THE "PIPING GUIDE’ FOR THE DESIGN AND DRAFTING OF INDUSTRIAL PIPING SYSTEMS Dennis J. Whistance 2s, MS Copyright 1979, Davi R. Sherwood and Dennis J, Whistance Sacond Eelon, Copyright 1991, Syentok Books Company, nc — y {Alt sghtscoservod, No part o his book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means whatacevar 4g x x Pinto in the Unitad States of America Published and distributed by: Syentek Ine. PO Box 26588 San Francisco, CA 94126 USA ISBN 0-914-06219-1‘The contribution of the companies, designers and engineers who dnisted in the development of the Piping Guide is gratefully setmowledged. Apart from source material ond essistence wih Srouuation, acknowledged elsewhere, Individual acknowleda: crore not made, because neither contributors nor the spars or publisher assure liability or responsibility for designs seine information presented herein. The user is responsible for caine ying with the various codes, standards and regulations, Stra Federal, State and Municipal, and other legal oblige weno tvnich may pertain to the construction andl safe operation Of plants, industrial installations, etc, Including modifications to existing facilities ue to economic conditions, demand, manufacturing philosophy, can noes mergers and acquisitions, the availability of items from peacturers, may change, and components obtained frome TUmestie suppliers may not be of domestic origin. Discussion of products does not necessarily imply endorsement,sections, figures, charts and tables in Part t are referred Ke Seer esand ore located By the margin Index. Charts and Cables in Part I are identified by letter. “the text refer to standsids and codes, using designations 2c TheANsl Bart, ASTM A-S3, ISA 85.1 ete. Ful titles of ate 2 Meds and” codes will be found in tables 7.3 the 7.14, FOR TERMS NOT EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT, REFER TO THE INDEX. ABBREVIATIONS ARE GIVEN IN CHAPTER 8.PART 0 CONTENTS: Chapter PIPING: Uses, and Plant Construction . PIPE, FITTINGS, FLANGES, REINFORCEMENTS: VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, and Types of Process Equipment. . ORGANIZATION OF WORK: Job Responsibilities, Drawing Office Equipment and Procedures... DRAFTING: PROCESS AND PIPING DRAWINGS including Drawing Symbols, Showing Dimensions, Showing Instrumentation, and Bills of Material . DESIGN OF PIPING SYSTEMS: Including Arrangement, Supporting, Insulation, Heating, Venting and Draining of Piping, Vessels and Equipment STANDARDS AND CODES: for Piping Systems, Pipe, Pipe Supports, Flanges, Gaskets, Fittings, Valves, Traps, Pumps, Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Symbols and Screwthreads ABBREVIATIONS: for Piping Drawings and Industrial Chemicals . INDEX/GLOSSARY/ACKNOWLEDGMENTS in-line Equipment and Support EquipmentPIPING: Usec, and Plant Construcion USES OF PIPING. uw ion, civil engineer Pining is used for industial (process, marine, transport ing, and for ‘commercial’ (plumbing) purposes. This book primarily concerned with industri piping for procesing and senien systems. Proces ping is used to trarspor Huds between storage tanks and procising units. Service gig is used to convey stem ait rte, te, for processing. Pping here defined as ‘seve! piping is some Mis etesied to 2 “ati” ping, but, in the Gude, the tex “utility viniasresened for tajor lines supplying water, fuel gases, and fel oll Meee fr commodities ully purchased from utes companies and otk supplies) Marine piping for ships is often extensive. Much of itis fabricated from welded and serewed carbon-steel piping, using pipe and fittings described in this book, Transportation piping is sormally large-diameter piping used to convey Tiquids, slurries end gases, sometimes over hundreds of miles. Crude oils, peteoleum products, water, and solid materials such a cal (carried by water) sre transported thru pipelines, Different liquids can be transported consecu: tively in the same pipeline, and branching arrangements are used to divert Flows ta different destinations Civil piping is used to distribute public utilities (water, fuel goes), and to collet rainwater, sewage, and industrial waste waters. Most piping of this type i placed underground. Plumbing (commercial piping) is piping installed in commorcol buildings, Schools, hospitals, residences, ate, for distributing water and fuel goss, for collecting waste water, and for other purposes COMMISSIONING, DESIGNING, 12 & BUILDING A PLANT When 2 manufacturer decides to build @ new plant, of to expand an existing ‘ne, the manufacturer will either employ an engineering company to undertake design and construction, of, if the company’s own engineering department is farge enough, thay will do the design work, manage the project, and employ In either procadure, the manufacturer supplies information concerning the purposes of buildings, processes, production rates, design criteria for specific fequirements, details of existing plant, and site surveys, if any. information and CChart 1.1 shows the principals invalved, and the flow of materia SCHEMATIC FOR PLANT CONSTRUCTION cHanr aa v iataracemeen equesrs ron equteMmenT, fiRowake SATeniaLs TuipuENT NAROWARE Aerontsw SURVEYS etonrs esuavevs eansrentats agquests Fon al“The designing and building of an industrial plar “=a complex undertking Except for the large industrial concerns, wh m,_ .nintain thelr own design staffs, the design and construction of plants and related feclities i usually ‘undertaken by specialist companies. ‘The Guide describes in 4.1 tho organization end responsibilities of design engineering, with special reference to the dutios of individuals engaged in the development of piping designs for plants.PIPE, FITTING®, FLANGES, REINFORPEMENTS, {n-line Equipment and Support Equipment PROCESS PIPE 24 PIPE & TUBE aaa ‘Tubulor products ore termed ‘tube’ o¢ ‘pipe’. Tube is customarily specified Teeite outside. diameter and wall thickness, expressed ether in BWE {Bicmingham wire gage) of in thousandths of on inc. Pie is customarily Ndemtfed by ‘nomial pipe size, with wall thickness defined by schedule umber’ “APL designation’, or ‘weight, 2¢ explained in 2.1.3, Non-standard pine is specified by nominal size with wal thickness tated ‘The principal uss for tube are in heat exchangers, instrument lines, end “rrall interconnections on equipment such es compressors, boilers, and fefrigorators. SIZES & LENGTHS COMMONLY USED 2a Fon sTeeL PIPE [ANSI standard B36.10M establishes wall thicknesses fr pipe ranging from 1/8 fo 80-inch nominal diameter nominal pipe siz’) Pipe sizes normally stocked include. 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1% Ui, 2, 25, 8 3, 4, 8, 6, 8, 10,12. 14. 16, 18, 20 and 24, Sizes 1%, 24,3, and 5 inch ae seldom used (unusual sags ore pasaetimes required for connecting to equipment, but piping is noxmally sain the next frger stock. size after connection has been made). 1/8, 1/4, {YB and /2-nch pipe fs usualy restricted to instrument lines orto service hd ether lines which have to mate with equipment. 1/2inch pipe tetensively used for steam tracing and for auxiliary piping &t pumps, et Swaight pipe i supplied in “random tengths (17 to 26 ft, and sometimes vJouble random’ lengths (38 10 48 ft), if prefered, The ends of these lengths wowformally ethar plain (PE), beveled for welding (BE), of Ueaded and a pled with one coupling par length (threaded end coupled’ of "T&C') TW mpeis ordered “TAC”, the rating of the coupling is secitied—soe cast 2.3, ‘Other types of ends, such as grooved for special couplings, can be obtained to order. DIAMETERS & WALL THICKNESSES OF PIPE 213 ‘The sizeof all pipe is identified by the nominal pipe size, breviated ‘NPS’ ‘veh is seldom equal to the true bore (interna diameter) of th pipethe Uilference in some instances is large. NPS 14 and larger pipe has ouside tiameter equal ta the nominal pipe size Pipe in the various sizes is made in several wall thicknesses for each 8 innich have been established by three different sources:— (1) The American National Standards Institue, theu ‘schedule numbers’ 2) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society tor Testing and Materials, thru the designations ‘STO" (stand: oral. "XS" fextrstrong), and "XXS' (double extrastrong), drawn from mensions established by manufacturers, La the Guide, these desir ations are termed ‘manufacturers’ weights’ (a) The American Petroleum Institute, through its standard BL, fr pipe’, Dimensions in this standard have no references for individual sizes and wall ticknessas ‘aanutactuets' weights (second source were intended, a lng ago as 1839, wate superseded by schedule numbers. However, demand for these wall thicknesses has caused their manufacture to continue, Certain fittings ere available only in manufacturers’ weights Pipe dimensions from the second and thied sources are incorporated in ‘American National Stendard 36,10M. Tables P-1 list dimensions for ‘ecldad ond seamless steel pipe in this standard, end give derived data InON PIPE StZES were initially established for wrought ron pipe, with wall Iheknesses designated by the terms ‘standard (weight), ‘extrestrong, and ‘Gouble-extesirong’ Before the schedula number scheme for steel pipe was fist published by the American Standards Association in 1935, the iran pipe ties were modified for steel pipe by slightly decreasing the wall thicknesses fieaving the outside diameters constant) so thatthe weights per foo (h/t) equaled the icon pipe weigh Wiroughtiran pipe (no longer made) has been completely supplanted by ste! pine, but schedule numbers, intended to supplant iran pipe designations did Fat Users. continued to specify pipe in iron pipe terms, and as the mils responded, these terms are included in ANS! standard 836.1M for stoel pipe. Sehedule numbers wera introduced to establish pipe well thicknesses by formula, but as wall thicknesses in common use continued to depart from those proposed by the scheme, schedule numbers now identify wall thick resets of pipe in the different nominal sizes as ANSI B36.10M states “as @ ‘convenient designation system for use in ordering”.STAINLESS-STEEL $1Z€S Americen National Standard 096.19 established 2 range of thin-walled sizes for stainlesssteelr” >. indenttid by schedules 58 and 10S, MATERIALS FOR PIPE 21a STEEL PIPE Normally eels to earbonsteel pipe. Seam-velded steel pipe is ‘made from plate, Seamless pipe is made using dies. Comman finishes are ‘black’ (plin® or ‘il finish) and galvanized. Coreetly slected steel pipe offer the strength and durability required for the application, end the ductility and machinabiity required to join it and farm it inta piping ‘spools’ ~ see 5.29). The selected pipe must withstand the conditions of use, especially pressure, temperature and eorrasion condi- tions. These requirements are met by selecting pipe made to an appropriate Standard; in almost all instances an ASTM or API standard (see 2.1.3 and. table 75) “The mostused steel pipe for process lines, and for welding, bending, end coiling, is made to ASTM A.53 or ASTM A-106, principally in wall thicknasses| dalined by schedules 40, 80, and manufscturers’ weighs, STD and XS. Both {ASTM A'S3 and ASTM A-lOB pipe is fabricated seamless or seamed, by tlectecal resistance welding, in Grades A and B. Grades B have the higher tensile strength, Three grades of A-I0B are avilable~Grades A,B, and C, in order of incresing tensile strength. “The most widely stocked pipe is to ASTM A:120 which coves welded and seamless pipe for normal use in steam, water, and gis (including ai) sorvice, [ASTM A-120 isnot intended for bending, caing or high temperature servic. {ts aot specified for hydrocarbon process lines Inthe oil and naturel os industies, steel pipe used to convey ol and gos is manufactured to the American Petroloum Institute's standard API SL. which, tpplies tighter control of composition and more testing than ASTM-120. ‘Steel specifications in other countries may coriespond with USA specif tations, Some corresponding eurapean standards for carbon steels and stoinless steels ave isted in table 2.1 IRON pipe is made from easton and ductileiron, The principal for water, g3s, and sewage lines. OTHER METALS & ALLOYS Pipe or tube made from copper lead, rickel, brass, aluminum and various stainless stels canbe reaily obtained. “These materials are relatively oxpensive and are slected usually ether because of their particular corrosion resistance to the process chemical, their good heat transfer, o for their tensile steangth at high tomperatres. Copper and topper alloys are traditional for instrument lines, food processing, and heat transter equipment, but stainless stels are increasingly being used for these purposes. PLASTICS Pipe made from plastics may be used to convey actively corcasive fluids, end is especially ur~* for handling corrosive or hazardous gases and dilute minorl acids. Pls. are employed in three ways: a all-pasic pipe, ts lled” plastic materials (olas-iber-ceintorced, carbon filled, etc.) and as lining or coating materials. Plastic pipe is made trem polypropylene, poly: ethylene (PE), polybutylene (PB), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitie butadiene-styrene (ABS), callulase acetate butyrate (CAB), polyolefin, and polyesters. Pipe made from polyester and epoxy cesins is frequently alos fiber-reinforced ("FAP") and commercial products of this type have good resistance to wear and chemical attack, COMPARABLE USA & EUROPEAN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL PIPEThe Ametican Notional Standards Institute has introduced several schadules for pipe made trom various plastics. Tse ANSI standards and others for plastic pipe are listed in table 7.5 GLASS All-glass piping is used for its chemical resistance, cleanness and ‘wansparency. Glass pipa isnot subjact to ‘crazing’ often found in gasslined pipe and vessals subject to repeated thormal stresses. Pipe, fittings, and hard- ‘ware are avilable both far process piping and for drainage. Corning Glass Works offers a Pyrex ‘Conical’ system for process lines in 1, 1%, 2,3, 4 and Grinch sizes (10) with 450 Fs the maximum operating remporatur, dnd pressure ranges 0-65 PSIA (1 in, thew 3 in), 0-50 PSIA (4 in.) and (0-35 PSIA (6 in}. Glass cocks, strainers and thermowells ae availble. Pipe fittings and equipment are joined by flange assemblies which bear on the thickened conical ends of pipe lengths and fittings. Corning also offers a Pyrex Acid-Waste Drainline system in 1%, 2, 3, 4 and Ginch sizes (10) with beaded ends joined by Tellon-gasketed nylon compression couplings. Both Corning systems are made from the same borosilicate ges. LININGS & COATINGS Lining or coating carbor-stee pipe with a material ‘ble to withstand chemical attack permits its use to carry corrosive fluids, Lengths of lined pipe and fittings ae joined by flanges, and elbows, tes, etc. ‘are available already Hanged. Linings (rubber, for example) can be applied after fabricating the piping, but pipe is often preined, and manufacturers ‘ive instructions for making joints. Linings f various rubbers, plastics, metals ‘and viteous (glassy) materials ace wailable. Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and copolymers ere the mast common coating materials. Carbon-steel pipe tinceoated by immersion into molten zine (hot-dip gahanized) is used for Conveying drinking water, instrument sir and various other fluids. Rubber lining is often used to handle abrasive fluids. ‘TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE LIMITS 2a Carbon stools lose strength at high temporotures. Electric resistance welded pipe is not considered satisfactory for service above 760 F. ond furnace butt: ‘welded pipe above about 660 F. For higher temperatures, pipe made from ‘stainless steels ar other alloys should be considered. Pressure ratings for steel pipe at different temperatures are calculated ‘according to the ANS! B31 Code for Pressure Piping (detailed in table 7.2). ANS! G31 gives strss/temperature values for the various ‘tons from which pipe is Fabricated METHODS FOR JOINING PIPE 22 “The joints used for most carbon stel end stoinlss steel pipe are purTAvELoED - $8623 SCREWED ‘ 2 See 25, BOLTED FLANGE 7 See 234,2418 251 BOLTED auiex courLiNcs SEE 202 WELDED & SCREWED JOINTS 224 Lines NPS 2 anv’ ger are usually buttwelded, this being the most economic leakpro.. way of joining targer-diameter piping. Usually such lines ae subcontracted to a piping fabricator for prefabrcation in sections termed ‘spools, then transported to the site. Lines NPS 1% and smaller ‘are usually either screwed or socket-welded, and are normally field-un by the piping contractor from drawings, Fild-run and shop-fabricated piping axe discussed in 5.2.9, SOCKEL-WELDED JOINTS, 2a Like screwed piping, socket welding is used for fines of smaller sizes, but hs the advantage thot absence of leaking is assured: this isa valuable fector ‘when flammable, toxic, or radioactive fluids are being conveyed—the use of socket welded joints is not restricted to such fluids, however. BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS, 22a Flanges are expensive and for the most part are used to mate with flanged ‘vessls, equipment, valves, and for process lines which may require periodic cleaning, Flanged jointsare made by bolting together two flanges with a gsket between thom to provide a seal. Refer to 2.6 for standard forged-stel flanges and gaskats, FITTINGS: 22.4 Fittings permit a change in direction of piping, a change in diameter of pipe, tr a branch to be made from the main run of pipe. They are formed from plate or pipe, machined from forged blanks, cast, or molded from plastics, CChart 2.1 shows the ratings of butt-weldng fittings used with pipe of various schedule numbers and manufacturers’ weights. For dimensions of but welding fittings and flanges, see tables D-1 thru DS, and tables Ft thru F-7, Drafting symbols ae given in charts 6.3 thru 6.5. “Threaded fittings have Pressure Class designations of: 2000, 3000 and 6000, Socket.welding fittings have Pressure Class designations of: 2000, 6000 and ‘9000, How these Pressure Class designations relate to schedule numbers and ‘manufacturer’ weights for pipe is shown in table 2.2. CORRELATION OF CLASS OF THREADED Aste 22 ESOCKET WELDING FITTINGS {WuTH SCHEDULES/WEIGHTS OF PIPE PIPE DESIGNATION SCHIMFR's Pressure Cass 7006 [3000 | 6000 | 9000 “Threaded fitings | _80xS_ | _ 160 Xx TABLES Socketed fittings BoxS 160. KS 24822Sections 2.1.3 thru 2.24 hove shown that the is a wide varity. of Sttterenayrated pipe fitings and materials fr. hich to make o choice Charts 21 thru 23 show how various weights ot pipe, fitiogs and vsles tan be combined in 2 piping system. COMPONENTS FOR BUTT-WELDED 23 PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USEO: For most process, utility and service piping ADVANTAGE OF JOINT: Most practicable wy of olaing larger pipes and fing which offers rolabe, leakproof joints DISADVANTAGE OF JOINT: How JOINT 1S MADE: Antcuding weld metal may affect flow ‘The end of the pipe is bevelad as shown in chart 2.1. Fittings are similarly boveled by the macufscturer. The two parts ae aligned, properly gapped, teck welded, end then @ cont: Fnuous weld is made to complete the joint chart 2.1 shows the ratings of pe, fitings and valves tat are commonly cravined or may bo usad together, If is 2 guide only, and note substitute fora project specification FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS & FLANGES 2aa FOR BUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS feter to tables 0, F and W-1 for dimensions and weighs of Hitings and Haoges. eLa0WS or ELLS' make 80+ or &5:denree changes in direton ofthe «un st nipe, The elbows normally used ace ‘long radius (LR) with centing re curvature equal to 1% times the nominal pipe size for NPS 9/4 and favor sizes “Short ads’ (SA elbows with centetine rads of cuear AUG to the noming! pipe sie are also avaible, SDdepres LA elbows with seraight extension at one end (ong tangent?) re sill vaiale in STO weight, if required. REDUCING ELBOW mekes 2 90 degre change in direction wih change ip Meer site. Reducing elbows havo cntertne radius of eurature 1% times t ami = Tobe attectod to the ager end RETURN changes tection of How thru 180 degrees, and fs usd 10 Construct heating coils, vents on tanks, etc. SSeNOS are made from straight pipe. Common Lending faci ae 3 and § rei the pipe sie (QR and GR bends, whore R= nominal pipe sae caal dnmeter, not radius). 3A bends ae availabe from stock. Lager oy CS) eee eatty by hnt bendina. Only seamless BUTT-WELDE” PIPINGHMC CHART 2.1 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS Jt“The following five flange types are used for butt welded lines. The ditterent flange facings available are discussed in 26. WELDING-NECK FLANGE, REGULAR & LONG Aegular walding-neck anges are used with buttwvelding Fetings. Long welding neck flanges ate primarily used for vessal and equipment nozzles, rarely fr pipe. Suitable ‘where extreme temperature, shear, impact and vibratory stresses apply. Regu- larity of the bore is maintained, Refer to tables F for bore diameters of these flanges. 18 anon ronce a 101 SLIP-ON FLANGE is properly used to Mange pipe. Slip-on flanges can be used with long-tangent elbows, reducers, and swages (not usual practice). ‘The internal weld is slightly more subject ta corrosion than the butt weld “The lange hes poor resistance ta shock and vibration. t introduces regularity in the bore. It is cheoper to buy than the welding neck flange, but is costlier to assemble, It is easier to align than the welding neck flenge. Calculated strengths under internal pressure are about one third that ofthe corresponding Wwelding-neck flanges. The pipe or fitting is set back from the face of the Flange distance equal tothe val thickness ~0" + 1/16", SLIP-ON FLANGE riguae 27 ome) raror cones A REDUCING FLANGE Used if sbrupt transition would ereata-undesrable turbulence, as at pump Connections. Available t0 order in weldingneck and eccentric types, and usually from stock i 9-0n type, Specity by nominal pipe sizes, stating the sizo of the larger pipe Fics Example: a slip-on reducing flange to connect 8 NPS 4 pipe toa Class 150 NPS 6 linesize flange is specified REO FLG NPS 6x 4 Class 15050 For 8 welding-neck reducing flange, correct bore is obtained by giving the pipe schedule number or manufactures’ weight af the pipe to be welded ‘suiaote ror enangiy mw size, wuE sHUUHE MUL ve EXPANDER FLANGE Application as for welding-neck tange—see above Increases pipa size to first or second larger sie. Alternative to using reducer and welding-neck flange, Useful for connecting to valves, compressors and fpumps. Pressure ratings end dimensions are in accord with ANSI 816.5, EXPANDER (or ICREASER) FLANGE Fioure 29LAPUOINT, of “VAN STONE’, FLANGE Economical if costly pipe such ‘as stainless steel is used, asthe flango con beof carbon steal and only the lop- joint stub end need be of the line mater. . A stub end must be used ina lop joint, and the cost of the two items must be considered. If both stub and flange are of the same material they will be more expensive than a welding- neck flange. Useful where alignment of bolt hoes is difficult, as with spools to be attached to flanged nozzles of vessels. LAP JOINT FLANGE (ult Suan Figure 2.10 SUTT-WELDING FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING 232 FROM BUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS ‘STUBAN Term for @ branch pipe welded directly into the side of the main pipe run-it is na a fitting, This isthe commonest and least expensive method ff welding @ fullsize or reducing branch for pipe -inch and larger. A stubsin can be reinforced by means set out in 2.11, BUTT.WELDING TEES, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, are employed to make ‘O-deoree branches from the main cun of pipe. Stiaight tees, with brench the same siza 8s the run, are realy available, Reducing tees have branch smaller than the run. Gulthead tees have branch larger than the run, and are very seldom used but can be made to special order. None of these tees requires reinforcement. Reducing tees are ordered os follows: SPECIFVING SIZE OF BUTT:AVELDING REDUCING TEES BUTTELOING TEES Ficune 2.12 ‘The next four brenching fittings are made by Bonney Forge. “These fitings offer an alternate means of connecting into the main run, and do not require reinforcement. They are preshaped to the curvature of the run pine. WELDOLET makes 2 90:degree branch, fullsize oF reducing, on str pipe, Closer manifolding is possible then with tees. Flav-based weldolets are available for connecting to pipe caps and vessel heads. wetvover Figure 2.13 fr 26-2.13eLaows a neruANS Figune 22 3 aw anos ' I (oriaraer ee) 4. REDUCER for INCREASER) joins a larger pipe to a smaller one. The two ble types, concentric and eccentric, ae shown, The eccentric reducer is used when itis ‘to keep either the top or the bottom of theme Bal-oflset equals J x (larger 1D minus smaller 10). REDUCERS figure 23, concentAIc eccentric 'SWAGE is employed to connect buttwelded piping to smaller screwed oF ocketwelded pipinn, In buttwelded lines, used at an alternative to the reducer when gre; reductions in fine size are required. Regular sweges in concentrie or eccentric form give abrupt change of line size, as do reducers. The ‘venturi” swage allows smoother flow. Refer to table 2.9 for specifying swoges for joining to socketwelding items, and to teble 2.4 for specifying swages for joining to screwed piping. For offset, see Reducer’ MITERED ELBOWS ore fabricated as required from pipe—they are not fittings. The use of miters to make changes in dlvection is procically testiicted to low-pressure lines 10-inch and larger if the pressure drop is ‘unimportant; for these uses regular elbows would be costlier. A 2-iece, ‘O-deyree miter has four to six times the hydraulic resistance of the corres ‘ponding reoulr long radius elbow, and should be used with caution. A 3-piece ‘90-degree miter hes about double the resistance to flow of the regular long- radius elbow-reler to table F-10, Constructions for 3, 4, and S:piece miters are shown in tables M-2. apices & 201ece MITERS Ficune 25 fo 25BUTT:NELDING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent branch on long aus and short-adius elbows. urravetpina LATROLET qurT.WELDING LATROLET makes 4S-degee reducing branch on sight pine. SSWEEPOLET makes 2 90-egre reducing branch fom the main run of eps Primarily doveloped for high-yield pipe usd in ol and os transmission Hes, Provides good flow patter, and optimum stress distribution. swWeeroLer Figure 2.16 “The next three fittings re usually used for special designs: cnoss, STRAIGHT or REDUCING Straight crosses ara usually stock te costa cromes may nat be ray availble. For economy, ralaiiy nd rreetaatze the numba of items in inventory itis peered to ws es te Fr evoses, except where space is restricted, as i marine pining of “re ‘amp” work. Reinforcement isnot needed. pot ‘UTT:WELOING CROSS rigune 217 LATERAL, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, permits oddangled entry into the tie run where low reitanco to fiw i important. Strsght laterals with Branch ore equal to un bore ara avaliable in STO and XS weights. Reducing Tntrals and faterls at angles other than 45 depres are usually evelable only wpe order, Reinforcement is required where it is necesary to restore the atrength ofthe joint tothe full strength ofthe pipe Reducing laterals ae angered similarty to buttvelding tees, except that the angle between branch and rum is also stated. LATERAL Figune 218 SHAPED NIPPLE Now rarely used, but can be obtoined from stock in 90+ vd 4S-degre_ anges, and in any size and angle, including offset, to special ana the run is feé-eut, using the nipple 8 template, Needs reioforcement Ties necessary to bring the strength of the joint up to the ful strength ofthe pipe. SHAPED NIPPLE Figune 218 o Ji e —)cLosures cap is used to seal the end of pipe. (S_° gure 220(s).) FLAT CLOSURES Flat plates are normelly cut especially from platestock by the fabricator or erector, (See figure 2.20 (b) and (ch) ‘THREE WELDED CLosURES Figure 220 (ey FLAT CLOSURE (e) FLAT CLOSURE ELLIPSOIDAL, or DISHED, HEADS are used 10 close pipes of large iameter, and are similar to those used for constructing vessel COMPONENTS FOR SOCKET-WELDED 24 PIPING SYSTEMS For lines conveying flammable, toxic, or ‘expensive material, where no leakage can be permitted, For steam: 300 to600 PSt, and sometimes 150 PSI steam. For corros: ivecondltions, see Index under ‘Corrosion’ WHERE USED: Easier alignment on small lines than butt wolding, Tack welding is un recassary (2) No wold metal can enter bore (3) Joint wait not teak, when properly ‘made 7 ADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) The 1/16-nch recess in joint (soe chart 2.2) pockets liquid (2) Use nat permittad by ANSI B31.1 - 1969 if severe vibration or crevice corrosion is anticipated DISADVANTAGES OF JOINT: (1) ‘Tho end of the pipe is finished flt, as shown in chart 2.2. It is located in the fiting, valve, Mange, etc, and a continu- ‘ous fillet weld is made around the circum ference HOW JOINT Is MADE: SOCKETAWELOED PIPING cHART 22 Chart 2.2 shows the ratings af pipe, fittings and valves that are commonly combined, oF may be used together. The chart is a guide only, and not a SOCKET-WELDED PIPING IK CHART 2.2.) CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS Ir cs VALVES se ans feo ian In cases 3000 6000 and 9000 (ANS! 016.12) (eaaRT 2. 2.20FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 2at SOCKET.WELDED SYSTEMS Dimensions of fitting and flanges ae given in tables 0-8 and F-1 thru F-6, —— FULL-COUPLING (termed ‘COUPLING! juins pipe t0 pipe, oF to nipple, swage, etc. FuLL-courtin figure 221 REDUCER joins two different diameters of pipe. reoucen rigune 222 REDUCER INSERT A reducing fitting used for connecting a small pipe toa favper fitting, Socketended reducer inserts can be made in any redution by boring standard forged blanks. SOCKET.WELDING REDUCING INSERTS rigune 223, UNION is used primarily for maintenance and installation purposes. This is @ serewed joint designed for se with socket-velded piping systems. Soe ex- planation in 2.5.1 of 3 given under ‘threaded union’. Union should be crewed tight before the ends ace welded, to minimize warping of the seat. SOCKET WELDING UNION riaune 2.24 SWAGED NIPPLES According to type, these allow joining: (1) Socket tended items of different sizes—this type of swaged nipple hes both ends ‘plain (PRE) for insertion into socket ends (2) A sockstended item too larger putt walding pipe or fitting—this type of swogod nipple hes the larger end bev- ‘led (BLE) end the smaller end plain (PSE) for insertion into 9 socket ended Ftem, A swaged nipple is alsa refered to a a‘swage”(pronaunced ‘swedge') jpbreviated on drawings as ‘SWG" or ‘SWG NIPP". When ordering a swage, trate the weight designations of the pipes to be joined. For example, NPS 2 {SCH 40) x NPS 1 (SCH 80). Examples of the different end terminations that may be specified areas follows: EXAMPLE NOTE ON DRAWING SWG 1h x1 PRE swG2 x1 BLE-PSE ‘wirem | sw irew ow rirring or ire | Sw rTEM swace woe! Froune 225ection in tho sun of pipe. SOCKET. WELOING TEE FIGURE 228 ELBOWS make 90- or 45-degree changes of SocKET:VELOING ELBOWS ricune 226 me SOCKET-WELDING FLANGE Regular type is available from stock. Redu- LATERAL makes fullsize 45-degree branch from the main run of pipe ing type is available to order. For example, a reducing flange to connect NPS 1 pipe to. Class 150 NPS 1% linesize flange is specified: SOCKETAVELOING LATERAL, gure 229 RED FLG NPS 1% x 1 Class 160 SW SOCKET.WELOING FLANGE Figure 2.27 a CROSS Remarks for buttelding cross applysee 2.3.2, Reducing crosses ave custom-fabrcated by boring standard forged blanks. SOCKET. WELDING cnoss Fiqune 230 FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 242 SOCKET:WELDED SYSTEMS BRANCH FROM SOCKET-WELDED RUN TEE, STRAIGHT or REDUCING, makes S-denree branch from the mein tun of pipe. Reducing tees are custom-fabricated by boring standard forged blanks. SPECIFYING SIZE OF SOCKET.WELDING TEES 7. TE [1 [xorem ae a Tetra 1FITTINGS FOR SOCKET:WELDED BRANCH 243 FROM VESSEL OR BUTT-WELDED MAIN RUN HALP-COUPLING — The full-coupling is not i for branching oF for ves fel connection, as the half-couplin isthe seme length and is stronger. The holt coupling permits 90-deqree entry into alrger pipe or vesal wall, The sockolet Is more practicable as shaping is necessary with the coupling SOCKET.WELOING HALF-COUPLING riguae 231 “The next four fitings are made by Bonney Forge and offer an alternate method Of entering the main pipe run, They have the advantege thot the beveled ‘welding ends are shaped to the curvature of the run pine, Reinforcement {or the butt-velded piping or vesel isnot required SOCKOLET makes @ 90-degree branch, fullsize or reducing, on straight pipe. Flot besed sockolats are available for branch connections on pipe caps and and vase! heads. SOCKET.WELOING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent bronch on fong- radius and shart-adiue elbows. SOCKET: MELDING ELOOLET Fioune 233 on SOCKETWELDING LATROLET makes @ 45-dogree reducing branch on straight pipe SOCKET.WELOING LATROL-T Figure 234 NIPOLET A variant of the sockolet, having integral pain nipple. Primarily developed for smal valved connactions—see figure 6.47. STUBIN See comments in 2.3.2. Not preferred for fines under 2inch due to risk of weld meta entering line and restricting flow. cLosune 244 SOCKET.WELDING CAP’ seals ploin-ended pipe. SockeT MELDING cAP Figune 236COMPONENTS FOR SCREWED 25 PIPING SYSTEMS WHERE USED: For lines conveying services, and for smaller process piping ADVANTAGES: (1). Easily made from pipe and fittings on site (2) Minimizes fre hazard when installing piping in ‘areas where flammable gases or liquids are present DISADVANTAGES: (1)* Use not permitted by ANSI B31.1-1 severe eration, crevice corrosion, shock, oF vibration is anticipated, nor at temperatures over 925 F. (Also sae footnate table FS) (2). Possible leakage of joint (2)* Seal welding may be required-see footnote to chart 2.3 (4) Swength of the pipe is reduced, as forming the serewthead reduces the wall thickness FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 25a SCREWED SYSTEMS ‘Screwed piping is piping assembled from threaded pipe and fittings. ‘Threaded melleable-iron and cast.ron fittings are extensively used for plumb- ing in buildings. lo industrial applications, Class 150 and 