ASCE 7-10

Wind Load Provisions

(Part 2)

Maps and Wind Design

Provisions
by
William L. Coulbourne, P.E., M.ASCE
Applied Technology Council
(ATC)
ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

Agenda
Wind speed maps
Design procedures
Directional (all heights)
Envelope (simplified)
Simplified (buildings up to 160 ft. in height)

MWFRS and C&C

Load Cases
ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

ASCE 7-10
Wind Speed Maps
Speeds are for ultimate event
Maps for 3 Risk Categories (I, II, III
and IV)
Wind Speeds along the Hurricane
Coastline were revised in 1998 to 3sec peak gust
Importance Factor is included in
the speeds given in the maps
ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

700 Year RP Winds

115(51)
120(54)
130(58)

110(49)

140(63)

115(51)

115(51)

140(63)
150(67)

150(67)
140(63)

130(58)
120(54)
110(49)
160(72)

170(76)

115(51)
150(67)
120(54)
130(58)140(63)

110(49)

120(54)
130(58)
140(63)
150(67)
160(72)
160(72)

140(63)
150(67)
160(72)
170(76)

180(80)
180(80)

Special Wind Region

Location
Guam
Virgin Islands
American Samoa
Hawaii

Vmph
(m/s)
195
(87)
165
(74)
160
(72)
Special Wind Region Statewide

150(67) 160(72)
170(76)

Puerto Rico

Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s) at 33 ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds correspond to approximately a 7% probability of exceedance in 50 years (Annual Exceedance Probability = 0.00143, MRI = 700 Years).

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

New V700/1.6 vs. ASCE 7-05

110

130
140

110

110

140

120
130

150

130

150

140

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

1700 Year RP Winds

120(54)

130(58)
140(63)

115(52)

150(67)
160(72)

120(54)

150(67)

120(54)

160(72)
160(72)
150(67)
140(63) 130(58)
120(54)
115(51)

170(76)

180(80)

150(67)
160(72)
170(76)
180(80)
190(85)

115(51)

120(54)
160(72)
130(58)
150(67)
140(63)

120(54)
130(58)

200(89)
200(89)

Special Wind Region

140(63)
150(67)
165(74)

165(74)

Location
Guam
Virgin Islands
American Samoa
Hawaii

Vmph
(m/s)
210
(94)
175
(78)
170
(76)
Special Wind Region Statewide

160(72)

170(76)
180(80)

Puerto Rico

Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s) at 33 ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds correspond to approximately a 3% probability of exceedance in 50 years (Annual Exceedance Probability = 0.000588, MRI = 1700 Years).

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

300 Year RP Winds

105(47)
110(49)
120(54)
130(58)

100(45)

140(63)

105(47)

105(47)

130(58)
140(63)

140(63) 130(58)
120(54)
110(49)
105(47)

130(58)
140(63)
150(67)
160(72)

150(67)
105(47)

105(47)
110(49)
110(49)

170(76)
140(63)
170(76)

120(54) 130(58)

Speical Wind Region

120(54)
130(58)
140(63)

Location
Guam
Virgin Islands
American Samoa
Hawaii

150(67)
150(67)

Vmph
(m/s)
180
(80)
150
(67)
150
(67)
Special Wind Region Statewide

140(63) 150(67)
160(72)

Puerto Rico

Notes:
1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s) at 33 ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between contours is permitted.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind speed contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions shall be examined for unusual wind conditions.
5. Wind speeds correspond to approximately a 15% probability of exceedance in 50 years (Annual Exceedance Probability = 0.00333, MRI = 300 Years).

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

Wind speeds at selected locations

Location
Bar Harbor, Maine
Boston, MA
Hyannis, MA
New Port, RI
Southampton, NY
Atlantic City, NJ
Wrightsville Beach, NC
Folly Beach, SC
Miami Beach
Clearwater, FL
Panama City, FL
Biloxi, MS
Galveston, TX
Port Aransas, TX
Hawaii
Guam

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

ASCE 7-05
Exposure C
97
106
117
117
120
114
132
131
145
128
129
138
131
134
105
170

V700 / 1.6
Exposure C
95
103
112
109
110
102
119
115
136
115
107
129
119
117
103
155

Exposure D
103
112
122
119
119
111
129
125
148
125
116
140
129
127
112
168

ASCE 7-10 MWFRS

Alternative Design Procedures
Chapter 27 (Directional Procedure)
Part 1: Buildings of all heights
Part 2: Simple diaphragm buildings with h 160 ft.
(pressures read from tables)

Chapter 28 (Envelope Procedure)

Part 1: Enclosed or partially enclosed low-rise buildings
Part 2: Simple diaphragm buildings with h 60 ft.
(pressures read from tables)

Chapter 31 - Wind Tunnel Procedure

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

Design Procedures
Chapter 27
Directional Procedure
(all heights method)

Chapter 27 Directional Procedure

Velocity Pressure:
qz (qh)= 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2

(27.3)
(Eq. 27.3-1)

where:
qz = velocity pressure at height z
qh = velocity pressure at mean roof height h

