CIBSE CODE CODE FOR INTERIOR LIGHTING 1984 PHILIPS SINGAPORE PRIVATE LIMITED Lighting Division Lecong 1, Tos Payoh CIBSE ee Singapore 9131 © The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers 26 APR 1981 Delta House, 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS‘The rights of publication or of translation are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the Institution. ISBN 0 900953 27 6 1936 First Published 1938 Revised 1941 Revised 1942 Revised 1944 Revised 1945 Revised 1946 Revised 1949 Revised 1955 Revised 1961 Revised 1968 Revised 1973 Revised 1977 Revised 1984 Revised 1985 Reprinted with amendments 1989 Reprinted © THE CHARTERED INSTITUTION OF BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS LONDON 1984 Printed in Gt. Britain by Yale Press Ltd. London SE25 5LYForeword In 1980 the Lighting Division Technical Committee of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers appointed a Task Group to revise the 1977 Code for Interior Lighting, published by the Illuminating Engineering Society Extensive enquiries were made with users to ensure that the categories of tasks used in the recommendations were still valid and useful. The replies received from Members set the aims of this edition, and expanded its scope. The Institution is indebted to the various government and local authority departments, professional and trade associations, academic institutions and individuals in the UK and overseas for their constructive comments on the previous editions and drafts of this document. Task Group P.R. Boyce (Chairman) D.L. Loe LE. Baker J.A. Lynes RI. Bell P.C.M. McCarthy W. Carlton P.G.T. Owens M.B. Clark DJ. Paine J.B. Collins D. Poole P.E. Donnachie W.A. Price AE. Fothergill J.C. Procter Technical Secretary Co-ordinating Editor K.J. Butcher V.P. RolfePart 1 WW 12 13 14 15 16 WwW 18 19 1.10 1 Part 2 24 22 23 Contents The visual effects of lighting Introdu Daylight and electri ion light Lighting levels tions Strobosc« Epilogue Reco Content Status Lighting recommendations for specific interiors/activities 23.1 2.3.2 233 2.3.4 Task performance Preference Alternative measures Uniformity of illuminance al effects Revealing form Revealing texture Surface reflectances Surface colours Object colours bility glare omfort glare from electric lighting opic effect mmendations Introduction Interpretation Explanatory notes Lighting schedule page 2 2 2 22 22 2 22 26Part3 Part 4 24 25 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 General lighting recommendations 2.4.1 Introduction 24.2 illuminance 2.4.3 Illuminance ratios 2.4.4 Directional effects 2.4.5 — Surface reflectances 246 Colour 24.7 Glare 2.48 Daylighting Energy - installed efficacy recommenda! 2.5.1 Introduction 25.2 Status 2.5.3 Method of use 2.5.4 Interpretation 25.5 Explanatory notes Equipment Introduction Light sources 3.2.1 Typesof light source 322 — Lamp characteristics 323 Control gear 3.24 Innovations and trends Luminaires 3.3.1. Luminaire standards and markings 33.2 Luminaire characteristics 33.3 Caution Control systems 3.4.1 The function of control systems 34.2 Switching 3.4.3 Dimming Maintenance of lighting equipment 35.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Lamp replacement 3.5.3 Luminaire cleaning interval 3.5.4 — Room surface cleaning interval 35.5 Design aspects 3.5.6 Practical aspects Lighting Design Introduction Objectives 4.2.1 Safety 4.2.2 Visual tasks 4.2.3 Appearance and character 4.24 Priorities and constraints Specification page 8 BRBVR B888s 8 844 45 46 General planning 4.4.1 Daylight 44.2 Choice of electric lighting system 443 Choice of lamp and luminaire 4.4.4 System management Detailed planning Costs and energy use Light loss caused by dirt and depreciation Average illuminance luminance at a point Glare index Emergency lighting Checklist Statement of assumptions Appraisal Appendices Appendix 1 Alternative measures of illuminance Al. Introduction A12 Vertical illuminance 13 Scalar illuminance A14 Mean cylindrical illuminance A15 References Appendix 2 Visual inspection 2.1 Introduction A22 ples of inspection lighting ‘A23 Practical aspects of inspection lighting A24 References Appendix 3 Surface colours and reflectances 3.1 The Munsell System A3.2 British Standard BS 5252: 1976: Framework for colour co-ordination for building purposes A33 References Appendix 4 The colour rendering properties of light sources A4.1 Types of colour rendering ‘4.2 The CIE colour rendering index A43 Colour gamut A44 Colour preference index A45 Correlation between alternative measures A&6 — References 5. Glare formulations A5.1 Disability glare 5.2 Discomfort glare from electric lighting A5.3 Discomfort glare from daylight A5.4 References 100 104 104 108 12 113 7 119 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 122 122 122 125 125 126 126 126 128 128 128 128 129 130 130 130 130 130 131 132 133Appendix 6 Contrast rendering factor 6.1 Definition of contrast rendering factor A6.2 Features which affect contrast rendering factor A6.3 Effects of low contrast rendering factor values 6.4 Prediction of contrast rendering factor ‘G5 Measurement of contrast rendering factor AGE References Appendix 7 Lighting maintenance schedules and light loss factor AZ. Lighting maintenance schedules ‘A7.2___ Definition of light loss factor A7.3._ Determination of light loss factor A7.4 Use of light loss factor ATS Light loss factor and maintenance factor Appendix 8 Physiological effects of optical radiation 8.1 Introduction A8.2 The effects of optical radiation A83 Practical aspects A84 References Appendix 9 Predicting and measuring daylight factor 49.1 Introduction A9.2 Calculation of daylight factor for windows 3.3. Calculation of daylight factor for rooflights 9.4 Non-overcast skies 9.5 Measurement of daylight factor A3.6 Measurement of daylight factor in a model A9.7_— References Appendix 10 Illuminance at a point reference diagrams. A101 Introduction 10.2 Point source formulae 10.3. Line source formulae 10.4 Area source formulae Appendix 11 Field measurements of lighting 11.1 Functions of field measurements 11.2 Instrumentation A113 Field surveys A114 — References Glossary Bibliography Index 133 133 133 135 135 135 136 137 137 137 137 139 139 140 140 140 141 142 143 143 147 147 148 148 148 149 149 149 150 182 152 152 152 153 155 156 163 166Preface Lighting affects almost every aspect of our lives. It is used in places as diverse as factories, offices, libraries, restaurants, schools and shops, to produce conditions which enable us to see what we are doing, and to create an ambience appropriate to the setting. This Code has been prepared with the aims of: (a) specifying the lighting conditions appropriate for a wide range of interiors, and (b) offering guidance on methods of obtaining those conditions. It is organised in four parts. Part 1 summarises the effect of lighting conditions on the performance of tasks, the appearance of the interior and the comfort of the occupants. Part 2 contains recommendations of lighting conditions suitable for a large number of applications. Part 3 describes the properties of lighting equipment available commercially. Part 4 sets out suitable design procedures. Lighting is both an art and a science. It can be both decorative and functional although the balance between decoration and function will vary with application. The applications considered in this Code are essentially functional. Even so, given the differences in visual work, building form and surface finish that occur, and the different light sources and luminaires that are available, there is plenty of opportunity for variety in design. For this reason the recommendations made in this Code are given in terms of the end result rather than the means of producing it. The route by which the end results are achieved is determined by the designer. The recommendations given in this Code are representative of good practice. They are the result of considering scientific knowledge, practical experience, technical feasibility and economic reality. The recommenda- tions have no statutory standing, although some may be adopted by appropriate authorities. Taken together, the recommendations represent a base for designers to build on. They offer guidance rather than demand compliance.Part 1 Fig. Daylighting —_ (trian Figt2 Electriclightingidaylighting Fig 1.3. Electriclighting The visual effects of lighting 1.1 Introduction The lighting of an interior should fulfill three functions. It should: (a) en- sure the safety of people in the interior; (b) facilitate the performance of visual tasks; (c) aid the creation of an appropriate visual environment. Safety is always important but the emphasis given to task performance and the appearance of the interior will depend on the nature of the interior. For example, the lighting considered suitable for a factory toolroom will place much more emphasis on lighting the task than on the appearance of the room, but in a hotel lounge the priorities will be reversed. This variation in emphasis should not be taken to imply that either task performance or visual appearance can be completely negiected. In almost all situations the designer should give consideration to both these aspects of lighting. Lighting affects safety, task performance and the visual environment by changing the extent to, and the manner in which different elements of the interior are revealed. Safety is ensured by making any hazards visible. Task performance is facilitated by making the relevant details of the task easy to see. Different visual environments can be created by changing the relative ‘emphasis given to the various objects and surfaces in an interior. Different aspects of lighting influence the appearance of the elements in an interior in different ways. This part of the Code discusses the influence of each important aspect of lighting separately. However, it should always be remembered that lighting design involves integrating the various aspects of lighting into a unity appropriate to the design objectives. This process is discussed in Part 4. 1.2 Daylight and electric light One of the most fundamental decisions to be made when designing the lighting of an interior is the relationship between daylight and electric light. This can take three forms (a) to rely on daylight during daytime and to design the electric lighting only for night-time conditions (Fig 1.1) (b) to use daylight as available but supplement it as required by electric lighting (Fig 1.2), and (c) to ignore daylight and operate the building on electric light only (Fig 1.3). The decision as to which of these relationships to adopt will be influenced by many considerations in addition to the lighting effects. For example, the energy consumption and costs involved, the possible building forms, and the need for a controlled environment are all relevant factors in determining the relationship between daylight and electric light. Nonethe- less the roles assigned to daylight and electric light do change the lighting conditions produced so it is appropriate to indicate some of the facts which should be considered by the designer. There is little doubt that given a choice people prefer to work by daylight and to enjoy a view. Windowless interiors are generally disliked, particularly if they are small, but may be accepted if there are good reasons for the interior to be windowless. However, people do not like the uncomfortable thermal conditions which extensive daylighting can produce, so it is hardly surprising that the most common approach is where daylight and electric light are combined to produce sufficient and suitable lighting on the task and in the room, by day and night. Then, the electric lighting serves to supplement daylight when and where it is insufficient and the daylight contributes an element of variation and directional flow to the appearance of the interior. Introduction! Daylight and electric light 9Fig 1.6 The effect of varying size and Contrast of fask details on eage of reading 1.3.1. Task performance CO0000GG00 90Qg090000090 Dd9Q0G000COG0 lonn0000000 lpon909CcCQ009 cocao0cocK icon0000G00 lngad0Q000G09 eocc000G00 icCooo900cca Fig 15. Landolt rings 1.3 Lighting levels The lighting level produced by a lighting installation is usually quaatitied by the illuminance produced on & specified plane, In moxi cases thy plane as the major plane of the tasks in the interior, and is commonly called the working plane. The illuminance provided by an installation affeets both the performance of the tasks and the appearance of the space © ceiling increase as rettection 1s also smait ina urge re on to its height, the ine which reaches the working | ‘occupies a substantial proportion ‘ly upwards, and the | affect che decoration scheme for a ion is also small. In tn has cos’ vey heh. 1 i walls ina colour of relatively low ¢ 1g which reaches the’ Sia will have only « small infer pigs a substantial pr, The effect of lighting on work depends on the size of the critical details of the task and on their contrast with their background (Fig 1.4), One particular task much used for laboratory investigations of visual perfor mance consists of scanning an array of Landolt rings (Fig 1.5) and identifying those rings with gaps in a specified direction. By changing the size of the gap and the contrast of the ring with the background it is possible to vary the difficulty of the task over a wide range. Figure 1.6 shows the effect of illuminance on the performance of the laboratory task illustrated in figure 1.5, Three important points should be noted from figure 1.6. The first is that increasing the illuminance on the task produces an increase in performance following a law of diminishing The second is that the illuminance at which performance levels off is dependent on the visual difficulty of the task. i.e, the smaller the size and the less the contrast of the task the higher the illuminance at which performance saturates. The third is that although increasing illuminance can increase task performance, it is not possible to bring a difficult visual task to the same level of performance as an casy visual task simply by increasing the illuminance, In principle these effects occur for all tasks, although the exiet relation ship between the illuminance on the task and the performance achieved will vary with the nature of the task, There are qwo aspects af a task which are important in determining the effect of illuminance. One has already been mentioned: the task difficulty: the greater the visual difticulty the greater the importance of illuminance. The other is the extent to which the visttal part of the task determines the overall performance, Where there is only @ small visual component, «ts in audio typing, the influence of luminance on jeturns.Fig 16 Mean performance scores for Landolt ring cherts (ater Weston, H.C, Industral Health Research Board, Report '87, London, HMSO, 1345) lighting (after Saunders, Je, rf), 38(1968)) 1.3.2 Preference overall task performance is likely to be small but where the visual component is a major element of the complete task, as in copy typing, then the illuminance provided will be important. Size 0.6) (min are) Contrast 45 0.56 05 30 0.56 8 3 0.4) g 150.97 e E03 g 15 0.56 El 3 0.2) 2 a 15 0.28 omnio 100 1000 10,000 Mluminance (Ix) ‘Mean rating 0 “400 800 1200 1600 Illuminance on desk (Ix) Figure 1.7 shows mean assessments of the quality of lighting obtained in an office lit uniformly by a regular array of luminaires. Increasing the illuminance on the plane of the desk increases the perceived quality of the lighting until it saturates at about 800 Ix. This demonstrates the importance of the illuminance as one factor in determining people’s satisfaction with an interior. Lighting levels un1.3.3 Alternative measures 18 Notall working planes are Boron ee 1.3.4. Uniformity of illuminance 2 There is no sharp cut off where lighting conditions move from the dreadful to the wonderful. Figure 1.7, like figure 1.6 shows that as illuminance increases from a low level there is initially a rapid im- provement, but as illuminance continues to increase, the improvement becomes smaller, until eventually it ceases altogether. So identifying a suitable illuminance for an interior is inevitably a matter of judgement Recommended illuminances for specific applications are given in Part 2 However, there is one generally applicable recommendation. It is that no continuously occupied working space should have an illuminance of less than 200 Ix on the working plane. The recommended illuminance given in Part 2 should always be provided on an appropriate plane. This plane can be horizontal, vertical or inclined, depending on the situation. Figure 1.8 shows the results of providing the recommended illuminance on the wrong plane. But even when an appropriate plane is used the illuminances on other planes should not be ignored. In rooms where the surface reflectances are low and/or the distribution of light is strongly directional, the illuminance on a single plane can give a misleading indication of the appearance of the room. For such situations the quantity of light is more usefully described by measures of either scalar illuminance or mean cylindrical illuminance (see appendix 1), Uniformity of illuminance can be considered over two areas: on and around the task itself, and over the whole interior. For the task area and its immediate surround, uniformity of illuminance is important. Sudden chan- ges in illuminance in this region are likely to cause distraction and dissatisfaction and may affect task performance. The ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance, over the task area, should not be less than 0.8, A greater degree of non-uniformity is acceptable between the illuminance on the task area and the parts of the room which do not contain tasks, although a minimum uniformity is still necessary to avoid discomfort The illuminance on areas adjacent to the task area should not be less than one-third of the task illuminance. 1.4 Directional effects The directional distribution of light in a space is important to the appearance of objects and consequently for task performance and the perception of the space. The effect of directional lighting on the appearance ‘of objects depends on the form and the surface characteristics of the objects. Figure 1.9 shows three different objects standing in the same incident illumination. All show the pattern expected from the variation in illuminance over their surfaces but, in addition, the glossy object shows highlights and the sculptured object has a marked shadow pattern. The effect of the directional distribution of light on an object can be described in terms of the illuminance pattern, the highlight pattern and the shadow pattern, but no complete description of the way in which lighting affects the appearance of objects has yet been developed. Directional effectsFig 1.9 The low of light’ over three objects 1.4.1. Revealing form 1.4.2 Revealing texture Fig 1.11. Directional lighting indicating 2 Dalleg theeadin materia ‘The strength of directional lighting at a point can be quantitified by the ratio of the magnitude of the illumination vector to the scalar illuminance (appendix t). This quantity is known as the vector/scalar ratio. The direction Of the flow of light is given by the direction of the illumination vector. Figure 1.10 (see over) displays the effect of different vector/scalar ratios and different illumination vector directions on the appearance of people's faces and describes some typical lighting conditions in which these appearances are produced. No single value of vector/scalar ratio is right for all purposes but, for general use where the perception of faces is important, vector scalar ratios in the range of t.2-1.8 will be satisfactory There is some evidence that directions of the illumination vector in the range 15° to 45° from the horizontal are preferred. This condition can be readily achieved in rooms lit during daytime by side windows but is very difficult to achieve at night when only electric light is in use. For practical reasons, most electric lighting is ceiling mounted, so the vector direction is almost always vertically downward. If, for this situation, the vector/scalar ratio is high, harsh and unnatural shadows will be produced on the face. To overcome this situation the designer has to rely on light reflected from the room surfaces to soften the shadow The extent to which texture is revealed by a lighting installation is determined by the angle of incidence of its illumination vector, regardless of source size. The revealing of texture can have a marked effect on the appearance of a space: it can also be important for visual inspection work (see appendix 2). Figure 1.11 shows the effect of lighting at glancing angles on the case of seeing a pulled thread in a piece of material. In this case the shadows and highlights created around the thread are beneficial, but shadows and highlights can reveal too much texture which can be detrimen tal to task visibility. For this reason, any directional effect which is used to enhance task visibility should be ‘tailored’ to the application Directional effects 8Figure 1.10_ Rela nship of vector/scalar ratio to assessment of directional qualities of the lighting* ‘communication Vector direction . Vector direction Vector‘scalarratioand Typical assessment of Typicalconditions between 15°and 40° predominantly directional strength directional qualities below horizontal vertically downwards 30 Strong contrasts; detail Selective spotlighting; inshadow not direct sunlight Very strong aiscerible 25 Noticeably strong Luminaries of narrow directional effect; light distribution, low Strong suitablefordisplay, flux raction ratio, dark generally too harsh for floor. Windows on one: human features side, darksurfaces x 20 Pleasant appearance of human features for Moderately strong formal or distant communication : Luminaires of narrow : s light cistrbution with es medium or light floor i Luminaires of medium orwide ight 15 Pleasant appearance ot istibution with dark loor. Side windows humanfeaturesfor foot Sie wind Moderately weak informal or close ae Sof lighting effect for ‘subdued contrasts Luminaires of medium or wide ight distribution with light fioor. Side windows in opposite walls 10 sil Weak 05 Very weak Flat, ‘shadow-free’ lighting; directional effect not discernible Luminous eeling or indirect lighting with light room surfaces scalar ratio fora regular array of luminaires. 4 Directional effects *See Appendix 11 for methods of measurement of vectorscalar ratio and section 4.4.3.3 for a means of predicting average vector1.5.1 Surface reflectances 1.5.2 Surface colours 1.5 Surfaces The effect a lighting installation creates in an interior is strongly influenced by the properties of the room surfaces. For this reason, if for no other, the lighting designer should always attempt to identify the proposed surface finishes early in the design process. The main properties of the room surfaces which are relevant to the appearance of the space are their reflectance and their colour. For interiors lit from the ceiling, the significance of the ceiling reflectance increases as the room area increases. In small rooms the ceiling is not conspicuous and its contribution to the illuminance on the working plane is usually small. In a large room the contribution of light reflected from the ceiling to the total illuminance on the working plane is usually large and the ceiling occupies a substantial proportion of the visual field. For large rooms a white or near white ceiling is desirable. The reflectance of the ceiling cavity should be at least 0.6; this usually requires a surface reflectance of at least 0.8. In small rooms a low reflectance ceiling may be acceptable, although if the room is predominantly lit by daylight from side windows the room may appear gloomy if too low a reflectance is chosen. Where indirect lighting is used a white or near white ceiling is desirable, regardless of room size. Wall reflectance is usually unimportant to the lighting of a large room except for the area immediately adjacent to the wall. If low wall reflectan- ces are used the illuminance in the adjacent areas may be too low. In small rooms wall reflectance is always important. High wall reflectances will enhance the illuminance on the working plane and increase the inter- reflective component of the lighting, thereby increasing uniformity. The importance of having a high wall reflectance is increased when the room is predominantly lit by daylight from side windows. In all rooms, unless a high reflectance finish is applied to the window wall, the luminance difference between the window wall and the view through the window may be excessive and uncomfortable. Al this suggests that a high reflectance finish to walls is highly desirable. However, the use of high reflectance wall finishes should be treated with caution. Large areas of high reflectance may compete for attention with the task areas and may lead to eyestrain and feelings of discomfort. Further, i the high reflectance surfaces are produced by gloss paint, reflected glare is likely to occur. In working interiors, the effective reflectance of the principal walls should be between 0.3 and 0.7. This usually means that the wall surface finish should have an actual reflectance greater than 0.5 to satisfy the lower figure. The upper figure will only be reached with light surface finishes on a wall free of windows, darker hangings or furniture. The reflectance of window wall surfaces (including reveals and glazing bars but excluding glazing) should be at least 0.6 to reduce contrast with the bright scene outdoors during daytime. Where the perception of people’s faces is particularly important, e.g. lecture theatres, conference rooms, the reflectance of walls which form the background against which people are seen should not exceed 0.6. Dark floor cavities will tend to make ceilings and walls look underlit, especially when daylight from side windows is used, but using very light floors tends to create a maintenance problem. Where practicable, floor cavity reflectance should be within the range 0.2 to 0.3. This generally involves choosing reflectances of not less than 0.3 for the relevant surfaces. Surface colour can be classified by the use of the Munsell system or by Bs $252: Framework for colour co-ordination for building purposes (see appendix 3). In the Munsell system, each colour is specified by three ies, its Hue, its Value, and its Chroma. Hue describes whether a Surfaces 15Fig 112. Use ofcolourto enhance the appearance of en interior Fig 1.13. Surfaces of diferent Chroma ‘sed to create a patie of emphasis (istration courtesy of Concord Rotalex Ltd) Fig 1.14. Surfaces of different Hue used tovreate: 1.5.3, Object colours colour is basically red, yellow, green, blue or purple, etc. Value describes the lightness of the colour and is’ related to its reflectance. Chroma describes the strength of the colour. This classification forms a convenient basis on which to discuss the effects of room surface colour on the appearance of space (Fig 1.12). By choosing different Values for different compon ents of the interior it is possible to dramatise or to buffer the pattern of light and shade created by the lighting. An example of this is the use of a high reflectance (high Value) wall opposite a window wall By choosing colours of different Chromas it is possible to create a pattern of emphasis (Fig 1.13). Strong emphasis requires strong Chromas but their use calls for caution. An area of awkward shape which might pass unnoticed at weak Chroma can looked unsightly at strong Chroma. Also a small area of strong Chroma might be stimulating but the same Chroma over a large area could be overpowering, ‘The selection of Hue is partly a matter of fashion and partly a matter of emotion. By choosing a predominant Hue for a space it is possible to create a ‘cool’ or a ‘warm’, a ‘restful’ or an ‘active atmosphere (Fig 1.14). All rooms will have a mixture of colours. This fact raises the question of colour harmony. There are a number of so called rules of colour harmony which have little basis in fact. However it is widely believed that the main variable influencing pleasant colour harmonies is the difference in Value for the two colours compared; the greater the difference in Value the greater the chances of achieving a pleasant colour combination. The effect of Chroma differences is thought to be similar, combinations of colours with large differences in Chroma tending to be pleasant. As for Hue differences, there is not believed to be any consistent effect, all the same Hues closely related Hues, or complementary Hues, being capable of creating either pleasant or unpleasant colour combinations. These observations suggest that when selecting colours for an interior the first aspect to consider is the Value of the colours, then the Chroma and finally the Hue. However, once the pattern of light, shade and emphasis has been established by the choice of the Value and Chroma for different surfaces, the range of Hues that are available may be limited. For example, if a given surface is to have both strong Chroma and high Value, then it must inevitably have a yellowish Hue. Conversely, when a surface is required to have low Value and strong Chroma, inevitably a colour from the red to blue part of the Hue circle must be used.’ Once the level of Chroma is reduced from a high level the whole range of colours is available. It should be apparent from this that the approach suggested for selecting colours is basically a method of ordering thoughts. One thought that should always be borne in mind is the effect of inter- reflected light. The light reflected from a surface of strong Chroma will be coloured and may influence the colour of other surfaces. The most common situation where this is seen is when a floor covering of strong Chroma is lit by a lighting installation which does not light the ceiling directly. In this situation, the ceiling will mainly be lit by light reflected from the floor and may appear to be a similar colour to the floor. The colours of objects within an interior can have a marked effect on the appearance of the space. In choosing a combination of colours for both the surfaces and equipment within a space it is preferable if the elements can be considered as a whole so that a degree of visual coordination can be achieved. The actual choice of a combination of colours to produce a coordinated colour scheme is probably one of the most elusive design tasks and at present there is no single widely accepted design procedure. There are limitations to the choice of colours of some objects within the space. These arise from the use of colour for the coding of services and to indicate potential hazards. The use of colour for the coding of services is governed by as 1710 and should be undertaken sparingly with emphasis Surfaces1.6.1 Apparent colour of the emitted light given to identification of outlets, junctions and valves. The use of colour to identify potential hazards is governed by Bs 5378. Care should be taken to avoid confusion between as 5378 hazard warning colours, as 1710 service colours and other colours in the interior. Care is also necessary to ensure that the lighting does not distort the colours reserved for services or hazard indication in such a way as to be confusing. 1.6 Light source colour Light sources, both natural and electric, have two colour properties related to the spectral composition of their emission. One is the apparent colour of the light that the source emits and the other is the effect that the light has on the colours of surfaces. The latter effect is called colour rendering. The colour of the light emitted by a ‘near white’ source can be indicated by its correlated colour temperature (CCT). Each lamp type has a specific correlated colour temperature but for practical use, the correlated colour temperatures have been grouped into three classes by the Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) (table 1.1) Table 1.1 Correlated colour temperature classes and colour rendering groups used in this Code Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) CCT Class CCT = 3300K Warm 330K < CCT < 5300K Intermediate* 5300K < CCT Cold Colourrendering CIE general colour Typical application groups rendering index (Re) 1A R,290 Wherever accurate colour matching is required, e.g, colour printing inspection. 1B 8010min arc andlor rough sawing high contrast. 500 Visval tasks moderately difficult, ie, detals tobe General offices, engine assembly, painting and seen are of moderate size (5-10 min arc) and maybe spraying. ‘of low contrast. Also colour judgement may be required. 750 Visual tasks dificult, Le. details tobe seen are small Drawing offices, ceramic decoration, meat (35min are) and of iow contrast, also good colour _ inspection. judgements may be required 100 Visual tasks very difficult, ie. detalsto be seen are Electronic component assembly, gauge and tool very small (2-3 min arc) and can be of very low rooms, retouching paintwork, contrast. Also accurate colour judgements may be required. 1500 ‘Visual tasks extremely difficult, ie, details tobe seen Inspection of graphic reproduction, hand tailoring, extremely small (1-2 min arc) and oflow contrast. _fine die sinking. Visual aids may be of advantage. 2000 Visual tasks exceptionally dificult. detailstobe Assembly of minute mechanisms, finished fabric seen exceptionally small <1 min arc) with verylow inspection. contrasts. Visual aids will bof advantage. _ | 24 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactvities,srr Areinerask ‘ers ssl dict tse? (seca Table 2.2 Flow chart for obtaining the design service illuminance from the standard service illuminance cia Istherackdone ——_Isthetast done ‘svsual Doerarshave Design Service mmsualy —foranurasualy ——foranurustaly §——imparment unvsuay Manca) fasrtosee’iSee ‘longtime? RortmeriSee widespread Senouston- — [Seenotesd ros tan 2 (Seer 1) ows a2). mong ose Scovercesto 5005) dongtenon? pone ant iSeeane no 50 50 no 50 50 10 50 —_ro__50 yes. / yes. / yes, yes: \ ves \, ves \ \ 400 no “100 no 100 —_no_“100 no 100 _no__“100 _no_100 yes / yes / yes. yes: \e \et \e 150____no__150 —_ no 160 no 150 —_no 150 —_no__“150 —_no__ 150 "\ “\ “\ yes. 200 no 200 200 —no__\200 20 —no_*200 no \e yes, WA yes: / yes, yes: \eW” \at \n 300 no 300 no 390 —no_300 _1no_ 390 no “300 no _S200 yes, WA yes. yes. ves: \e \o \e 500 no__*500 __no. 10 *800 —_no no 500 no 500 ves yes. ves yes \ ves \ yes \ \ 750 no 750 no. 750 — no 750 no 750 —_no 750 no _¥750 yes: WA yes / yes. yes: \en_t \\n_ \\on—»» 1000. no. 1000. N90. 1000. no. 1000. nO. 1 no. 1000 no, 1000 yes Lo yes yes, yes \\0 nw in gem Sn ns 1500____no 1500 no 1500 no _Y1s00 no 1500 ___.no_1500 _no_1500 ves yes ves ¥ \ ves \ ves \ "\ 2000 2000 no 2000, 2000 no 2000 2000 2000 Notes 1 Theses connie be ben ts core at pent ta ats en andere which es haste dove Ths Spine ow at sow departures om these assunedcondbons. The standard service luminance of 200s provided san emi forconnuousyaxuped mors even when perception tak deta no equed fhe cause of visual imoainnent is yor scratched seca, safety oases, safety sreens et may bemore ‘ffeciveto leon or rac these tus ath tan change the ihtig. sty seers ar acing 2s source ovelig ‘efecone then the ighingtas worker georay shoud bere aranged Ife design serve luminance sore than wo stepson te itsminance sal above he standard sariceitinance Consideration shouldbe given whether changes in thos eas, the organisation ofthe wot othe people Garg De \wararemoreaporoprats hen changing te ightng. Fora design serie ituminanceof 500 cr 200 lo ightng supplemented by optic! aids shouldbeconisored, Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 252.3.3 Explanatory Notes The following notes provide background information on the recommenda- tions in the lighting schedule and flow chart: (a) The service illuminances have been selected from the following Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage (CIE) scale: 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, $00, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000 Ix. The steps in this scale are spaced so as to give a noticeable difference in the subjective effect produced by a uniform lighting installation. (6) The standard service illuminances are based on considerations of the performance of appropriate tasks, the comfort of the people doing the tasks, and the time for which the space is occupied. Where tasks involve the perception of small detail the service illuminances are determined by the need to ensure quick, accurate and easy task performance. When the tasks require only limited perception of detail, the service illuminances are deter- mined by the duration of the occupation of the space. For continuously occupied spaces, where no perception of detail is required a service illuminance of 200 Ix is recommended as an amenity. For a rarely visited location, where no perception of detail is required an illuminance of 50 ix is recommended. If the ‘occupation of the space is intermittent and limited perception of detail is required 100 Ix is appropriate. Where perception of detail is necessary but moderately easy, then a service illumin- ance of 300 Ix is recommended for spaces which are continually ‘occupied and 150 Ix for intermittently occupied spaces. (c) The flow chart allows for departures from the assumed circum- stances for four different aspects of a specific situation. These are: (i) the visual demands of the task, (ii) the duration of the work; (iii) the visual capabilities of the people doing the work; (iv) the consequences of any errors. The standard service illuminance given in the schedule assumes the task is representative of its type. If the task is much more visually difficult than usual, e.g. smaller size, lower contrast, then an increase in the service illuminance is appropriate. Conversely, if the task detail is such that the task is easier to see than usual, e.g. larger size, higher contrast, a reduction in service illuminance can be made. ‘The standard service illuminance given in the schedule assumes the task is to be done over a conventional working period. If the work is to be done continually for a much longer period than ‘usual, the service illuminance should be increased in order to diminish the risk of visual fatigue. Conversely, if the work is to be done over a much shorter period than usual, the service illumin- ance may be reduced provided the likely increase in time taken to do the task is acceptable. The standard service illuminance given in the schedule assumes that the people doing the work have normal visual capabilities. If a significant number of people using the lighting have some degree of visual impairment, the service illuminance should be increased. Visual impairment may arise from the use of dirty and seratched spectacles, safety lenses or safety screens, or simply from the deterioration of the visual system with age. Dirty and scratched spectacles, safety glasses and safety screens reduce the transmission of light to the eye and increase the scattered component of what light is transmitted. The most common effects of old age on vision are an increase in the shortest distance at which an object can be focussed, a reduced light transmission 6 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivitiesthrough the eye and an increase in the scattering of light in the eye. Spectacles or contact lenses can be used to correct the first effect. Increasing the service illuminance will offset the loss in transmission and will increase the sensitivity of the visual system. Eliminating sources of glare will reduce the effects of light scattered in the eye. Although increasing the service illuminance and avoiding glare will benefit most people with some degree of visual impairment, it should be noted that there are some severe forms of visual defect, e.g. cataract, for which such changes in lighting may be detrimental to visual abilities. In this situation, great care is necessary to match the lighting conditions to the nature of the visual defect. ‘The standard service illuminance given in the schedule assumes that the consequences of any errors made are typical of the activity. However, if any errors have unusually serious con- sequences for people, plant or product then an increase in the service illuminance is appropriate. (d) The recommended limiting glare indices are based on formal assessments of actual installations and on accumulated ex- perience of the degree of discomfort glare acceptable in different situations. The limiting glare indices recommended have been selected from the following scale: 16, 19, 22, 25 and 28. A difference of 3 glare index units is necessary for a practically significant change in discomfort glare sensation to occur Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 72.3.4 Schedule Index The activitiesiinteriors listed in the schedule are grouped under 22 main headings. Motal manufacture 32-34 Ceramics 34 Chemicals 34-36 Mechanical engineering 36,37 Electrical and electronic engineering 38 Food, drink and tobacco 38-40 Textiles 40,41 Leather industry 41 Clothing andfootwear 41,42 Timber and furniture 42,43 Paper and printing 44,45, Plastics and rubber 45, 48 Distribution and storage 46, 47 Commerce 47 Services 48 Retailing 49 Places of public assembly 49-51 Education 52,53 Transport 53,54 General building areas 54-56 Subsidiary headings are given in the following alphabetical i Agricultural buildings 29 Airports 53 Appliance servicing 48 AntGallerias 51 ‘Assembly Rooms 49 ‘Assembly Shops 36 Bakeries 39 Banks 47 Boot manufacture 42 Bottling plant 39 Breweries 39 Building services 55 Building societies 47 Bulkstores 48 Canning plants 38 Carparks 56 Carpet manufacture 41 Chemical works 34 Chocolate and confectionery manufacture 40 Churches 50 Cinemas 50 Circuiation areas 54 Clothing manufacture 41 Coach stations 54 Coal mining (surface Buildings) 29 Cold stores 47 Communications 55 Concerthalls 50 Concrete products 34 Die sinking shops 36 Distillers 39 Drawing offices 47 Edible oil and fats processing 39 Education facilities 52,53 Electrical equipment manufacture 38 Electricity generation, transmission & distribution 31,32 Electronic equipment manufacture 38 Entrances 54 Fabricfinishing 40 Fabric manufacture 40 Fibre production 40 Fine chemicals manufacture 35 aidcentres 55 Forges 34 Foundries 33 Freezing plant 39 Furniture manufacture 43 Garages 48 Gas manufacture storage and distribution 30 Glass works 34 Glove manufacture 42 Hat manufacture 42 Horticultural buildings 29 Hosiery manufacture 42 Hospitals 50 Hotels 50 Inspection and testing shops 37 lronmaking 32 Knitwear manufacture 42 Laundries 48 Leather manufacture 41 Leather working 41 Libraries 50 Library workshops 51 Machine shops 36 Medical centres 55 Metal forming and treatment 33 Mills 39 Museums 51 Offices 47 Cilrefineries 35 Paintshops 37 Paint works 36 Paper mills 44 Petrochemical works 35 Petroleum works 35 Pharmaceutical works 35 Plastic products 45 Plating shops 37 Potteries 34 Preserving plant 39 Printing works 44, 45 Railway tations 53 Restaurants (Staff) 55 Rubber products 45 Sawmills 43 Sewage treatment works 48 Sheet metal works 36 Shoe manufacture 42 Shops 49 Slaughterhouses 39 Soap manufacture 35 Soldering shops 37 Sportsfacilies 51 Spray booths 37 Statfrooms 55 Steel making 33 Structural steel fabrication 36 Theatres 50 Tobacco processing 40 Toolshops 36 Upholstery manufacture 43 Warehouses 46 Welding shops 37 Woodwork shops 43 Works stores 46 Yarn manufacture 40 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactvities,Standard Limiting Service Glare Notes ‘muminance ane (ix) Agriculture and Horticulture Other relevant documents 1. The Agricultural (Safety Health and Welfare Provisions) Act, 1956 and associated regulations. 2. The Milk and Dairies (General) Regulations, 1959.3 Technical Report on Farm Lighting, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1976.4 BS 5502 Design of Buildings and Structures for Agriculture, 5 Farm Electric 25, Lighting for Farms, Electricity Council.6 Grow electric 1, Growing rooms, Electricity Council. 7 Grow electric 2, Lighting in greenhouses, Electricity Council. 8 CIBSE Application Guide, Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Equipment requirements Luminaires should be positioned where mechanical damage is unlikely and be capable of withstanding dirty conditions. In some farm buildings an explosive dust hazard may exist; in these circumstances special equipment may be required. In some areas, luminaires capable of being safely hosed down are needed (IP XS). Low voltage switching is desirable. Inspection of farm produce The choice of light source is important (see appendix 2). Where colour is important 500 — Local ighting may be appropriate Other inspection tasks 300 — Local lighting may be appropriate Farm workshops _ Eye protection will be required for some activities General 100 25 Supplementary local ighting will be necessary Workbench or machine 300 —= Local or portable lighting may be appropriate Milk premises 100 25 Luminaires suitable for being hosed down may be required in some areas Sick animal pens, calf nurseries 50 — _ Aloweriluminance is acceptable in the absence of the stockman, Other farm and horticultural buildings Where adequate daylightis admitted 2» 25 ASt%average daylight factor will give adequate daylight Allother buildings 50 2% Forawindowless building a standard service illuminance of 20 ix may be used provided the building is entered through a vestibule which excludes daylight and which has a standard service illuminance of 50 Ix Fuel Industries Coal Mining (Surface buildings) Other relevant documents 11 Mines and Quarries Act 1954 and associated Regulations. 2 Mining Industry Act 1920 and associated Regulations. 3 National Coal Board Underground Lighting Recommendations. 4 National Coal Board Design Guide for Coal Preparation Plants, CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Equipment requirements Luminaires suitable for hazardous atmospheres will be required in some areas. Dirt and damp are likely to produce difficult maintenance conditions in some areas. Luminaires with good maintenance properties are desirable as is easy access to them, Lighting recommendations for specific interiorsiactivities 2930 Stender Limting Glare Notes tiaminance Se tx) Coal preparation plant Severe fouling of luminaires is likely. Luminaires suitable for being hosed down may be required Walkways, floors under conveyors 50 - Wagon loading, bunkers 50 - Elevators, chute transfer pits, washbox 100 - area Drum fiters, screens, rotating shafts 150 - Picking belts 200 — Directional and colour properties of the lighting may be important for easy recognition of coal and rock Lamp rooms Repair section 300 25 Supplementary local lighting may be necessary Other areas 150 B Weighcabins, fan houses 150 2B Winding houses 150 % Gas Manufacture, Storage and Distribution Other relevant documents 1. The Chemical Works Regulations (1922). 2 British Gas Engineering Standard PS/EL1. 3 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments.4 CIBSE Technical Memorandum 6: Lighting and visual display units. Equipment requirements, Luminaires certified as suitable for hazardous areas will be needed where explosive gas-air mixtures may arise. Coke ovens Severe fouling of luminairesis likely in some areas Oven top Gas alleys Platforms and walkways Quenching stati Paddle feeder pit Control rooms 88eese \ 19. Localsed lighting of the control display and the control desks may be appropriate In all cases, care should be taken to avoid shadows and veiling reflections occurring on instruments. Care is also required to avoid reflections from visual display Units, Where a mainiy self luminous display is used the ability to dim the room lighting may be useful Where a large mimic diagram containing detall which has to be seen from a considerable distance is used, special lighting providing a minimum illuminance of 500 Ix should be provided on the appropriate surface ofthe control panels. For maintenance purposes anilluminance ofatleast 150k should be provided on the appropriate surface of the control panels. Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivitiesStandard Limiting Service fuminance pare ie (x) Relay and telecommunication 300 % rooms Switchrooms 180 Additional local ightng of instruments and controls may be required Pump houses, water treatment 180 - plant house Standby generator rooms, 160 — Additional local lighting of instruments and controls compressor rooms may be required Off-take/pressure reduction stations Indoor 180 — Adgitional local ightng of instruments and controls may be required Outdoor 30 - Storage tanks (indoor) 50 - and operating areas and fling points at outdoor tanks Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution Other relevant documents 1. The Electricity Regulations, 1908. 2 Central Electricity Generating Board, Standard 12701, CEGB, 1981. 3 CIBSE Technical Memorandum 6: Lighting and visual display units. 4 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments . Equipment requirements Robust luminaires are needed to withstand vibration in some areas. A damp and dirty environment requiring appropriate |uminaires will exist in some parts ofthe plant. General Plant Turbine houses (operating floor) 200 B {Aaa local lighting of instruments may be required Boiler and turbine house basements 10 % Boiler houses, platforms, areas around 100 - burners ‘Switchrooms, meter rooms, cil plant 160 — Additional local lighting of instruments and controls rooms HV, substations (indoor) may be required Control rooms 300 19 Localised lighting of the control display and the control desks may be appropriate. n all cases, care should be taken to avoid shedows and veiling reflections occurring on instruments. Care is also requited to avoid reflections on VDUs. Where a mainly se4uminous display i used the ability to dim the room lighting may be useful. Where a large mimic diagram containing detail which has to be ‘seen from a considerable distance is used, special lighting providing a minimum illuminance of 500 ix on the diagram is desirable. For maintenance Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 332 Relay and telecommunication rooms Diesel generator rooms, compressor rooms Pump houses, water treatment plant houses Battery rooms, chargers, rectifiers Precipitator chambers, platforms, etc. Cable tunnels and basements, circulating water culverts and screen chambers, storage tanks (indoors), operating areas and filing points at outdoor tanks Coal plant Conveyors, gantries, junction towers, unloading hoppers, ash-handling plants, setting pts, dust hopper outlets Other areas where operators may be in attendance Nuclear plant Gas circulation bays, reactor areas, boiler platform, reactor charge and discharge faces Metal Manufacture Other relevant documents Standard Service IMluminance (ix) 300 150 100 100 100 150 150 Limiting Glare Index 8 B Notes purposes, an illuminance of at least 150 Ix should be provided on the appropriate surface of the control panels. ‘Additional local lighting of instruments and controls may be required Corrosive atmosphere possible Severe fouling of luminaires is likely 1 The Protection of Eyes Regulations (1974) (Amended 1975). 2. British Steel Corporation, Corporate Engineering Standard CES 35, 1981.3 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments Equipment requirements Lamps and luminaires may be subject to severe fouling and vibration and a wide range of ambient temperatures. Corrosive conditions may be present in some locations. Dustproof (5X) or other luminaires with good maintenance properties are desirable, as I$ easy access to them. The accurate visual judgement of hot metal may be difficult under high pressure sodium discharge lamps. For some metals, dusts formed during production may represent an explosion hazard. Lumit should be chosen appropriately. Eye protection will be required in some areas. Ironmaking Sinter Plant: Plant floor Mixer drum, fan house, screen houses, coolers, transfer stations Furnaces, cupolas: General Control platforms Conveyor galleries, walkways 200 150 150 300 50 2B 2B 2B 2B Supplementary lighting may be needed for maintenance work Local lighting may be appropriate Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivitiesSteelmaking Electric melting shops Basic oxygen steelmaking plants: General Convertor fioor, teeming bay Control platforms Scrap bays Metal forming and treatment Ingot stripping, soaking pits, annealing and heat treatment bays, acid recovery plant Pickling and cleaning bays, roughing mils, cold mills, finishing mils, tinning and galvanising lines, cut up and rewind lines: General Control platforms Wire mills, product finishing, steel inspection and treatment Platelstrp inspection Inspection of tinplate, stainless steel, etc. Foundries Automatic plant: without manual operation with occasional manual operation with continuous manual operation Control room: Control platforms Non-automatic plant: charging floor, pouring, shaking ut, cleaning, grinding fettling Standard Liming Service . Imuminance are Notes (ix) 200 2B { Supplementary lighting may be needed for maintenance work 150. 2B 200 2B 300 — Local lighting may be appropriate 150 2 200 28 Supplementary lighting may be needed for maintenance work. Luminaires capable of withstanding corrosive atmospheres may be needed 150 2B 300 — _ Local lighting may be appropriate 300 2B 500 a - — Special lighting to reveal faults in the specular surface of the material will be required (see appendix 2) 50 28 [Supplementary lighting may be needed for 150 28 | maintenance work 200 B 300 19 Localised lighting of the control display and the ‘control desks may be appropriate. In all cases, care should be taken to avoid shadows and veiling reflections occurring on instruments. Care is also required to avoid reflections on VDU's. Where a mainly self-luminous display is used the ability to dim the room lighting may be useful. Where a large. mimic diagram containing detail which has to be ‘seen from a considerable distance is used, special lighting providing a minimum illuminance of 500 Ix ‘on the diagram is desirable. For maintenance purposes, an illuminance of at least 150 Ix should be provided on the appropriate surface of the control panels. 300 — Local lighting may be appropriate 300 28 if blast cleaning is used the luminaires should be away from the work area. Where metal castings are cleaned by means of abrasive wheels or bands, the duced may represent an explosion hazard; Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 33Standard Standard Lining ‘muminance O28 Notes index tx) Rough moulding, rough core making 300 28 { Light distribution needs to be diffused and flexible to Fine moulding, fine core making 500 25 | ensure good lighting of deep moulds. If coloured moulding sands are used, high pressure sodium discharge lamps may not be suitable Inspection 500 — See appendix 2 likely to occur 300 5 Inspection 500 — See appendix 2 Ceramics Other relevant documents 1. The Protection of Eyes Regulations (1974) (amended 1975]. 2 The Clay Works (Welfare) Special Regulations, 1948 Equipment requirements Lamps and luminaires may be subject to severe fouling and high ambient temperatures in some areas. Dustproof(|PSX) or other luminaires with good maintenance properties are desirable in areas where raw materials are formed into the basic product. Concrete products Eye protection will be required for some activities Mixing, casting, cleaning 200 B Potteries Eye protection willbe required for some activities, Grinding, moulding, pressing, cleaning, 300 % ‘rimming, glazing, fring glazing, firing Enamelting, colouring 750 16 Where good colour judgements are necessary lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 are desirable Glass works Eye protection will be required for some activities Furnace rooms, bending, annealing lehrs 150 B Mixing rooms, forming, cutting, 300 28 Supplementary local ighting may be appropriate. grinding, polishing, toughening Care should be taken to avoid specular reflections in the work pieces Bevelling, decorative cutting, etching, 500 22 Supplementary local lighting is necessary. Indirect silvering background lighting is desirable to avoid specular reflections in the work pieces: Inspection 500 — See appendix 2 Chemicals Other relevant documents 1 The Chemical Works Regulations, 1922. 2 The Patent Fuel Manufacture (Health & Welfare) Special Regulations 1946. 