equivalent lengths for pipe sizes above 600mm have been obtained by extrapolation
from equivalent lengths for the smaller pipe sizes.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

212

23.7

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Chinese Standard (GB)

Equivalent Lengths (metres) of Fittings
With Chinese Standard (GB) options, the equivalent lengths (metres) of fittings are same
as the table for NFPA rules, but without the C-factor limitations.

23.8

Schedule - BS 3505 Class D (uPVC)

Surface roughness
Nominal Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

1.524x10-3mm (6.0x10-5in)
Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

37.65
42.95
53.85
67.15
79.2

1.481
1.692
2.12
2.644
3.118

42.25
48.25
60.35
75.35
88.9

1.663
1.9
2.376
2.967
3.5

101.7
124.9
149.75
197.5
246.1
291.95
320.4
366.5
412.2

4.004
4.918
5.895
7.775
9.689
11.495
12.6145
14.4285
16.2275

114.3
140.2
168.25
219.1
273.0
323.85
355.5
406.4
457.2

4.5
5.5201
6.624
8.6260
10.748
12.75
13.996
16.0
18.0

Notes
1. Internal and Outside diameters are arithmetic means of values given in BS.3505 (1968).

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Reference Data

213

2. BS.3505 does not include metric nominal sizes; these have been retained for
users' convenience.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

214

23.9

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Schedule - BS 1387 Heavy

Surface roughness

0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter
mm
in

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

14.9
20.4
25.7
34.4
40.3
51.3
67.0
79.1

0.5875
0.8035
1.011
1.352
1.584
2.022
2.6395
3.1125

21.4
26.9
33.8
42.5
48.4
60.3
76.0
88.8

0.8435
1.0595
1.331
1.672
1.904
2.374
2.9915
3.4965

103.3
128.85
154.3
200.0
250.0
300.0

4.0675
5.0725
6.075
8.0
10.0
12.0

114.1
139.65
165.1
200.0
250.0
300.0

4.4915
5.4965
6.499
8.0
10.0
12.0

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

Notes
1. Internal and outside diameters are arithmetic means of values given in BS.1387 (1967).
2. Nominal sizes have been used for i.d.'s and o.d.'s for pipes in the range 200
300mm (812 inch) for users' convenience.
3. This data is not part of BS.1387.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Reference Data

215

23.10 Schedule - BS 1387 Medium

Surface roughness

0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter
mm
in

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

16.1
21.6
27.3
36.0
41.9
53.0
68.7
80.7

0.6355
0.8515
1.075
1.416
1.648
2.086
2.7035
3.1765

21.4
26.9
33.8
42.5
48.4
60.3
76.0
88.8

0.8435
1.0595
1.331
1.672
1.904
2.374
2.9915
3.4965

105.1
129.95
155.4
200.0
250.0
300.0

4.1395
5.1125
6.115
8.0
10.0
12.0

114.1
139.65
165.1
200.0
250.0
300.0

4.4915
5.4965
6.499
8.0
10.0
12.0

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

Notes
1. Internal and Outside diameters are arithmetic means of values given in BS.1387 (1967).
2. Nominal sizes have been used for i.d.'s and o.d.'s for pipes in the range 200
300mm. (812 inch) for users' convenience.
3. This data is not part of BS.1387.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

216

Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.11 Schedule - ANSI B36.10 Schedule 40

Surface roughness

0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter
mm
in

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

15.76
20.96
26.64
35.08
40.94
52.48
62.68
77.92
90.12
102.26
128.2
154.08
202.74
254.56
303.28
333.34
381.0
428.46
477.82
575.04

21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

0.622
0.824
1.049
1.38
1.61
2.067
2.469
3.068
3.548
4.026
5.047
6.065
7.981
10.02
11.938
13.124
15
16.876
18.812
22.624

0.84
1.05
1.315
1.66
1.9
2.375
2.875
3.5
4
4.5
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0