300 galvanized ‘malleable-iron fittings and similarly rated valves are used for drinking water and air Lines, Dimensions of malleableiron fittings are given in table 0-11 In process piping, forgedsteel fittings are preferred over castiron and rmalleble‘iron fittings (although their pressure/temporature ratings may be suitable, for their greater mechanical strength. To simplify material specifica- tions, drafting, checking, purchasing and warehousing, the overall economics ‘ara in favor of utilizing as few different types of threaded fittings as possible, Dimensions of forgedsteel threaded fittings are given in table 0. —— FULL-COUPLING (termed “COUPLING? joins pipe or items with threaded ends, FULLCOUPLING Fgune 237 i Scneweo ipiNG CHART 23 Chart 2.3 shows the ratings of pipe, ftings and valves that re commonly combined, or may be used together, The chart is a guido only, and not & SCREWED PIPING CHART 2.3 CARBON-STEEL PIPE & FORGED-STEEL FITTINGS = VALVES 11 mi tt tee me npn: secrecy intents. wit cape ei eng wt (Ran 23 FIGURES 231 | | | I i {AEDUCING COUPLING, or REDUCER, joins thesded pipes of different sizes. Can be made in any reduction by borin 1d tapping standard forged blanks. SG WW NIPPLES join unions, ves, strainers itings, ete. Basically a short fength ff pipe either fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded both ends (TBE), or plain one end and threaded one end (POE—TOE). Available in various lengths ‘Tofer to table 0-11. Nipples can be obtainad with a Victaulie groove at one end. “TAN NIPPLE is used for making 0 screwed connection to a non-pressure ‘esse or tank in low-pressure service, Overall length is usually 6 inches with 1 standard taper pipe thvead at each end. On one end only, the tope pipe few game ta ANS Tock thee UNION mékesa joint which permits easy installation, removal ar replacement fof lengths of pipe, valw’ > vessels in sccewed piping systems. Examples to remove a valve it m. ave at least one adjacent union, and to remove piping from a vessel with thresded connection, esch outlet from the veseh fhould have one union between valve and vessel. Ground:faced joints are profeced although othe facings are avilable, PIPE-TO-TUBE CONNECTOR For joining threaded pipe to tube. Figuro 2.41 shows a connector fitted to specilly-ared tube. Other types are evailable -ro.ruae conNecTon Figune 241 HEXAGON BUSHING A reducing fitting used for connecting a smaller pipe into a lair threaded fiting or aozze, Has many applications 10 instrument Connections. Reducing fittings can be made in any reduction by baring and tapping standard forged blanks, Normally not used for high-pressure service. HEXAGON BUSHING Figure 242[SWAGED NIPPLE This isa reducing fitting, used for joining frger diameter to smaller diameter pipe. Also referred tr ~ a “swage (pronounced ‘swedge’) and abbrevisted as “SWG" or ‘SWG NI on drawings. When ordering a swage, state the weight designations of the pipes ta be joined: for example, [NPS 2 (SCH 40) x NPS1 (SCH 80). A swage may be used for joining: (1) Screws ed piping to screwed piping (2) Screwed piping to burtwelded piping. (3) {utnelded piping toe threaded nazzle on equipment.Itis necessary to specily ‘onthe piping drawing the terminations required WAGE FOR 2O1MING: LARGER to SMALLER THAD ITEM | THRO ITEM GWG 1h x1 THE BwiTeMorpipe | THROITEM | SWG2 x1 BLE-TSE turo rrem* | swiTem® SWG3 x2 TLE-BSE EXAMPLE NOTE ON DRAWING THREADED FLANGES are used to connect threaded pipe to flengad items. Fleguler and reduc’ types are available from stock. For example a reducing flange to connect . PS 1 pipe to 8 Class 150 NPS 1% linesize flange is specie: RED FLG NPS 1% x 1 Class 190 THRO THREADED FLANGE Froune 245 BW = Bure welding TLE = Threaded large end anaeviarions: THEO = Threaded ‘TOE = Threaded one end TBE = Threaded both ends BLE = Beveled loge end TSE = Threaded small end BSE = Beveled small end A larger threaded Item is seldom joined to a smaller buttwelding item. However, the connection of a buttwelded lina to-a threaded oliaan example. [SWAGED NIPPLES, TBE and OLE-TSE foune 203 Real AR ELBOWS make 90- or 45:deqre0 changes in direction of tho run of pipe Street elbows having @ integral nipple at one end (see table O-11), are ‘wailable THREADED ELAOWS, é5 and 90 DEGREE Figune 244 FITTINGS FOR BRANCHING FROM 252 SCREWED SYSTEMS BRANCH FROM SCREWED MAIN RUN ‘TEE, STRAIGHT of REDUCING, makes 2 90-degree branch from the run of pipe, Reducing tees are made by boring and tapping standard forged blanks, SPECIFYING SIZE OF THREADED REDUCING TEES a 1 reoucie on enance To [acorcem cma fa ee EOUCING FIGURE 248 = THREADED TEES, STRAIGHT and RiLATERAL makes fullsite 4S:degre branch from the main cn of pipe ‘TumeactD LATERAL CROSS Remarks for but welding cross apply ~ $802.32. Reducing ross fre made by boring and tepping standard forged blanks THREADED CROSS FITTINGS FOR SCREWED BRANCH. FAOM VESSEL OR BUTTWELDED MAIN RUN HALE-COUPLING can be used to make SO-deges threaded connections 10 Tipas tor intuments, of foc veel nozzles, Welding heat may cause em- intlement of the threads ofthis short fitting, Requires shepiog THREADED HALF-COUPLING & FULLCOUPLING Co taza FULL-COUPLING Superior tohal-couping, Also requires shaping far necting to pipe. igune 249 com “The next four fittings for branching are made by Bonny Forge. These fittings after 9 means of joinior rewed piping to a welded run, and for making Pratrument connections. ..€ advantages are that the welding end does aot requite reinforcement and that the end ee shaped to the curvature ofthe un pipe. THAEDOLET makes @ 90-de9%ee branch, full or reducing, on straight pipe. Fiotbawod thredoets are available for branch connections on pipe caps and vessel heads THREADED ELBOLET makes relucing tangent branch on tongadius and short radius elbows. THREADED LATROLET makesa 48-deqre reducing branchionastraight pipeTHREADED NIPOLET A variant of the thredolet with intenral threaded nipple. Primarity developed for small valved connections—see figure 6.47. [STUBAN See comments in 2.3.2. Not preferred for branching from pipe smaller than NPS 2. a5 weld metal may restrict flow. cLosunes 254 CCAP seals the threaded end of pipe. THREADED CAP Figure 256 BARSTOCK PLUG seals the threaded end of a fitting, Also termed ‘round head pluat BARSTOCK PLUG [IN TEE) FIGURE 255, Pipe THREADS 255 Standard ANSV/ASt 11,20." defines general purpose pipe threads: tapered 1d straight threads for pipe (an fitings, etc). For the same nominal pipe size, the number of threads per inch isthe same for steight and tapered thieads, Most pipe joints are made using the tapered thread form “Topered and straight threads will mate, Taper/taper and taper/straight (both types) joints are sel sealing with the use of pipe dope (e compound spread fon the thieads which lubricates and seals the joint on assembly), or plastic tape (Tellon}, Tape is wrapped around the external thread before the joint is assembled. A staight/straight serowed joint equives locknuts and gaskets 10 ‘ensue sealing - oe fig 2.39 (a. Standard ANSI 81.20:3 defines ‘drysea!” threads. Oryseal threads seal against line pressure without the use of pipe dope or tape. The seal is obtained by using a modified theead form of sharp crest and flat root. This causes inter- ference (metal-to-metal contact) between the engaged threads, and prevents leakage theough the spiral cavity of mating threads. ‘Symbols used for specifying threads N= American National Standard Thread Form, P = Pipe, T = Taper, C= Coupling, F = Fuel & Oil, H= Hose coupling, 1 = Intermediate, L=Locknut, M=Mechancal, R= Railing itings, $= Straight [ANSI 81.20.1: PIPE THREADS, GENERAL PURPOSE ‘Taper Pipe Thread NeT Rigid mechanical jain for Railings NPTR Suaight Pipe Thread: + Internal, in Pipe Couplings esc + Freeitting, Mechanical Joints for Fixtures NPSM {Looseitting, Mechanical Joints with Locknuts NPSL. {Coose-fitting, Mechanical Joints for Hose Couplings NPSH ANS! 81,20.3:DRYSEAL PIPE THREADS Taper Pipe Theed: NeTE + Drysea! Standard = Dryseal SAE Short (NPTF type shortened by one thread) PTF-SAE SHORT ‘Straight Pipe Thread (internal ony): * Deystl, Fuel (for use in soft/ductile materials) «= Deysel, Intermediate (for use in hardrittle materials) NPS NPSI (NPTE is the only type that ensures sealing against line pressure. If there is no objection to its use, pipe dape may be used with all threads to improve sealing, and essen galling ofthe thread.) Specify pipe threads by: NPS Threads per inch - Thread type Example: 3-8NPT FGURES 247-256FLANGE FACINGS, BOLTS & GASKETS 26 FLANGE FACINGS & FINISHES 261 Mony focings for flanges are offered by flange manufacturers, including fous “tongue and groove" types which must be used in pairs. However, ng ate widely used, and these are shown in figure ‘only four types of faci 256. “The cased face is used for about OO% of all flanges. The rngoint facing, “employed with ether an oval-setion or octagon-section gasket, is used mainly in the petrochemical industy. “THE MOSEUSEO FLANGE FACINGS rigune 26 yp “The RAISED FACE is 1/16-nch high for Clases 160 and 300 flanges, and Lavine high forall other classes, Class 250 castivon flanges and flanged ings also have the 1/16nch raised face. ‘Suppliers catalogs give Tength thr hub dimensions which include the ‘0.06:inch raid face on flanges in Closes 180 and 300, but exclude the O25inch rated face on Manges in Cisse 400 thru 2500. Tables F inelude the raised face for al ange Classe. FLAT FACE Most common uses ae for mating with nonstee flangas on ‘ovies of pumps ete. and for matingwith Clas 125 cast-iron voles and fittings Flotfacedllanges are used with » gasket whose outer diameter enuals that of the llange ~ this reduces the danger of erockng a castro, bronze ar plastic Mange when the assembly i tightened RINGJOINT FACING is 8 more expensive facing, and considered the most ‘iiciont for high-temperate and high-presure sevice, Both flanges of a pair fre alka, The ringjoint 1g isnot prone to dameqe in handling asthe sur- faces in contact with the gasket are recessed. Use of facings ofthis type may Jnrease as hollow metal O-rings gain acceptance for process chemical eas, LAPJOINT FLANGE is shaped to accommodate the stub end. The combin ‘ation of flange and stub end presents similar geometry to the rased-ace lange and can be used where severe bending stresses will not occur, Advant ges ofthis Hango ae stated in 2.3.1 “The term ‘finish’ relers to the type of sutface produced by machining the Flange face which contacts the gasket, Two principal types of finish are pro ‘duced, the serated and ‘smooth Forged-steel flanges with raised-foce are usually machined to give a ‘erated concentie™ groove, oF 8 ‘serrated pita” groove finish tothe ised face of the ge, The serratedspiral finish is the mare common and may be termed the ‘stack’ ‘standard finish” available fom suppliers. ‘The pitch of the groove and the surface finish vary depending on the size and class ofthe flange. For rise tace steel langes, the pitch varies from 24 to 40, per inch, It is made using @ cutting tool having a minimum radius et the tip of B.o6.nch. The maximum roughness of surface finish is 126-500 mieroinches. ‘Smooth’ finish i wsuelly specally-ordered, and is avilable in two qualities (1) fine machined finish leaving 90 dfinite tool marks. (2) A‘microtnish’, primarily tended for use without gaskets. BOLT HOLES IN FLANGES 26.2 ‘Bolt hates in tlanges sre equally spaced. Specifying the numberof holes, dior meter ofthe bolt etcle and hole size sets the bolting configuration. Number 1 Lalt holes per Mange is given in tables F. Flanges ace positioned so that bolts straddle vertical and horizontal center lines. This is the normal postion of bolt holes on al langed items, BOLTS FOR FLANGES 263 ‘Two types of bolting are available: the studbolt using two ts, and the ‘machine bolt using one nut. Both bolting are illustrated in figue 2.57 ‘Studbolt thread lengths and diamotrs are given in tables F. ‘Studbolts have largely displaced regular bolts for bolting Hanged piping joints, “Thvee advantages of using studbolts ae: (1) The studbolt is more easily emavedif eroded (2) Confusion with other bolts atthe site is avoided (3) Stuabotts in the less fequently used sizes and materials canbe readily ‘made from round stockMACHINE BOLT & NUT, and STUDBOLT & NUTS. Figure 257 Hex NUT Nex NUT wexnur =p Us UI) UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS [UN AND UNR THREAD FORM) UNF. indicates counded root contour, and applis to external threads only. Fla, or rounded root is optional with the UN thread. There are four Unified Serew ‘Threads: Unitied Coarse (UNC/ UNCA), Unified Fine (UNF/UNFA), Unified Extrafine (UNEF/UNEFA) and Unified Selected (UNS/UNSRD, with theee flostes of fit: 1A, 28 end 3A for external threads; 18, 28, and 3B for internal threads, (Close 3-has the least clearance.) The standard is ANSI B1.1. which incorporates a metic trarsation. UNC (Clos 2 medium fit bolt and nut) is used for bolts and studbolts in piping, and specified inthe following order: Diameter - Threads per inch - Thread «Class of fit 19 UNC 2A, ¥= 13 UNC 28 BOLT: NUT: Example: GASKETS, 26.4 Gaskets are used to make 8 fuid-esistant seal between two surfaces. The cmon gasket Tiga ae TOTP TACE 32, for tise with flat-faced and raisd-face flanges respectively. Refer to figure 2.6. Widely-used materials for gatkets ere compressed asbestos (1/16-inch thick) and esbestosfiled metal (‘spra-wound’, 0.175:inch thick). The filed-metal gasket is especially useful if maintenance requires repeated uncoupling of flanges, as the gasket separates cleanly and is often reusable Choice of gasket is decided by: (1) Temperature, pressure and corrasive nature of the conveyed fluid (2) Whether maintenance or operation requires repeated uncoupling (8) Code/environmental requirements that may apply (4) Cost Garlock Incosporated’s publication “Engingered gasketing products’ provides information on the suitability of gasket materials for different applications. ‘Tables 25 gives some characteristics of gaskets, to aid selection 1x may be required that adjacent ports of line ace electrically insulated from fone another, and this may be affected by inserting 2 flanged joint fitted ‘with an insulating gasket set between the parts. A gasket clectrically insu fates the flange faces, and sleaves and washers insulate the bolts from one ‘or both flanges, a ilusteated in figure 2.88. GASKET CHARACTERISTICS TABLE 2S ovate suLarine et TEMPORARY CLOSURES FOR LINES 27 IN-LINE CLOSURES 274 ‘A completely leak-proof means af stopping flow in ines is necessary in piping ‘ystems wien: (1) A change in process material to flow in the line isto be made and cross.cntaminatian is to be avoided, (2) Periodic maintenance is to be carted out, and a hazard would be presented by flammoble and/or toxie material passing a valve “The volves described in 9,1 may not offer complete security against leakage, and one ofthe following methods of temporary closure can be used: Lit blind valve, fine blind (including special types-or use with ring-oint flanges), spectacle plate (so-called from its shape, ‘double block end bleed, and blind flanges replacing a cemavable spool. The lst three closures arg illustrated in figures 2.59 thou 2.61Figure 289 SPECTACLE PLATE & LINE BLIND DOUBLEBLOCK.ANO-SLEED Figure 260 ‘xl — | mm 3 IH a line isto be temporarily closed down with doubleblock-and-bieed, both volves ore closed, and the fluid betwen drown off with the bleed valve. The bleed valve is then let open to show whether the other valves ar tightly shut. Figure 2.60 shows the bleed ring corinected toa bloed valve-see 3.1.11, The use of @ tapped valve rather than » bleed ring should be considered, more economic at ment, and usually con be specified merely by adding a sulfix tothe valve owuering number, A line-blind valve is not illustrated as construction varies. This type of valve incorporates» spectacle plate sandwiched between two flanges which ‘may be expanded oF tightened (by some easy means), allowing the spectacle plate to be reversed. Constantlength linebind valves are also available, ‘made to ANSI dimensions for cun length. ‘Table 2.6 compares the advantages ofthe four in-line temporary closures: Fonoouere | wecuciece | 12 necuicine | 200 CLOSURES FOR PIPE ENDS & VESSEL OPENINGS 272 ‘Temporary bolted closures include blind Manges using flat gaskets or ring joints, T-bolt closures, welded-on closures with hinged doors ~ including the boltlass manhole cover (Robert Jenkins, England) and closures primar tended for veszals, such as the Lanepe range (Bonney Forge) which may also be used with pipe of large diameter. The blind flange is mostly used with @ vow to future expansion of the piping system, of for cleaning, inspection, etc. Hinged closures are often installed on vessels; infrequently an pipe. QUICK CONNECTORS & COUPLINGS 2.8 ‘auick connectors 201 ‘Two forms of connector specifically designad for temporary use at (1) Lever type with double lever clamping, such as Evertite ‘Standard’ and Vietoulic ‘Snap Joint’. (2) Screw type with captive nut ~ ‘hose connector’ “Typical use is for connecting temporarily to tank cars, trucks or process ves sels, Inte-trader agreements peimit plant operators to stach and uneouple these boltless connectors. Certain temporary connectors have builtin valves. Evertite manufactures a double shutoff connector for liquids, and Sehvader ‘valved connector for ar lnesBOLI ED UUICK-COUPLINGS. 