3. The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquified Petroleum Gases Regulations, 1972.4 The Protection of Eyes Regulations 4974 {amended 1975).5 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments 34 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivitiesStandard Limiting Service Glare Notes Muminance ino (ox Equipment requirements Many activities in the chemical industry involve a risk of corrosion, fire or explosion. In areas where these risks exist, lurmineires appropriate to the nature ofthe hazard are required. Steam andlor dust may be continually present in some areas and frequent maintenance may be required, Luminaires should be chosen appropriately. Where accurate colour judgements are needed, lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B should be used unless otherwise stated, Petroleum, chemical and petrochemical works Eye protection willbe requited for some activities Exterior walkways, platforms, stairs and 50 ladders Exterior pump and valve areas 100 - Pump and compressor houses 150 - Process plant with remote control 50 — _| Supplementary local lighting may be needed for maintenance work Process plant requiring occasional 100 - manual intervention Permanently occupied work stations in 200 - process plant Control rooms for process plant 300 19 Localised lighting of the control display and the control desks may be appropriate. Inall cases, care should be taken to avoid shadows and veiling reflections occurring on instruments. Care is also required to avoid reflections on VDUs. Where a mainly set4uminous display is used the ability to dim the room lighting may be useful, Where alarge gram containing detall which has to be seen from a considerable distance is used, special lighting providing a minimum illuminance of 50 Ix ‘on the diagram s desirable. For maintenance purposes, an luminance of at least 150 ix should be provided on the appropriate surface ofthe control panels. Pharmaceutical and fine chemicals manufacture Eye protection will be required for some activities Pharmaceutical manufacture: grinding, granulating, mixing, drying, 500 22 Clean room technology will often apply tableting, sterling, washing, preparation of solutions, filing, capping, wrapping, hardening Fine chemical manufacture: Exterior walkways, platforms, stairs 50 - and ladders Process plant 100 25 Supplementary local lighting may be needed for ‘maintenance work Fine chemical finishing 500 B Inspection 500 — Local lighting may be applicable. Lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B are desirable (see Appendix 2) Soap manufacture Luminaires suitable for damp conditions may be required General area 300 2B Automatic processes 200 Py Lighting recommendations for specific interiors/actvites 35Standard Service Limiting , luminance ae oe Index (ix) Control panels 300 — Local lighting may be appropriate. Care should be taken to avoid veiling reflections from instrument displays Machines 300 a Paint works General 300 25 fcolourjudgementis used on the production line, lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B are desirable Automatic processes 200 a Control panels 300 = Local lighting may be appropriate. Care should be taken to avoid veiling reflections from instrument displays ‘Special batch mixing 750 22. {For exact colour matching work lamps of colour Colour matching 1000 19 _ | rendering group 1A are necessary. BS950 applies Mechanical Engineering Other relevant documents 1 The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 (amended 1975).2 The Horizontal Milling Machines Regulations 1928.3 The Grinding of Cutlery and Edge Tools Regulations 1925. 4 The Grinding of Metals (Miscellaneous Industries) Regulations 1925. 5 The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquified Petroleum Gases Regulations 1972.6 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. 7 Protection against Ultraviolet Radiation in the Workplace, National Radiological Protection Board. Equipment requirements Robust, easily maintained luminaires are desirable. For many operations local lighting is desirable to provide directional effects on the workpiece, Where brass, Copper or similarly coloured materials are used, care should be taken to ensure that high pressure sodium discharge lamps enable the task details to be adequately discriminated. Some areas may represent corrosion or fire/explosion hazards. Luminaires appropriate to these conditions are necessary. Structural steel fabrication Eye protection will be required for some activities General 300 2 Marking off 500 28 Local lighting may be appropriate Sheet metal works Eye protection will be required for some activities Pressing, punching, shearing, stamping, 500 2 spinning, folding Benchwork, scribing, inspection 750 22 Care should be taken to avoid multiple shadows. Where scribing coatings are used, care should be taken to ensure that high pressure sodium discharge lamps allow the task to be adequately discriminated Machine and tool shops _ Eye protection will be required for some activities Rough bench and machine work 300 25 (Some obstruction is likely. Care should be taken to ‘Medium bench and machine work 500 22 |minimise stroboscopic effects on rotating Fine bench and machine work 750 22 | machinery. Supplementary local lighting on machines is desirable Gauge rooms: 1000 19 Optical aids may be required Die sinking shops Eye protection wil be required for some activities General 500 2 Fine work 1500 — Flexible local lighting is desirable 36 Ligonting recommendations for specific interiorslactivtiesStandard Sonice Cle” Notes IMuminance Sate (x) Welding and soldering shops. Eye protection will be required Gas and arewelding, rough spot welding 300 28 {Cares necessary to prevent exposure of eyes and skin to radiation Medium soldering, brazing, spot welding 500 25 |Welding screens will be used so considerable lobstruction is likely. Portable lighting may be useful. Fine soldering, fine spot welding 1000 — Local lighting is desirable Assembly shops _Eye protection will be required for some activities Rough work, eg. frame and heavy 300 25 Considerable obstruction likely, portable local machinery assembly lighting may be useful. The lighting of vertical surfaces may be important Medium work, e.g. engine assembly, 500 22 Some obstruction likely vehicle body assembly Fine work, e.g, office machinery 750 19. Local or localised lighting may be appropriate assembly Very fine work, e.g. instrument assembly 1000 — Local lighting and optical aids are desirable Minute work, e.g. watch making 1500 — Local ighting and optical aids are desirable Inspection and testing shops Coarse work, eg. using go/no go gauges, 500 2 inspection of large sub-assemblies Medium work,@.g. inspection of painted 750 18 | Local or localised lighting may be appropriate. Use of surfaces lamps of colour rendering groups 14 or 1Bis recommended if colour judgements are important Fine work, e.g. using calibrated scales, 1000 19 inspection of precision mechanisms Very fine work .g. gauging and 1500 - inspection of small nbicate parts Loca ighting and optical ids ae desirable Use of lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1Bis Minuto worke.g. inspection of very small 2000 — | recommended if colour judgements are important instruments Paint shops and spray booths The Highly Flammable Liquids and Petroleum Gases Regulations (1972) and/or Local ‘Authority regulations may apply. Luminaires suitable for a hazardous environment are normally necessary. Eye protection will be required for some activities. Frequent maintenance will be required ifluminaires are ikely to be sprayed during painting ‘operations Dipping, rough spraying 300 % Preparation, ordinary painting, spraying ‘500 22 [Lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B are desirable Fine painting, spraying and finishing 750 2 Inspection, retouching, matching 1000 22 Lamps of colour rendering group 1A are desirable (see appendix 2) Plating shops Eye protection will be required for some activities. Easily maintained luminaires suitable for a humid, corrosive atmosphere are desirable Vats and baths 300 % Butfing, polishing, burnishing 500 2 Final buffing and polishing 730 2 Inspection = — See Appendix 2 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 37Standard Limiting ‘Service Glare Notes imuminance ae a) Electrical and Electronic Engineering Other relevant documents 1 The Electricity Regulations 1908. 2 The Wireless Telegraphy (Control of interference from fluorescent lighting apparatus] Regulations 1978.3 The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 (amended 1975). Equipment requirements Where colour judgements are important, lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 are desirable. Where copper, brass and similarly coloured materials are used, care should be taken to ensure that high pressure sodium discharge lamps enable task details tobe adequately discriminated. Electrical.equipment manufacture Eye protection will be required for some activities Manufacture of cables, and insulated 300 25 Forlarge machines, some obstruction is likely, wires, winding, varnishing and portable local lighting may be needed. immersion of coils, assembly of large ‘machines, simple assembly work Medium assembly, e.g. telephones, 500 25 Locallighting may be appropriate small motors ‘Assembly of precision components, e. 1000 — Local lighting is desirable, Care is necessary to telecommunication equipment; control specular reflections. Optical aids may be adjustment, inspection and calibration useful ‘Assembly of high precision parts 1500 — Local lighting is desirable, Careis necessary to control peulareflectons Opt sie maybe useful Electronic equipment manufacture Eye protection will be required for some activities Printed circuit boards: Sik screening 500 — Local Lighting may be appropriate Hand insertion of components, 750 — Local Lighting may be appropriate soldering Inspection 1000 — Allarge, low luminance luminaire overhead ensures specular reflection conditions which are helpful for inspection of printed circuits (see appendix 2) ‘Assembly of wiring harness, cleating 750 = Local lighting may be appropriate harness, testing and calibration Chassis assembly 1000 — Locallighting may be appropriate Inspection and testin, ‘Soak test 200 a Safety and functional tests 300 2% Care should be taken to avoid veiling reflections from instrument displays Food, Drink and Tobacco Other relevant documents 1. The Food Hygiene (General) Regulations, 1970. 2. The Herring Curing Welfare Order, 1927 (Scotland 1926). 3. The Slaughterhouse (Hygiene) Regulations, 1958. 4 The Milk and Dairies (General) Regulations, 1959.5 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments, 38 Lighting recommendations for specific iueriorsiactivitiesStandard Liiting Service . iMumingnce flare Notes (ix) Equipment requirements Equipment requirements vary widely with the application. The Food Hygiene (General) Regulations require that there be no likelinood of any part of the luminaire or lamp faling into foodstuffs. Therefore in some locations any openable part of a luminaire should be hinged or connected with chains and al ixing should be captive. Further, the lamps should be enclosed +o ensure that accidental lamp breakage does not allow debris to fall into the product. In some areas luminaires capable of being washed or hosed down (PX) are desirable. Some locations involve fire or explosion risks. For some applicatic lamps and circuitry which will operate efficiently at high or low temperatures and in humid atmospheres are necessary. Other areas will be wet andior dusty. In all cases the chosen luminaire should be appropriate for the operating conditions. Slaughterhouses Damp conditions may be present, hosing down may be part ofthe leaning process. Luminaires should be chosen appropriately General 500 25 Statutory minimum luminance = 20 lumen? (215 ty) Inspection 750 19 Statutory minimum illuminance = 50 lumenft® (540, Ix). Lamps of colour rendering group 1A are required Canning, preserving and freezing Hosing down may be part of the cleaning procedure for some areas Grading and sorting of raw materials. 750 22 The choice oflight source isimportantf colour judgement is required (see Appendix 2) Preparation 500 % Canned and bottled goods: Retorts 300 25 (Some obstruction is likely. Warm/humid conditions ‘Automatic processes 200 25 {may be present. Supplementary lighting may be Labelling and packaging 300 25 (necessary for cleaning and maintenance Frozen foods: Process area 300 % Packaging and storage 300 2% Forcold stores see Distribution and Storage Bottling, brewing and distilling _Distlleries may contain areas which are a fire and explosion hazard. Warm, humid conditions may be present in some areas. Luminaires should be chosen appropriately Keg washing and handling, bottle 200 2 washing Keg inspection 300 25 Optical aids may be used for internal inspection Bottle inspection = — See appendix 2 Process areas 300 B Bottle filling 750 B Edible oils and fats processing Areas containing a fire or explosion hazard may be present. Luminaires should be chosen appropriately Refining end blending 300 B Production 500 2 Mills Areas containing a dust explosion hazard may be present. Luminaires should be chosen appropriately. Dust deposition on luminaires may cause maintenance problems Milling, filtering and packing 300 5 Bakeries General 300 2 Hand decorating, icing 500 2 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 3940 Standerd Limiting Service Iuminance Care oe (oxi Index Chocolate and confectionery manufacture General 300 B ‘Auomatic processes 200 25 Supplementary lighting may be necessary for cleaning and maintenance Hand decoration, inspection, wrapping 500 22 Ifaccurate colour judgements are required lamps of and packing colour rendering groups 1A or B should be used Tobacco processing Material preparation, making and 500 22 packing Hand processes 750 2 Textiles Other relevant documents 1. The Mule Spinning (Health) Special Regulations, 1953, 2 BS 950, Artifical Daylight for the Assessment of Colour. 3 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Equipment requirements ‘Where accurate colour judgements are necessary lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B are desirable, Dirty conditions are likely in many areas of fibre production. In these areas dustproof(IPBX) luminaires are desirable. Fibre preparation Bale breaking, washing 300 25 Supplementary lighting may be needed for machine ‘maintenance, Lumineires suitable fora corrosive ‘atmosphere may be required Stock dyeing, tinting 300 25 Use lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B if ‘colour judgements are necessary Yarn manufacture Spinning, roving, winding, etc 500 22 Lighting should be concentrated onthe thread lines Heelding (drawing in) 1000 = Uselocallighting Fabric production Knitting 500 2 Weaving Jute and hemp 300 B Heavy woollens 500 19 Medium worsteds, fine woollens, 750 19 cottons Fine worsteds, fine linen, synthetics +000 18 Mending 1500 6 Inspection 1500 — See appendix 2 Fabric finishing Dyeing 300 25 Supplementary local ighting to 500 x using lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B is desirable in colour matching areas Calendering, chemical treatment, etc. 500 2 Inspection: ‘Grey cloth 1000 — _ {Use lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B (see Final 2000 — _ appendix 2). BS 950 should be consulted Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactvities,Standard : Liniting eg Glare Notes index (ix) Carpet manufacture Winding, beaming 300 2B Setting pattern, tufting, cropping, 500 2 ‘trimming, fringing, latexing and latex drying Designing, weaving, mending 750 2 Inspection: General 1000 19 {Use local lighting with lamps of colour rendering Piece dyeing 750 — _ |groups 1A or 18 (see appendix 2) Leather Industry Other relevant documents 1 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Equipment requirements A highly corrosive humid atmosphere will exist in some areas of leather manufacture. Luminaires designed to cope with such a hostile environment are necesary. Leather manufacture Cleaning, tanning andstretching, vats, 300 B cutting flashing, stuffing Finishing, scarfing 500 B Leather working General 300 B Pressing, glazing 500 2 Cutting spitting, scarfing, sewing 750 22 Directional lighting may be useful Grading, matching 1000 = Uselocal lighting with lamps of colour rendering group 1A. Hf glossy leathers are being examined, a large area, low brightness luminaire should be used ‘to minimise veiling reflections (see appendix 2) Clothing and Footwear Other relevant documents 1 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments Equipment requirements Wherever accurate colour judgements are required, lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 should be used. Clothing manufacture Preparation of cloth 300 22 Supplementary lighting wll be needed for inspecting cloth (see appendix 2) Cutting 750 19 Matching 750 19. _Uselamps of colour rendering group 1A Sewing 1000 19 Supplementary local lighting should be provided on the machines Pressing 500 2 Inspection 1500 16 —_Uselamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 Hand tailoring 1500 — Local lighting may be appropriate Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 4Standard ere Limiting Mhuminance cae cies Index (ix) Hosiery and knitwear manufacture Flat bed knitting machines 500 2 Circular knitting machines 750 22 Additional local lighting may be required Locksttch and over-locking machines 1000 19 Linking or running on 1000 9 Mending, hand finishing 1500 — Use local lighting Inspection 1500 — Use local lighting with lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 Glove manufacture Sorting and grading 750 19. _Uselamps of colour rendering groups 1A oF 18, Pressing, knitting, cutting 500 2 Sewing 750 22 Supplementary local lighting should be provided on the machines Inspection 1500 — Use local lighting with lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 Hat manufacture Stitfening, braiding, refining, forming, 300 2 sizing, pouncing, ironing Cleaning, flanging, finishing 500 2 Sewing 750 22 Supplementary local lighting should be provided on the machines Inspection 1500 — Use local lighting with lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 Boot and shoe manufacture Leather and Synthetics: Sorting and grading 1000 16 _Uselamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B. Directional lighting may be useful Clicking closing 1000 2 Preparatory operations +1000 22 { Local or localised lighting may be appropriate Cutting tables and presses 1500 16 Bottom stock preparation, lasting, 1000 19 bottoming, finishing, shoe rooms Rubber: ‘Washing, compounding, coating, 300 25 Drying may involve an explosion risk. Appropriate drying, varnishing, vulcanising, luminaires are necessary calendering, cutting Lining, making and finishing 500 2 Timber and Furniture Other relevant documents 1. The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 (amended 1975). 2 The Woodworking Machines Regulations, 1974.3 The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquified Petroleum Gases Regulations, 1972. 4 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. 2 Lighting recommendations for specific ineriorslactivitiesStandard Limiting Service Glare Notes Muminance fi Index Equipment requirements Dusty conditions are likely anywhere where timber is machined. For these areas dust-tight (IP6X) luminaires are desirable. Luminaires should be clesned regularly. Wherever rotating machinery is used care should be taken to minimise any stroboscopic effects produced by the lighting, Sawmills Eye protection willbe required in some areas, Care should be taken to minimise any stroboscopic effects General 200 % Head saw 500 = Local lighting may be appropriate Grading 750 — Directional ighting may be useful Woodwork shops Eye protection will be required in some areas. Care should be taken to minimise any stroboscopic: effects Rough sawing, bench work 300 2 Sizing, planing, sanding, medium 500 22 Dust from sanding may represent an explosion ‘machining and benchwork hazard; luminaires should be chosen appropriately Fine bench and machine work, ine 750 2 Localised lighting may be appropriate. Dust from sanding, finishing sanding may represent an explosion hazard; . luminaires should be chosen appropriately Furniture manufacture Eye protection will be required in some areas Raw materials stores 100 2B Finished goods stores 150 % Wood matching and assembly, rough 300 22 Care should be taken to minimise any stroboscopic sewing, cutting effects Machining, sanding and assembly, 500 22 Care should be taken to minimise any stroboscopic polishing effects. The materials used in polishing may represent a fire hazard, and dust from sanding may. represent an explosion hazard. Appropriate luminaires will be required Tool rooms 500 2 ‘Spray booths: The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquified Petroleum Gases Regulations (1972) andlor Local ‘Authority Regulations may apply. Luminaires should be chosen appropriately Colour finishing 500 — _ {Eye protection will be required for some activities. Clear finishing 300 — {Lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B are desirable Cabinet making Veneer sorting and grading 1000 19 Use lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18. Directional lighting may be useful Marquetry, pressing, patching and 500 2 fitting Final inspection 750 — — See appendix 2 Upholstery manufacture Cloth inspection 1500 — Use local lighting with lamps of colour rendering {groups 1A or 1B (see Appendix 2) Filling, covering 500 2 Slipping, cutting, sewing 750 2 Mattress making: ‘Assembly 2 Tape edging 22 Local ighting may be appropriate Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactvities 43Standard Limiting Service Glare Notes Muminance — inden (ix) Paper and Printing Other relevant documents 1. Lighting in Printing Works, British Printing Industries Federation 1980, 2_CIBSE Technical Memorandum 6, Lighting for visual display units. 3 8S 960, artificial daylight for the assessment of colour. 4 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments, 5 Protection against ultraviolet radiation in the workplace, National Radiological Protection Board, 197. Equipment requirements Damp and dirty conditions are likely in paper mills. Easily maintained, corrosion resistant luminaires are desirable for this application. f volatile inks are used in printing, a hazardous environment may be present in some areas. Luminaires should be chosen appropriately, Paper mills Pulp mills, preparation plants 300 B Paper and board making: General 300 B ‘Automatic processes 200 25 Supplementary lighting may be necessary for maintenance work Inspection, sorting 500 19 Paper converting processes: General 300 6 Associated printing 500 22 When ultraviolet radiation is used for curing nk, special care is necessary to avoid exposure of eyes and skin Printing works Type foundries: Matrix making, dressing type, hand 300 B and machine casting Font assembly, sorting 750 2 Composing rooms: Large area, low luminance luminaires are desirable Hand composing, imposition and 750 19 distribution Hot metal - keyboard 750 19 Hot metal - casting 300 2 Photocomposing- keyboard orsetters 500 19 See CIBSE TMG: Lighting for visual display units Paste up 750 6 lluminated tables - general lighting 300 = Uselamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 where colour judgements are important, dimming maybe required Proof presses 500 22. Where ultraviolet radiation is used for curing ink, special care is necessary to prevent exposure of eyes and skin Proof reading 750 16 Graphic reproduction: General 500 2 Precision proofing, retouching, etching 1000 — {Local lighting may be appropriate. BS 960 should be Colour reproduction and inspection 1500 — _[eonsuited where colour is important Lighting recommendations for specific interiorsiactivitiespee eae Uri Glare Notes Murinance Index tix) Printing machine room: Presses 500 aay , 22 {When ultraviolet radiation is used for curing ink, Pre-make ready 500 en Printed sheet inspection fa a sci en is necessary to prevent exposure of eyes Binding: Folding, pasting, punching, stitching 500 2 Cutting, assembling, embossing 750 2 Plastics and Rubber Other relevant documents 1 The Chemical Works Regulations (1922). 2. The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 (amended 1975). 3 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. 4 Protection against ultraviolet radiation in the workplace, National Radiological Protection Board, 1977. Equipment requirements ‘Some areas in plastic and rubber production may represent aire, explosion, or corrosion hazard. Luminaires appropriate to these conditions are necessary. Dirty conditions are likely in rubber processing factories. Dustproof (IPSX) or other luminaires with good maintenance properties are desirable for such applications. For both rubber and plastic high ambient temperatures may occur in some areas. Lamps and circuitry capable of operating in high temperatures are desirable in such areas, Plastic products Eye protection will be required for some activities Automatic plant: Without manual control 50 2 i With occasional manual control 100 2 een aed ay be needed fol With continuous manual control 300 28 Control rooms: 300 19 Localised lighting of the control display and the control desks may be appropriate In all cases, care should be taken to avoid shadows and veiling reflections occurring on instruments. Where a mainly self-uminous display is used the ability to dim the room lighting may be useful. Where a large mimic diagram containing detail which has to be seen from a considerable distance is used, special lighting providing a minimum illuminance of 500 ix on the diagram is desirable. For maintenance atleast 150 ix should be provided on the appropriate surface ofthe control panels Control platforms 300 — Local lighting may be appropriate Non-automatic plant: Mixing, calendering, extrusion, B injection, compression and blow moulding, sheet fabrication Trimming, cutting, polishing, 500 2 cementing Printing, inspection 1000 19 Use lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B when colour judgements are important. When ultraviolet radiation is used to cure inks or lacquers, care is ‘necessary to prevent exposure of eyes and skin Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 4546 Standard Sanderd —initing ‘muminance Ot are Index (x) Rubber products Stock preparation plastcising,miing 200 2% Calendering, fabric preparation, stock 500 5 cuting Extruding, moulding, curing 500 2 Inspection 1000 = Use cal lighting Distribution and Storage Other relevant documents 1. TheChemical Works Regulations (1922).2 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Equipment requirements In'some stores, the materials being stored, e.g. chemicals, gases, et, may produce a corrosive atmosphere or represent a firelexplosion hazard. Luminaires appropriate to these concitions wil be required. In cold stores, special luminaires and Gireuitry may be necessary for some light sources to operate at low temperatures. Work stores Eye protection will be required for some activities 180 Loading bays. — Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay. Care should be taken to light and mark the edge of the loading bay clearly Unpacking, sorting 200 5 Large item storage 100 25 Supplementary local lighting may be necessary if identification of items requires perception of detail. Selective switching may be appropriate Small tem rack storage 300 25 Supplementary local lighting may be necessary ifthe identification of ters is visually dffcut. Considerable obstruction is likely. Selective switching may be appropriate Issue counter, records, storeman’s desks 500 22 Local orlocaised lighting may be appropriate. Care ‘should be taken to avoid reflections on display sereens Warehouses and bulk stores Eye protection will be required for some activities Storage of goods where identification 100 25 {Lighting should be designed to emphasise the requires only limited perception of detail features which enable the operator to identify the Storage of goods where identification 150 25 required iter andits position. The lighting of vertical, requires perception of detail surfaces will be important. Considerable obstruction is likely. If the storage area is continuously occupied, the standard servce illuminance should be increased to 200 x and to 300 lx where identification requires perception of detal. Avoid glare to forklift truck operators Automatic high bay rack stores: Gangway 2 — Supplementary lighting may be required for maintenance Control station 200 — Avoid glareto operator Packing and despatch 300 % Loading bays 150 — Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay. Care should be taken to light and mark the edge of the loading bay clearly Lighting recommendations for specific interiorsiactivitiesStandard Limiting Service “nin 7 tiwinnce te noes Ux) one Cold stores Eye protection will be required for some activities. Cold and wet conditions are likely to be present General 300 25 Care should be taken with the lighting ofthe entrance and exit areas to avoid a sudden change in illuminance, by day or night. Alight source with a warm colour appearance may be preferred Breakdown, make-up and despatch 300 8 Loading bays 150 — Avoid glare to drivers of vehicles approaching the loading bay. Care should be taken to light and mark the edge of the loading bay clearly Commerce Other relevant documents 1. The Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act, 1963 and associated regulations. 