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Directional Procedure
Chapter 27

p = qGCp qi(GCpi)
where:

q = velocity pressure
G = gust effect factor
Cp = external pressure coefficient
qi = velocity pressure at mean roof height h
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient

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Directional Procedure
Design Procedure (Table 27.2-1):
1. Wind Speed V (Figure 26.5-1 maps)
2. Wind Directionality Factor Kd (26.6, Table
26.6-1)
3. For each wind direction:
Exposure Category (26.7)
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
Kz, Kh (Table 27.3-1)
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Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

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26.7 Exposure Categories

B Suburban, use as DEFAULT unless others apply
>60% to 80% of all buildings are in this category

C Open country, 1500 ft creates this category

D Water, including on hurricane coast!
Its about Flow Characteristics vs. Surface Roughness

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Exposure B
Suburban

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Exposure B
Urban

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Exposure B
with a Hole

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Exposure C

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Exposure C
(<1500 ft of B)

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Exposure D

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Exposure

Height above
ground level, z

Table 27.3-1
Velocity
Pressure
Exposure
Coefficients,
Kh and Kz

(0-4.6)

0.57

0.85

1.03

(6.1)

0.62

0.90

1.08

25

(7.6)

0.66

0.94

1.12

30

(9.1)

0.70

0.98

1.16

40

(12.2)

0.76

1.04

1.22

50

(15.2)

0.81

1.09

1.27

60

(18)

0.85

1.13

1.31

70

(21.3)

0.89

1.17

1.34

80

(24.4)

0.93

1.21

1.38

90

(27.4)

0.96

1.24

1.40

100

(30.5)

0.99

1.26

1.43

120

(36.6)

1.04

1.31

1.48

140

(42.7)

1.09

1.36

1.52

160

(48.8)

1.13

1.39

1.55

180

(54.9)

1.17

1.43

1.58

200

(61.0)

1.20

1.46

1.61

250

(76.2)

1.28

1.53

1.68

300

(91.4)

1.35

1.59

1.73

350

(106.7)

1.41

1.64

1.78

400

(121.9)

1.47

1.69

1.82

450

(137.2)

1.52

1.73

500

(152.4)

1.56

1.77

ft

(m)

0-15
20

ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

1.86

22

1.89

11

Table 26.9-1 Terrain Exposure Constants

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Directional Procedure
Design Procedure (Table 27.2-1 continued):
4. Topographic Factor, Kzt (26.8, Table 28.8-1)
5. Gust Effect Factor G or Gf (26.9)
6. Enclosure Classification (26.10)
7. Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi (26.11,
Table 26.11-1)
8. External Pressure Coefficients Cp, GCpf
(Figures 24.4-1-3) or force coefficients Cf
(Figures 27.4-4-7)
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Fig. 26.8-1 Topographic Factors, Kzt

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Fig. 26.8-1 Topographic Factors, Kzt

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26.9 Gust Effect Factor, G

For rigid structures as defined in Section 26.2,
G shall be taken as 0.85 or calculated by Eqs.
26.9-6, 26.9-7, 26.9-8 and 26.9-9, using Table
26.9-1.
For flexible or dynamically sensitive
structures as defined in Section 26.2, Gf shall
be calculated by Eqs. 26.9-10, 26.9-11, 26.912, 26.9-13, 26.9-14, 26.9-15a, 26.9-15b and
26.9-16, using Table 26.9-1.
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26.10 Enclosure Classification

Buildings, Open:
A building having each wall at least 80% open.
Mathematically,
Ao > 0.8Ag where:
Ao = Total area of openings in a wall that
receives positive external pressure, in sq. ft.
Ag= Gross area of that wall in which Ao is
identified in sq. ft.

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26.10 Enclosure Classification

Buildings, Partially Enclosed:
If the following two conditions are satisfied:
1. Ao > 1.1Aoi
2. Ao > 4 sq. ft or >0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, & Aoi<
0.2Agi
where:
Aoi = The sum of the areas of openings in the building
envelope (walls & roof) not including Ao, in sq. ft.
Agi = The sum of the gross surface areas of the building
envelope (walls & roof) not including Ag, in sq. ft.
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26.10.3 Wind Borne Debris Regions

Glazed openings in Risk Category II,
III, IV buildings requires protection
Exception Glazing located over 60
ft. above ground and over 30 ft. above
aggregate-surfaced roofs shall be
permitted to be unprotected

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Table 26.11-1 Internal Pressure Coeff, GCpi

Enclosure Classification
Open Buildings

Partially Enclosed
Buildings

Enclosed Buildings

GCpi
0.00
+0.55
-0.55
+0.18
-0.18

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Directional Procedure
Base method in ASCE 7 for 30+ years.
Best representation of actual pressures.
Best method to adapt to unusual
buildings.
Examples in Seminar 3 Traditional
Methods
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Fig. 27.4-1
External
Pressure
Coefficient,
Cp for
MWFRS
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Fig. 27.4-1 Cp for MWFRS: Walls

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Fig. 27.4-1 Cp for MWFRS: Roofs

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Fig. 27.4-1 Cp for MWFRS

27.4-2

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Part 2 Enclosed Buildings with h 160 ft.