202 Connections of this type may be suitable for either permanent or tamporary use, depending on the joint and gasket, an” ~nwvice conditions. Piping can 'be built rapidly with them, and they are es, ally useful for making repairs to lines, for constructing shortcun process installations such 2s pilot plants, and for process modification, COUPLINGS FOR GROOVED COMPONENTS & PIPE Couplings of this type are manufactured by the Vietaulic Company of ‘America for use with steel, castiron, FAP or plastic pipe, either having rooued ends, oF with Vietaulc collars welded or cemented ta the nine ends The following special fittings with grooved ends are available: elbow, tee (all types), lateral, cross, reducer, nipple, and cap. Groove-ended valves and valve adaptors are also availabe. Advantaoes: (1) Quick fitting and removal. (2) Joint can take up some deflection end expansion, (3) Sutable for many ses, with correct gaskets, ‘The manufacturer states that the biggest uses are for permanent plant air, water (drinking, service, proces, waste) and lubricant ines COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLINGS are extensively used for air, water, oil and gas. Well-known manufacturers include Vietaulic, Oresar and Smith- Blair. Advantages: (1) Quick fitting and removal. (2) Joint may take up some deflection and expansion. (3) End preparation of pipe is not needed. \VICTAULIC COMPRESSION SLEEVE COUPLING Figure 2.62 EXPANSION JOINTS & FLEXIBLE PIPING 29 EXPANSION JOINTS 291 Figures 2.63 thru 2.66 show methods af accommadating movement in piping due to temperature changes, it such movement cannot be taken up by: es (1) Rerouting oF respacing the line. (2) Expansion loops-see figure 6.1 {3} Calculated placomont of anchors. (4) Cold springing—see 6.1. Bllows-type expansion joints of th= type shown in figure 2.63 ace also used to absorb vibration anmcu.areoestions rroune ase 4 (0) 2 falar {faa (eySLIDING SLEEVE.AND-ANCHOR SUPPORT Figure 268 q n ae 292 FLEXIBLE PIPING For fing nd ematying eilears, tankers, ete, thru cgi pipe, iis necessary to design articulated piping, using ‘swiveling joints, or “bal” joints (the latter is 9 “universal joint. Flexible hose has many uses especially whore ther is 4 need for temporary connections, or where vibration or movement occurs. CChemical-esstant and/or armored hoses are available in regular or jacketed forms (see figure 6.39). SEPARATORS, STRAINERS, SCREENS & DRIPLEGS 2.10 COLLECTING UNWANTED MATERIAL FROM THE FLOW = 2.10.1 Devicas are included in process and service lines to separate end collect un- desirable solid or fia Pipe seale, loose weld metal, unreeted or decomposed process material, precipitates, lubricants, ol, oF water may harm cither aquipment or the process. Common forms of line-instlled soparator.oe illustrated jn figures 2.87 ond 2.68. Other more elaborate separators mentioned in 3.3.3 are avalebe, but thes fll more into the category of process equipment, normally selected by the process engineer ‘ir and some other gotes in liquid-bearng lines aa nocmally sel-collecting at piping high points and at the remote ends of headers, and are vented by di- charge valves ~ se0 3.1.9. SEPARATORS. 2.10.2 ‘These permanent devices ere used to collect droplets from a gaseous stream, for example, to collect oil droplets from compressed air, or condensate drop lets from wat steam, Figure 2.67 shows a separetor in which droplets in the steam collect in chevroned grooves i the barter and drain tothe small wel Collected liquid is discharged via a trap—see 3.1.9 and 6.10.7. STRAINERS 2103 Inserted in fines imme aly upstream of sensitive equipment, strainers collect solid particles in the approximate size range 0,020.5 inch, which can be separsted by patsing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer’ screen, ‘Typical locations for steiners ore before a control valve, pump, turbine, or ‘taps on stoam systems, 20-mesh strainers ae used for steam, water, and heavy ‘or medium ols. 40%mash i suitable for steam, air, other gases, and ight ols ‘The commonest strainer isthe ilstreted wye type where the sreen is cylin- tric and ratsins the particles within, This type of strainer is easily dismant- led, Some striners can be fitted witha vale ta facilitate blowing out collect- fed material without shutting the Tine down=see figure 6:9, for exam Jocketed strainers are avaiable, seranaror Ficune 267 srnamnen Fiauae 268SCREENS 2104 Simple temporary strainers made from por” sted sheet metal and/or wire ‘mesh are used for startup operations on the tion side of pumps end comp- pressors, especialy where there is @ long run of piping before the unit thot ‘may contain wold spatter or material inadvertently left in the pipe. Aftor startup, the screen usually is removed. It may be necessary to atrenge for a small removable spool to accommodete the screen, It is important that the flow in suction tines should not be restricted, Coneshaped screens are therefor preferred, with cylindric types as second choice. Flat seeans ar better reserved for low-suction heads SCREEN BETWEEN FLANGES, FIGURE 269 ye ZS DRIPLeG CONSTRUCTION Figure 270 ip Sore tN _—~ Eonmceion i bRIPLEGS 2108, often made from pipe and fittings, the dipleg is an inexpensive means of collecting condensate, Figure 2.70 shows a drplag fitted to s horizontal pipe. Removal of condensate from steam lines is discussed in 6,10. Recommended sizes for driplegs are given in table 6.10. es REINFORCEMENTS: 21 BRANCH CONNEC, 5 ‘Reinforcement’ isthe addition of extra metal at a branch connection made from e pine or vessel wall,The added metal compensates for the structural ‘weakening due to the hole Stub‘ins may be reinforced with regular or wraparound saddles, as shown in figue 2.71. Rings made from platestock are used to reinforce branches ‘made with welded laterals and buttwelded connections to vessels. Small twolded connections may be reinforced by adding extra wald motel to the joint Reinforcing pieces are ususlly provided with 2 smell hole to vent geses produced by welding; these gases would otherwise be trapped. A vent hole also serves to indicate any leakage from the joint. STRAIGHT PIPE f 9 butt weld joining two sections of straight pipe is subject to unusual txternal ste, it may be reinforced by the addition of a ‘sleeve’ (Formed {fom two units, each resembling the lower member in figure 2.71 (b)). ‘The code applicable to the piping should be consulted for reinforcement ‘equitements. Backing rings are not considered to be reinforcements~see the footnote to chart 2.1 eiNFoncina SADOLES Figure 2.71 Vatwecte oni De FIGURES 2.66-2.71PIPE SUPPORTS HANG!nS s FIGURE 2.725 [sma FREE MOVEMENT OF PIPE 3 PIPE SUPPORTS SUPPORTING PIPE CLOSE TO STRUCTURAL STEEL FIGURES 2.72A88HARDWARE FOR SUPPORTING PIPING 212 ‘Symbols for drafting various types of support are sown in chert 6.7. For ‘asigning support systems, see 6.2 PIPE SUPPORTS 2aat Pipe supports should be as simple es conditions allow. Stock items are used where practicable, especially for piping held from above. To support piping from below, supports are usually made to suit from platestock, pipe, and pieces of structural stl {A selection of avaliable hardwere or supporting illustrated in figures 2.724 and 8. ‘TEnMs FOR SUPPORTS 2922 SUPPORT The weight of piping is usually carried on supports made from structural steel, or steel and concrete, (The term ‘support’ is also used in reference to hangers.) HANGER Device which suspends piping (usally a single tine) from struc- tural stel, concrete or wood, Hangers are usualy adjustable for height. [ANCHOR A rigid support which prevents transmission of movement (thermal, jatory, etc) along piping. Construction may be trom stet plate, brackets, flanges, rods, ete. Attachment ofan anchor to pipe should preferably encircle the pipe end be welded all around as this gives a better distribution of stress in the pipe wall “THe AAn arrangement of ona oF more rods, bets, ete, to restrain movement of ping, DUMMY LEG An extension piece (of pipe or rolled steel section) welded to.n elbow in order to support the lina—see figure 2.72A and table 6.3. ‘The following hardware is used whore mechanical and/or thermal movement is 9 problem: GUIDE A means of allowing a pipe to move along its length, but not sideways. SHOE A metal piece attached to the underside of e pipe which rests on sup- porting stel. Primarily used to reduce wear from sliding fo ines subject to movement. Petmits insulation to be applied to pip SADDLE A welded attachment for pipe requiring insulation, and subject to longitudinal or rolling movement (resulting trom temporature changes ther than climatic), Saddles may be used with guides as shown in 6.2.8. SLIDE PLATE A slide plate support is illustrated mi tiguie 2/28. Hye 2.728 shows spplications of ‘Ucar’ graphite slide plates which are offered by Union Carbide Ine, The tw ‘ates used in a support are made from oF faced with @ materat of low srction abla to withstand mechanical stress and temperature changes. Plates ae often mada from graphite blocks. Steel plates with @ teflon facing are available and may be welded to steel. Spring hangers or supports allow varations in the length of pipe due to changes in temperature, and are often used for vertical lines. Refer to 6.2.5 figure 6.16. Thete are two types of spring hanger oF support: ‘CONSTANT LOAD’ HANGER This dovice consists of a coil sring and lever mechanism in a housing. Movement of the piping, within timits, will not change the spring force holding up the piping: thus, no editional forces willbe introduced tothe piping system, "VARIABLE SPRING’ HANGER, and SUPPORT These devices consist of a ceil srng in @ housing. The weight of the piping rests on the spring in com- pression. The spring permits @ limited amount of thermal movement. A ‘variable spring hanger holding up a vertical ie wil reduce its lifting force the line expands toward it. A variable spring support would increase its it- ing fore as the lina expands toward it. Goth place aad onthe piping sytem. Where this is undesirable, 2 constant-load hanger canbe used instead. HYDRAULIC DAMPENER, SHOCK, SNUBBER, or SWAY SUPPRESSOR (One end of the unit i atached to piping and the other to structural steel or concrete, The unit expands or contracts to absorb slow movement of piping, SWAY BRACE, or SWAY ARRESTOR, is essentially 9 helical spring in a housing which is fitted between piping and e rigid structure. Its function is to buffer vibration and sway. WELDING To PIPE 2123 I the opplicable code permits, lugs may be welded to pipe. Figure 2.728 illustrates some eomman arrangements using welded lugs, rolled steel sections and pipe, for— (1) Fixing hangers to structural steel, ete. (2) Atteching to pipe (3) Supporting pipe Welding supports to preted pipe will usually spoil the fining, and therefor lugs, et, must be welded to pipe and fitings bofore the lining is epplied. Wielding of supports and lugs to pipes and vosols tobe stesselieved should be done before heat treatment.VALVES, PUMPS, COMPRESSUKS, and Types of Process Equipment, VALVES 34 FUNCTIONS OF VALVES aaa Tab 3.1 gives a bati fr classifying volves according to function: uses oF VALVES TABLE 34 vatve action | EXPLANATION Types of valve sviteble for on/off and regulating functions are listed in chart 9.2. The suitability of a valve for @ required purpose depends on its construction, discussed in 3.1.3 PARTS OF VALVES 342 \Valve manufacturers’ catalogs offer a seemingly endless variety of construe: ions, Clasiicaton is posible, however, by considering the basic parts that make up a valve: (1) The “dise’ and ‘seat’ that directly affect the flow (2) The stem’ that moves the dise ~in some valves, fluid under pressure does the work of stem (3) The"body’ and ‘bonnet’ that house the stem (4) The ‘operator that moves the stom (or prossurizes fluid for squ valves, et.) Figures 3,1 thru 3.3 show three common types of valve with their parts labeled Isc, SEAT, & PORT Chart 3.1 illustrates various types of disc and port arrangements, and mech anisms used for stopping or regulating flow. The moving part directly affect- ing the flow is termed the ‘dist’ regardless ofits shape, and the non-maving pert it bears on is termed the ‘seat. The ‘partis the maximum internal open ing for flows (that is, when the valve is fully open). Discs may be actuated by the conveyed fluid or be moved by a stem having a linear, cotary or helical, movement, The stam can be moved manually or be driven hydraulically, pneumatically or electrically, under remote or automatic control, or mech anally by weighted lover, spring, etc. ‘The sizeof a valve is determined by the size of its ends which connect to the pipe, ete. The port size may be smaller. stem ‘There are two categories of serowed stem: The rising stom shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2, and the non-tsing stem shown in igure 3.3. Rising stem (gate and globe) valves are made either with “inside screw’ (1S) or ‘outside screw’ (OS). The OS type has @ yoke on the bonnet and the assembly is referred to as ‘ouiside screw and yoke, abbreviated to ‘OS&Y’ The handwhee! can either rise with the stem, or the stem can rise thru the handwheel [ifsajeusic LVE ae 1s SHOWN WHITE, Ss, a nie CONVEYED FLUID SHADED. SELF-OPERATED VAun-sing stem valves ave of the gate type, Ihe handwheo! and stem ave m tne seme position whether the valve is open or closed. The screw is inside the bonnet end in contact with the conveyed fy ‘A’loot stand’ is a stem extension for use with oth types of stem, where it is necessary to operate 2 valve thru a floor or platform. Alternately, rads fitted with universal joints may be used to bring a valve handwhee! within ‘an operator's reach, Depending on the size of the required valve and availabilities, selection of stem type can be based wm (1) Whether it is undesirable for the conveyed fluid to be in contact with the threaded bearing surfaces (2) Whether an exposed screw is Niable to be damagod by abrasive atmo: spharic dust (2) Whether itis necessary to see ifthe valve is open or closed In addition to the preceding types of stem used with gate and globe valves, most other valves have a simple rotary stem. Rotary-ball, plug and buttertly valves have @ rotary stem which is moved by a permanent lever, or tool applied 10-8 square boss at the end of the stem. Figure 3.1 Froune 32 GATE VALVE [058 bottd bonnet ring stem) (GLOBE VALVE (OSRY, bolt onnat ring stem) bountet There are threa basic types of attachment for valve bonnets: screwed (including union), bolt and breechlack ‘A screwed bonnet may occasionally stick and turn when a vale is opened. ‘Although sticking is less of a problem with the union type bonnet, valves with screwed bonnets ace best reserved for services presenting no hazerd to personnel. Union bonnets are more suitable for small valves requiring fre ‘quent dismantling than the simple screwed type. “The bolted burnet hws largely daploced serewed ond union bonnet vol hnydrocarbon applications, A U-bolt or clamp-type bonnet is offered on some smoll gate valves for moderate pressures, to facilitate frequent cleaning and inspection ‘The ‘pressure seal’ isa variation of the bolted bonnet used for high-pressure valves, usually combined with OS&Y construction. It makes use of line pres- cane to tighten and seal an internal mata ring or gasket against the body. ‘The breechlock is @ heavier infrequently-used and more expensive construc tion, also for high presute use, and involves seatwelding of the bonnet with the body. GATE VALVE (5, bolted bonnet, nonchng ser} (Bae (GaaaT 3.4 feUres 34-33‘A ctitca factor for valves used for process chemicals i the lubrication ofthe stem, Care has to be token in the solection of packing, gland design, and ‘choice and application of lubricant. As an optic © buanet moy include @ “lantern ting’ which serves two purposes ~ either 0 act a& a collection point to drain off any hezerdous seepage, or at a point where lubricant can be injected. LANTERH RING BODY Selection of material to fabricate the interior of the valve body is important ‘with a vale used for process chemicals. There is often 9 choice with regard to the body and trim, and soma valves may be obtained with the entire interior of the body lined with corrosion-esstant material. \Vales are connected to pipe, fittings or vessels by ther body ends, which may be anged, serewad, butt- or socket welding, or finished for hose, Victoulic coupling ec. Jacketed valves are also availeble~soe 6.8.2, SEAL In most stemoperated valves, whether the stem has rotary oF lineal move iment, packing or seals are used between stem and bonnet (or body). I hight ocuum or corrosive, flammable or toxic fluid isto be handled, the dsc or “tem may be sealed by a metal bellows, or by 2 Flexible diaphragm (the latter is termed ‘packles’ construction), A gasket i used as seal between a bolted bonnet end valve body, BELLOWSSEAL VALVE neu valves use yosnees 1 sat oo ‘extend the resilient seat to alsa sore as line gaskets. The presuresal bonnet joint utilizes the pressure“ the conveyed fluids to tighten the zeal ~ see ‘Pressure