2 The Guide to the 1963 Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act, HMSO, 1981.3 CIBSE Technical Memorandum 6, Lighting for visual display units. Equipment requirements ‘Where air conditioning or mechanical ventilation is required, ai-handling luminaires may be appropriate, Offices General Offices 500 19 Special considerations apply when visual display ‘nits are to be widely used (See CIBSE TM 6). Local lighting may be appropriate Deep plan general offices 750 19 Special considerations apply when visual display Units are to be widely used (See CIBSE TM 6). Ifthe light distribution of the installation is arranged so as to effectively light vertical surfaces, a lower illuminance can be satisfactory. Local lighting may be appropriate Computer work stations 300-500 19 See CIBSETM6 Conference rooms, executive offices 500 19° Dimming or switching to permit use of visual aids ‘may be necessary Computer and data preparation rooms 500 19 See CIBSETM6 Filing rooms 300 19 Vertical surfaces may be especially important Drawing offices General 500 16 Drawing boards 750 16 Local lighting may be appropriate Computer aided design and drafting — — Special lighting is required Print rooms 300 19 Banks and building societies The lighting should be designed to create an appropriate atmosphere Counter, office area 500 19 SeeCIBSE TMS Public area 300 19 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 4Standard Limiting Service “Glare Notes luminance — pare i) Services Other relevant documents 1 The Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974 (amended 1975). 2 The Petroleum (Consolidated) Act 1928.3 The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquified Petroleum Gases Regulations, 1972. 4 CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting in Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Equipment requirements The nature of the equipment used varies widely with the application. For garages, easily maintained luminaires capable of operating where a fre or explosion hazard may exist are necessary in some areas. For laundries and sewage treatment ‘Works, luminaires capable of withstanding a corrosive damp atmosphere are necessary. Garages Hazardous area lighting will be required in many areas, e.g. servicing pits, spray booths, pump service areas. The Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquified Petroleum Gases Regulations (1972) andor Local Authority by- laws may apply. Eye protection is required for some activities Interior parking areas 30 2 General repair, servicing, washing, 300 22 Luminaires in pits should be easly cleaned and polishing suitable for hazardous areas. Supplementary local lighting wil be necessary Workbench 500 19 Localised or loca lighting may be appropriate Spray booths 500 19 Lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B are desirable, Luminaires appropriate to a hazardous area are necessary. Portable local lighting may be useful External apron: General 50 — [luminaires suitable fora hazardous area are Pump area (retail sales) 300 — {appropriate Care should be taken to avoid glare to Pump area (in house sales) 150 — _|drivers and neighbouring residents Showrooms = — ‘SeeRetai Appliance servicing Workshop: General 300 25 Supplementary portable local lighting is desirable ‘Workbench 500 — Localised lighting may be appropriate Counter 300 — _Localised lighting may be appropriate Stores 300 — Obstructions likely, selective switching may be appropriate (see storage and distribution) Laundries —Luminaires suitable for a warm, damp atmosphere are necessary Commercial laundries: Receiving, sorting, washing, drying, 300 B ironing, despatch, dry cleaning, bulk machine work Hand ironing, pressing, mending, 500 % spotting, inspection Launderettes 300 wb Sewage treatment works _Luminaires capable of withstanding damp, corrosive conditions wll be required in some areas Walkways 50, - Process areas 100 2B 8 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorsiactivitiesStandard F Limiting Service Glare Notes Muminance —ingox (ix) Retailing Other relevant documents 1. The Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act, 1963. 2 The Food Hygiene (General) Regulations, 1970. 3. CIBSE Lighting Guide: The outdoor environment. 4 Lighting for retailers, Electricity Counci, 1984, Equipment requirements ‘The types of lighting equipment used will depend greatly on the approach adopted to displaying the merchandise. For some iors, e.g. a supermarket, simple uniform lighting is appropriate; for others, e.g. a jewellers localised lighting creating ighlights in the merchandise is more suitable. The recommendations given below refer to interiors where uniform lighting is desirable. Where good colour judgement is considered an advantage then lamps of colour rendering group 1B should be used, such lamps will also enhance the colourfulness of an interior. Small shops with counters 500 19 The service illuminance should be provided on the horizontal plane of the counter. Where wall displays are sed dar uinenes onthe va ble Small, self-service shops with island 500 19 The service illuminance should be provided on the displays vertical faces of the display stands Supermarkets, hypermarkets: General 500 22 The service illuminance should be provided on the vertical faces of the. plays: Checkout 500 22 The service illuminance should be provided on the horizontal plane of the conveyor ‘Showrooms for large objects, ¢.9. cars, 500 19° The service illuminance should be provided at fioor furniture level. For some merchandise, vertical surfaces may also be important Shopping precincts and arcades 150 22 See CIBSE Lighting Guide: The Outdoor Environ- ment Places of Public Assembly Other relevant documents 1. The Theatres Act (1968). 2 The Recommendations for Safety in Cinemas (1966), (amended 1976), 3. 8S CP 1007 Maintained lighting for cinemas. 4 Lighting and Wiring of Churches, Church of England Church information Office, 1981. 5 CIBSE Lighting Guide: Libraries. 6 CIBSE Lighting Guide: Museums and Art Galleries. 7 CIBSE Technical Memoran- «dum: Lighting for visual display units. 8 CIBSE Lighting Guide: Sports. 9 The handbook of sport and recreational building design. Sports Council, 1981 Equipment requirements The type of equipment used will vary widely with application depending on the importance attached to the appearance of the equipment and the desired display effects. For applications where materials sensitive to light are being used, e.g. in libraries, museums and art galleries, the thermal and ultraviolet emission of the lighting installation needs to be considered (see reference 6). For very quiet interiors, .g. churches, libraries, care is needed to minimise noise emission by the lighting installation, For sports areas, impact resistant luminaires may be desirable. For many applications some form of dimming! switching facility is desirable. Assembly rooms Public rooms, village halls, church halls 300 19 These rooms are often used for many different functions. The lighting should be flexible in the effects it can produce. Selective switching or dimming is desirable Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 4950 Standard Limiting ingirance Site Index x) Concert halis, cinemas and theatres Foyer 200 - Booking office 300 _ Auditorium 100 an Dressing rooms 300 - Projection room 150 - Churches Body of church 150 19 Pulpit lectern 300 - Choir stalls 300 - ‘Altar, communion table, chancel 150 Vestries 150 2 Organ 300 = Notes Local or localised lighting may be appropriate Dimming facilities wil be necessary. Special lighting ofthe aisles is desirable Special mirror lighting for make-up may be required The service illuminance should be provided on the working side of the projector. The lighting should not detract from the view into the auditorium. Dimming facilities are desirable Use local lighting Local ighting may be appropriate ‘Additional lighting to provide emphasis is desirable Use local lighting Hospitals See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Hospital and Health Care Buildings Hotels Entrance Halls, 100 - Reception, cashiers’ and porters’ desks 300 - Bars, coffee bars, dining rooms, grill 50-200 - rooms, restaurants, lounges Cloakrooms, baggage rooms 100 = Bedrooms 50 - Bathrooms 100 - Food preparation and stores, cellars, its - - and corridors Libraries See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Libraries Lending library General 300 19 Counters 500 - Bookshelves 150 - Reading rooms 300 19 Reading tables 300 19 The lighting of vertical surfaces is important othe appearance of the space. A mean scalar illuminance of atleast 40x should be provided Localsed lighting may be appropriate The lighting should be designed to create an appropriate atmosphere. Switching and dimming controls can provide some flexibility in th lighting effects. Local lighting to provide emphasis may be a appropriate in some areas, €.g. cash desks, bar counters. Supplementary lighting may be necessary for cleaning ‘Supplementary local lighting at the bedhead and near a mirror is desirable Supplementary local lighting near the mirrors desirable See General Building Areas’ Localised lighting may be appropriate The service illuminance should be provided on the vertical face at the bottom of the bookstack Local lighting may be appropriate. Supplementary lighting or optical aids for the partially sighted should be considered Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivitiesStandard "Servce Limiting Glare Notes Muminance Index tix) Catalogues: Cards 150 — _Theservice illuminance should be provided on the plane of the cards Microfichelvisual display units 150 — Care should be taken to avoid reflections on the screen (see CIBSE TM 6) Reference libraries Care should be taken to minimise the noise emitted by the lighting installation General 300 19 Counters 500 = Localised lighting may be appropriate Bookshelves 150 — The service illuminance should be provided on a vertical surface atthe foot of the bookshelves Study tables, carels 500 19 Local lighting may be appropriate, care should be taken to avoid veiling reflections Map room 300 19 Supplementary local lighting is desirable when using maps Display and exhibition areas: Exhibits insensitive to light 300 - Exhibits sensitive to light, e.g, = — See CIBSE Lighting Guide, Museums and Art Gal- pictures, print, rare books in archives levies Library workrooms Book repair and binding 500 19 Catalogue and sorting 500 19 Remote book stores 160 — _ Theservice illuminance should be provided on a vertical plane atthe foot of the book stack. Switching arrangements should be carefully considered Museums and art galleries See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Museums and Art Galleries Exhibits insensitive to light 300 = Thelighting will be mainly determined by the display requirements Light sensitive exhibits, e.g oil and 160 = Thisisa maximum illuminance to be provided on the tempera paints, undyed leather, bone, principal plane ofthe exhibit ivory, wood, etc. Extremely light sensitive exhibits, e.g. 50 — _Thisisa maximum illuminance to be provided on the textiles, water colours, prints and drawings, skins, botanical specimens, atc Conservation studios and workshops 500 Sports facilities See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Sports Multi-purpose sports halls 300-750 9 principal plane ofthe object. Switching and covering tolimit exposureis desirable ‘Supplementary local lighting is desirable for detailed ‘work. If colour judgements important, light sources of group 1A should be used, Careful control of illuminance by switchingidimming is desirable ‘The lighting system should be sufficiently flexible to provide lighting suitable for the variety of sports and activities that take place in sports has. Some of these activities are best lt from the side whilst others require lighting from overhead. For details of the lighting requirements for individual sports see CIBSE Lighting Guide: Sports Lighting recommendations for specific interiorsiactivities stStandard Limiting Service 9 Mmuminance are Notes (x) Education Other relevant documents 1. The Education (Schoo! Premises) Regulations, 1981. 2 Guidelines for Environmental Design and Fuel Conservation in Educational Buildings. Department of Education and Science, Architects and Building Branch, Design Note 17, 1981. 3° CIBSE Lighting Guide: Lecture Theatres.4 CIBSE Lighting Guide: Libraries.5 CIBSE Lighting Guide: Sports, Equipment requirements Education buildings are usually designed to be lit by daylight whenever and wherever possible. Lighting controls should ensure thatthe lighting can be easly adjusted to accommodate variation in daylight conditions. Special areas in educational buildings, e.g. in workshops, sports halls, laboratories, etc, need luminaires appropriate to the conditions metin these places. Assembly Halls General 300 19 Switching or dimming systems which enable the hall to be used for theatrical or cinematic functions are desirable. Ifitis proposed to use the hall for ‘examination purposes, the standard service iluminance should be provided as a minimum Platform and stage - — Special lighting to provide emphasis and to facilitate ‘the use of the platform/stage is desirable Teaching spaces General 300 19 DES Design Note 17 which contains statutory requirements under the Education (School Premises) Regulations 1981, specifies (a) a minimum illuminance of 150 x at any point onthe working plane no matter what the ght source, (b) a service illuminance of not less than 300 Ix where fluorescent lamps are used, (c) where the lighting ofa space is. achieved by a combination of daylight and electric light a service illuminance of not less than 350 Ix will usually be necessary. Also the illuminance on the walls should be from 0.5 to 08 ofthe working plane illuminance. Care should be taken with the lighting of chalk boards to avoid veiling reflections and give uniformity. Facilities for switching and dimming are desirable where visual aids are to be used, Lamps of colour rendering group 1B are desirable Lecture theatres See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Lecture Theatres General 300 19 Switching andior dimming fcities are desirable to allow forthe use of visual ads; some light should be provided forthe lecturer Demonstration benches 500 — __ Localised lighting may be appropriate Seminar rooms 500 19 Switching andior dimming facilities are desirable to allow fo the use of visual aids but some lighting should be provided for the lecturer Artrooms 500 18 Lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 18 should be used. Some form of flexible display lighting is desirable Needlework rooms 500 19 Supplementary local lighting is desirable 32 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivitiesStandard Limiting Service Glare Notes Miuminance Index (ix) Laboratories 500 19 tf accurate colour judgements are required lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or 1B should be used. In some laboratories there wl be fre andior chemical hazards. A corrosive atmosphere may also be present. Appropriate luminaires are required, Eye protection will be required for some activities Libraries 300 19 See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Libraries Music rooms 300 19 Care should be taken to minimise the noise emitted by the lighting system Sports halls 300 — See CIBSE Lighting Guide: Sports. Impact resistant luminaires may be required. Ifthe hall isto be used for examination purposes the standard service illuminance should be provided as a minimum Workshops 300 19 Seethe appropriate industrial processes in this schedule. Supplementary local lighting may be desirable. Eye protection will be required for some act Transport Other relevant documents 1. The Offices, Shops and Reliway Premises Act, 1963 and associated regulations.2 Guide to the 1963 Offices, Shops and ay Premises Act, HMSO 1981. 3. CIBSE Lighting Guide: The Outdoor Environment. 4 CIBSE Technical Memoran- dum 6: Lighting and visual display units. 5 Recommended Practice for Lighting of Rallway Premises, British Railways Board 1969. Equipment requirements Some areas in transport facilities are open to the weather. Weatherproof luminaires (IPX4) are desirable for these areas. Ticket counters, check-in desks and 500 — _Localised lighting may be appropriate. Care should information desks be taken to avoid reflections in visual display unit Departure lounges, other waiting areas 200 19 The lighting should assist in creating a relaxed ‘atmosphere Baggage reclaim 200 22 Localised lighting may be appropriate Baggage handling 100 2 ‘Customs and Immigration Halls 500 22 Localised lighting may be appropriate Concourse 200 22 The lighting of vertical surfaces isimportantto the ‘appearance of the concourse. When general lighting is specified a mean scalar illuminance of at least 80 x is desirable. Care should be taken with the lighting of flight information boards Railway stations Ticket office 500 19. {Localised lighting over the counter may be Information ofice 500 19 appropriate. Care should be taken to avoid reflections in visual display units Parcels office, Left luggage office: General 100 2 Counter 200 22 Localsed lighting is appropriate Waiting rooms 200 2 Thelighting should assist in creating a relaxed atmosphere Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactvities 3Standard Limiting ‘Service tuminance Sire Notes Index i) Concourse 200 22 Lighting of vertical surfaces is important tothe appearance ofthe concourse. Where general lighting is specified @ mean scalar luminance of atleast 80 bx is desirable. Care shouldbe taken wth the lghting of train arival and departure boards Ueto ea = |Local ighting may be appropriste, Platforms (covered) 50 — [Care shouldbe taken to light and markthe edge of Platforms (open) 10 — the platform cleariy Coach stations Ticket offices 500 19 feat oan es reer Information offices 500 18 laporoprate Left luggage office: General 100 2 Counter 200 22 Localised lighting is appropriate Waiting rooms 200 22 Thelighting should assist in creating a relaxed atmosphere Concourse 200 22 Lighting of vertical surfaces is important to the appearance ofthe concourse, When a general lighting installation i specified a mean scalar illuminance of atleast 80 Ixis desirable Timetables 200 — Local lighting is appropriate Loading areas 150 = General Building Areas Entrances Entrance halls, lobbies, waiting rooms 200 19 Thelighting of vertical surfaces is important to the ‘appearance of the space. A mean scalar illuminance ‘of 80 xis recommended. Care should be taken with entrance areas to avoid a sudden change of illuminance between inside and outside by day or night Enquiry desks 500 19° Localised lighting may be appropriate Gatehouses 200 19. Flexible switching or dimming facilities and low surface reflectances may be desirable for security reasons Circulation areas Lifts 100 — _ BS5655 Part1 specifies a minimum illuminance of 50 i on the lft car floor Corridors, passageways, stairs 100 22 Stairs should belt to provide a contrast between the treads and the risers. Avoid specular reflections on the treads Escalators, travellators 150 — Escalators should be lt to provide a contrast between the treads and the risers. For both escalators and travellators specular reflections on the treads should be avoided Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactvities,Spa Limiting ee Glare Notes ed race Medical and first id centres See IBSE Lighting Guid: Hospitals and Heat Core Suilings Consulting rooms, treatment rooms 500 Various regulations made under the Factories Act 1961 apply to medical examination rooms Rest rooms 150 — Dimming may be desirable Medical stores 150 — Supplementary lighting may be necessary if, perception of fine detail is required Staff rooms ’ Changing, locker and cleaners rooms, 100 — Various sections of the Factories Act 1961 and the cloakrooms, lavatories Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963 apply to lavatories Rest rooms 160 19° Lighting should be different in style from the work areas Staff restaurants Canteens, cafeteria, dining rooms, 200 22 Thelighting should aim to provide a relaxed but messrooms interesting atmosphere. Various regulations made ‘under The Factories Act 1961 apply to canteens and messrooms Servery, vegetable preparation, washing 300 22. [The Food Hygiene (General) Regulations 1970 apply. vuparea Luminaires should be constructed so that no part of Food preparation and co: 500 22. | the lamp or luminaire can fall into the foodstuffs. The Food stores, cellars 150 22] luminaires should be capable of being washed or hosed down in safety. Lamps suitable for operation at low temperatures will be necessary for some food storage areas. Lamps and luminaires suitable for hot humid conditions may be required for some other areas. Communications Switchboard rooms 300 19 Avoid veiling reflections from controls. Too high an iluminance may reduce the visibility of signal lights. Supplementary local lighting may be desirable where directories are used Telephone apparatus room 150 % Telex room, post room 500 19 Reprographic room 300 19 Building Services houses: ral 100 5 Boiler front 160 = Boiler control room 300 19 Localised lighting ofthe control display and the control desks may be appropriate. in all cases, care ‘should be taken to avoid shadows and reflections occurring on instruments. Cares also requited to avoid reflections on VDUs. Where a ‘mainly sel-luminous display is used the ability to dim the room lighting may be useful. Where a large ‘mimic diagram containing detail which has to be seen from a considerable distance is used, special lighting providing a minimum illuminance of 00 Ix onthe diagram is desirable. For maintenance Lighting recommendations for specific interiorslactivities 55Standard Limiting Service tuminance are nee (tx) purposes, an illuminance ofa least 150 x should be provided on the appropriate surface of the control panels 300 19 Seenote above Mechanical plant room 150 25 Supplementary portable lighting may be required for maintenance Electrical power supply and distribution 10 — Additional focal lighting of instruments and controls rooms may be required Store rooms 100 - Car parks Luminaires suitable for hazardous area lighting may be necessary Covered car parks: Floors 5.20 — {Cares requiredin the positioning of luminaires to Ramps and comers 50 — avoid glare to drivers and pedestrians Entrances and exits 100 — _Thelighting of exits and entrances should provide a transition zone to avoid sudden changes in illuminance between inside and outside by day or night. Care should be taken to avoid glare to drivers and pedestrians Control booths 200 — Local lighting may be appropriate ‘Outdoor car parks 5-20 — See CIBSE Lighting Guide: The outdoor environment 56 Lighting recommendations for specific interiorsiactivities2.4.1 Introduction 242 Iluminance 2.43 IMuminance ratios 2.1. Recommended luminance ratios me cine toons 2.44 Directional lighting 2.4.5 Surface reflectances 2.4 General Lighting Recommenda- tions These recommendations provide supplementary and complementary guidance to that given in the schedule and flow chart (section 2.3). They are applicable to many situations and will ensure visual comfort. The design service illuminance for specific applications can be obtained from the schedule and flow chart in section 2.3. The recommendations given are consistent with the rule that no working space which is to be continuously occupied should have an illuminance of less than 200 Ix on the working plane. (a) The ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance over the task area should not be less than 0.8. () In an interior with general lighting, the ratio of the average illumin- ance on the ceiling to the average illuminance on the horizontal working plane should be within the range 0.3 to 0.9 (Fig 2.1). (c) In an interior with general lighting, the ratio of the average illumin- ance of any wall to the average illuminance on the horizontal working plane should be within the range 0.5 to 0.8 (Fig 2.1). (d) In an interior with localised or local lighting, the ratio of the illuminance on the task area to the illuminance around the task area should not be more than 3:1. ailing cavity reflectance Relative cil fg cavity illuminance 0:3100.9 t oa Relative wall Effie reflectance of <— illiminance—}-—>> wallsbetween0.30nd0.7 0.51008 J Toskilluminance 1.0 aj Reflectance af floor cavity etwoen0.2and0.3 Directional lighting intended to enhance the appearance of people within a space should have a vector/scalar ratio in the range 1.2-1.8 and should, at least during daytime, have a vector direction of 15-45° below the horizontal (Fig 1.10). (a) The ceiling cavity reflectance should be as high as practicable and generally at least 0.6, This will usually mean that the reflectance of the paint or other surface finish must be at least 0.8 (Fig 2.1). General lighting recommendations 7246 Colour 247, Glare 2.4.8 Daylighting 38 (b) The effective reflectance of the principal walls should be between 0.3 and 0.7 (Fig 2.1). This usually means that the wall surface finish will have to have an actual reflectance greater than 0.5. The reflectance of window wall surfaces (including reveals and glazing bars but excluding glazing) should be at least 0.6 to reduce contrast with the bright scene ‘outdoors during daytime. Where the perception of people’s faces is particularly important e.g. lecture theatres, conference rooms, the reflectance of walls which form the background against which people are seen should not exceed 0.6. (c) In general, gloss finishes should not be used over large surface areas. Where indirect lighting is used gloss finishes should not be used anywhere on the ceiling or upper walls. (d) Where practical, floor cavity reflectance should be within the range 0.2 to 0.3 (Fig 2.1). This usually means that the relevant surfaces will have to have a reflectance greater than 0.3. (e) Itis desirable for equipment and furnishings in working interiors, and in particular desk tops, to have finishes with a reflectance of not less than 0.2. () The immediate background to a task should be matt. In addition, the ratio of the reflectance of the immediate background of a task to that of the task itself should preferably be in the range 0.3 to0.5, (a) Where accurate colour judgements are to be made, lamps of colour rendering groups 1A or IB are necessary (see table 1.1). Where exact colour matching is desired lamps of colour rendering group 1A should be used and the recommendations of ns 950 should be followed, as appropriate. The Munsell Chroma of walls, ceilings and other large surfaces close to colour judgement areas should not be greater than 1 and the reflectances should not be less than 0.4. The illuminance on the task should be at least 500 Ix. (6) Where the objective is to produce a particular effect or to enhance the appearance of a product, the best approach to selecting a suitable light source is direct observation. In general, light sources in colour rendering groups 1A and 1B will make colours appear more colourful than lamps of colour rendering groups 2, 3 oF 4 (a) Luminous ceilings utilising large diffusing panels are not recommen- ded for lighting interiors for which the recommended limiting glare index is less than 19. In any case, the average luminance of such luminous ceiling should not be greater than 500 cd/m”. (b) For indirect lighting, the average luminance of the ceiling should not be more than 500 cd/m?, However, small areas of luminance up to 1500 cd/m? will generally be acceptable, provided the edges of the area are not sharply defined. Previous editions of this Code have contained a schedule of recommenda- tions of daylight factor for interiors where daylight from side windows is the chief source of light during the greater part of the day. This Code does not contain such recommendations. The reason for this change is that the previous recommendations are considered to be either too limited or irrelevant. The lighting designer is likely to be faced with the need to consider daylight in two different situations. The first is when the designer is General lighting recommendationsSCIBSE Applications Manual Window Design 2.5.1 Introduction 252 Status 2.5.3 Method of use 2.5.4 Interpretation concerned with the daylighting of a new building. The second, and much more common situation, is when the designer is faced with a daylighting installation which is already fixed. In the first case, the recommendations of daylight factor are relevant but insufficient. In the second case daylight factor recommendations are irrelevant. A full treatment of the design aspects of daylighting will be given in a forthcoming CIBSE publication’. In this Code, the only aspects of daylighting which are considered are those arising from an existing window: namely, how should the electric lighting be related to the natural lighting and does the window need additional visual or thermal protection. 