Notes
1. Internal and outside diameters are taken from ANSI B36.10 - (1979).
2. ANSI B36.10 does not include metric nominal sizes; however, these have been
retained for users' convenience.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Reference Data

217

23.12 Schedule - ANSI B36.10 Schedule 80

Surface roughness

0.04572mm (0.0018 ins)

Nominal Diameter
mm
in

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

13.84
18.88
24.3
32.5
38.14
49.22
58.98
73.66
85.44
97.18
122.24
146.36
193.67
242.92
288.94
317.5
363.52
409.34
455.62
548.08

21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.6
406.4
457.0
508.0
610.0

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

0.546
0.742
0.957
1.278
1.5
1.939
2.323
2.9
3.364
3.826
4.813
5.761
7.625
9.562
11.374
12.5
14.312
16.124
17.938
21.562

0.84
1.05
1.315
1.66
1.9
2.375
2.875
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0

Notes
1. Internal and Outside diameters are taken from ANSI B36.10 - (1979).
2. ANSI B36.10 does not include metric nominal sizes; however, these have been
retained for users' convenience.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

218

Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.13 Schedule - BS 1211 Class C (cast Iron)

Surface roughness
Nominal Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

0.254mm (0.01 ins)

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

80.772

3.18

95.504

3.76

106.172
132.588
158.496
210.312
262.128
319.024
370.84
422.656
474.472
526.288
629.412

4.18
5.22
6.24
8.28
10.32
12.56
14.6
16.64
18.68
20.72
24.78

121.92
149.86
177.292
232.156
286.004
345.44
399.288
453.136
506.984
560.3241
667.004

4.8
5.9
6.98
9.14
11.26
13.6
15.72
17.84
19.96
22.06
26.26

Notes
1. Imperial sizes taken from BS.1211 - (1958).
2. This standard does not include metric sizes; these have been obtained by direct
conversion of the i.d.'s and o.d.'s given in inches.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Reference Data

219

23.14 Schedule - Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 bar g

Surface roughness

1.524 x10-3mm (6.0x10-5in)

Nominal Diameter
mm
in

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

14.0
22.0
27.0
35.0
41.5
54.0

0.5512
0.8661
1.063
1.378
1.6339
2.126

16.0
25.0
30.0
38.0
44.5
57.0

0.6299
0.9843
1.1811
1.4961
1.752
2.2441

72.1
83.9
103.0

2.8386
3.3031
4.0551

76.1
88.9
108.0

2.9961
3.5
4.252

154.0
212.1
259.0
313.9
357.0
407.0
443.2
493.0
592.0

6.063
8.3504
10.1969
12.3583
14.0551
16.0236
17.4488
19.4094
23.3071

159.0
219.1
267.0
323.9
368.0
419.0
457.2
508.0
610.0

6.2598
8.6260
10.5118
12.752
14.4882
16.4961
18.0
20.0
24.0157

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

Notes
1. Outside diameters to BS.2871, Part 2, Table 3; BSMA 18, Table 2; BSMA 60.
Wall thicknesses conform to Lloyds offshore requirements.
2. Imperial sizes are direct conversions of the metric data.
3. Nominal sizes are included for users' convenience.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

220

Spray/Sprinkler Module

23.15 Schedule - Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 Bar g

Surface roughness

1.524 x 10-3mm (6.0x10-5in)

Nominal Diameter
mm
in

Internal Diameter
mm
in

Outside Diameter
mm
in

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
750
800
850
900

14.0
22.0
27.0
35.0
41.5
54.0

0.5512
0.8661
1.063
1.378
1.6339
2.126

16.0
25.0
30.0
38.0
44.5
57.0

0.6299
0.9843
1.1811
1.4961
1.752
2.2441

72.1
83.9
103.0

2.8386
3.3031
4.0551

76.1
88.9
108.0

2.9961
3.5
4.252

152.0
210.1
256.0
309.9
352.0
401.0
438.2
486.0
584.0

5.9843
8.2717
10.0787
12.2008
13.8583
15.7874
17.252
19.1339
22.9921

159.0
219.1
267.0
323.9
368.0
419.0
457.2
508.0
610.0

6.2598
8.6260
10.5118
12.752
14.4882
16.4961
18.0
20.0
24.0157

0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0

Notes
1. Outside diameters to BS.2871, Part 2, Table 3; BSMA 18, Table 2; BSMA 60.
Wall thicknesses conform to Lloyds offshore requirements.
2. Imperial sizes are direct conversions of the metric data.
3. Nominal sizes are included for users' convenience.