seal" under ‘Bom this section MANUAL OPERATORS HANDLEVER is used to actuate the stoms of smal butterfly and rotary-ball {alves, and smell cocks. Wrench operation is used for cocks and small plug valves, =< “« go H A HANOWHEEL is the most common means for rotating the stem on the majority of popular smaller valves such a5 the gote olobe and diaphragm types. Additionel operating torque for gate and globe valves is offered by “hammerblow’ or impact’ handwheels which moy be substituted for normal handwhels if eosier operation is neoded but where gearing is unnecessary. (co ‘CHAIN operator is used where @ handwhee! would be out of rach. The stem fettted with a chainwheel ot wrench (fr lever-opersted valves) and the loop ff the choin is brought within 3 ft of working flor level. Universabtype Chainwhesls which attach to the regular handwhoe! have been blamed for accidents: in corrosive atmospheres wiere an infrequentiy-operated valve has stuck, the attaching bolts have been kagwn to fail. This problem does not arise with the chainaheel that repleces the regular valvahandwheel GEAR operator is used to reduce the operating torque. For manual operation, tonsists of a handwhedl-operated gear tain actuating the valve stem, AS a fulde, gear operators should be considered for valves of the following sizes ‘nd casas: 125, 160, and 900, 14-inch and larger; 400 and 600, -inch and larger; 900 and 1500, 6-inch and large; 2500, 4 inch and larger.DBEVEL-GEAR OPERATOR SPUR.GEAR OPERATOR POWERED OPERATORS Electric, pneumatic or hydraulic operation is used: (1) Where a valve is ‘emote from the main working sea, (2) Ifthe required frequency of oper tion would need unreasonable human effort. (3) If rapid opening and/or closing of a valve is required, ELECTRIC MOTOR The valve stom is moved by the electric motor, thiu reducing gears. SOLENOID may be used with fostacting check valves, and with on/off valves in light-duty instrumentation applications. ELECTRIC MOTOR OPERATOR PNEUMATIC OPERATOR PNEUMATIC & HYDRAULIC OPERATORS fay be used where flammable vapor is likely to be present. They take the following forms: (1} Cylinder with doubleacting piston driven by air, water, oil, or other liquid which usually sctuates the stem directly. (2) Air motor which actuates the stom thru gearing-these motors are commonly pistor-and-cylinder radial types. (3) A ‘double-acting vane with fimited rotary movement in a sector casing, actuating the stem directly. (4) © 32e type (refer to ‘Squeeze vale’) QUICK.ACTING OPERATORS FOR NON-ROTARY VALVES. (Manually operated vales) uick-scting operators are used with gate and globe valves. Two stem movements are employod:— (1) Rotating stem, rotated by a taver (2) Sliding stem, in which the stem is raised and lowered by lever (0) Rotting stm on ob ware (2) Steg ser on gate Steam and air whistles aro examples of the use of slidingstem quick-ecting ‘operators with globe valves. SELECTING ON/OFF & REGULATING VALVES 343 ‘The suitability of a vale for a particular service is decided by its materials of construction in relation to the conveyed fluid as wel as its mechanical design Referring to the descriptions in 3.1.2, the stops in solection are to choose: (1) Materials) of construction. (2) The disc type. (3) Stem type. (4) Means ‘of operating the stem ~ the ‘operator’. (5) Bonnet type. (6) Body ends — welding, Hanged, ete. (7) Delivery time, (8) Price, (9) Warranty of perform ‘ance for severe conditions. Chart 3.2 is a guide to valve solection, and indicates valves which may be chosen for a given service. The chart should be read from lft to right. First, ascertain whether a liquid, gs or power isto be handled by the valve. Next, consider the nature of the fluid~whether itis foodstuffs or drugs to be handled hygionically, chemicals that are corresive, or whather the fluid is substantially neutral oF non-corrosive, ‘Next consider the function of the valve — simple open-or-clased operation on/ott’) or regulating for control or for dosing. These factors decided,the chart will then indicate types of valves which should perform satislectorily in the roquited service. If the publication is available, reference should also be made to the Crane Company's ‘Choosing the right valve"(VALVE SELECTION GUIDE.) CHART 3.2 wet 1a VALVE SELECTION OME Fiber ns | 11 Determine type of comaved fuid—lguld, gos sey, or coworr | Btbeow | Hebe nome nt "Sowers ned eadctaulds aos sary. i (2) Determine nature of tut cere. see Substantially nevtal=not notcesbly acid oF akin, rouse [fees |B such as various ol, inking water, ogee, at. Sanit [fesse cay! Corrouve~martedly act, alkaline, or otherwise chem a ee faly recive | Seett | REE ‘Fiyseniematerils for the food, dru, cosmetic or connonwe omer Vue | AMeatnaate a ober aes eomeans ine [Reeves Slrry=suipanion of sl partis ina eid can have eat Teageasieernioge fan ahrase eect on valves ete, Nonsbranve suet secure Son wood pulp sures con choke valve mechanisms 2 | | cer oetermine operation UQUID we wort | RARER _[ SAPNA lnc “Onfot’~tuly open or fully closed rartae Sean EEL 2° Regulating-inloding coz requation(UvoRtng) hoes neoviarna |Sauecte™ imate fextece fuses: ATA {4} Look into other factors affecting choice: mer "|e Renate ae 0 Pressure aed temperature at conveyed fukd CHAE | REEAEEP ALS EE car a {. Mathod of operating stem-=contider losing ime wore |p| ipteaearat om + Cot tine | Eta sear Aesiaitity sone sr nara Spell installation oroblemssich as welding valves nto eee, | ea fines Welding heat wil sometimes distor the body AEGULATING cn one and affect the sealing of small valves, ower proeesoe GAS cuore | RTS | BRR SOLID Hewes roy neVALVES MAINLY FOR ON/OFF SERVICE 344 In industit piping, on/off control of flow is most commonly effected with gate valves. Most types of gate valve are unsuitable for regulating: erosion of the seet and disc occurs in the throttling position due to vibration of the tise chattering”). With some fluids, it may be desirable to use globe valves {ot on/olt service, as they offer tighter closure. However, as the principal function of globe valves is regulation, they are described in 3.1.5. SOLID WEDGE GATE VALVE has sither a solid or flexible wedge ise. In ‘addition to on/otf service, these valves can be used for regulating, usually in sizes 6-inch and larger, but will chatter unless disc is fully guided through- fut travel, Suitable for most fluids including steam, water, oil, air and ges. The flexible wedge was developed to overcome sticking an cooling in high temperoture service, and to minimize opereting torque. The flexible wedge is not illustrated-it can be likened to two wieels set on a very short axe. SOLIO WEDGE GATE VALVE DOUBLE-DISC PARALLEL-SEATS GATE VALVE has two parallel discs hich ote foreod, on elosuee, against parallel soats by a ‘spreader’ Used for liquids and gazes at normal temperatures. Unsuitable for requiation. To prevent jamming installation is usually vertical with handwheel up. DOUBLE-DISC (SPLIT:AWEDGEWEDGE GATE VALVE Discs wedge against inclined seats without use of 2 spreader. Remarks for double-disc parallel seats gate valve epply, but smller valves ere made for steam service, Often, Construction ellowe the dies to rotate, distributing wear. SINGLE-DISC SINGLESEAT GATE VALVE, or SLIDE VALVE, is used for handling paper pulp slurry and other fibrous suspensions, and for lows pressure geses, Will not funetion property with inflow on the seat side. Suitable for requating Now if tight closure is not required SINGLE-DISC PARALLELSEATS GATE VALVE Unlike the single-seat slide valve, this valve aff- "> closure with flow in either direction, Stresses fon stem and bonnet are »-..er than with wedgo-gate valves. Primarily used for liquid hydrocarbons and gases SINGLE.DISC PARALLEL. PLUG Gare VALVE Seats GATE VALVE PLUG GATE VALVE This valve has a round tepered disc which moves up and down, Suitable for thrattling and full-flow use, but only available in the smaller sizes. PLUG VALVE Mechanism is shown in chart 3.1, but the dise may be eylind fic aswell 2 tered. Advantages are compactness, and rotary S0-degree stom ‘movement. The tapered plug tends to jam and requires a high operating torque: ths is overcome to some extent by the use of a low-friction (teflon, feta) seat, of by lubrication (with the drawback that the conveyed fluid is contaminated), The friction problem is also met by mechanisms raising the disc from the seat before rotating it, or by using the ‘eccentric’ design {see rotary-ball valve), Principal uses are for water, oils, slurries, and gases. LINE-BLIND VALVE This is@ postive shutoff dovice which basically consists of a flanged assembly sandwiching a spectacie-plate or blind. This valve is tdescrbed snd eompneed with other closures in 2.7.1 VALVES MAINLY FOR REGULATING SERVICE 348 GLOBE VALVE, STRAIGHT & ANGLE TYPE These are the valves most used for regulating. For line sizes over G-nch, choice of a vale for flaw con- trol tends to go to suitable gate or butterfly valves. For more satisfactory service, the direction of flow thru valve recommended by manufacturers is ‘rom stem to seat, to asist closure and to prevent the disc chattering aginst the seot in the throttling position. Flow should be from seat to stemside (1) if there is © hazard presented by the disc detaching from the stem thus closing the valve, oF (2) if composition dsc is used, as ths direction of flow then gives less wear ais asthe use of 2 90-deg:0 elbow. However, the angles of piping are often subject to higher stresses than stright runs, which must be considered with this type of valve, tose vawves REGULAR-DISC GLOBE VALVE Unsuitable for close regulation os dise ‘and seat have narrow (almost ine) contact. PLUG-TYPE DISC GLOBE VALVE Used for severe regulating service with itty liquids, sueh as boiler feedwater, and for blow-off service. Less subject ‘0 wear under close regulation than the regular seated va WYE-BODY GLOBE VALVE hat imine ports and stem emerging at about 45 degrees; hence the "Y'. Prefered for erosive fluids due to smoather flow pattern. WYE#00Y GLOBE VALVE Ineo COMPOSITION-DISC GLOBE VALVE Suitable for coarse regulation and tight shutoff, Replaceable composition dis construction is similar to that of ‘2 faucet. Grit will imbed in the soft dse preventing seat damage and ensuring ood closure. Close requlting will rapidly damage the sat. DOUBLE.DISC GLOBE VALVE features two discs bearing on separate seas ‘spaced sport ona single shalt, which frees the operator from streses sot up by the conveyed fluid pressing into the vale, Principle is used on control valves and. pressure regulators far steam and othar gases. Tight shutoff i not censured. pe Inquius and yes, Heatance wy vue peeuery CuntUleY Uy 8 1eaEy large seat area and the adjustment afforded by fine theeading ofthe stem, SQUEEZE VALVE is wellsuited to regulating the flow of difficult liquids, slurries and powders. Maximum closure is about 80%, which limits the range fof requlation, unless the variation of this type of valve with 9 central core (seat) is used, offering full closure PINCH VALVE Also suited to regulating flow of difficult liquids, tures and powders. Complete closure is possible but tends to rapidly wear the flexible tube, unless of special design. VALVES FOR BOTH REGULATING & ON/OFF SERVICE a1 ROTARY.BALL VALVE Advantages ar low operating torque, availabilty in avg sizes, compactness, rotary 9O-degree stem movement, and ‘ine replaceability ofall wearing parts in some designs. Posible disadvantages are that fluid is tapped within the body (and within the dis on closure), and that compensation for wear i effected only by resilient material behind the seats the later problem is avoided in the single-seat ‘eccentric’ version, which hos the ball slightly offset so that it presses into the seat, on closure Principal uses are for water, ol, slurries, gases and vacuum, Valve is available with ball having shaped port for regulation. xBUTTERFLY VALVE offers the advantages of rotary stem movement (90 Gepres oF les), compactass, and absence of pocketing. It it eveiable in Sises, end can be produced in chemicals ant and hygienic forms. ‘The valves are used for gases, liquids, slurries, powders and vacuum. The usual resilient plastic seat has a temperature limitation, but tight closure at igh temperatures is available with a version having 9 metal ring seal oround the dist, Ifthe valve is flanged, it may be held between flanges of any type. Slip-on and screwed flanges do not form 2 proper seal with some wafer forms of the valve, in which the resilient soot is extended to sere also as Fine gaskets. purtenrLy VALVE (Water ve VALVES FOR CHECKING BACKFLOW sar fsigned to permit How of Tiquid or gos in one {AI valves in this category direction and close if flow reverses. ‘SWING CHECK VALVE The regular swing check volvo fs not suitable if there is frequent flow reversal 3s pounding and wearing of disc occurs. For arity Tiquds a composition die i advisable to reduce damage tothe seat. May be mounted vertically with Flow upward, of horizontally. Verticaly-mounted Maive hes @ tendency to remain open if the stream velocity changes slowly. ‘An optional lover and outside weight may be offered ether to assist closing ar to counterbalance the disc in part, and allow opening by lowpressure uid SWING CHECK VALVES. ey TILTING-DISC VALVE Suitable where frequent flow reversal occurs. Valve closes rapidly with better closure and less slamming then the swing check Valve, which it somewhat resembles. It as higher pressure drop with large tow velocities and lower-pressure drop with small velocities than @ compat~ ‘ble swing-check valve. May be installed vertically with flow upward, or horizontlly. Dise mover * can be contealled by an integral dashpot oF snubbor. LIFT-CHECK VALVE resembles the piston-check valve. The disc is guided, tut the dashpot feature is absent. Springlosded types can operate at any triontation, but unsprung valves have to be arranged so that the disc wil tose by gravity. Composition-disc vales are available for gritty liquids PISTON-CHECK VALVE Suitable where frequent chongo of diction of flow occurs as these valves are much less subject to pounding with pulsating flow due to the integral dash-pot. Spring-oaded types can operate at any crientation, Unsprung valves have to be orientated for gravity closure, Not suitable for gritty liquids Tor CHECK VALVE STOP-CHECK VALVE Principal example of use is in steam generation by multiple boilers, where a valve is inserted between each boiler and the main steam header. Basicolly,acheck vale that optionally can be kept closed avto- ‘matically or manually. BALL-CHECK VALVE is suitable for most services. The velve con hendle ees, vapors and liquid, including those forming gummy deposits. The ball feats by gravity and/or back pressure, and is free to rotate, which distributes ‘wear and ads in Keeping contacting surfaces clea. WAFER CHECK VALVE effects closure by two semicireular “doors, both Finged to 9 centeal post in 2 ringshaped body which is installed between flanges. Frequently used for non-fouling liquids, as it is compact end of relatively low cost. A single dsc type is also availble FOOT VALVE Typical use Is to maintain 2 head of water on the suction side of a suinp pump. The valve is basically a lift-check valve with @ strainer intograted.VALVES FOR SWITCHING FLOW sag MULTIPORT VALVE Used largely on hydraulic and pneumatic contol ci cuits and somatimes used directly in process pj, these valves have rtary- ball or plug-type discs with one or mare ports arranged to switch flow. DIVERTING VALVE Two types of ‘diverting’ valve are made, Both switch flow from a fine into one of two outlets. One type is of wye pattern with 8 hhinged dise et the junction which closes one of the two outlets, ard is used to handle powders and other solids. The second type handles iquid only, and has no maving parts—flow is switched by two pneumatic contro fines. I is available in sizes to S:inch VALVES FOR DISCHARGING a1 “These valves allow removal of fluid from within » piping system either to atmosphere, to # drain, oF to another piping system or vessel at a lower pressure. Operation is often automatic, Relof and sofety valves, steam taps, ‘and rupture discs ave included in this section, Pressureveliving valves ore usually spring loaded, as those worked by lever and weight con be easily tendered inoperative by personnel. The first three valves are operated by system pressure, and are usually mounted dvestly onto the piping or vesel ta be protected, in a vertical, upright postion. Refer to the governing code for the application of these valves, including the need for an external iting device (handlever, ete) —— SAFETY VALVE A rapid-opening (popping action) fullflow valve for sir and other gases. RELIEF VALVE Intended to relive oxcess pressure in liquids, in situations ‘bere full-flow discharge is nat required, when relese of a small volume of liquid would repidly lower pressure. Mounting is shown in igure 6.4 SAFETY VALVE RELIEF VALVE SAFETY.RELIEF VALVE Rolieves excess pressure of either yas or liquid whieh may suddenly develop 2 vapor phase due to tepid and uncontrolled ‘heating from chemical reaction in iqud-laden vessels. Retr to Figure B.4 to remove water from sir systems, (2) To remove air from liquid systems ‘and act as vacuum breakers or breather valves. (3) To contal liquid level in tanks. They are not” ded to remove condensate, (ar fist wae sows) BLOWOFF VALVE A variety of globe valve conforming with boiler code requirements ond especialy designed for boiler blowolf service. Sometimes suitable also for blowdown service. Wye-pattern and angle types often used Used to remove air and other gases from boilers, etc. Manually-operated FLUSHSOTTOM TANK VALVE Usually a globe type, designed to mini rmize pocketing, primarily for conveniently discharging Tiquid from the low point of stank —a RUPTURE DISC Asalety device designed to burst a a carain excess presure nd rapidly discharge gat o¢ liquid frm a system, Usually made in the form fof a ceplaceabie metal dsc held between llonges, Dise may also be af graphite 1, for lowest bursting pressures, plastic fim, SAMPLING VALVE A valve, usally of needle or globe pater, placed ina branch Tine forthe purpose of drowing off samples of process material they the branch, Sampling from very high pressure lines is best dane thw a double valved collecting vessel. A enoling arrangement may bo needed for sampling from high-temperature ines.