2.5 Energy - Installed efficacy recommendations ‘These recommendations provide guidance on the energy efficiency of new lighting installations using modern equipment. The recommendations are given in terms of ranges of installed efficacy appropriate for different interiors lit by lamps with different colour properties. The installed efficacy of a lighting installation is defined as: Installed efficacy = Lamp circuit luminous efficacy x Utilisation factor Installed efficacy is expressed in units of lumens/watt. For tubular fluores- cent and other discharge light sources, the lamp circuit luminous efficacy includes the power consumption of both the lamp and its associated control gear. The light output value used in the calculation of lamp circuit luminous efficacy is the lighting design lumen value. The ranges of installed efficacy recommended are representative of good lighting practice. They should be treated as guidelines rather than rigid targets. With careful design it may be possible to achieve a suitable lighting installation at an installed efficacy above the range recommended. Conver- sely, there are situations where the lighting and architectural requirements justify an installed efficacy below the range recommended. ‘The ranges of installed efficacy appropriate for different application areas are given in table 2.3. The ranges are classified according to the application area, the Room Index of the interior, and the Colour Rendering Group of the light source used. The relationship between the actual installed efficacy and the recommended range of installed efficacies should be carefully considered (see 2.5.4 Interpretation). Ideally, the actual installed efficacy will be towards the high end of the recommended range, but achieving this ‘may depend on factors beyond the control of the lighting designer. ‘When considering the recommended ranges of installed efficacy the follow- ing points should be borne in mind. (a) A range of installed efficacies rather than a single value is recommen- ded because the installed efficacy for each specific application will vary with the reflectance of the room surfaces and the cleanliness of the interior. A very dirty interior will have an installed efficacy towards the low end of the range because the reflectances of surfaces within the interior will inevitably be low. Conversely, a very clean interior can have an installed efficacy towards the top end of the range, provided the reflectances of surfaces in the interior are high. Energy ~installed efficacy recommendations 5925.5 Explanatory notes (b) The ranges of installed efficacies apply to general lighting installations, i.e. the same illuminance is provided over the whole working plane. They should not be applied to localised or local lighting systems (c) Where special luminaires e.g. flameproof luminaires, are required the range of installed efficacies should be derated by multiplying by 07. (d) Where a Glare Index of less than 19 is required for commercial and retail premises or a Glare Index of less than 22 is required for industrial purposes, the range of installed efficacies should be derated by multiplying by 0.7. (e) Where considerable obstruction to the lighting is likely to occur, the range of installed efficacies may be derated considerably. (The installed efficacy target can be easily converted to a power loading target, expressed in W/m? once the illuminance provided is identified. The power loading is given by the expression. luminance Power loading = ——emmnance _ Installed efficacy where illuminance is expressed in lux and installed efficacy is expressed in lumenswatt This power loading assumes clean installations, i.e. it has a Maintenance Factor of unity. ‘The following notes provide background information on the recommended installed efficacies. (a) The ranges of installed efficacy have been derived from an examina- tion of current lighting practice using modern lighting equipment. () The classification by application area is used because of the influence of the mounting heights likely to be available and hence the light sources which can be used. It is assumed that high bay industrial buildings allow the use of high power discharge lamps and that other industrial and commercial interiors will have a range of mounting heights which will allow either low power discharge lamps or tubular flourescent lamps to be used. It is also assumed that luminaires suitable to the application will be used. (c) The classification by room index is used because the proportions of the room influence the proportion of the luminous flux emitted by the lamp which reaches the working plane directly. In rooms with a low room index the working plane receives a large proportion of its luminous flux after reflection from the bounding surfaces. This reduces the utilisation factor and hence decreases the installed efficacy. (d) Classification by colour rendering group is used because it influences the choice of light source. Four classes are used, based on colour rendering groups 1B, 2, 3 and 4 (see table 1.1). It is assumed that lamps of groups 2, 3 and 4 will be used in high bay industrial premises, lamps of groups 18, 2, 3 and 4 in other industrial premises and lamps of groups 1B, 2 and 3 only will be used in commercial premises. Energy ~installed efficacy recommendations(e) Lamps of colour rendering group 1A are only used when very accurate colour matches are essential. This is only likely to occur over small areas. This, together with the low luminous efficacy of these lamps, suggests that lamps of colour rendering group 1A are not likely to be used for general lighting and hence need not be included in table 2.3. Table 2.3 Installed efficacy range targets for uniform lighting install tions (Im/W) Lamp Colour Rendering Group Application Area ae 1B 2 3 4 High bay industrial 1 18291423245 2 233718292756 5 743-032 32.60 Industria 1 42314231423 19.81 {not high bay) 2 182918231829 23.37 5 32 a2 0822882 Commercial 1 419 4191419 2 182718271827 5 2030 20302000 Energy ~insialled efficacy recommendations 6Part 3 3.2.1. Types of light source 3.22 Lamp characteristics 3.2.2.1. Construction 3.2.2.2. Operation 62 Equipment 3.1 Introduction ‘The aims of this part of the Code are (a) to provide an outline of the properties of the main types of lighting equipment currently used for Interior lighting and (b) to give details of appropriate maintenance procedures. It must be emphasised that the information given is only Sufficient to demonstrate the differences between broad classes of equip ment. It is not precise enough for design purposes. FOR DESIGN WORK, UP-TO-DATE, ACCURATE INFORMATION ON LIGHT SOURCES, LUMINAIRES AND CONTROL SYSTEMS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM MANUFACTURERS, 3.2 Light sources The main types of light source used are: (a) tungsten filament (b) tungsten halogen filament (c) high pressure mercury tungsten discharge (blended) (d) high pressure mercury discharge (fluorescent) (e) high pressure mercury discharge (metal halide) (/) low pressure mercury discharge (tubular fluorescent) (g) high pressure sodium discharge (h) low pressure sodium discharge Within each type there are a range of lamps available which differ in construction, wattage, luminous efficacy, colour properties, cost, etc ‘Associated with each’ discharge lamp type is a set of prefix letters to facilitate identification. Table 3.1 shows the prefix letters adopted in the U.K. for the main types of discharge lamp used in interiors. The prefix letters are usually accompanied by the lamp rating in watts and, if necessary, the details of lamp length, colour and lamp cap type. ‘The construction, operation, range of luminous efficacies, life and colour properties of each lamp type are summarised in table 3.2 along with some typical applications. This table only gives an overview of the range of lamp types available. For information on a specific lamp the manufacturer's data should always be consulted. Each basic lamp type described in table 3.2 can have a number of variations in construction. These variations can involve its shape, the number and type of caps it has, the presence of a fluorescent or diffusing coating on an outer ‘envelope, the chemical composition of any fluorescent coating and the provision of a reflector inside the lamp. Manufacturer’s data should be consulted for details of the options available. ‘The operating details given in table 3.2 are concerned with such matters as run-up time, re-ignition time, operating positions, and susceptibility to environmental conditions. Run up times and re-ignition times are important because most of the discharge lamps do not produce their maximum light output immediately after switch on. Usually several minutes are required before the maximum light output is achieved. Further, unless special circuits are used, high pressure discharge lamps will not immediately re- ignite after an interruption of supply. Usually a period of several minutes is necessary for the lamp to cool before it will re-ignite. These factors limit the suitability of some lamp types for rapid switching and dimming, It is also worth noting that not all lamp types can operate in all positions and that Introduction! Light sources3.2.2.3. Luminous efficacy 3.2.2.4 Lamplife some lamp types are sensitive to such external environmental factors as air temperature and vibration. The luminous efficacies given in table 3.2 are expressed in lumens/lamp watt. The lumen output of each lamp type used in the calculation of luminous efficacy is the lighting design lumen value. Table 3.3 gives a comparison of the ranges of luminous efficacies of the different lamp types. The life of an electric lamp can have two distinct meanings. These are (a) the time after which the lamp ceases to operate, (b) the time after which the light output is so reduced that it is more economic to replace the lamp even though it is still functioning electrically. Typically, lamps with filaments fall into the first category but discharge lamps fall into the second. Whilst defining the average life of lamps with filaments presents little problem, Table 3.1 Prefix letters used in the UK to identify types of discharge lamp in common use Prefix ‘ oa Desertion of amp MBF Ahigh pressure mercury discharge lamp with an arc tube and a fluorescent coating onthe inside ofthe outer envelope MBFT/MBTF An MBF lamp with a tungsten filamentin series with the arc tube: a ‘blended’ light source MBFR ‘An MBF lamp in which part of the outer envelope has an inner reflecting coating MBI ‘Ahigh pressure mercury discharge lamp with metal halide additives in the arctube and a clear outer envelope BIL ‘An MBI lamp in linear double ended form without an outer envelope MBIF ‘An MBI lamp with a fluorescent coating on the inside of the outer envelope MCF ‘Alow pressure mercury discharge lamp with a linear glass discharge ‘ube with an internal fluorescent coating: a tubular fluorescent lamp MCFA ‘An MCF lamp with an external conducting strip connected to both end caps MCFE ‘An MCF lamp with an external water repellent coating MCFR ‘An MCF lamp with an internal reflecting coating on part of the tube SON* ‘high pressure sodium discharge lamp with an arc tube in an outer envelope SON-TD/SON-L Ainear, double-ended SON lamp with a tubular outer envelope SONR ASON lamp with an internal reflecting coating Su ‘Alow pressure sodium discharge lamp with linear arc tube in which arctube and outer envelope are combined to form one unit (linear construction) ‘SOX Allow pressure sodium lamp with U shaped arc tube, of integral construction "The SON lamp family is developing rapidly. As new types of SON lamp are introduced, new prefix letters will be associated with them. The latest edition of the Lighting Industry Federation Factfinder 3: Lamp Guide, should be consulted for information on the prefix letters used for SON lamps introduced since the publication of this Code. Light sources %3.2.2.5 Colour properties 3.23 Control gear defining the life of a discharge lamp does, because it depends so strongly on the economic factors involved. Table 3.2 gives ranges of lamp life for each lamp type. For lamps with filaments the life is expressed as the time after which 50% of a large sample of lamps will have failed. For discharge lamps, with the exception of the low pressure sodium type, life is expressed as the time after which the light output of the lamp will have fallen 30% below the initial light output. For the low pressure sodium discharge lamp, the life is related to a 30% reduction in luminous efficacy, rather than a 30% reduction in light output because for this lamp type the luminous efficacy tends to change with time rather than the light output. A range of times is given for each lamp type because the time for a specific installation will vary with the construction and rating of the lamp used, even for lamps of the same type, and with such operating conditions as the voltage applied and the switching cycle. Different lamp types have different colour properties. Further, for some lamp types it is possible to change these colour properties by using fluorescent coatings of different chemical composition. This approach is widely used in the low pressure mercury discharge lamp (tubular fluores- cent), The colour properties of each lamp type are characterised by their correlated colour temperature (CCT) class (table 1.1), the colour rendering group (table 1.1) and a brief description based on a visual assessment of how the lamps affect the appearance of colours. The control gear which is associated with discharge lamps should fulfill three functions. It should (a) start the lamp, (b) control the lamp current after ignition, (c) correct the power factor. Control gear consumes energy and for a given type, some circuits consume more than others. The efficacy of a lamp circuit as a whole depends on the total power taken by the lamp and the control gear. It is also necessary to consider the power factor of the circuit in order to minimise electricity charges and to ensure correct cable ratings. ‘The current and wattage ratings of cables, fuses and switchgear used in the control gear must be related to the total current in the circuit, although allowance may be necessary for increased currents and voltages during switching. Harmonic currents may be present and will increase the neutral current in a three-phase system. Current ratings of neutral conductors should be the same as that of phase conductors. Manufacturers can supply information about the power factor and harmonic currents of their control gear. All electrical installations should comply with the current edition, and amendments, of the Regulations for Electrical Installations, published by the Institution of Electrical Engineers. It is important to appreciate that a lamp and the associated control gear constitute an integrated unit for producing light. Lamps from different manufacturers may not operate on the same control gear even when the lamps are nominally of the same type. Whenever any change is proposed in either element of the lamp/control gear package, care should be taken to ensure that the proposed combination is compatible, both electrically and physically. It should also be noted that special types of control gear are necessary if dimming or rapid re-ignition of some types of discharge lamp is required. The life of control gear is sensitive to ambient temperature. The control gear used should have an appropriate temperature rating for the situation. If this temperature is exceeded the insulating material may deteriorate rapidly. Light sources3.2.4 Innovations and trends The information given concerning light sources and control gear is correct at the date of publication. However, rapid developments are taking place in the field of light sources and control gear. For example, itis likely that over the life of this Code, new discharge light sources with high luminous efficacy and good colour properties will be introduced, as will electronic control gear with improved facilities for switch and dimming control. Because of these developments and because of the need to use accurate information in lighting design, the information given here should only be treated as indicative. Definitive information on light sources and control gear should be sought from the manufacturers. A frequently up-dated source of information on lamp types is the Lighting Industry Federation Factfinder 3 Lamp Guide. Light sourcesTable3.2_General characteristics of lamps used for lighting in interiors Lamp type Construction and Operation Range of ie luminous efficacy flumens/ lamp watt) Tungsten’ A tungsten filament heated to incandescence ina glass typically Limited by falure ofthe filament, filament envelope usually filled with an inert gas; does not require 8-18 average life 1000-2000 hours any control gear according totype Immeciate ful light output, most types operate in all positions, light output and life sensitive to small voltage variations, lamp lie sensitive to vibration Tungsten Atungsten filament heated to incandescence na small typically Limited by fallure ofthe filament, halogen filament envelope containing halogens; does not require any control gear, but may require low voltages. Immediate fll ight output, may have restricted operating position light output and ite sensitive to small voltage lamp life sensitive to vibration, the envelope surface is liable to deteriorate if touched with bare hands, ‘almost no decline in light output with time 18-24 average life 2000-4000 hours according to type discharge (metal sometimes contained within a glass envelope; the outer halide) (MBI, envelope may have a fluorescent coating; needs control MBIF,MBIL) gear, Run up period to 90% of ull ight output about 5 minutes; re-ignition after about 10 minutes unless special circuits are used; restricted operating positions High pressure An electric dischargen ahigh pressure mercury ‘typically Limited by failure ofthe filament, mercury atmosphere contained in an arctube in series with a 10-26 average life 5000-8000 hours tungsten tungsten filament heated to incandescence, the whole discharge contained within a glass envelope with a fluorescent (blended) coating. Does not need control gear. Some light output (MBFTIMBTF) immediately but run-up period to 90% fll light output about 4 minutes, reignition after about 10 minutes, operating positions restricted, life sensitive to voltage Variations and vibration. High pressure An electric discharge in a high pressure mercury ‘typically Likely to be determined by mercury atmosphere contained in an arc tube within a glass 3654" economic factors; if to 30% discharge envelope with a fluorescent coating; needs control gear. reduction in light output is typically (fluorescent) Run up period to full ight output about 4 minutes. Re- {5000-10000 hours according to type, (MBF, MBFR, ignition after about 10 minutes unless special circuits used; rating, switching cycle ete. MBF de luxe) operates in all postions High pressure An electric discharge in a high pressure mercury typically Likely to be determined by Mercury atmosphere with metal halide adcitives in an arc tube 6684" economic factors; life to 30% reduction in light output typically 5000-10000 hours according to type, rating, switching cycle, etc. *When calculating the installed efficacy of an installation using this lamp type, the power consumption of the associated control gear should be included in the estimate of luminous efficacy. 66 Light sourcesColour CCT Rendering Colour Properties Typical Applications Colour Rendering Characteristics Class Group (based on visual assessment) Warm 1A __Emphasises reds strongly, yellows and — Homes, hotels, restaurants for general lighting and for greens to a lesser extent, blues strongly display lighting; emergency lighting subdued Warm 1A Emphasises reds strongly, yellows and Display, area floodlighting, shops ‘greens to a lesser extent, blues strongly subdued Inter 3__Emphasises yellows and blues which Asa replacement for tungsten flment lamps where amp mediate shifttowards violet, subdues reds _ifesimportant, e.g because access is dificult inter 3 Emphasises yellows and blues which General lighting in factories, area floodighting mediate shifttowards violet, subdues reds Depending on the choice of chemicals used in the arctube, the Industral and commercial lighting, e.g, general lighting in CCT class can be warm, intermediate or cold. Similarly, the high bay factories, shops and ofies; area floodighting colour rendering can vary over a wide range but will usually be better than that ofthe high pressure mercury discharge (fluorescent) lamp. To establish the colour properties ofa specific example ofthis lamp type it is essential to consult the manufacturers Light sourcesTable 3.2 continued «groups: frst a group used for applications where accurate colour judgements are required; second a group suitable ‘for general use and having rare-earth, triphosphor coatings, third a group suitable for general use but having halo-phosphate coatings and fourth a group of compact, low power lamps designed as alternatives to the tungsten filament lamp. Tubular fluorescent lamps are available in a wide range of physical and electrical sizes. Ths lamp type isthe subject of considerable development by the Lighting Industry. The latest edition ofthe Lighting Industry Federation's Factfinder 3: Lamp guide, should be consulted for information on developments occurring since the publication ofthis Code. Immediate light output and restike; operates in ll positions, light output sensitive to ambient temperature, air temperatures above and below about 25°C reduces the light output; difficult to start at low temperatures. ‘All the tubular fluorescent lamps described are of the hot cathode type i. they need a heated cathode to operate. A cold cathode tubular fluorescent amp also exists. tis widely used foriluminated signs and occasionally for interior lighting. Compared tothe hot cathode type, the cold cathode tubular fluorescent lamp has a longer life, a lower luminous efficacy anda higher operating voltage. ts ‘main advantage in use is that it can easily be formed into ong, complex shapes. ‘Lamp type Construction and Operation ‘Range of Life luminous efficacy (lumens lamp watt) Low pressure An electric discharge in alow pressure mercury typically. Likely tobe determined by mercury atmosphere contained in glass tube internally coated ——-37-90* economic factors; fe to 30% discharge witha fluorescent material; needs control gear. There are reduction in light output typically {tubular many sizes of lamps and types of fluorescent coating 5000-10000 hours according to fluorescent) which produce a wide range of luminous efficacies and type, switching cycle, etc. (WCF, MCFA, colour properties, the most common types are shown in MCFE, MCFR). the table, For convenience they be divided into four “When calculating the installed efficacy of an installation using this lamp type, the power consumption of the associated control gear should be included in the estimate of luminous efficacy 68 Light sourcesColour Properties Typical Applications Colour CCT Rendering Colour Rendering Characteristics Lamp Name Class Group (based on visual assessment) Special lamps NorthiightColour Cold 1A_ Similar to north skylight; Used where colour rendering similar to north ‘Matching ‘emphasises blues, andtoalesser sky daylightis needed extent, greens Atfcial daylight Cold. 1A_—_Similarto NorthlghtColour Used where colour matching to BS 950 Part 1 Matching but emits more ultraviolet is required toconform with natural skylight Kolor-ite Inter. 1A Equal emphasis givento all colours Used where fine colour judgements are Trucolor 38 mediate required, e.g, hospitals, art galleries Tré-phosphor lamps 4000Keg.Colour Inter --1B-—-Emphasises orange, greens and Factores, offices and shops 84,Energy Saver mediate blue-violets, subdues yellows and 84, Potylux 4000 deep reds 300K, ¢.g.Colour Warm 1B Emphasises oranges, greens and Social areas, restaurants, hotels, homes 83, Energy Saver blue-violets, subdues yellows and 183, Polylux. deep reds 3000 Halo-phosphate lamps, Cool White Inter- 2 Emphasises yellow, andto alesser Factories, offices and shops mediate extent, greens and blues; redshifts slightly towards orange White Inter- 3 Emphasises yellows, and to lesser Factores, offices and shops mediate extent, greens; subdues reds and to some extent biues, which shifts towards violet WarmWhite Warm = 3_—_Emphasises yellows, and toa lesser Commercial/public buildings extent, greens, reds slightly subdued blues subdued and shifted towards Violet Low power, compact lamps 20,SL,PLiamps Warm 1B__Emphasises oranges, greens, blues Hotels, shops, homes; a a replacement for etc and violets, subdues some yellows tungsten filament lamps and deep reds Light sourcesTable3.2 continued Lamp type Construction and Operation Range of Lite luminous efficacy dumens! lamp watt) High pressure An electric discharge in a high pressure sodium ‘typically Likely to be determined by sodium atmosphere in an arctube contained in adifusing or clear 67-121* economic factors; life to 30% discharge (SON, outer envelope, needs control gear. reduction in light outputis typically SON-TD/SON-L, Run-up time to 90% of light output from 4 to 7 minutes. Re- ‘6000-12000 hours according to SON-A) ignition within 1 minute ifan external ignitor is used. rating, switching cycle, ete. Operates in any position. The high pressure sodium discharge lamp family is developing rapidly. The latest edition of the Lighting Industry Federation Factfinder 3: Lamp Guide, should be consulted for information on developments occurring since the publication of this Code Low pressure An electric discharge ina low pressure sodium typically Likely tobe determined by ‘sodium atmosphere in a glass arc tube contained in a glass 101-175* economic factors; life to 30% discharge (SOX, envelope; needs control gear. reduction in luminous efficacy is SL)” Run-up to 90% of fll ight output from 6-12 minutes; re- typically 6000-12000 hours ignition typically within 3 minutes; restricted operating depending on lamp construction positions * When calculating the installed efficacy of an installation using this lamp type, the power consumption of the associated control gear should be included in the estimate of luminous efficacy 70 Light sourcesColour Properties, Typical Applications Colour CCT — Rendering Colour Rendering Characteristics Class Group (based on visual assessment) Warm 2or4 Emphasises yellows, redstoalesser General lighting in factories, warehouses, commercial ‘extent, greens are acceptable but blues buildings; area floodlighting are subdued This is an almost monochromatic light source. It virtually emits Industrial area lighting where distortion of most colours is only yellow light so all colours except yellow appear brown or acceptable; road lighting lack Table 3.3 Comparison of luminous efficacies TUNGSTEN FILAMENT TUNGSTEN HALOGEN MERCURY BLENDED MERCURY FLUORESCENT TUBULAR FLUORESCENT METAL HALIDE HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM Low PRESSURE SODIUM, © 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 erFICACY) mw? Light sources n3.3 Luminaires 3.3.1. Luminaire standards Luminaires can take many different forms, but all have to provide support, and markings protection and electrical connection to the lamp. In addition luminaires have to be safe during installation and operation and be able to withstand the surrounding ambient conditions. The standard which covers most luminaires in the U.K. is ps 4533: Luminaires. It is suitable for use with luminaires containing tungsten filament, tubular fluorescent and other discharge lamps running on supply voltages not exceeding 1 kilovolt. It covers the electrical, mechanical and thermal aspects of safety. Luminaires should comply with Bs 4533. In Bs 4533, luminaires are classified according to the type of protection against electric shock that they have, the degree of protection against ingress of dust or moisture they have, and according to the material of the supporting surface for which the luminaire is designed. Table 3.4 lists the luminaire classes according to the type of protection against electric shock. Class 0 luminaires are not permitted in the U.K. by reason of the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations and the Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations 1908 and 1944. The degree of protection the luminaire provides against the ingress of dust and moisture is classified according to the Ingress Protection (IP) System. This system describes a luminaire