Wind pressures obtained directly from
tables (Table 27.6-1)
Derived from Directional Procedure
Building must be enclosed with
simple diaphragm
Building may be any plan shape and
roof geometry
Must determine L/B ratio to use table
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Part 2 Enclosed Buildings with h 160 ft.

Pressure pz (psf):
pz = p0 (1 - z / h) + (z / h) ph
ph
Table values
pz
z
p0

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Part 2 Enclosed Buildings with h 160 ft.

p0

ph

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Roof Pressures - MWFRS

Roof Pressure Zones

Roof Shapes:
Flat
Gable
Hip
Monoslope
Mansard

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Height h (ft)

Roof Slope

Roof Zone

V (MPH)

Pressure (psf)
(Two load cases
for sloped roofs)

Exposure C
Table for Roof,
Adjustment
factors for
other
exposures
ASCE Webinar ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions

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28.4.1 Part 1MWFRS Envelope Procedure

Chapter 28

p = qh[(GCpf) (GCpi)]
where:

qh = velocity pressure at mean roof

height h
GCpf = external pressure coefficient
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient

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Fig. 28.4-1 GCpf for MWFRS: h < 60 ft

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Fig. 28.4-1 GCpf for MWFRS: h < 60 ft

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Fig. 28.4-1 GCpf for MWFRS

There are 9 notes that describe the application of these

coefficients and the torsional load cases.
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Part 2 - Envelope Method - MWFRS

ps = Kztps30
where:

ps = simplified design pressure for surfaces A-H

= adjustment factor
Kzt = topographic adjustment
Ps30 = pressures read from tables

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28.6.1 Part 2 MWFRS Envelope

Procedure
Completely revised for 7-02.
This version first appeared in IBC 2000. There is a
slightly different simplified version in the current
IBC.
Wind pressures obtained from tables.
MWFRS based on the Envelope Procedure
contained in Part 1 of Chapter 28.
Pressures are applied to vertical and horizontal
projected areas.
Building must be enclosed, simple diaphragm, lowrise building with flat, gable or hip roof shape.
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Part 2 - Simplified Method - MWFRS

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Part 2 - Envelope Method - MWFRS

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Other MWFRS External Pressure Coefficients

Domed Roofs Figure 27.4-2
Arched Roofs Figure 27.4-3
Monoslope Roofs (and other shapes)
Figure 27.4-4-7
Chimneys, Tanks, & Roof Equip Figure
29.5-1
Walls and Solid Signs Figure 29.4-1
Open Signs & Lattices Figure 29.5-2
Trussed Towers Figure 29.5-3
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Components & Cladding

(Chapter 30)

Pressure Coefficients

C&C Pressure Equations

Low-rise buildings with h 60 ft.
based on Envelope Procedure
p = qh[(GCp) (GCpi)]
Buildings with h 60 ft. based on
Directional Procedure
p = q(GCp) qi(GCpi)
Buildings with h 160 ft. based on
Simplified Method (pressures in Table
30.9-1) p = p (EAF)(RF)K
table
zt
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Fig. 30.4-1 GCp for C & C-Walls: h < 60 ft

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Fig. 30.4-1 GCp for C & C-Walls

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Fig. 30.4-2A GCp for C&C-Gable Roofs:h < 60 ft

For < 7o

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Fig. 30.6-1 GCp for C & C: h > 60 ft

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Chapter 29 Other Structures/Appurtenances

Design Force Solid freestanding walls and solid
signs:
F = qh G Cf As

(Eq. 29.4-1)

Design Force Other Structures

where:

F = qz G Cf Af

(Eq. 29.5-1)

q = velocity pressure
Cf = force coefficients
As = gross area of solid sign or wall
Af = projected area normal to wind

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Parapets Chapter 27

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Parapets Chapter 27
pp = qpGCpn
where:
pp = combined net pressure on parapet
qp = velocity pressure at the top of parapet
GCpn = combined net pressure coefficient
= +1.5 for windward parapet
= - 1.0 for leeward parapet
h = hp = height at top of parapet
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Wind Load Cases

Torsional Loadings

30

Traditional Method - Load Cases

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Envelope Method - Load Cases

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Simplified Method h 160 ft. Load Cases

Appendix D
Cases A F to consider
Torsional load cases are those shown
in Figure 27.4-8 and shown here as the
traditional load cases

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2.3.2 Strength Design Load

Combinations
Wind load factor changed in 2010 Edition:
Old: LF = 1.6
New: Load factor from 1.6 to 1.0; load factor is
built into the MRI for the maps
For ASD design, new load factor is 0.63, reduced
from 1.0

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Future Seminars

February 18
Examples

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Resources
Email for Speaker:
bcoulbourne@atcouncil.org

Guide to the Use of the Wind Load Provisions

of ASCE 7-05 (and ASCE 7-10 coming soon)
www.pubs.asce.org

Basic Wind Engineering for Low-rise Buildings

www.atcouncil.org

SEAW commentary on wind code provisions

SEAW/ATC 60 - www.atcouncil.org
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