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Index

Index
-..DXF
.EMF
.WMF

94
94
94

-<<Any>

34

-AA maintenance area sprinkler system

A small sprinkler system 54
Add multiple nozzles 29
Add multiple pipes 29, 136
Add to report 106
Adding a pump 149
Adding a schedule 147
Adding components to pipes 101
Adding specification 114
Adding waypoints 95
Area tool 96
AutoCAD 192
Autosave 20

88

-BBackground colour 163

Background colours 127
Basic Errors 196
Bernoulli 174
Bibliography 202
Blocks 114
Breaks 114
Browse 28
BS1042 178

-CCalculate

28

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Calculation menu 28
Calculation options 27, 165
Calculation phase 39
Calculation toolbar 32
Cavitation 180
Cell shading 106
C-factor 174
Changing units 158
Check 28
Checking specifications 114
Chinese Standard (GB) 156, 172, 178, 212
Closing a file 20
Colour schemes 124
Colouration menu 27
Complex colouring rules 124
Complex links 27
Complex nodes 27
Component properties 17
Component tools 100
Condensate tank deluge system 68
Constructing a path 130
Contacting Sunrise Systems 4
Control valves library 26
Convergence accuracy 165
Copy 22, 95
Copy/Paste 95
Copying cells 107
Copying selected items 96, 97
Coulson-Richardson 172, 174
Crane 178
Creating a pipe type 162
Cubic pump curve 180
Cubic spline 180
Cursor keys 103
Cut 22

-DDefaults 168
Defaults options 27
Degeneration factor 180
Deleteing a pump 149
Deleteing a schedule 147
Deleting a pipe type 162
Deluge valves 176
Deluge valves library 152

221

222

Spray/Sprinkler Module

Design facility 170

Design phase 39
Display options 27, 163
Display precisions 158
Drawing components 100
DXF 192

-EEdit menu 22
Editing a cell 106
Editing a pipe type 162
Editing a pump 149
Editing a schedule 147
Editing system libraries 26, 152
Elevation profile 130
Equipment items 175
Errors 196
Examples directory 3
Exit the program 20
Expired licence 8
Expiry date checking 8
Expiry date licencing 8
Export 20
Export clipboard 29
Export DXF file 29
Export HP-GL/2 29
Exporting libraries 144
Exporting the schematic 103, 192
Exporting to an HPGL file 103

-FFanning friction factor 174

File menu 20
Filters 175
Find button 34
Finding components 34
Fittings library 26
Fittings window 19
Fluids library 26
FOC 156
FOC rules 203
Font sizes 163
Frictional pressure loss 173, 174

-GGlobal errors 197

Grid display options

163

-HHazen Williams 173

Hazen-Williams 172, 174
Height check errors 130
Height check tolerance 165
Height checking 120, 121
Help topics 30
Henri Darcy 174
Heriot-Watt 178
HPGL 103
HP-GL/2 192
Hydraulic grade line 132

-II/O nodes 37
Import graphical underlay 24
Import library 20
Importing libraries 144
Including validation in output file 167
Inlets 37
Input data 28
Input errors 197
Installation 8
Invalid components 47, 100, 120
Invert 22

-KKey status

30

-LLabel display options 163

Labelling the dialgram 36
Labels 36
Laminar flow 174
Libraries 144
Library editor 145

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Index
License 8
Line thickness 163
Lines per page 165
Linings 171
Linings library 151
Local user library 144