by a two digit number, for example, IP 54. The first digit classifies the degree of protection a luminaire provides against the ingress of solid foreign bodies from fingers and tools, to fine dust. The second digit classifes the degree of protection a luminaire provides against the ingress of moisture. Table 3.5 lists the classes of these Table 3.4 Classification of lumi es according to the type of protection provided against electric shock (from BS 4533) Class Type of Protection ‘Symbol used to mark luminaires o ‘Aluminaire i protection against electric shock relies upon basic No symbol insulation; this implies that there are no means for the connection of accessible conductive parts, if any, to the protective conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation, reliance in the event of a failure of the basic insulation being placed on the environment. ' ‘Aluminaire in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic No symbol insulation only, but which includes an additional safety precaution in such a way that means are provided for the connection of accessible conductive parts to the protective (earthing) conductor in the fixed wiring of the installation in such a way that the accessible conductive parts cannot become live in the event ofa failure of the basic insulation, 0 ‘Aluminaire in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic insulation only, but in which additional safety precautions such as double insulation oF reinforced insulation are provided, there being no provision for a protective earthing or reliance upon installation conditions, Til Aluminaire in which protection against electric shook relies upon supply at safety extra low voltage (SELV) or in which voltages higher than SELV are not generated. The SELV is defined as a voltage which does not exceed 50 ® voltsa.c, r.m.s, between conductors or between any conductor and earth in a circuit which is isolated from the supply mains by means such as a safety isolating transformer or converter with separate windings. *Class 0 luminaires are not permitted in the U.K. n LuminairesTable 35 The degrees of protection against the ingress of solid bodies (first characteristic numeral) and moisture {second characteris luminaire classification ic numeral) in the Ingress Protection (IP) System of Degree of protection Short Brief details of objects which will be ‘excluded’ from the description luminaire B Non-protected No special protection a Protected against solid objects large surface of the body, such as @ hand (but no protection greater than 50 mm_ against deliberate access). Solid objects exceeding 50 mm in diameter Protected against solid objects Fingers or similar objects not exceeding 80 mm in length. Solid greater than 12mm objects exceeding 12mm in diameter z Protected against solid objects Tools, wires, etc, of diameter or thickness greater than 25mm, greater than 2.5 mm Solid objects exceeding 2.5 mm in diameter Protected against solid objects, greater than 1.0 mm Wires or strips of thickness greater than 1.0 mm. Solid objects, exceeding 1.0 mm in diameter z Dust-protected Ingress of dustis not totally prevented but dust does not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with satisfactory operation of the equipment é Dusttight Noingress of dust Degree of protection Short Details of the type of protection provided by the luminaire es description t Non-protected No special protection 7 Protected against dripping water Dripping water (vertically felling drops) shall have no harmful effect 2 Protected against dripping water Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the when ted upto 15° iuminaireis tilted at any angle upto 1°from its normal postion Protected against spraying water Water falling as a spray at an angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect Protected against splashing water Water splashed against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect Protected against water jets Water projected by a nozzle against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect Protected against heavy seas Protected against the effects of immersion Protected against submersion ‘Water from heavy seas or water projected in powerful jets shall not enter the luminaire in harmful quantities Ingress of water in a harmful quantity shall not be possible when the luminaire is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time The equipmentis suitable for continuous submersion in water under conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer. Luminaires Btwo digits. Table 3.6 lists the IP numbers which correspond to some commonly used descriptions of luminaire types and the symbols which may be used to mark the luminaires in addition to the IP number. Sometimes a third digit is used this refers to a French standard UTE C20 0 10 for impact testing, Table 3.7 lists the classification of luminaires according to the material of the supporting surface for which the luminaire is designed. Table 3.8 lists the information which should be distinctly and durably marked on a luminaire. BS 4533 applies to most luminaires intended for use in neutral or hostile environments, (including luminaires with Type of Protection ‘N’ (Non- sparking). It does not apply to many of the luminaires intended for use in hazardous environments, i.e. environments in which there is a risk of fire or explosion. For such applications there are different requirements so dif- ferent standards and certification procedures apply. Detailed guidance on this topic can be found in the CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting for Hostile and Hazardous Environments. Table 3.6 Ingress Protection (IP) numbers corresponding to some commonly used descriptions of luminaire types and the symbols which may be used to mark a luminaire in addition to the IP number Commonly used description of luminaire type IP Number* Symbol which may be used in addition to the IP lassifcation number ~ven IPOD no symbol IPX1 ‘ lone drop) w IPX3 @ {one drop in square} IPx4 A, —_onedropintriangle) PX A\A\ (two triangles with one drop in each) ‘ (PX? ry {two drops) Pressure-watertight(submersibie) ... IPxB 44. (two drops followed by an indication of the maximum depth of submersion in metres) Proof against 1 mm diameter probe .. (PAX nosymbol Dust-proof 1P5X © (ameshwithout frame) Dusttight IP6X &_lameshwith frame) “Where X is used in an IP number in this Code, it indicates @ missing characteristic numeral. However, on any luminaire, both appropriate characteristic numerals should be marked. **Marking of IP 20 on ordinary luminaires is not required. In this context an ordinary luminaire is one without special protection against dirt or moisture, Table 3.7 Classification of luminaires according to the mater the luminaire is designed (from BS 4533) of the supporting surface for which Description of class ‘Symbol used to mark luminaires Luminaires suitable for direct mounting only on non-combustible No symbol- but a warning notice is surfaces required Luminaires without builtin ballast or transformers, suitable for direct No symbol ‘mounting on normally flammable surfaces Luminaires with built-in ballast or transformer suitable for direct WV mounting on normally flammable surfaces % LuminairesTable 3.8 Information which should be marked on luminaires (from BS 4533) 1. Mark of ori (@h 2. Rated voltage(s} in volts, {Luminaires for tungsten filament lamps are only marked ifthe rated voltage is different from 250 volts). Rated maximum ambient temperature if other than 25°C It. .“C), ‘Symbol of class ll or class Il luminaire, where applicable (see table 3.4), Ingress Protection (IP) aumber, where applicable (see tables 3.5 and 3.6). Maker's model number or type reference. Rated wattage ofthe lamp(s) in watts, (Where the lamp wattage alone is insufficient, the number of lamps and the type shall also be given. Luminaires for tungsten filament lamps should be marked with the maximum rated wattage and number of lamps.) 8. Symbol for luminaires with built-in ballast or transformers suitable for direct mounting on normally flammable surfaces, if applicable (see table 3.7) 9. Information concerning special lamps, i applicable. 10. Symbol for luminaires using lamps of similar shape to ‘cool beam’ lamps where the use of a‘cool beam’ lamp tmightimpairsafety, if applicable ( 24 11, Terminations to be clearly marked toi where necessary for safety or to ensure satisfactory operation. Earthing terminators should be clearly indicated 12. Symbols for the minimum distance from lighted objects, for spotlights and the like, where applicable( 3--»f ). tity which termination should be connected tothe lve side of the supply, In addition to the above markings, all details which are necessary to ensure proper installation, use and maintenance should be given either on the luminaire or on a built-n ballast or in the manufacturer's instructions provided with the luminaire. 3.3.2 Luminaire characteristics Although meeting the requirements of Bs 4533 is a common factor in luminaire design, it does little to limit the diversity of luminaires that are available. Luminaires vary in their construction, mounting position, dis- tribution of light, the efficiency with which they provide light on the working plane, the extent to which they are likely to cause discomfort glare and the manner in which they light an interior. The most commonly occurring types of luminaire and their typical performance characteristics are given in table 3.9. The luminaire characteristics described are as follows: Mounting position. Luminaires are usually either recessed into the ceiling (recessed), fixed on the ceiling (surface mounted), or suspended from the ceiling (pendant mounted). Some luminaires can be mounted in all three positions but most are only suitable for surface and/or pendant mounting. The mounting position is indicated by the letters R (recessed), S (surface), or P (pendant) as appropriate in column 2 of table 3.9. Polar curve shape. The polar curve shape is a schematic illustration of the luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire. The luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire characterises the way in which the luminaire controls the light from the lamp. For linear luminaires, two curves, representing axial (A) and transverse (T) luminous intensity distributions are shown. For symmetrical luminaires a curve representing the average luminous intensity distribution is given. The polar curve shape for each luminaire type is given in column 3 of table 3.9. Nominal spacingimounting height ratio (SHR NOM). When designing a uniform lighting installation using the lumen method (see Part 4: Design) Luminaires 7576 conformance with the uniformity criterion is ensured by limiting the spacing between the luminaire centres. The maximum spacing that is allowable is determined by the luminous intensity distribution of the luminaire and its ‘mounting height, Therefore the spacing allowable for each luminaire type is expressed as a ratio of the spacing to the mounting height. Typical nominal values of spacing/mounting height ratio are given for each luminaire type in column 4 of table 3.9. (For a more detailed consideration of spacing! ‘mounting height ratio, see section 4.5.3.5.) Utilisation factor. The efficiency of a lamp/luminaire combination when used to provide uniform lighting in a particular room can be expressed by the utilisation factor. The utilisation factor is the luminous flux which reaches the working plane expressed as a ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the lamp. For each luminaire type, the utilisation factor will vary with the efficiency, distribution and spacing of the luminaires as well as with the room proportions and the reflectance of the room surfaces. Thus for any single luminaire type, a range of utilisation factors will be obtained. An indication of the range of utilisation factors likely to occur in rooms of different room index, with low and high surface reflectances, is given for a regular array at the nominal spacing of a typical luminaire of each type, in the form shown below. Utilisation factor Room reflectances 05: 1 Low (L) High H) small Ceiling cavity 05 07 Walls 0305 Room L \H Floor cavity 01 0.2 Index large’ This information is given in column 5 of table 3.9. Glare Index. The luminous intensity distribution of a luminaire and its projected area are important factors in determining the Glare Index of the installation. The Glare Index produced by a regular array of luminaires of any particular type will also vary with the room proportions, the room surface reflectances and the room and luminaire orientation relative to the line of sight. Column 6 of table 3.9 gives an indication of the range of Glare Indices likely to occur in squaré rooms of different areas with low and high surface reflectances, for a regular array of each luminaire type, in the form shown below. For linear luminaires solid lines indicate limits of endwise viewing, broken lines indicate limits for crosswise viewing, Glare index Room reflectances 10 19 28 Low iL) High H) small Ceilingcavity 05 = 07 Walls 0305 Room Floor cavity 0.12 size large Room surface brightness. The luminous flux distribution of a luminaire determines to some extent the relative brightness of walls and ceilings. For a regular array of luminaires of each type, the pattern of brightness of walls and ceilings for rooms with average surface reflectances are indicated in column 7 of table 3.9. The key to the diagram is shown below. Luminaires3.3.3. Caution Bright Bright Bright Ceiling Ceiling Ceiling Dull Medium Bright Increasing Wall Wall ‘Wall ceiling ‘Medium Medium Medium brightness Ceiling Ceiling Dull Medium Bright Wall Wall Wall Dull Dull Dull Ceiling Ceiling Ceiling Dull Medium Wall Wall Wall Increasing wall brightness It must be emphasised that table 3.9 is intended only as an overview; it is not suitable for lighting design. However, it can guide the user as t0 the choice and type of luminaire needed for a particular set of lighting criteria. The information in table 3.9 is not a substitute for the manufacturer's data. There are many forms of iuminaire other than those displayed and the same type of luminaire can show considerable variation in its characteristics. For accurate information, the manufacturers should always be consulted. Photometric data supplied by manufacturers should have been obtained from photometric measurements according to s 5225 and calculated according to CIBSE Technical Memorandum 5: The calculation and use of utilisation factors. Luminaires nTable3.9 Luminaire Characteristic Charts Luminaire Oo ° oO 0° even Cae ° Sipopt ° Senprane adsl Vidern B ‘Mount. ing ° s WARNING: NOT SUITABLE FOR LIGHTING DESIGN Polar SHR Utilisation Glare ‘Surface ume NOM Factor Index Brightness : : ape Otte ok ee . x ome ‘ le low er ea 06 os 5 " . y lags Be . Se rrr sna \\ et ”q 02 04 08 08 g ict sno 6 LuminairesTable3.9 Continued WARNING: NOT SUITABLE FOR LIGHTING DESIGN wb ww ma Luminaire ‘Mount- Polar ‘SHR Utilisation Glare ‘Surface ing Curve NOM Factor Index Brightness o ® os ° ” PN |, i : Sn. o 1 pA 7 : _ Slotted hire . eon Saher Biodns od oa — E - ; - sey ws Oe wot | lh mee | fe fed fe aoHrol|s [TT] com of, Ge 5 Ne \\. » LuminairesTable3.9 Continued WARNING: NOT SUITABLE FOR LIGHTING DESIGN Luminaire Mount. Polar SHR Utilisation Glare Surface ing Cuve NOM Factor Index Brightness tla e201 ob 08 es), : 7 3, mi ot teste . vs “ N\ = | eS|| L r wor a4 os 08 2 ° . J] etn, ” v0 a st so . a toe loge 02 04 of 08 ww ms ot Lo} Opa andboe ” 0 * 10 02 04 06 of ww 2s 8 LuminairesTable3.9 Continued WARNING: NOT SUITABLE FOR LIGHTING DESIGN Luminaire Mount- Polar ‘SHR Utilisation Glare Surface ing Curve NOM Factor Index Brightness L—, ° 150 + mies \\, Lo] i Ste a : st val Hhtor 1) = =~ Be e a Or q ae Go ze 02 04 06 08 so 13 16 Wom 25 8 a Or ea = anes BY . | Luminaires 81Table3.9 Continued WARNING: NOT SUITABLE FOR LIGHTING DESIGN Luminaire Mount- Polar ‘SHR Utilisation Glare ‘Surface ing ume NOM Factor index Brightness a2 oo 8 wD asp as " 02 04 06 08 = a 25 78 i ‘A B88 3 8-68 Py pata SI RSP 028 it sat =. lol ee, a ors A | we 5 mei ne scoop cm Jt |b sexx) A es aa i TT] a ' p 82 LuminairesTable3.9 Continued WARNING: NOT SUITABLE FOR LIGHTING DESIGN Luminaire Mount- Polar ‘SHR Utilisation Glare ‘Surface mg Gane OM Factor inter snghnes C7 5 lc [QD 2 * us = ca. \ A \ =F . a : ‘ Luminaires 833.4 Control systems 3.4.1 The function of control Control systems are an inherent part of any lighting installation. They can systems take many forms, varying from a simple wall switch to being a part of a sophisticated microprocessor-controlled, building management. system Whatever the method used, the aim of a control system is always to ensure that the lighting system is only operating when it is required, and that when itis, it is operating in the required state. The aim of most control systems is to vary the light output of the installation, either by switching or by dimming the lamps (see section 4.4.4.1). 3.42 Swite In principle, all tight sources can be switched but the light output that is, immediately available on switch on and the interval necessary between switch off and switch on varies with lamp type (see table 3.2), Switching can be achieved by a number of different methods. The simplest is the manual switch. Remote switches which use an infrared transmitter and a receiver on the luminaire are also available. Both these forms of switching require human initiative. Alternative forms of switching operate without human intervention. Lamps can be switched by time switches or in response to the availability of daylight or the occupation of the interior. Photocells are used to sense the level of daylight available in an interior, whilst sensors of noise level, movement and reflected radiation have all been used to detect peopie’s presence in an interior. ‘One particular aspect of switching which has limited its use in the past has been the difficulty of switching individual or small groups of luminaires without excessive investment in wiring. Recent developments in electronics have made it possible to send switching signals by low voltage wiring or by high frequency transmission pulses over the existing supply wiring. Further, logic circuitry, now exists which allows individual luminaires to respond in one of several different ways. Such systems provide great flexibility in the way the lighting installation can be used 343 Dimming Whenever the ability to steadily diminish the illuminance in a room is desirable, dimming is required. Tungsten filament lamps can be readily dimmed. Not all discharge lamps can be dimmed and those that can, such as tubular fluorescent lamps, need special control gear. Dimming lamps reduces the energy consumed by the lamp, but not necessarily in proportion to the light output, and usually changes its colour properties. Dimmers can be controlled manually or automatically in response to daylight availability. Many of the electronic developments mentioned in relation to switching can also be associated with dimming. 3.5 Maintenance of lighting equipment 3.5.1 Introduction Maintenance of lighting systems keeps the performance of the system within the design limits, promotes safety, and, if considered at the design stage, can help to minimise the electrical load and capital costs. Mainten- ance includes replacement of failed or deteriorated lamps and control gear, and the cleaning of luminaires and room surfaces at suitable intervals. Lighting systems need maintaining because without it they deteriorate. ‘The light output from lamps decreases with time of operation until the lamp fails. Different lamp types deteriorate at different rates. Further, dirt deposition will occur on lamps, luminaires and room surfaces. Figure 3.1 shows the changes in the illuminance produced over time by an installation of tubular fluorescent lamps, with various combinations of lamp re- placement and luminaire cleaning intervals. Different lamp types in dif- ferent luminaires in different locations will produce a different pattern but the underlying processes are the same. & Control Systems/Maintenance of lighting equipment3.5.2 Lamp replacement Fig3.1_ Changes nilluminance with time for different maintenance schedules 35.3 Luminaire cleaning interve There are two factors which need to be considered when determining the timing of lamp replacement, the change in light output and the probability of lamp failure. The relative weight given to these two factors depends on the lamp type. Tungsten filament, tungsten halogen and blended high pressure mercury tungsten discharge lamps, all of which have a filament, usually fail before the decline in light output becomes significant. Therefore the replacement time for these lamps is determined by the probability of lamp failure alone. All the other light sources conventionally used in interiors show a significant reduction in light output before a large proportion fail. Therefore, for these lamps, both the decline in light output and the probability of lamp failure are important in determining the lamp replacement time. Frequently it is desirable to replace such lamps even though they are still operating electrically, simply because the light output has fallen to an uneconomic level. For the majority of installations the most sensible procedure is to replace all the lamps at planned intervals. This procedure, which is known as group replacement, has visual, electrical and financial advantages over the alternative of replacing individual lamps as they fail. Visually, group replacement ensures that the installation maintains a uniform appearance. Electrically, group replacement reduces the risk of damage to the control gear caused by lamps nearing the end of their electrical life. Financially, by arranging that the lamp replacement is associated with luminaire cleaning and doing it at a time when it will cause the minimum of disturbance to the activities in the interior, the cost of lamp replacement can be minimised. Group replacement is an appropriate procedure for routine maintenance. However, in any large installation, a few lamps can be expected to fail prematurely. These lamps should be replaced promptly on an individual basis. No matter whether lamps are replaced individually or in a group a decision has to be made about the replacement light source. As light source development proceeds there is a temptation to replace one light source with another which is superficially similar but of higher luminous efficacy. If this course of action is attempted great care should be taken to establish that the replacement light source and the existing control gear are compatible; physically and electrically. Before replacing any discharge light source with another of a different type, or the same type but from a different manufacturer, advice on compatibility should be sought from the manufac- turers. The timing and nature of lamp replacement is usually a matter of economic and managerial judgement and may well be determined by factors other than those directly related to the lighting. The proposed lamp replacement procedure should be considered during the design of the installation. The rate at which dirt is deposited on and in a luminaire depends on the amount and composition of the dirt in the atmosphere, and on the type of luminaire. Over the same period and in the same location dustproof (IP 5X) and dust tight (IP 6X) luminaires and open reflectors with slots in the top will collect iess dirt than louvred luminaires with closed tops, or luminaires with unsealed diffusers. This last type frequently act as dust traps. For particularly dirty atmospheres or where access is difficult it is usually best to have either dustproof (IP 5X) or dust tight (IP 6X) luminaires, ventilated luminaires which are designed to use air currents to keep them clean, or lamps with internal reflectors. If cleaning is to be done in situ by water jets then luminaires suitably protected from moisture penetration must be used (IP Xs). It is important to note that even the most protected luminaires, for example, dust tight (IP 6X) luminaires, will collect dirt on their external surfaces. Therefore even these luminaires will need cleaning regularly. Maintenance of lighting equipment 853.5.4 Room surface cl interval 3.5.5 Design aspects 3.5.6 Practical aspects The appropriate cleaning interval for luminaires and the lamps they contain is again an economic and managerial question. The factors that need to be considered are the cost and convenience of cleaning at a particular time and the prevailing efficiency of the installation. As a general guide, luminaires should be cleaned at least once a year but for some locations this will not be sufficient. Appendix 7 gives some representative luminaire light output depreciation curves for different luminaire types and atmospheric conditions. From such curves it is possible to establish a suitable cleaning interval. It is usually advantageous to co-ordinate lumin- aire cleaning with lamp replacement ifthe latter is required. The Factories Act 1961 stipulates that room surfaces in factories should be cleaned and redecorated regularly, but regular cleaning is important in all buildings if a dirty appearance is to be avoided. Regular cleaning is particularly important where light reflected from the room surfaces makes an important contribution to the lighting of the interior, e.g. where daylight from the side windows is used or where an indirect lighting installation is present. ‘The maintenance procedures for a lighting installation should be considered at the design stage. Three aspects are particularly important. The first is the light loss factor to be used in the calculation of the number of lamps and luminaires needed to provide the required conditions (see appendix 7). The closer the light loss factor is to unity, the smaller the number of lamps and luminaires which will be needed 'to provide the desired conditions. However, it must be emphasised that a light loss factor close to unity implies a commitment to regular and frequent maintenance. Unless this commitment is fulfilled the installation will not meet the design conditions. The second aspect is the practical one of access and handling. Good maintenance will only occur if access to the lighting installation is safe and easy, and the lighting equipment is simple to handle. The third aspect is equipment selection. The dirtier the atmosphere where the installation is to operate, the more important it is to select equipment which is resistant to dirt deposition. A wide range of different materials are used in luminaires. Table 3.10 summarises the most suitable cleaning methods for use with these different materials. Different lighting installations call for different levels of skill from the people doing the maintenance. For completely conventional installations only the most basic knowledge is necessary but where luminaires with special properties, e.g. dustproof (IP 5X), jetproof (IP X5), are used, considerable knowledge and care is required from the operator doing the cleaning and reassembly. Similarly, where complex control systems form a part of the installation, the maintenance operator will need to understand the operation of the system and the consequences of any changes made. For all maintenance work the operators should be aware of the basic electrical and mechanical safety aspects of the work. Maintenance of lighting equipmentTable3.10_ Suitable cleaning methods for lighting maintenance ‘Materials [Aluminium reflectors Plastics including G.R.P.) Paints Glass and Vitreous Enamel |Galvanised surfaces (@) (b) tc} (a) fe) if ) th) Cleaning method Clean surfaces with a damp cloth or sponge. A detergent may be used but this should be rinsed away and the surface driedipolished with a soft lth, Where there is obvious staining or contamination a metal polish or paste such as “Brasso’ may be used followed by a cleaning operation as in (a). Badly tarnished or corroded surfaces cannot be restored, Reflectivity may be improved by removing the tarnished oxide with chromic acid but corrosion and abrasion resistance will be affected. Is better at this stage to replace the reflectors. Clean as (a) above but some dust accumulation can be expected as a result of static charge. Itis better to use an antistatic cleaning fluid in place of water and the detergent but these should not be used for components under continuous stress, e.g. under the tension of springs. Organic solvents should also be avoided, ‘Aged or yellowed surfaces can be improved by using an abrasive (on the yellowed surface) but again stressed components should not be treated in this way. Restore gloss asin (b). Clean asin fal Aged or yellowed surfaces must not be abraded to restore colour, Clean as in (a) or by utilising commercially available clesningipolishing products. Oily substances such as paraffin will give ‘rainbow patterns’ and should be avoided, Ciean as in (a) but components must be dried. White corrosion films’ may be removed by light abrasion with fine (600 grt) emery paper or other abrasive compounds but rusting will then occur at an earlier stage. Maintenance of lighting equipment 8Part 4 42.1 Safety 422 Visual tasks 423 Appearance and character 424 Priorities and constraints Lighting Design 4.1 Introduction Lighting design is a complex process and no hard and fast rules can be devised which will suit all design problems or every designer. Nevertheless, the following design approach represents reasonable practice and will give guidance to less experienced designers. A flowchart of the overall process is given in figure 4.1, and each stage is detailed in the following sections. 