“TRAP An automatic valve for: (1) Discharging condensate, air and gases from steam fines without releasing steam. (2) "ischarging water from ait tines without releasing sit~see ‘Ball Tloat val is section. MVERTEDBUCKET TRAP From onmcea & CONTROL VALVES & PRESSURE REGULATORS 3.4.10 CONTROL VALVES Control valves automatically regulate pressure and/or flow rat, and are vail- ble for any pressure. ferent plant systems operate up to, and at pressure! temperature combinations that require Class 300 valves, sometimes (where the design pert), al contol valves chosen wil be Class 0D for interchange ability, However, if none of the systems excesds the ratings for Class 150 valves, this not necessary. The control vale is usually chosen tobe smaller than line size to avoid thiotling and consequent rapid woar of the seat Globe pattern valves are normally used for contra, and their ends are usualy Tlanged for ese of maintenance. The dis is moved by 8 hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, or mechenical operator. Figure 34 shows schematically how a contol valve can be used 10 contol fale of flow in 2 fine. Flow ate is related to the pressure drop across the ‘Censing element” (an orifice plate in this instancese8 6.7.5), The ‘contol Freeves the pressure signals, compares them with the pressure drop for the UJesited flow and, if the actual flow is different, adjusts the conte valve t0 increase or decrease the Now. Comparable arrangements to figure 3.4 con be devised to control any ff numerous process variablet—temperature, pressure, level and Tow rate 10 the most common controlled. variables. Control valves may be selloperating, and not require the addition of 9 Controller, sensing element, etc. Pressure regulators ere a common example Of this type of vale, and chart 3.1 shows the principles of operation of @ pressure regulator. PRESSURE REGULATOR Contral valve of globe type which adjusts floanstioam pressure of liquid or gas (including steam of vepars) to 2 lower desir value (set pressure’) BACKPRESSURE REGULATOR Control vahe used to maintain upstream pressure ina system. SCHEMATIC FOR A CONTROL VALVE ANKANGEMEN' Haun oo Pen xuronanie |] Siena ‘conTROLLER perea , => ‘OPERATOR Sensing ELEMENT ‘CONTROL VALVE UNCLASSIFIED VALVES & TERMS aaa With few exceptions, the Following are not special valve types different from howe previously discused, but are torms used to describe valves by service or function. BARSTOCK VALVE Any valve having a body machined from solid metal (borstock). Usually needle or globe type. pi68 A siall valve with turneddown end, ike a faucet BLEED VALVE Small valve provided for drawing off tui BLOCK VALVE An on/otf valve nearly always a gate valve, placed in lines ot battery limits. BLOWDOWN VALVE Usually refers to a plugtype disc globe valve used for removing sludge and sedimentary matter from the bottom of boiler drums, vessels, driplegs, etc. BREATHER VALVE A special self-acting valve installed on storage tanks, tte, to release vapor or gas on slight increase af internal pressure (in the region of Y4 to 3 ounces per square inch) BYPASS VALVE Any valve placed in @ bypass atranged around another valve or equipment-see 6.1.3 under ‘If there is no P&I...” and figures 66 thru 6.11 DIAPHRAGM VALVE Examples of true diaphragm valves, where the dio~ plrogm closes af the flow, are shown in chor 3.1, These forms of diaphragm valve are popula or regulating the flow of slurries and corrosive fluids and for Yecuum,, The term ‘diaphragm valve’ is also applied to valves which have 3 tiaphrogm seal between stem and body, but these are better referred 1038 ‘diaphagm seal” or ‘packless’valves~see 3.1.2, undar ‘Sea’ DRAIN VALVE A valve used far the purpose of draining liquids from a lin fr vessel, Selection of drain valve, and the method of attachment, is fn lvenced by the undesirability of pocketing the material being drained this i important with slurries and liquids which are subject to: (1) Soliifi- tation on cooling or polymerization. (2) Decomposition Dnir VALVE A drain vale fitted to the bottom of 2 dripleg to permit blowdown. (its aFLAP VALVE A nonseturn vahe having hinged dise or rubber oF Teather flap, used for lowpressure fines HEADER VALVE An isolating vale installed 2 branch where it joins 2 hesder. Hose VALVE A gate of globe valve having one of its ends externally Thoeaded to one’of the hose thread standords in sein tha USA. These valves ‘1a used for vehicular and Firewater connections. ISOLATING VALVE An om/oll valve iolting 2 piece of equipment or 0 process from piping KNIFE-EOGE VALVE A aknile-edsed dsc. aixing VALVE regulates the proportions of two flows to produce & controlled outtlow. singledise single-seat oate valve (side gate) with NON-RETURN VALVE Any type of stopcheck valve-see 3.17. PAPERSTOCK VALVE A singledisesingleseot gate valve (side gate) with ate coped or notched ize used to equate lw of paper slurry or other fibsous slurry. PRIMARY VALVE See ‘Root vel’, this section. REGULATING VALVE Any valve used to odjst flow. oor VALVE (1) A valve used to isolote o pressure elemento instrument from fine oF vessel, (2) A vahe placed at th begining of a branch from a header. SAMPLING VALVE Small valve provided for drawing of Mid, Se 3.18. SHUTOFF VALVE An on/off valve placed in lines to or from equipment, for the purpose of stopping and starting Tove, SLURRY VALVE A knifoedoe vale used to contral Maw of non-abratve slurs. SpIRAL-SOCK VALVE A valve used to contrat flow of powers by means of a twistable fabric tube oF sock. stor VALVE An on/off valve, usually a globe vale. THROTTLING VALVE Any valve used to closely regulate flow in the justopen position VACUUM BREAKER A special selhacting vole, oF any valve suitable for Wenn service, operated manually or automatically, installed 19 admit get {Reuaty atmospheric ai) into a vacuum or fowepresure space, Such valves wie inwaled. on high points of piping or vessels to permit draining, and sometimes to prevent siponina, UNLOADING VALVE See 3.2.2, under ‘Untoading’, and Figure 6.23 QUICK.ACTING VALVE Any arVotlvahe rapidly operable either by man. wa vee sping, or by piston, solenoid or lever with heat fusible ink releasing soit hia in fling opeates the va. uick-ctng valves are desirable area onveying flammable quid, Unsuitable for water of for fquid service iret tout cushioning device (hydraulic accumulator, ‘pulsation ot er stantpine to protect piping from sock, Sep 2.1.2, under “Auiekaeting ‘petatrs for non-iotary valves PUMPS & COMPRESSUH® ea pumps. aaa onivers Electric motors are the most frequently usod drivers. Larger pumps may be driven by steam, gas, or diesebengines, or by turbines Figure 3s NOTES he ut hed le ma be proved by pumpin want how. Ae tg ae ad * AD ner rosTive sUeTION HEAD INPSH) a tint b= rane Pepsi a ae i tn Nn tse nek= a epee ae = = A TYPES OF PUMP ‘A pump isa device for moving a tuid from one place to another tu pipes of channels. Chart 3.3, 9 selection quide for pumos, puts vious typos af ump used industrially into five catayories, based on operating principle, In fommon reference, the terms centiugal, catty, set, and reipracating 218 used. Chart 3.3 is not comprehensive: pumps ullizing other principleg ate in use. About nine out of ten pumps used in industry are of the cone ‘ugel type, The following information is given to enable an estimate to be made of required total head, pump size, capacity, and horsepower lor planning Durposes. Data in the Guide permit estimating pump requirements for naten systems, PUMP “TOTAL HEAD’ ‘A pump imparts energy to the pumped liquid, This energy i able to raise the liguid to a height, or ‘head’. The “total head” of a pump fin isthe energy {io fe1b) imparted by the pump to each pound of liquid, In piped systene, part ofthe total head is used to overcome Hiction in the piping, which resol ina pressure drop (or ‘headloss. For @ centitugal pump, the same total head can be imparted to all iquids of comparable viscosity, ond is independent ofthe liquid's density: the required Ariving power increases with density. Figure 3.3 volates the total head provid 24 by the pump to the headlosses in the pumped system, PRESSURE & “HEADY In US customary units, pressure (.p ) in PSI ig related to head ( A) in tt BIPSH = (aA(AV/L144) = (S.6.)0H1/12.31), where d is liquid density in l/l) and SG. is spectic gravity. Atmospheric pressure at so level is equal to 14.7 PSIA, the pressure genorated by 9 34-It height of water VeLociry HEAD Usually tho liquid being pumped is stationary before entering the suction Piping, and some power is absorbed in accelerating it to the suction line velocity. This causes @ small ‘velocity head” loss (usually about 1 ft) and may be found trom table 3.2, which is applicable ta liquid of any density, if the velocity head is read as feet of the liquid concerned, VeLociry & vevocity HEAD Taste a2 [lesen ie [a 9 a ‘WevorityneaD Wy [025 O39 ase ave O30 Ue Ta Ee Flow rate, liquid velocity ond erosssectional are (et right angles to flow) are related by the formulas: (va eiaay (3.1169) v Ha) ¥ = liquid velocity in feet per second Flow rate in cubic feet persocond = Flow rate in US gallons por minute 2 cross-sectional area in square inches (table P-1) POWER CALCULATIONS otal head in feat of the 18.6. = specitic gravity of the pumped liquid, Pumped liquid, and p = pressure drop in PSI, then sic horsepower = (SPMVUAIS.6.) _ (GPMIo) ee 3960 i714‘The mechanical efficiency. e, of # pump is defined as the hydraulic horse ower (power transferred to the pumped liquid) * “ed by the broke horse ower (power applied to the driving shalt ofthe pu. ol. IF the pump is driven by an electric motor which has @ mechanical eff. ciency em the electricity demand is _ (OPMIUNIS.G.) , _(GPHM0) Kilowatt (KI = “Te3HOHCelleg)— (2286N elel often, estimetes of brake horsepower, electricity demand, et.; must be made Githeut proper knowledge of the elficiencies.To obtain estimates, the mech nicl elficieney of centrifugal pump moy be assumed to be GO%, ond that of an electric motar 80%. COMPRESSORS, BLOWERS & FANS 222 “compresed ait and ges dats’, Editor Gibbs CW. (Hagesol and) ranereers Section 1910-169 of the Code of Federal Regulations; CFR Occupational Safety and Health Administration {OSHA sly high pressure ait Tor plant use, to pressurize fetrigeant vapors for cooling systems, to liquely gases, ete. They ae ted ty tir maximum output presure and the number of cubie feet per minute Or gashandled ata specified speed or power, stated at ‘standard condition, 0 F and 18,7 PSIA (not at compressad volume). 60 F is accepted at standard temperature by the gas industry. ‘The tei ‘compressor is usually reserved for machines develoning high pres aes in closed systems, andthe txms ‘blower’ and ‘Ton’ For mochines working at low pressures in open-ended systems. Compressors are used to 30 ‘coMPRESSOR PRESSURE RANGES agus 23 MACHINE DISCHARGE PRESSUME RANGE ‘GOMPRESSON | YS hrs 20,000 PSIG, and higher aLOWeR anu 15 S16 FAN Up to 1 PSIG (about 20 in. water} COMPRESSING IN STAGES Gases (including ait) can be compressed in one or more operations termed ‘sages’. Each stage con handle 9 practicable increase in pressure—before temperature increase due to the compression necessitates cooling the gos Cooling Uetween stops is elfected by possing the gas thru an intercooler Sioging permis igh presues, and lower usehage temperatures, with reduced stesses on the compressor ta ‘TYPES OF comPnesson RECIPROCATING COMPR OR Air orother qos is pressurized in cylinders by reciprocating pistons. If tne compressor is lubricated, the outlow may be contaminated by oil. IF an oil-free outllow is required, the pistons may be fitted with graphite or teflon piston ings, Flow is pulsating ROTARY SCREW COMPRESSOR Air oF othor gos enters pockets formed between mating rotors and a cosing wall. The pockets rotate avay fromm the int, taking the gs toward the discharge and. The cots do not touch tach other or the cating wall, Qutliow is uncontaminated inthe “dry type" fof machine, in which power it applied to both rotors theu external timing feats. a the "wet type", pow is applied to ane rotor and both rotors are ‘Separated by an oil fil, which contaminates the discharge. Flow is wniform. ROTARY VANE COMPRESSOR resémbles the rotary vane pump shawn in chart 33. Variation in the volume enclosed by adjacent vanes as they rotate produces compression. Ample lubrication is required, which may introduce ‘contamination. Flow is uniform. ROTARY LOBE COMPRESSOR consists of two synchronized fobed rotors turning within a casing, inthe same way as the pump shown in chart 3:3, {under ‘spurgear’ type). The rotors da not touch each other or the casing "No lubrication is used within the casing and the outTlow is not contaminated. Flow is uniform. This machine is often retered to asa ‘bower DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS tesemble gas turbines acting in reverse. Both axiakflow machines and centrifugal machines (with radial flow) are aiilable Cenviugal compressors commonly have ether one or two stages. Axial compressors have at least two stages, but seldom more than 16 stages. ‘The outflow is not contaminated. Flow i wiform. LlaUID RING COMPRESSOR -This type of compressor consists of o single rmultcladed rotor which tuens within a casing of approximately elit cross feation, A controlled volume of iqud in the easing is thrown to the casing ‘wal with rotation of the vanes, This iquid serves both to compress and t0 tl, Inlet and outlet ports located in the hub communicate with the pockets formed between the vanes and the liquid ring, These compressors hove special advantages: wet gases and liquid carryover including hydrocarbons which ore troublesome with other compressors are easily handed. Additional cooing is seldom required. Condensible vapor can be recovered by using liquid similar to that in the ring, Flow i uniform. EQUIPMENT Fon coMrnESsONS InTERCOOLER A heat exchanger used for cooling compressed gas between ‘stages. Air must not be cooled below the dew point (atthe higher pressure) ts moisture wil interfere with lubrication and cause wearin the next stoge. AFTERCOOLER A hat exchanger used for cooling gos after compression is Completed. If oir is being compressed, chilling permits removal of much of the moisture. DAMPENER or SNUBBER; VOLUME BOTTLE or SURGE DRUM Recip ‘ocating compressors ereate pulsations inthe air or gas which may causdischarge and/or suction piping to resonate and damage the compressor oF its valves, A dampenet, or srubber, is baffled vessel which smooths pula. tions inflow. A volume bottle or surge drum hz “e same purpose, but lacks baffles. These devices ate not normaly part of . » compressor package, and ae olten bought separately (with the compressor maker’ recommendations) Large compressors may require an arrangement of ‘choke tubes’ (restrictions) and ‘bottles’ (vessels, conforming toa theoretical design and located near the ‘compressr’s outlet, upstream of the eftercool “The location ofthe following four items of equipment is shown in figure 6.23: 1) A water teparator SEPARATOR {normally wed only ith sir comm is olten provided following the aftercooler, end, sometimes, also atthe intake {to a compressor having a fong suction line, if water is likely to collect in the line, Each separator is provided with a drain to allow continuous removal of water. RECEIVER Reler to ‘Discharge (supply) lines’ and ‘Storing compressed oir’ this section. SILENCER is used to suppress abjectionable sound which may radiate from anair intake. FILTER is provided in the suction line to an air compressor to collect particulate matte. The following information is given as a guide for engineering purposes LINE SIZES FOR AIR SUCTION & DISTRIBUTION SUCTION LINE Suction lines and manifolds should be forge enough to pre vent excessive noise and starvation of the aie supply. Ifthe first compression ‘stage is reciprocating, the suction line should allow a 10 to 29 fU/sec flow: if a single-stage reciprocating compressor is used, the intake flow should not be faster than 20 ft/sec. Dynamic compressors can operate with faster