-MMake a path 29
Mass balance 170
Mass flow 158
Mirror 22
Module options 27, 156
Moody diagram 174
Most remote nozzle 113
Moving and editing text 99
Moving around the network 103

-NNetwork representation 36
Network topology 38
Next button 34
NFPA 156
NFPA rules 207
NFPA Submittal Report 28, 188
No pipe type 162
Non-return valves 177
Nozzle generation 140
Nozzle library 148
Nozzle operating point 16
Nozzle specification 117
Nozzles 185
NPSH 180
NPSHA 180
NPSHR 180
Number of iterations 165
Numerical errors 200

-OObtaining support 4
Open library 20
Opening a file 20
Opening libraries 144

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Options menu 27
Options toolbar 31
Orifice plates 178
Outlets 37
Output tables options 27
Overall appearance 14
Overboard dump valves 178
Overboard dump valves and specifications
Overview window 19

-PPan 96
Paste 22, 95
Paste (Incl. layout) 95
Paste in column 22
Physical constants 203
Pipe component tools 101
Pipe grouping 39
Pipe hydrostatic pressure loss 175
Pipe modelling 172
Pipe schedules 147
Pipe sizing 28
Pipe type option 27
Pipe types 162
Polygon tool 97
Prerequisites 8
Pressures in a ring main 80
Print preview 20, 101
Print setup 101
Printing the grid 106
Printing the schematic 20
Product modules 3
Properties of water 202
Properties window 16
Property window scroll buttons 17
Pump library - coefficients known 150
Pump library - coefficients unknown 149
Pump operating point 16
Pumps 180
Pumps - coefficients unknown 149
Pumps library 26

-QQuadratic pump curve

180

223

178

224

Spray/Sprinkler Module

-RRedo 22
Reference node 165
Reference node height 165
Remote nozzle 170
Remote update 8
Remove tags 29
Removing specifications 114
Results display options 163
Roughness 203

-SSave as 20
Saving a file 20
Schedule - ANSI B36.10 Schedule 40 216
Schedule - ANSI B36.10 Schedule 80 217
Schedule - BS 1211 Class C (cast Iron) 218
Schedule - BS 1387 Heavy 214
Schedule - BS 1387 Medium 215
Schedule - BS 3505 Class D (uPVC) 212
Schedule - Copper/Nickel (90/10) 14 bar g 219
Schedule - Copper/Nickel (90/10) 20 bar g 220
Schedules library 26
Schematic diagrams 36
Schematic Overview window 19
Schematic printing 101
Schematic underlay 94
Schematic window 15, 94
Scroll buttons 17
Security key 8
Security key problems 9
Selected items 96, 97
Selecting a row 106
Selecting several components 95
Selection tool 95
Simple colouring rules 124
Simple rules 27
Simple three pipe system 38
Smooth pump curve 180
Sorting in the grid 106
Spec. for calculation 28
Specific component errors 199
Specification checks 120

Specification rules 113

Specifications 112, 165
Specifications - user interface
Spray options 156
Spray tables 167
Spray toolbar 31
Status checking 120
Status dialog 120
Support 4
Surface roughness 203
System library 144

114

-TTables 167
Tabular view 16, 106
Tag selected items 29
Tag toolbar 33, 75
Tagged labels 75
Tagging 127
Temporary path 165
Text tool 99
Title 156
Title option 27
Tool tips 163
Tools menu 29
Transitional flow 174
Turbulent flow 174

-UUndefined components 47, 100

Undo 22
Undo/Redo buttons 22
Unit conversion tool 158
Units 158
Units option 27
Update key 30
Updating a license 8
Use Pipenet menu style 29
Use Windows menu style 29

-VVersion numbers 30
View graphical underaly

24

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

Index
View menu 24
View palette 24
View schematic overview 24
View schematic window 24
view status bar 24
View toolbar 24
Vista 3
Volumetric flow 158

-WWaypoints 100
Welcome 3
Window menu 29

-ZZoom

96

SSL/UM/0002/05 - 2007 Sunrise Systems Limited

225