4.2 Objectives The first stage in planning any lighting installation is to establish the lighting design objectives. Care and time expended on this is well invested, because the objectives guide the decisions in all the other stages of the design process. Establishing the objectives for a design is not the same as reading Part 2 of this Code and deciding upon a suitable illuminance. Rather, itis. matter of deciding what the lighting is for. The lighting objectives can be considered in three parts. The lighting must be safe in itself and must allow the occupants to work and move about safely. These are not only primary objectives but also statutory obligations. Its, therefore, necessary to identify any hazards present and to consider the most appropriate form of emergency lighting (see section 4.5.6). ‘The type of work which takes place in the interior will define the nature and variety of the visual tasks. An analysis of the visual tasks (there is rarely just one) in terms of size, contrast, duration, need for colour discrimination and so on, is essential to establish the quantity and quality of the lighting Tequired to achieve satisfactory visual conditions ‘The designer should be wary of general descriptions, A general office, for example, can, at one extreme, have occupants whose job it is to answer the telephone and, as a result, the visual tasks may be quite simple; whilst, at the other extreme the occupants may have to transcribe text, handwritten in pencil, onto terminals equipped with VDUs, and this presents a complex set of visual tasks. In addition to establishing the nature of the tasks done in an interior, it is also necessary to identify the positions where the tasks occur and the planes on which the tasks lie. This information is essential if lighting matched to the tasks is to be provided. The lighting of a space will affect its character, and the character of objects, within it. Itis, therefore, necessary to establish what mood or atmosphere is to be created. This is not a luxury to be reserved only for prestige offices, places of entertainment, and the like, but should be considered in ali designs, even for those areas where it will be given less importance than other factors. When establishing the objectives, it is important to differentiate between those which are essential and those which are desirable. It is also important at this stage to establish both the design objectives and the design constraints. Often the most obvious and the most important constraint is financial. Obviously everyone wants to spend the minimum possible, but different Introduction! Objectivesowners will spend differing amounts, for otherwise similar areas, according to their own valuation of the final result. For this reason, it is important to establish the financial constraints. These will temper and modify the importance of the various design objectives, but should be opposed if they suppress any of the essential objectives. Ideally, it should be possible to consider both capital expenditure and running costs to achieve the most economical scheme. In some circumstan- ces this does not happen, and only the capital cost is considered, because a second system of budget control applies to the running cost. Although this is a highly unsatisfactory approach and should be resisted, it may be forced upon the designer. More usually it is possible to relate capital and running costs to establish the lowest overall investment. The normal method of doing this is to calculate fixed and variable costs, allowing for depreciation, interest and inflation, over a fixed term. There are many other constraints which may affect the design objectives, such as energy consumption, environmental considerations (which may limit the range of acceptable luminaires), physical problems of access, and so on. These constraints must be recognised at the objectives stage of the design. Figure 4.1__ Lighting design flowchart 1 Objectives Determine the objectives ofthe design in terms of the safety requirements, the task requirements and the appearance required. Priorities should be allocated to the design objectives and constraints identified 2 Specification Express the design objectives as a set of compatible design cri acknowledge those objectives which cannot be quantified, L{3 General planning Consider the relationship between natural and electric lighting, Resolve the type of lighting system which will achieve the desired objectives. 4 Detailed Planning '] Plan the final scheme (ar alternative schemes) using accurate data to ensure the most economical and ecient final design, 5 Appraisal ‘After completion, examine the installation in order to assess its success in terms of the design objectives and its acceptability to the clentlusers. 4.3 Specification Once the lighting objectives have been defined, they must be expressed in a suitable form. Not all design objectives can be expressed as measurable quantities. For example, the need to make an environment appear ‘pres- tigious’, ‘efficient’ or ‘vibrant’ cannot be quantified. Furthermore, although many objectives can be expressed in physical terms, suitable design Specification 894.4.1 Daylight “CIBSE Applications Manual Window Design techniques may not exist or may be too cumbersome. For example, obstruction losses and contrast rendering factors (see appendix 6), are two quantities that are difficult to calculate and predict accurately. This does not mean that the objectives represented by these terms should be ignored, but that experience and judgement may have to replace calculation. Lighting designers have a responsibility to ensure that lighting is not liable to cause injury to the health of occupants (appendix 8). Bad lighting can contribute towards accidents or result in inadequate working condi- tions. The designer must always take due note of statutory instruments that, affect lighting conditions, such as the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Factories Act 1961, and so on. Most of these demand that lighting shall be both sufficient and suitable. Sufficiency is normally taken to be related to the quantity of illumination (illuminance) on the tasks and for safe movement, whilst suitability covers discomfort and disability glare, spectral distributions, veiling reflections, shadows, and so on. Legislation is concerned with what is essential. This is less onerous than the recommendations in this Interior Lighting Code, which are concerned with good practice. A full specification can be established by reference to other parts of this Code and by taking the design objectives into account. The factors which can be specified numerically are: Financial Budget (see section 4.5.1.1), Energy Budget (see sections 2.5 and 4.5.1.3), Design Service Illuminance (see sections 2.3, 2.4.2 and 1.3), Uniformity (see sections 2.4.3 and 1.3.4), Modelling, vectorlscalar ratio (see sections 2.4.4 and 1.4), Reflectances and Colours of Surfaces (see sections 2.4.5, 1.5 and Appendix 3), Illuminance Ratios (see section 2.4.3), Light Source Colour (see sections 2.4.6 and 1.6.1), Colour Rendering Requirement (see sections 2.4.6, 1.6.2 and Appen- dix 4), Glare (see sections 2.3, 2.4.7, 1.7 and Appendix 5), Contrast Rendering (see section 1.8 and Appendix 6), Run-up/Restrike Time (see section 3.2.2). Care must be taken to ensure that those objectives which cannot be quantified are not overlooked. 4.4 General Planning ‘When the design specification has been established the purpose of the remaining stages of design is to translate these physical requirements into the best possible solutions, with the intention of meeting the original objectives. The designer should never lose sight of the fact that the aim is to meet the original objectives, and that the specification is only a stepping stone in this process, and not an end in itself. Indeed, if it proves difficult to plan an installation which meets the design specification it may be necessary to reassess the original objectives. There are no hard and fast rules about how to plan a lighting installation, and experience and judgement will usually dominate the planning process. Nevertheless, the planning stages can be divided into general planning and detailed planning (see section 4.5). At the general planning stage, the designer aims to establish whether the original objectives are viable, and resolve what type of design can be employed to satisfy these objectives. The first stage in the general planning of a lighting installation is to consider the interior to be lit, its proportions, its contents, and most importantly the daylight available. In the past, the chief aim of most windows has been to provide light. Today, other environmental factors may demand equal consideration - solar gain in summer, fabric heat loss in winter, natural ventilation, the entry of noise and dirt from outside, the view’ in and out, the composition of the architectural facade. Most of these aspects of window design will be considered in a forthcoming CIBSE publication®. General planning4.4.1.1 The relation between natural and electric lighting 4.4.1.2 Average daylight factors This Code seeks to offer guidance to a lighting engineer confronted by an existing window or rooflight. The questions which need to be considered in these circumstances are, how should the electric lighting relate to the natural lighting, and does the window or rooflight need additional visual or thermal protection. Electric lighting is usually planned as if daylight did not exist. However, natural lighting may well suggest the form and especially the control system of the electric lighting. For this reason, every lighting designer needs some knowledge of daylight prediction In temperate climates, the extent to which daylight is available at a position in an interior is conventionally expressed as a ‘daylight factor’. This is the illuminance at a point on a plane in an interior due to light received directly or indirectly from a sky of known or assumed luminance distribution expressed as a percentage of the illuminance on a horizontal plane due to an unobstructed hemisphere of the same sky. The sky usually assumed is the overcast sky specified by the CIE (see appendix 9). The average daylight factor on a horizontal reference plane in an empty interior is given approximately by the following expression: average daylight factor = ates percent transmittance of glazing material, expressed as a decimal nett area of glazing (m*) angle (degrees) in vertical plane, subtended by sky visible from the centre of a window or a roofflight - (Fig 4.2) A = total area of indoor surfaces: ceiling + floor + walls, including windows or rooflights (m?) R =area weighted average reflectance of all indoor surfaces, including windows or rooflights Fig42{b) Oistho ong subtended ina rooflight, by ‘ofa rootight ina shed root The average daylight factor is a suitable criterion for shallow side-lit interiors and interiors lit by rooflights. The average daylight factor is not an appropriate criterion for the deep side-lit interiors discussed in section 4-4.1.3, the daylight factor distribution being clearly uneven. The equation for average daylight factor does not apply to such an interior. Subject to these reservations, it appears that when the average daylight factor is 5 per cent or more, an interior will generally look well day-lit. When the average daylight factor is less than 2 per cent, the interior will not be perceived as well day-lit and electric lighting may be in constant use throughout the day. General planning ou4.4.1.3. Daylight in deep side- lit interiors ‘depth from Fig 43 Limiting room proportions ~~ Nosky point ” “1 1 Z eee 44 Theno-by line, which ithe tr pos beyono wale ts impose for an occupant to soe an porofthesty a 4.4.1.4. Protection from glare and solar gain 2 ‘When the average daylight factor exceeds 5 per cent in a building which is used mainly during the day, electricity consumption for lighting should be too small to justify elaborate control systems on economic grounds, provided that switches are sensibly located. Lamps, which will be used mainly at night, should be of the ‘warm or intermediate’ CCT class (Table 1.1). ‘When the average daylight factor is between 2 per cent and 5 per cent, the electric lighting should be planned to take full advantage of available daylight. Localised or local lighting may be particularly advantageous, using daylight to provide the general surround lighting. Lamps with a correlated colour temperature in the upper half of the intermediate CCT class blend well with daylight. When the average daylight factor is below 2 per cent, supplementary electric lighting will be needed almost permanently. ‘Average daylight factor will often given the designer sufficient informa- tion on which to base decisions on the relationship between natural and electric lighting. However, where more detailed information on daylight factors is necessary, the methods for point-by-point daylight factor predic- tion described in Appendix 9 can be used. Some rooms appear to be fairly evenly daylit. These include many roof-lit or clerestory-lit interiors and many shallow side-lit rooms. Ina deep side-lit room, however, the lighting in the depth of the interior may look very dull when compared with the lighting just inside the window. This is likely to occur when the depth of the room, from window to back wall, is greater than the limiting depth calculated from the expression: 2wh (A+w)(1-Rp) where D = limiting depth w = width of room measured from side to side, parallel to window, (Fig 4.3) ight of window head above floor (Fig 4.3) 1rea-weighted average reflectance of surfaces in the half of the room remote from the window Re If the room is lit from two opposite sides, the limiting depth, calculated as above, may be doubled. Further, a side-lit room having smaller depth than the limiting value will still look unevenly lit if part of the working surface lies behind the no-sky line (Fig 4.4). ‘This has repercussions for electric lighting. If the no-sky line impinges seriously on the working plane or if the room depth exceeds the limiting valué defined above, the electric lighting is likely to be incontinuous use whenever the room is occupied, whatever the shape, size or position of the window. Windows and rooflights can become sources of glare because they allow a direct view of the sun or a bright sky. In practice the strongest complaints are associated with direct sunlight. Therefore, the best strategy for reducing discomfort from windows and rooflights is to concentrate on controlling solar penetration; this will reduce sky glare too. The appropriate form of solar protection will depend on whether the discomfort is mainly thermal or visual; if both, some combination of screening measures may be needed. Protection may be fixed or movable. Although fixed baffles can simplify maintenance and ensure a tidier facade, movable protection is generally preferable in the United Kingdom as it causes less obstruction to daylight and view on dull days. The flow charts in General planning4.4.2. Choice of electric light- ig systems 4.4.2.1 General lighting figures 4.5a and 4.5b offer a systematic procedure for selecting solar protection for windows and rooflights. Vertical venetion | {blinds movobe Verticl fine —_____} Curtains, blinds est or West external egg-crotes. Fined [eat-rejecting glass 4) Aflomsher for slating sla Peles nabs Lighting systems which provide an approximately uniform illuminance over the whole working plane are called general lighting systems (see Fig 4.6). The luminaires are normally arranged in a regular layout. The appearance of the installation is usually tidy but may be rather bland, General lighting is simple to plan using the lumen method (see section 4.5.3.6) and requires no co-ordination with task locations. The greatest advantage of such systems is that they permit complete flexibility of task location. General planning 93Ate rootlights vertical ‘loping or neorhorizntal Weal vestcol Tindow ecting gloss Heat-rejecting coatings Fig 45{b) A flowchart for selecting ‘window protection for rootlights Neor-horzonta Heot-reecting gloss Heotreecting coatings Eag-crotes, laning aston finance across the {working plane Fig46(b) localised lighting system ses luminaires located adjacent tothe workstations to provide the required task luminance. The 9 | & Emp to necessary ambient luminance in the Surrounding areas is provided by additional luminaires as required eo 8 = Fig 46 (€) _Alocal ighting system ‘employs luminaires, located atthe ‘workstation, to provide the necessary task 4 General planning ‘luminance. A general lighting scheme is Used to provide the ambient uminance forthe man rea4.4.2.2 Localised lighting 44.23 Local lighting 4.43 Choice of lamp and tumini The major disadvantage of general lighting systems is that energy may be wasted illuminating the whole area to the level needed for the most critical tasks. Energy could be saved by providing the necessary illuminance over only the task areas and using a lower ambient level for circulation and other non-critical tasks. Localised lighting systems (see Fig 4.6b) employ an arrangement of luminaires designed to provide the required service illuminance on work areas together with a lower illuminance for the other areas. The illuminance on the other areas should not be less than one-third of the illuminance on the work areas. Considerable care must be taken to co-ordinate the lighting layout to task positions and orientation. The system can be inflexible and correct informa- tion is essential at the design stage. Changes in the work layout can seriously impair a localised system, although uplighters and other easily relocatable or switchable systems can overcome these problems. Localised systems normally consume less energy than general lighting systems unless a high proportion of the area is occupied by work stations. This should be confirmed by specific calculations. Localised systems may require more maintenance than general lighting systems. Local lighting provides illumination only over the small area occupied by the task and its immediate surroundings (Fig 4.6c). A general lighting system must be installed to provide sufficient ambient illumination for circulation and non-critical tasks. This is then supplemented by the local lighting system to achieve the necessary design service illuminance on tasks. The general surround illuminance should not be less than one-third of the task illuminance. Local lighting can be a very efficient method for providing adequate task illumination, particularly where high illuminances are necessary and/or flexible directional lighting is required. Local lighting is frequently provided by luminaires mounted on the work station (c.g. desk lights). Local lighting must be positioned to minimise shadows, veiling reflections and glare. Although local luminaires allow efficient utilisation of emitted light, the luminaires themselves may be inefficient and can be expensive. Most local lighting systems are accessible and often adjustable. This increases wear and tear and hence maintenance costs but provides some individual control. Both local and localised lighting offer scope for switch control of individual luminaires which can be off when not required, but care must be taken with localised luminaires to ensure that sufficient ambient illumina- tion is provided. ‘The choice of lamp will affect the range of luminaires available, and vice- versa. Therefore, one cannot be considered without reference to the other. When planning an electric lighting scheme, designers try to select a single optimum lamp and luminaire combination which will meet their objectives. In experienced hands, or where there is a limited range of equipment available, this type of approach can be effective, but many designers remain uncertain as to the value of their solution and whether or not there is a better choice. One method of design which avoids this dilemma and draws attention to areas of difficulty, is to follow a procedure which does not try to identify a single lamp and luminaire combination but rather rejects those combinations which are unsatisfactory. In this manner, whatever remains be acceptable and a final choice can be made by comparison. With such an approach unrealistic requirements will manifest themselves by causing. all available choices to be eliminated. The need to juggle with different requirements in order to achieved a satisfactory compromise is avoided, since this will occur automatically. Finally, because all of the unrejected General planning 954.4.3.1. Choice of lamp 4.43.2. Choice of luminaire 96 luminaire and lamp combinations are acceptable, the most efficient and ‘economically acceptable scheme can be selected. This approach lends itself to computed aided design ‘The designer should compile a list of suitable lamps, by rejecting those which do not satisfy the design objectives. The availability of suitable luminaires can then be checked and the economics of each assessed. General guidance can be obtained from section 3.2 of this Code. ‘The run-up time of most discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps) is unsatisfactory for applications requiring rapid provision of illumination or switching unless auxiliary tungsten lamps are provided. Lamps must have colour rendering properties suited to their intended use. Good colour rendering may be required in order to achieve better discrimination between colours where that is part of the visual task. Alternatively, good colour rendering may be required to act ticular appearance or degree of comfort (c.g. merchandising, offices, etc.). ‘A warm apparent colour tends to be preferred for informal situations, at lower illuminances and in cold environments, whilst a cool apparent colour tends to be preferred for formal situations, at higher illuminances, and in hot environments. Adjacent areas should not be lit with sources of significantly different apparent colour unless a special effect is required. The life and lumen maintenance characteristics of the lamps must be considered to arrive at a practicable and economic maintenance schedule. Where moving machinery is used care should be taken to avoid strobos- copic effects. All lamps operating on an alternating current exhibit some degree of cyclic variation of light output. It is most significant with discharge lamps which do not employ a phosphor coating. The problem can normally be reduced or eliminated by having alternate rows of luminaires on different phases of the supply and ensuring that critical areas receive illumination in roughly equal proportion from each phase. Alternatively the lamps may be operated from high frequency supplies, or illumination from local luminaires (with acceptable lamps that do not cause stroboscopic problems) can be used to swamp the general illumination. ‘When selecting a range of suitable lamps, the designer must consider the types of luminaires which are available and the degree of light control and light output required. Accurate light control is more difficult with large sources than with compact sources, however the latter will have a higher luminance (for the same output) and are potentially more glaring. Standardisation of lamp types and sizes within a particular site or ‘company can simplify maintenance and stocking. In the choice of luminaire, the designer can exercise a combination of professional judgement, personal preference and economic analysis. Luminaires may have to withstand a variety of physical conditions, such as vibration, moisture, dust, ambient temperature, vandalism and so on. In addition, the onus is on the designer to specify safe equipment. General guidance on the characteristics of luminaires can be obtained from section 3.3 of this Code. Safety can be guaranteed by using equipment with the British Standard safety mark or obtaining written assurances from the manufacturer. It is important to ensure that equipment is selected which can withstand and operate safely in the environmental conditions that will be encountered. The Ingress Protection (IP) rating, which is discussed in section 3.3.1 gives guidance regarding the ability of the luminaire to withstand the ingress of solid foreign bodies and moisture. The designer must make sure that the manufacturer's claims apply throughout the intended life of the luminaire. This is particularly true of a claimed IP rating, which, without further qualification, applies to a new luminaire. However, when a luminaire has the British Standard safety mark, the IP rating is applied to an already General planning443.3 Charts luminance Ratio (IR) arduously tested luminaire Not only must the luminaire withstand the ambient conditions, it may have to operate in a hazardous area, such as a refinery, mine or similar environment. In this event, special equipment is required to satisfy the safety regulations. Such equipment is beyond the scope of this Code. This subject is covered by the CIBSE Application Guide: Lighting for hostile and hazardous environments. The light distribution of the luminaire should be carefully considered as it influences the distribution of illuminance and the directional effects that will be achieved. To establish the nature of the distribution of illuminance and directional effects that will be achieved for a regular array of a given luminaire, the illuminance ratio (IR) charts of CIBSE (IES) Technical Report No. 15, the Multiple Criterion Design Method, can be used. The use of these charts is described in section 4.4.3.3. The utilisation factor (UF) for a luminaire is a measure of the efficiency with which light from the lamp is used for illuminating the working plane. The product of utilisation factor and lamp circuit luminous efficacy is the installed efficacy of the installation. In other words, it is a measure of how much luminous flux reaches the working plane for each watt of power applied. Luminaires can be ranked in order of the installed efficacy they provide, so that the most efficient luminaire, capable of meeting the other requirements, is selected. However, the luminaire with the highest installed efficacy may not offer the highest operating efficacy (see section 4.5.1.3). If a greater degree of switch control can be achieved with one type of lamp than another (e.g. tubular fluorescent versus high pressure sodium dis- charge), then the order may be reversed. This is because the hours of use may be sufficiently reduced in one case to offset its slightly lower installed efficacy. The ratio of the two installed efficacies is equal to the ratio of the hours of use which must be achieved for the schemes to have equal operating efficacies. Thus, if one scheme has twice the installed efficacy of a second scheme, then for the second scheme to have a better operating efficacy its hours of use must be 50% of that for the first scheme. Luminaire reliability and life will have a direct impact on the economics of the scheme, and must be realistically considered. The ease with which luminaires can be installed and maintained will also affect the overall economics and convenience of the scheme. Luminaires with good mainten- ance characteristics and which can be easily maintained will not only save ‘on maintenance costs, but will also be more efficient throughout their life. Luminaires which’ can be unplugged and detached, or which have removable gear, can simplify maintenance by allowing remote servicing. luminance Ratio (IR) Charts are published in CIBSE (IES) Technical Report No. 15, the Multiple Criterion Design Method. They enable the designer to examine the effects of room index, surface reflectances, luminaire direct ratio and flux fraction ratio upon illuminance ratios and the directional aspects of lighting. They are published in pairs for different combinations of ceiling, wall and floor reflectance and for different room indices. The reflectances are given the symbols L, M and D to signify, light, medium and dark reflectances respectively. These correspond to: eye Mae) Ceiling cavity 0.70 0.50 0.30 Walls 0.50 0.30 0.10 Floor cavity 0.30 0.20 0.10 General planning 7Fig47 Atypical luminance rato (i) can “0 Webinar Some Seas S10 06 “04 - P02 AWE wipses 6 Fig 48 The effect of illuminance retios ‘upon room appearance 78 90° Figure 4.7 shows a typical pair of charts. The charts are identical except for the loci plotted onto them. In each case the horizontal axis represents the direct ratio of the installation expressed as a British Zonal (BZ) number, and the vertical axis is the flux fraction ratio of the installation. Real luminaires can therefore be plotted onto the charts according to their flux fraction ratio and BZ number (w.8. BZ number may change with room index). ‘Wolliluminance ratio Vector/scalarratio 44 Ceiing 7] flominonce ~ ratio, oy "Sa 23 45 6 78 Oo Modeling 70 luminance ratios Loci of constant illuminance ratio are plotted on the lefthand chart and loci of constant average vector/scalar ratio are plotted on the righthand chart. The charts may be used in two ways. Luminaires can be plotted onto the charts to determine the illuminance ratios and average vector/scalar ratios that will be achieved by a regular array of such luminaires. Alternatively and more usefully at the general planning stage, the charts may be used to identify the range of reflectances and luminaires which can achieve the desired conditions. The range of acceptable luminaires can be identified by BZ numbers and flux fraction ratios. However, the process of selection will then be aided if the positions of real luminaires are marked onto the charts or a transparent overlay. The recommended ranges of illuminance ratios and vectoriscalar ratios are shown as unshaded (safe) areas on the charts. These recommendations are not sacrosanct and there are reasons why a designer may wish to deviate from them. Bright walls can make a room seem larger and more spacious. Dark walls can make it seem small and possibly cramped or intimate. Bright ceilings and dark walls may give the impression of formality and tension, whilst the reverse, bright walls and dark ceiling, may create an informal and relaxed or sociable atmosphere. These are not hard and fast rules, but are supported by experimentation. Figure 4.8 shows these tendencies mapped onto a typical IR Chart. It is often impossible to simultaneously achieve the desired illuminance ratios and vector/scalar ratios without changes in reflectance, and even then it may still be impossible. Wall-washers may be employed to increase the wall to task illuminance ratio. The IR charts illustrate that for most cases a proportion of upward light from the luminaire is desirable to achieve General planningacceptable ceiling/task illuminance ratios. 44.4 System Management A good lighting system must not only be well designed, but must also be managed and operated effectively and efficiently. System management ‘must: (a) control the use of the system to ensure efficiency (b) maintain the system in good order. 44.4.1 Control The lighting system must be designed and managed to permit good control ‘of energy use. This is important during the working day and outside working hours (see section 3.4).. Methods of control fall into three broad categories: (a) Manual control (Managerial) (b) Automatic control (non intelligent) (c) Processor control (intelligent) Manual methods rely upon individuals and appointed members of staff controlling the lighting system. These methods tend to be inexpensive in capital costs but may be less effective than automatic methods. To be effective the lighting system must be well planned to permit flexible switching of individual luminaires or banks of luminaires. The switch panels must be sensibly located and clearly marked (a mimic diagram can be very helpful). An education programme to ensure staff awareness is essential and this can be reinforced with posters, and with labels on or adjacent to the switch panels. ‘One of the main snags with manual methods is that, whilst occupants may be aware that natural lighting is insufficient and will turn on lights, it is rare for them to respond to sufficient daylight by turning lights off. ‘Automatic control in the form of an imposed switch-off (particularly at lunchtime) can be effective, since, if natural lighting is adequate, the luminaires may not be turned back on. A considerable amount of energy is often wasted after working hours when the lights are left on to no useful purpose. The full lighting system may be on when cleaners are in the building. The provision of automatic cleaners’ circuits controlling only some of the lighting to provide reduced illuminances can save money. ‘Automatic control systems, such as time switches or photocells, can be inexpensive and can switch (or dim) banks of lights. Photocells can monitor the level of useful daylight and turn off luminaires or individual lamps in rows adjacent to the windows. Whether or not this is economic will depend upon the daylight factor and the proportion of the working year for which the required illuminance is exceeded. ‘Time switches provide a convenient method of ensuring that unwanted lighting is not provided outside working hours. ‘Occupancy detectors can be used to detect the presence of occupants and to control the lights accordingly. These can rely upon acoustic, infra red, radar, or other methods of detection. A time-lag must normally be built into the system to prevent premature switch-offs. ‘Automatic systems must normally have some degree of manual override (on and off) to cater for unexpected circumstances. Systems which automatically cancel lighting but must be manually reset can offer greater savings than those which switch on again automatically. Occupants can always be relied upon to turn-on lighting if they need it. Computer-based or microprocessor-based control systems are becoming increasingly popular, more reliable and less expensive. These rely upon dedicated computers or processors to control some or all of the building services. Lifts, fire alarms, lighting, air-conditioning and other equipment can be controlied. The most important advantages of such an approach are that complex decisions can be taken from moment to moment, based upon the precise state of the building's operation, and that the system is General planning 94.4.4.2 Maintenance 45.1. Costs and energy use controlled by software. This last feature means that the control programs can be refined and tailored to suit the building and can be easily amended to suit changed circumstances. Such intelligent systems can continuously monitor the building to operate it at maximum efficiency and economy. For example, lighting load can be shed in non-critical areas if the electricity maximum demand is reached during winter months, or shed in summer if cooling demands become excessive With any control system considerable care must be taken to ensure that acceptable lighting conditions are always provided for the occupants. Safety must always be of paramount importance. Control systems which are obtrusive or disruptive are counter-productive and may even be sabotaged by the staff. For this reason, dimmer systems are often preferred. Photocells and other sensing circuitry must incorporate a delay to prevent sporadic and disruptive switch-offs, but must respond immediately when a switch-on is called for. Lighting systems must be serviced regularly and this must be allowed for at the design stage. Faulty ot failed lamps should be replaced and unsafe or faulty equipment should be rectified. In addition to this depreciation in illumination, caused by dirt on lamps, luminaires and room surfaces should be controlled by regular cleaning. It is not always enough to replace lamps on failure. The light output of lamps falls with hours of operation. For most lamp types, @ point will usually be reached where it is financially better to replace the lamps than to continue to waste power. Furthermore, labour charges for the replacement of individual lamps can be high, so it is often less expensive in the end to clean and service a complete installation when convenient, than to indulge in intermittent cleaning and relamping. The effect of alterntive maintenance schedules on the illuminance provided by the installation can be examined by the procedure described in Appendix 7. 4.5 Detailed planning When the overall design has been resolved in general terms, detailed calculations are required to determine such things as the number of luminaires, the Glare Index, the final cost and so on. Design calculations can be complex and the use of computers is widespread. It is easy in these circumstances to lose sight of the original objectives and purpose of the design. When the designer feels that he has completed the design he should ‘stop and analyse how well the original objectives have been met. He may, at this stage, find that the resultant design is unsatisfactory in some regard. This is by no means uncommon and reflects the inadequacy of the methods of design that are currently available. The only course of action is to revise the design until a suitable solution is found. This iterative procedure is a normal part of the design process. ‘The main calculations which may have to be carried out during the design process are detailed in the following sections. The most powerful constraints on any design are financial, namely, how much will the scheme cost to install and operate. Initially it is necessary to establish realistic economic and energy budgets commensurate with the design objectives. At all stages of the design, capital costs and running costs must be scrutinised and controlled. The economics and energy use of the lighting system must be considered as part of the building as a whole. Detailed planning45.1.1 Financial evaluation 45.1.2. Energy and tariffs 45.1.3 Energy calculations ‘The methods of financial assessment employed by the designer must be acceptable to the client. This can cause difficulties, because grants, tax benefits, tariffs, accounting methods and other factors can vary. Fortunate- ly simple methods of analysis are usually sufficient. The designer must satisfy himself and others that: (a) a new scheme is justified, (b) that the proposed scheme is a sound economic proposition. A new scheme may be justified because the building is new or because the existing scheme is no longer acceptable for its intended purpose. Alternatively, it may be necessary to decide whether it is better to retain existing equipment or replace it with a new scheme Scheme economics are difficult to judge in absolute terms. For this reason comparisons are often used. These can be against an existing scheme or an alternative design. If a comparison between alternative designs is to be meaningful, the schemes must be of equitable standard. The cost of owning and operating an installation can be conveniently divided as follows: (a) Capital costs: Lamps, luminaires and associated equipment, installa- tion and wiring (b) Operating costs: (i) Fixed annual costs: Electricity supply charges (e.g. service charge, maximum demand charge, etc.) (ii) Running costs: electricity consumed (kWh), replacement lamps, relamping (labour). (iii) Maintenance costs: cleaning luminaires/lamp, repairing equipment Many methods of scheme comparison are possible. The principles of several methods of financial evaluation are discussed in CIBSE Guide, Section B18, Owning and Operating costs. A number of electricity tariffs are in use throughout the UK. Each Area Electricity Board has its own tariffs for different classes of consumer. The most common commercial and industrial payment systems are two-part tariffs and maximum demand tariffs. The two-part tariff usually consists of a rate per kWh of electricity supplied and a standing charge, based in some way on the maximum power required. Typically, a maximum demand tariff has a maximum demand charge levied for each kVA (or kW with a power factor adjustment) of annual or monthly maximum connected load. A service capacity charge for each kVA or KW of installed load may also be levied. In addition to charges for the size of the connected load, a charge is made for each kWh of electricity consumed. This can be at a flat rate, or at separate day and night rates. For both tariff types a fuel cost adjustment factor is usually incorporated. The Area Electricity Boards will offer advice on the most appropriate tariff for specific applications. Control of the lighting load profile by switching or dimming, so that unnecessary lighting is not used, will reduce the amount of electricity consumed. In addition to this, maximum demand charges can be reduced by shedding lighting load at times of peak demand. Such peak demand often occurs during the middle of the day, when adequate daylight is available. All designers should ensure that their designs do not waste energy. However, the most important considerations about energy consumption are usually financial ones. Few users are willing to invest extra money to achieve energy savings unless the savings offer a reasonable rate of return on that investment. Functional lighting tends to be more efficient than decorative lighting. This is not to say that decorative lighting is wasteful. If the design objectives call for particular conditions to be created then they should be provided. If they are not provided, then, although the design may use less energy it will not be effective and cannot. therefore, be regarded as satisfactory. It is easy to assume that the efficiency of an installation should be the Detailed planning 101most important yardstick in any design, and to give it undue bias. If this happens, not only will important design objectives be suppressed, but the resultant scheme is unlikely to be the best financial proposition. Scheme efficiency should therefore be considered in parallel with other design details. (1) Installed efficacy, operating A simple measure of the scheme efficiency is the installed efficacy. This is efficacy and load factor the product of the lamp circuit luminous efficacy and utilization factor. Section 2.5 of this Code recommends ranges of installed efficacies appropriate for various applications. It should be noted that where adequate daylight is available for part of the day, or where unwanted lighting can be switched off, the operating efficacy of the scheme can be higher than the installed efficacy. The ratio of the installed efficacy to the operating efficacy is the load factor. The load factor for a lighting installation, during a specified period of time, is the ratio of the energy actually consumed to the energy that would have been consumed had this occurred at the maximum rate throughout the specified period. Thus if 25% of the lights in an installation are switched off on average throughout the working day, the load factor will be 0.75. Hence the operating efficacy will be 1.33 times the installed efficacy. For many installations the load factor will be determined by the ability of the lighting control system to switch the lighting in response to daylight availability. To compare the effectiveness of alternative control systems, a designer will need to estimate the probable annual use of electric lighting under each system. The notes below deal separately with traditional switching arrangements ~ a panel of switches by the entrance, and energy saving alternatives. (2) Conventional switching _Field studies of occupants’ switching behaviour have shown that, with traditional switching arrangements, electric lighting is usually either all switched-on or all switched-off. The act of switching is almost entirely confined to the beginning and end of a period of occupation; people may \ Gee ‘switch lights on when entering a room but seldom turn them off until they sete all leave. The year-round probability that an occupant will switch lights on. os when entering a room depends on the time of day, the orientation of the window and the minimum orientation-weighted daylight factor on the 10%) working area, (Fig 4.9). (See Appendix 9 for daylight factor calculations.) For example, if the minimum orientation-weighted daylight factor is 0.6 per Ea cent and work starts at 9 a.m., figure 4.9 shows a 56 per cent probability of 305 switching. If the room is in continual occupation, even through the lunch hour, we may conclude that this same figure - 56 per cent ~ is the probability that the lights will be on at any moment during the working day. re In rooms which empty for lunch, the lighting will probably be switched off by the last person out. Here it would be reasonable to treat the periods SS before and after lunch separately. In the example cited above, if lunch ends feo at 1.30 p.m., the probability of lights being on after lunch is taken as 37 per on cent, during lunch as o per cent and during the morning as 56 per cent, as ee 99) before. | Tf luminaires are logically zoned with respect to the natural lighting with pull-cord switches handy for the occupants to use, one can treat each zone as a separate room. The probability of switching would differ from zone to siiitif il, 7 89 ovNIz1I 141516 171819202 zone, depending on the minimum orientation weighted daylight factor in reer each zone. Figure 4.9 would still be applicable but the minimum orientation Fas, Thenropsbilivofswiching |, weighted daylight factor, and consequent energy savings, must be estimated Tena 7 80) ‘Se separately for each zone. ‘A room occupied intermittently can be treated similarly but some assumption must be made about the periods when the space will be empty’ tor Detailed planning(3) Photo-electric on/off switch- jing control Trigger illuminance S0lux ore Zi00lux 150 lux 90} 300 lux g 7504x P 70) g we 3 ool i soot bss . = 40) = 30} £ og 3000 ux . d crue ogo - ean 7 Sit 90} N00 ox ae vadke ot so Equivalant percentage of working year 85 8 8 (Cees lees 2a s era reo eaalo a gees ae O em 10 Orientation—weighted daylight factor Fig4.11_ Percentage of Yyoor during whi urn Yo be ewltched off in order to ensure the sameanorey saving as dimming top-up nd T., 14,1 {after Hunt, DRG. LA, tis79) Photo-electric controls will normally be zoned to take full advantage of daylight. Figure 4.10 shows the percentage of a normal working year during which the luminaires would be off, as a function of the orientation-weighted daylight factor and of the illuminance at which the luminaires are switched, ive. the ‘trigger’ illuminance. These curves assume that ‘on’ and ‘off switching will occur at the same illuminance. Where this is not the case, i.e where the luminaires are switched off at an illuminance appreciably greater than that at which they are switched on, the mean of the two illuminances should be taken as the ‘trigger’ illuminance for Fig 4.10 Detailed planning 103(4) Photo-electric dimming (top-up'/contro!) 45.2. Light loss caused by dirt and depreciation 45.3 Average illuminance 45.3.1 Utilisation factors Celingcovity Luminaire plane Walls Horizontal | reference plone 104 Estimation of energy saving from continuous dimming is complicated by the fact that the lamp circuit luminous efficacy generally decreases as a lamp is dimmed. For a well-designed tubular fluorescent dimming circuit, the cathode heaters consume some 12% of the nominal power consumption and the remaining wattage is roughly proportional to the light output. Figure 4.11 has been constructed on this basis. It shows the percentage of a normal working year during which the luminaires would have to be switched right off in order to ensure the energy saving obtainable by continuous photo-electric dimming. The initial performance of an installation when new will not be realised throughout the life of the installation because the components of the installation deteriorate to varying degres. The following are important factors. (a) Lamp lumen depreciation, i.c. the light output of lamps will fall with hours of use. (b) Luminaire dirt depreciation, i.e., the build-up of dirt on the luminaire and lamp will reduce the light output. This will depend upon the nature of the luminaire construction, the amount and type of airborne pollution and the cleaning interval. (c) Room surface dirt de- preciation, i.e. the accumulation of dirt on room surfaces will change the amount of inter-reflected light. ‘The total effect of these factors for different situations can be con- solidated into a single ‘light loss factor’ by the method described in appendix 7. ‘The average illuminance produced by a lighting installation, or the number of luminaires required to achieve the average illuminance, can be calculated by means of utilisation factors. The utilisation factor UF(S) of an installation is the ratio of the total flux received by the reference surface 5 to the total lamp flux of the installation. ‘The average illuminance E(S) over the reference surface S can therefore be calculated from the ‘lumen method’ formula: Li ( ES) fees heiiie UF(S, the initial bare lamp luminous flux (lumens) the number of lamps per luminaire the number of luminaires LLF= the light loss factor (see appendix 7) UF(S) = the utilisation factor for the reference surface S ‘A(S) = the area of the reference surface S (metre) The formula can be re-arranged to permit the calculation of the number of luminaires required to achieve a chosen illuminance. Utilisation factors can be determined for any surface or layout of luminaires, but, in practice, are only calculated for general lighting systems with regular arrays of luminaires and for the three main room surfaces, the ceiling cavity, the walls, and the floor cavity (see Fig 4.12). Utilisation factors for these surfaces: the ceiling cavity, the walls and the floor cavity or horizontal reference plane, are designated UF(C), UF(W) and UF(F) respectively. The method for calculating utilisation factor for these surfaces is given in CIBSE Technical Memorandum 5: The calculation and use of utilisation factors. Although utilisation factors can be calculated by the lighting designer, ‘most manufacturers publish utilisation factors for standard conditions for their luminaires. CIBSE Technical Memorandum No. 5 defines a standard method of presentation and states the assumptions on which the tabulated values are based. Figure 4.13 is an example of the standard presentation. Detailed planningFig 4.12. Typical utilisation factor (UFIF)) {able for atwin fluorescent iting, 45.3.2 Defining the main room surfaces 45.3.3 Room index 45.3.4 Effective reflectance w Mouth of P watisoF Bore covity Fig 4.14. Colculation of cavity index ees CSL tetdnc ob IBS Teta Semorndum No 11980 To use utilisation factor tables it is necessary to have values of the Room Index and the room reflectances. The room is considered to consist of three main surfaces: the ceiling cavity, the walls, and the floor cavity or horizontal reference plane (Fig 4.12). The room index is a measure of the proportions of the room. It is twice the plan area of the room divided by the area of the walls between the horizontal reference plane (mouth of the floor cavity) and the luminaire plane (mouth of the ceiling cavity) — (Fig 4.12). For rectangular rooms the room index RI is: LW R= Tw where L = the length of the room W= the width of the room H =the height of the luminaire plane above the horizontal reference plane Results may be rounded to the nearest value in the utilisation factor table. If the room is re-entrant in shape (e.g. L-shaped) then it must be divided into two or more non re-entrant sections which can be treated separately. In order to use utilisation factor tables correctly the effective reflectances of the ceiling cavity, walls and floor cavity must be calculated. For the ceiling cavity and floor cavity the cavity indices C1(C) and CI(F) must be calculated. The cavity index (CI), which is similar in concept to the room index, is given by: (Fig 4.14) mouth area of cavity + base area of cavity c= = wall area of cavity For rectangular rooms CXC) or CF) = 7 Wt wn = RL Hh Where his the depth of the cavity ‘The effective reflectance RE(X) of the cavity X can then be determined from Fig 4.15 or from the simplified, but less accurate, formula: ; CU(X) x RA(X) REOO = Cx) +2 (1-RA(XD) where RA(X) is the average area weighted reflectance of the cavity X CI(X) is the cavity index of the cavity X Detailed planning 0sgagaeecy 28558538 peer 3ade3235 aSS82293 Ses | a2 sengagay soadassd peers geseeaae SOR2ER9R 30032233 ne3 ot ing the cavity and the geometry of eavty Fig4.18 Tho effective ref ities. To use this figure it foknow the refi for R(S,) A(k) A(k) enlen- ‘The average reflectance RA(X) of a series of surfaces S/ to Sn with reflectances R(Sn) and areas Al to An respectively is given by: It should be noted that in order to calculate the effective reflectances, it is not necessary to know the colours of the surfaces, only the reflectances are required. Detailed planning 1064.5.35 Maximum spacing to height ratio. e I I Erotgtekt a jonat SE scoercble Pete ta ae ee ‘ ol NE Ei 03 10 15-20-7530 “ronsverse spacing height ratio Fig4.18 Combination of transverse and lal spacing to height ratio producing le uniformity (ating 45.3.6 Calculation procedure The maximum spacing to height ratio (SHR MAX) of the luminaire is normally calculated when the utilisation factor table is calculated. The maximum spacing between the centres of luminaires divided by the mounting height above the horizontal reference plane should not exceed SHR MAX if uniformity of illuminance is to be acceptable for general lighting. For some luminaires, notably those with distinctly di-symmetric distribu- tions, extra spacing to height ratio information may be given. The best form of information is a graph of acceptable SHR combinations in the axial and transverse directions. Figure 4.16 is an example of this for a particular luminaire. For linear luminaires with conventional distributions, the maximum spacing to height ratio SHR MAX can be supplemented by the maximum transverse spacing to height ratio (SHR MAX TR). This approach is less precise than the graphical method. The axial spacing to height ratio (SHR AX) should not exceed SHR MAX and the transverse spacing to height ratio SHR TR should not exceed the maximum transverse spacing to mounting height ratio SHR MAX TR. In addition to this, the product of SHR AX and SHR TR should not exceed SHR MAX squared. Thus: SHR AX x SHR TR < (SHR MAX? and SHR AX < SHR MAX and SHR TR < SHR MAX TR The following procedure gives guidance on the sequence of calculations to be performed when calculating the number of luminaires necessary to obtain a chosen average illuminance on the horizontal reference plane by the lumen method. 1 Calculate the room index RI, the floor cavity index CI(F) and the ceiling cavity index C1(C). (See section 4.5.3.3. and 4.5.3.4.) 2 Calculate the effective reflectances of the ceiling cavity, walls and floor cavity. Remember to include the effect of desks or machines in the latter. (See section 4.5.3.4.) 5 Determine the utilisation factor value from the manufacturer's data for the luminaire, using the room index and effective reflectances calculated as above. 4 Apply any correction factors, given in the utilisation factor table for lamp type or mounting position, to the utilisation factor UF(F) value. 5 Determine the light loss factor (see appendix 7). 6 Insert the appropriate variables into the lumen method formula: ye Bt X ACP) FX nx LLF x UF(F) to obtain the number of luminaires required. where E(F) =the average illuminance to be provided on the working plane (lux) A(F) =the area of the working plane (metre?) F the initial bare lamp luminous flux (lumens) n the number of lamps/luminaire LLF__ =the light loss factor UF(F) =the utilisation factor for the plane ((F) refers to horizontal reference plane) 7 Determine a suitable layout. 8 Check that the geometric mean spacing to height ratio of the layout Detailed planning 1074.5.4 illuminance at a point Fig 4.17. Use of lsolux Diagram to obtain {ote directilluminance. By placing the antral point ofthe iolux Diag fglven point on a plan of the oom tothe he illuminance at that point can be caleulate, -ontributions from luminaires 1t0 6 are 40, 40,150, 160, 40 ‘and 40 li. Thus the total liuminance is 470 tux 108 is within the range of the nominal spacing to height ratio (SHR NOM) for which the utilisation factor table is based, ic V(SHR AX x SHR TR) = SHR NOM 40.5 9 Check that the proposed layout does not exceed the maximum spacing to height ratios. Namely Either - Check the value of SHR AX and SHR TR against a uniformity graph or—Check that: SHRAXXSHRTR <(SHRMAX)? and SHRAX

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