intake velocities, but 40 ft/sec is suggested as 2 maximum. The inlet reducer for 1 dynamic compressor should be placed close to the inlet nozzle DISCHARGE (SUPPLY) LINES are sized for 150 to 175% of average flow, depending on the number of outlets in use at any time. The pressure fos in fa branch shuld be limited to 3 PSI. The pressure drop in a hose should not texcoed 5 PSI. The pressure drop in distribution piping, from the compressor to the most remote part of the system, should not be greater than 5 PSI (not including hose). “These suggested pressure drops may be used to select line sizes with the oid ‘of table 3.5, From the required SCFM flow in the line to be sizod, find the ‘next higher flow in the table. Multiply the allowed pressure drop (PSH) in the Tine by 100 and divide by the length of the fine in feet to obtain the PS! drop per 100 ft-find the next lower figure to this in the table, and read required line sie. Equipment drawing sir at @ high rate for a short period is best served by a Tectiver close to the point of maximum use-fines can then be sized on ‘verage demand, A minimum receiver size of double the SCF used in intarmit- tent demand should limit the pressure drop ot the end of the period of use to about 20% in the worst instances and keep it under 10% in most others. cor wuaxinum | gouray, | ewrcow | ccovome nance | courncssonrvre | S¢ gg | inant | (cram | Gatewerm rsa currer ‘DATA FOR 100 PSIG OUTFLOW jaecipnocatine abieted 350° | oi. | 4to7. | 10,000 Nomfateieaes | 7700 _| NONE loywannic ee acm | nove | 5, | s00,0 119,000 ais 33 | NONE | fu | Sioa '000,000] Inotanvvane [vas _[ on “| 1507663000 JROTARY LOBE 30 [ NONE 50,000 Inorany screw | 12 | noner [| a0vos0 pease i [Lauro RING 7 | waten [re w22] 20%05000 fnessOne omons oven tay Win alm eNTenin Ay 100 TABLES rasa [NOMINAL PIPE SIZE (MEMES) — SCHEDULE 49 PE «sore »[1[™[z][™][>[«[e 70 124 | oar 70 377 | 105) O12] — rene crop nate san 80 500 | 169] 019] mand.P fpr 100 100 25a | 200] 024 400 s22_| ase [ose] oar] ons 70 wos | 292| 1.19 | 028 [0.10 ‘900 v9 | 470] 197 | 062] 015 1.000 220 | 590 | 243 | 0.76| 019 ‘000 9} 290 Pose 7,000 a 877 | 105 9,000 Pre gon tae vas | 175 fecal (han 35 pe 107 vee | 37s 40,000 be. POWER CONSUMPTION “The power consumption of the diferent compressor types is characteristic. Table 3.4 gives the horsepower needed at an output pressure of 100 PSIG. Powor consumption per CFM rises with rising output pressure. Air cooling ‘adds 3.5% to power consumption (including fan drive). "FAD" power con- umption figures for compressors of ‘average” power consumption are given FAD’ denotes “tree sir dalivered corresponding to stendard cubic ft per ‘minute (SCFM) or liters per minute measured as set out in ASME PTCS, {BS 1571 or DIN 1945." iil [ra 24 BLESsrtciric FOWER CONSUMPTION IFAD! pe 100 CFM INFLOM TWOSTAGE COOLING-WATER REQUIREMENTS cooingater demand is oxmaly shown on the vendor’ FAD od he Cooke water drand i forthe aftercooler (and nercools, with a Wwe Mest etmoreszn, Jckats and be il may aso eq cooling, AF 9 m8 ree rans per hour ere needed foreach Nasepavet supplied to We cor 9 Sete Tina compression i 100 PSIG te water deand wil wn (eat 2 US GPM per veh SCFM inflow. These approximate cemenes be. about oan a Ftempertre incense of the ealing vote. eras are bas ater inereasessghly with relative humidity ofthe incoming aie ‘QUANTITIES OF MOISTURE CONDENSED ROM cOMPRESSED AIR “he tetowing enetrion (ken from the eferenced Atlas Copco mana) The folowing compressa, and based on maitre content given inthe table below: ata: Copacity ofthe eomprestor = 2225 SCFM “Temperature a he incoming air = 86 F Relative humidity of the incoming it» 75% Cutt temperature = 86 F inmcote{ i ran 253710 ASA ‘Water separation eliiancy = 60% (Outlet ir tarperature = 86 F sae | Rone OSE ISSA ‘Water separation eliciency = 90% CALCULATIONS: (1) From the table, weight of water vapar in 2226 SOFM at at 06 F and 75% AH = (0.00189)(2225) 0.75) = 3.16 Ie (2) Rate of removal of condensed water om ineenoley, ht oP rent 9.18 ~ (0,00189)(2225)(14.7/40)} = 1.28 iin or (1.20)(609/8.33) = 9.2 US GPHE (a) Roto of remavel of condensed water rom aftecoolay, me ot Me ate 120 — (0.00106)(2225114.7)/(1151 * 1.20 nin. oF (1.20)(60)/(8.33) = 8.6 US GP (Uy Tot cte at which water i emoved from beth ens = 9.2486 © 17.0 US GPH UNLOADING (POSITIVEDISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS) ‘Unloading’ it the removal “he compression foad from the running com- presor, Compressors ae uiwaded at startup and for short periods when Ulmand for as falls off. Damage to the compressors drive motor can result if fll compression duties are applied suddenly. If the vendor does not provide means of unloading the comprestor, a manual by automatic bypass line should be provided between suction and discharge {on the eompressr’s side of any isolating vaves]—see figure 6.23. Provision should be made so thatthe discharge pressure cant rise above @ rae mich would damoge the compressor ox its diver, Automatic unloading alr engure this, and the contol actions are listed in table 36. ‘Aetrong ron COMPRESSORS TABLe3 wurnesson | ‘AUTOMATIC CONTROL comPnessOR | pnessune acrion Beare ot STORING COMPRESSED AIR. ‘Aimited amount of compressed ai or other gas can be stored in receives nw or more receivers provided in the compreso's discharge pining ase ore ta mapres surges (which can be due to demand, 9 wel 5 supply) ver sst cooling, and to collect moisture, Receivers storing ar or other got re lasod as pressure wessels~refer 10 6.5.1. RECEIVER CONSTRUCTION Usvol construction is along vertical cylindey rth dished heads, supported on 2 pad. Water will collect ia the base, and wae ines vated drain must be provided for manual blowdown, Collected reer may tes in cod climates. Feeding the warm st of gsat the base of ‘Ravveriver ay prevent freezing, but the inet most be designed so that i cannot be elazed by water i it docs freeze, CAPACITY NEEDEO A simple rule to decide the total eesive volume is 19 cargo tne compressor rating in SCFM by tan to get the woe in cubic fst Tete receiver, For example, ifthe compresoe designed to tke S300 votge feat per minute 2 receiver volume of about S60 cubic feat is adeauate aaa ine considered eitable for outlow pressures up to about 125 PSIG TNF ee the eantinuously running compressor is unioaded by automate sever see ‘Unloading’ above. An extenive piping system far distibuting ‘Rrmpresed ai r other gas may havea eapaity sulin lage in evo ALPROCESS EQUIPMENT 33 Process equipment is a term used to cover the many types of equipment used to perform one or more of these basic operations on the process materi ti) cHEMIcAL REACTION a) mixin (a) seranarion a) CHANGE OF PARTICLE SIZE (3) HEAT THaNSFER Equipment manufacturers give all information necessery for installation and piping. ‘This section is 8 quick referance to the function of some items of equipment sed in process work, In table 3.7, the function ofthe equipment is expressed in terms of the phase (slid, liquid ar gas) of the process materials mixed, Examples: (1) A blender con mix two powders, and its funetion is tabulated te "S08", (2) An agitator can be used to stir a liquid into another figuid—this function is tabulated "L4L”. Another large and varied group of equipment achieves separations, and e similar method of tabulating function is used in table 3A, CHEMICAL REACTION 334 Chemical reactions are carried out in a wide variety of specialized equipment, termed reactors, autoclave, furnaces, etc. Reactions involving liquids, sus pensions, end sometimes gaes, are often performed in ‘reaction vessels. The esse! and its contents frequently have to be heated or cooled, and piping too jacket or internal system of coils has to be arranged, Mf reection takes place Under pressure, the vessel may need to comply with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Refer also to 6.5.1, unde ‘Pressure vessels’ and to the standards liste in table 7.10. mixin 332 ‘A variety of equipment is made for mixing operations. The principal types ‘of equipment are listed in table 3.7 nxn EQUIPMENT ‘raate 37 ‘AGITATOR Seuuee penoen rumacen tyre) | 545,5+U eoucton LeU LeGars. MIKER (RIBBON, SCROLL. ‘OnorHeR vee) srs.set PROFORTIONING PUMP ue PROPORTIONING VALVE for SEPARATION soe Equipment for separatio: © even more varied, Equipment separating solids ion the basis of particle ».« or specific gravity alone are in goneral termed classifiers, The broader range of separation equipment separates phases (soli, Tiquid, ges) and some ofthe types used are ited in the table below: seranation eouleMENT Taste 38 ‘CENTRIFUGE seu s t conrinuouscentaieuce | un+urar | wore | un.tiay eycione sec None | Gist DEAERATOR ue L s DEFOAMER, tes v c oistiLLATioN coLumN usu foun | uae ony screen sinesin | sin | star EVAPORATOR Les: urs | us teu Jott’ | tere FILTER PRESS seu s t FLOTATION TANK seu s t Fractionarioncowumn | wcsui) | Mom | LU, ‘scnuasen st s 6 ‘SETTLING TANK seu s L TRIMER uneua foun | tar 334 CHANGE OF PARTICLE SIZE ‘of particle size is a common operation, and can be termed ‘attrition’. Equipment used includes crushers, rod, ball- and hammer-mils ‘and-to achiave the finest reductionsenergy mills, which run on compressed air, Emulsions (ereams’ of ‘milks’, which are liquid-n-liquid dispersions, fate stabilized by homogenizer, typically used on milk to reduce the size fof the fat globules and thus prevent cream from separating. Occasionally, particle or lump sizeof the product is increased. Equipment for snglomerating, pelletizing, etc. i usd. Examples: tablets sugar cubes, pow dered beverage and food products PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER 33s ‘Adding and removing heat is 2 significant part of chemical processing Heating cooling of process material i accomplished with heat exchangers, jocketod vessels, or other heat transfer equipment. The project and piping ‘groups specify the duty and mechanical arrangement, but the detail design is normally left to the manufacture. (i BLES‘The term “heat exchanger’ in chemical processing reters to an untied vessel exchanging heat between two fluid which are kept separated. The commonest form of heat exchanger is the ‘shelland-tube’ ¢ anger, consisting of @ bundle of tubes held inside a ‘shel (the vesat par. One fluid passes inside the tubes, the other thru the space between the tubes and shell. Exchongod heat has to flow thr the tube walls. Refer to 6.8 (‘Keeping process material ‘atthe ight temperature’) and to 6.6 for piping sheand-tube heat exchangers. Heat exchenge with proonss material can take place in 9 variety of other equipment, such as condensers, evaporators, heaters, chillers, etc. MULTIFUNCTION EQUIPMENT 336 Sometimes items of equipment are designed to perform more than one of the functions listed at the beginning of 3.3 Mixing and heating (or cooling) may be simulteneously carried out in mixors hhoving blades provided with inteenal channels to carry hot (or cold) fd. Separation and attrition may be achioved in single mil, designed to output particles of the required degra of finaness and recycle and regrind particles whieh are still too coarse. | |ORGANIZATION CF WORK: Jol Responsibilities, Drawing-Office Equipment and Procedures ‘THE PIPING GROUP a4 Plant design is divided into several areas, each the responsibility of 9 “design ‘group’. Chart 4.1(6) shows the main groups of people cooperating on the plant design, and the types of drawings for which they ore responsible. Other {r0Upe, involved with instrumentation, stress analysis, pipesupport, ee. com tribute to the design at appropriate stges. “The personnel responsible for the piping desion may be part of an engineering department's mechanical design group, or they may function a6 a separate section or department. For simplicity, this design group is refered to asthe ‘ining coup’, and its relationship with the organizetion and basic ectivtias axe indicated in chart 4.1a). Chart 4.1fe) shows the structure of» design group. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PIPING GROUP aaa “The piping group produces designs in the form of drawings and modell), showing equipment and piping ‘The following are provided by the piping group as its contribution to the plant design: AN EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT ORAWING, USUALLY ‘TERMED THE “PLOT PLAN" I) PiriNe DESIGN (ORAMINGS OR MODEL) a) REQUISITIONS FOR PURCHASE OF PInING MATERIEL 408 FUNCTIONS 4a2z {On joining a design office itis important that the new member should know what Fine of authority exists, This is especially important when informetion is required and it savas the wrong people from being interrupted. Chart 4.2 shows two typical lines of authority. (Different companies will have different setups and job titles.) Joe FUNCTIONS DesiGn TH RESPONSIBLE ron ALL PERSONNEL IN GROUPS SUPERVISOR MeLoamNe hia! GROUP LEADER fae CHECKER DESIGNER, oarren ©OFFICE ORGANIZATION {a} PROJECT ORGANIZATION GHART 4.1 (b) PROJECT & DESIGN GROUPS SHOWING FLOW oF INFORMATION (c] DESIGN GROUP SHOWING UNES OF AUTHORITYDESIGN INFORMATION TO PIPING GROUP 42 The following information is required by the , ing group:~ Ra Seas FROM THE ww pmouker anour o sewepuce oF coMLeTION OATES (Ur cn coNtnoLs Mernons Se WORKING.ETE) FROM OTHER GROUPS (s)_ORAWINGS-« SPECIFICATIONS aaa ‘These consist of separate specifications for plant layout, piping materials, supporting, fabrication, insulation, welding, erection, painting and testing. The piping designer is mostly concerned with plant layout and materiel specifications, which detail the design requirements and materials for pipe Flanges, fittings, valves, etc, to be used forthe particular project. ‘The piping materials specification usully has an index to the various services cor processes. The pert of the specification dealing with o particular service tan be identified from the piping drawing line number or PID tine number— fee 5.2.4 under ‘Flow lines’ All piping specifications must be strictly adhered to a they ate compiled from information supplied by the project group. ‘Atthough the fittings, ete., described in the Guide are those most frequently ‘used, they will nt necessarily be soon in every piping specification. (On some projects (such as ‘revamp’ work) whore there is no specification, the designer may be responsible for selecting materials and hardware, and iti jmportant to give sufficient information to specify the hardware in all essential datals. Non-standard items are often listed by the item number and/or model Specification for ordering taken from the cetalog ofthe particular manufoctoret. LIST OF EQUIPMENT, of EQUIPMENT INDEX 422 “This shows, for each item of equipment, the equipment number, equipment tile, and stotus—that is whether the item has been approved, ordered, and whether cetified vendors prints have been roccived. aes LINE DESIGNATION SHEEIS, or TABLES ‘These sheets contain tahlated data showing nominal pipe size, materi specification, design ane rating conditions. Line numbers ore asigned in fequence of flow, and a separate sheat is prepared for each conveyed fluid ~s00 6.25, DRAWING CONTROL (REGISTER) 42.4 ‘A drawing umber relates the drawing to the project, and may be coded tn shaw such information as project (or ‘ob’) number, orea of plant, and ‘riginating group (which may be indicated ‘M’ for mechanical, etc). Figure 5.15 shows @ number identifying part of a piping system. ‘The drawing control shove the drawing number, title, and progress toward completion. The status of revision and issues is shown—see 5.4.3, The drawing contol is kept up-to-date by the group leader. Wee DESIGN GROUP-THO TYPICAL LINES OF AUTHORITY cnanr a2 Example 1 Example 2 (GRARTS 41 BAZ I = ‘DeSONERS = ‘oesicnensFILING DRAWINGS 43 “There are two typer of drawings to file-those j. suced by the group ond those received by the group, The forme: are lied in numerical order under plant or unit number in the drawing office on a ‘stick fl" or in 2 drawer— see 4.4.10. The filing of the later, ‘foreign’, prints soften poorly done, caus ing time to be weeted and information to be lost. These prints are commonly led by equipment index number, placing all information connected with that item of equipment in the one ie ‘A supgested method for Filing these incoming prints i illustrated in chart 43, which erossrelerences process, function, or area with the proup originating the diawing, and with associated vessols, equipment, et. All correspondence between the project and design groups, client, vendors, ond field would be filed under ‘zor, as shown, MATERIALS & TOOLS FOR THE DRAFTING ROOM 4a Papen Vellum paper and mylar film are used for drawings. Drawing sheets must be translucent to the light used in copying machines. Mylar with coated drawing sutlace is more expensive than vellum, but is preferable where durability nd «dimensional stability are important, Sheets can be supplied printed with border ‘and ttle block and with 2 "fde out’ ruled gid onthe revers side. ‘Isometric sheets with fade-out 20-degre grid are avefabe for drawing ts. [ANSI 14.1 defines the Following flat drawing sheet sizes (ininches): (A) 82x11, (8) 1117, (Ch 17x22, (0) 22x34, 1) 3444 International drawing sheet sles of approximately the same dimensions are delined (ininchee) as: (Ad) 8.271169, (A3) 11.68x16.64, (A2) 16.54%23.38, (AN) 23.39%33,11, (AO) 33.11x46.8 PAPERS FOR COPYING MACHINES Photosonsitve paper is used for ‘making prints for checking, issuing and filing purposes, ‘Sepia’ photocopying ppoper (Ozalid Company, ete.) gives brown positive prints which may be ‘amended with pencil or ink, and the revision used 3s an original for photo- Copying in a giazo machine, Sepies may also be usod to give a faint back ‘round print for drawing ether work over, such as ducting or pipe supports. ‘The quality of sepia prints i¢ not good. Positive photocopies of superior ‘quality are made on clear plastic film, which may hove either continuous ‘emulsion to give heavy capes, or screened emulsion to yield faint background prints (emulsion should preferably be wateremovable) LEADS & PENCILS aaa Pencil leads used in the drawing office are available in the following grades, boeinning with the softest : 8 tused for shding), HB (usually used for writing only). (usualy softest grade weed for daftng), H grade most often used for ialting), 24 (used for drawing thinner lines such as dimension lines), 3H and Nt (used for faint lines for layout or background). Softer penciling is prone Fiunc system HAIL to smeoring on handling, Grades harder than 3H tend to cut paper making lines dificult to erase. Conventional leads are 2 mm in diameter and require frequent repointing, 0.5 mm and 0.3 mm leads speed work, as they need no repointng. Conventional fads are nat suitable for use on plastic ims as they smear and ore dificult to erase. ‘Film’ leas and poncls are available inthe same ses 98 conventional leads, and in ilfrent grades of hardness. Clutch pencils (ead holders) suitable for use with either type of the smaller tamer leads havea push-button advance. SCALES 443 ‘The atchitoct’s scale is used for piping drawings, and is divided into fractions ff an inch to ane faat—for example, 3/8 inch per foot. The engineor’s scale is used to draw site plans, et., and is divided into one inch pr stated number 1 feet, such as inch per 30 foeERASERS & ERASING SHIELDS 44a Several types of eraser and erasing methods are ave" “le—use ofeach i givon in table 4.1: Rubber in various hardnesses from ,.. gum rubber (artgum) {or soltpeneilling and cleaning lead smears, to hard rubber for hard pencelling and ink: ‘plastic’ is cleaner to use, as it has less tendency to absorb graphite: ‘magic rub’ for erasing pencil from plastic films. Most types of eraser are available for use with electric erasing machines. ‘An erasing shield is thin metal plate with holes of various shapes and sizes 50 that parts of the drawing not to be erased may be protected ERASING GUIDE TABLE 41 racine |sne, or [Hae or | MRE Pagenne: | gi” | She — se ae, or | Blade, or ne aren SRE Bie Pras = Pew | wee or Fie re [sie Sieh TR = hang ees, 44s CLEANING POWDER Fine rubber granules re supplied in ‘salt-sheker’ drums. Sprinkled on a iawing, these granules reduce smearing of pencil lines during working. The Use of cleaning powder is expecially helpful wien using a teesquore. The powder is brushed off after use LETTERING AIDS 44s Title blocks, notes, end subtitles an drawings or sections should be in capitals. Capitals, either upright or sloped, are preferred. Pencilled lettering is normally Used, Where ink work is required on drawings for photography, charts, re ports, etc, ink stylus pans (Techoos, Ropidograph, etc.) are available for ‘enel lettering (and for fine dravving in place of ruling pens). The Leroy tquipment is also used for inked lottering. Skeleton lettering templates ore ‘used for lettering section keys. The parallel line spacer is smal, inexpensive tool useful for ruling guidelines for lettering, {As alternatives to hand:inked lettering, machines such as Kroy which print tonto adhesive-backed transparent film which is later positioned on the Growing, Adhesive or transferable letters and numbers are availabe in sheets, and special patterns and panels can be supplied to order for ttle blocks oF detailing, symbolism, abbreviations, specil notes, etc, Printed adhesive tapes vg eu mappa auto vvtepine reproduction, such as panel boords, charts, and special reports~see 4.4.13, under ‘Photogiapic layouts. ‘TEMPLATES aay Templates having cieular and rectangular openings are common, Orthogonal and isometric drafting templates are available for making process piping dawings and flow diagrams. These piping templates give the outlines for "ANSI valves, llangs, fittings and pipe diameters to 3/8 inch per foot, or Wévinen per toot. MACHINES: usually used in drawing offices in place of the ‘The frst two machines slower tesquare: DRAFTING MACHINE llovs patallel movement of a psi of rules set at ight angles, The rules are set on a protractor, and their angle on the board may be altered. The protrector usually has 1S-degiee clickstops and vornir scale. PARALLEL RULE, or SLIDER, permits drawing of long horizontal lines ‘only, and is used with a fixed or adjustable triangle. PLANIMETER A portable machine for messuring areas. When set to the scale of the drawing, the planimetor will measure areas of any shape. PANTOGRAPH System of articulated rods permitting reduction or enlarge- ment of a drawing by hand. Application is limited. LgHT Box 449 {A ight box hos 9 translucent gla or plastic working surface fited under heath with electric lights. The drawing tobe traced is placed on the illumina tad surface, FILING meTHODS 44.10 Original drawings are best filed flat in shallow drawers. Prints filed in the drawing office are usally retained on a ‘stick’, which isa clamp for holding -stveral sheets. Sticks are housed in special rack or cabinet. Original drawings will eventually create a storage problem, a it is inadvisble to scrap them. f these drawings are aot sent to an archive, after a period of ‘about three yeas they are phatographed to reduced scale fr filing, ond only the film is retained, Equipment is available for reading such films, or lage photographic prints can be made. (CHART 4COPYING Processes aan ‘Diato’ or ‘dyeline’ process reproduce to “” same scale 86 the original ‘drawing asa positive copy or print. Bruning a... Ozalid machines are often employed. The drawing that isto be copied must be on tracing paper, nen 1 film, and the copy is made on light-sensitive papers o film. The oldor ‘evesed-tone ‘blueprint’ isn longer in use, SCALED PLANT MODELS ane Plant models are often usod in dasigning large installations involving much Piping. When desi of the plant is complated, the model is sent to the site 3¢ the basis of construction in the place of orthographic drewings. Some engineering companies strongly advocate their use, which necessitates imaintsining a model shop and retaining trained personne. Sealed model Piping components are available in a wide range of sizes, The following color coding may be used on models:~ INSTRUMENTS nance ELECTRICAL. GREEN ADVANTAGES 4 Available routes for piping are easily saen Interferences are easily avoided Piping plan and elevation drewings can be eliminated; only the model, plot plan, P&D's, and piping fabrication drawing (isos) are requited ‘+The model can be photographed — soe 4.4.13, Provides a superior visual aid for conferences, for constuction crews and for traning plant personnel DISADVANTAGES: ‘+ Duplication of the model is expensive ‘©The model is not easly portable and i isle to damage during trons portation Changes are not recorded in the mode tse! PHOTOGRAPINC AIDS aaa ‘DRAWINGS’ FROM THE MODEL. ‘The ack of portability of a scaled plant model can be photographing it. To do this it must be designed so that it canbe taken apart easily. Photographs can be made to correspond closay to the regular plan, ‘lovation and isometric projections by photographing the model from 40 ft ‘ar mare away with long focal length lonses— vanishing points’ (converging lines) in the picture are effectively eliminate, 21 Ue nogative is proectey uirauyh a cuntact screen an a print mage un ‘reproducible’ film. Dimension, notes, et., are added to the reproducible film wich can be prio" * by a diazo process-see 4.4.11. These prints are ‘sed as working drawing, nd distributed to those needing information, REVAMP WORK FOR EXISTING PLANTS A Poleroid (or video) esmera can be used to supply views of the plant and unrecorded changes. Filed drawings of a plant do not alvays include alter tions, oF deviation from orignal design, —— Photographs of sections ofa plant can be combined with drowings to facilitate installation of new equipment, or to make further changes to the existing Dlont. To do this, photographs are taker of the required views, using a camara fitted with a wide-angle lens (to obtain a wider view). The negatives obtained are printed onto screened positive films which are attoched to the back of a clear plastic drawing shoot. Alterations to the pip- ing system are then drawn an the front face of ths sheet, linking the photo. ‘raphs os desired. Reproductions of the composite drawing are made in the ‘usual way by diazo proces. Alternately, positives may be marked directly for minor changes ot instruc tions tothe field, PHOTOGRAPHIC LAYOUTS The following technique produces equipment layout ‘deawings’, and is especially useful for areas where methad study or investigational reports ae required. First, equipment outinas are produced to scale on phategraphic film, ether in the regular way or by xerograp. Noxt,w drwing sized sheet of clear film is Iaido a white backing shoot having a correcty sealed grid marked on it, The building outline and other features can be put onto the film using the varioty of printed transparent tapes and decals availabe, The pieces of film ‘ith equipment outlines may then be patitioned with clear tape, and any ather ports of the ‘drewing’ completed, Alterations to the layout may be rapidly made with this technique, which photographs well for reports, and allows prints to be made in the usual ways for marking end comment. The film tayout should be covered with an acetate or ather protective sheet before insertion in a copying machine REDUCTION BY PHOTOGRAPHY {tis frequently required to include reproductions of diagrams and drawings in reports, ete. Photogrepc reduction to less than halfsie (on lengths) is ‘not recommended because normalized printing and details may not be legible A arophie sale should be included on drawings to be reduced ~see chart 58,/ DRAFTING: PROCS AND PIPING DRAW:NGS including Drawing Symbols, Showing Dimensions, Showing Instrumentation, and Bills of Materiel PIPING SYMBOLS BA SHOWING PIPE & JOINTS sat Hand-dravn piping layouts depict pip by single lines forearity and economy. Pipe and flanges are sometimes drawn partislly‘éouble linet display clear ances. Computer drawn layouts can shovr piping in plan, elevational an iso tmetri views in single line, or (without additional effort or expense) in double Tine. Double line representation is best reserved for threedimensional views, such as isos. —— In doubletine drawing, valves are shown by the symbols in chart 6.6 (refer to the panel ‘Orafting valves), Doublesine representation is not used for entire piping arrangements, a1 is very time-consuming, difficult to read, and not justliod technically. In presenting pining ‘single tine’ on piping drawings, only the centerline of the pipe is drawn, using @ solid Tine (see chart 5.1), and the line sae is ‘written, Flanges are shown as thick lines drawn tothe scaled outside diameter of the flange, Valves are shown by special symbols drawn to scale. Pumps are shown by drawing the pads on which they rest, and their nozzles: figure 6.21 illusteates this simplified presentation. Equipment and vessels are shown bby drawing their nozzles, outlines, and supporting pads IH there i a:piping specification, itis not necessary to indicate welded or sorewed joint, except to remove ambiguitiesfor example, to differentiate betwoen a tae ond a stub-n, In most current practice, the symbols for seewed joints and socket welds ere normally omitted, although butt welds are often shown, ‘The ways of showing joints set out in the standard ANS! Y32.2.3 are not typical of current industrial practice. The standards symbol for a buttweld ‘asshown in table 6,1 igcommonly used to indicate a buttweld to be made “in the Feld (Held wel). SHOWING NONLFLANGED JOINTS Taste 5:1 surrweto | sockerweto | screweo sowT SIMPLIFIED practice Practice rh anst 2223 ciel >K rASLE 5ALINE SYMBOLS WHICH MAY BE USED ON ALLONAWINGS 5.12 Chart 5.1 shows commenly accepted ways of ving various fines, Many ‘other line symbols have bean devised but most o» «nese ar not realy recog ried, and itis better to state in words the function of special fines, partic: tltly on process flow diagrams and PRID'S. The designer oF draftsman ‘should use hig current employer's symbols. SYMBOLS FOR LINE ST VALVE & EQUIPMENT SYMAOLS FOR PAAID's & 513 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS Practice in showing equipment is not uniform. Chart 6.2 is based on ANS! -¥32.11, and applies to P&ID's and process flow diggrams, REPRESENTING PIPING ON PIPING DRAWINGS saa Charts 63:6 show symbols used in butt-welded, screwed and socket welded systems, The various espects of the fitting, valve, ete, ae given. ‘These sym ols are based on conventional practice rather than the ANSI stondard 232.23, tiled ‘Grophie symbols for pipe Mittings. valves and piping’ REPRESENTING VALVES ON PIPING DRAWINGS 515 Chart 5.6 shows ways of denoting valves, including stoms, handwhees and thet operotors, The symbols are based on ANSI 232.2. but more valve tyes ore covered and the presentation is updated. Valve hnndwhrels should tare diawn to scale with valve sem shown fully extended MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS FON PIPING DRAWINGS 5.16 ‘Symbols that ore shown * similar way ial systems are collected in chart 5). GENERAL ENGINEERING SYMBOLS sar Cchart 5.8 gives some symibals, signs, etc; which ae used generally and ore Tikely to be found of needed an piping drawings.a RATA ION TON solid + figuid R lind tom Solid from solid + 938VALVE uPERATORS sass»a MBOLS FOR BUTT-WELDED SYSTEMS oS NH — TOP VIEW He]SYMBOLS FOR SOREWED SYSTEM AME OFITEM | END VIEW J SIDE VIEW S O° SYMBOLS FOR ‘HAME OF ITEM SOGKET-WELDED SYSTEMS raven see c ©) |+9H9+ Glo DRAFTING VALVES ate *h Re OP |t z[e le |S-S|6 ‘e-ol® ws + il4ctlo © ale y [smeveuwé [ sovececme rH qo age igGIS FOR PIPING DRAWINGS cto CHART 5.7 MISCELLANEOUS SYMB ~ PBRPIPE SUPPORT SYMBOLS GeGENERAL SYMBOLS FOR ENGISERING DRAWINGS e CHART 5.8 (5) | DESCRIPTION SYMBOL DESCRIPTION " 0 (2) (B) INS: pS "4° | L _ (GAARTS— {s7ase LEFF a) oy “4 a - 3‘9 mgULS FOR WELDING DETAILS ba ‘Standard welding symbols are published by the American Welding Society ‘These symbols should be used as nacessary on d: “sof attachments, vases, piping supports, ete. The practice of writing om urawings instructions such 8 'TO BE WELDED THROUGHOUT’, or ‘70 BE COMPLETELY WELDED" transfers the design responsibility forall ettachments and connections from the designer to the welder, which the Society considers to be a dangerous and uneconomic practice, ‘The ‘welding symbol” devised by the American Welding Society has eight elements, Not al ofthese elements are necessarily needed by piping designers. ‘The assembled welding symbol which gives the welder all the necessary in- struction, and locations of its elements, is shown in chart 6.9. The elements are: REFERENCE LINE SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS SPECIFICATIONS, PROCESS or OTHER REFERENCE The following is @ quick guide to the scheme, Full details will bo found in the current revision of ‘Standard Welding Symbols’ available from the ‘American Welding Society. ASSEMBLING THE WELDING SYMBOL Feference line and atrow: The symbol begin with a reference fine and arrow pointing to thejoint where the weld is tobe made, The reference tine hes two ‘sides’: ‘other side’ (above the line) and ‘arrow side’ (below the line) ~refer to the following examples and to chart 5.9. ASIC WELOING ARROW Figure 6.1 asic weLoING syMaots. Ia continuous filet weld is needed, lke this thes. . tions ae determined when making the oipina drawings. They can be added later to the P&ID if desired, after the piping drawings have been completed. DRIPLEGS Driptags are not shown VENTS & DRAINS ‘Vents and, drains on high and low points of tines respectively, to be used for hydrostatic testing, are not shown, as they aro established on the piping aviangemant drawings, Process vents and drains are shown. [eeeAecdeinlincalhlainn MM VALVES ON THE P&ID ‘# Show and tag process and service valves with size and identity ber if spplicable, Give pressure rating if diffrent from line spec ‘© Indicate any vales that have tobe locked open or locked closed 4 Indicate powored operators SHOWING INSTRUMENTATION OW THE PAID. Signsllead dating symbole shown in chart 5.1 may be used, ond the ISA scheme for designating instrumentation is described in 5.5. Detais of instrument piping and conduit are usually shown on separate instrument intallation drawings. 1+ Show all instrumentation on the PAID, for and including these items: clement of sensor, signal lead, orifice flange assembly, transmitter, con- troller, vacuum breaker, flame arestor, evel goe, sight alas, flow indica tor, reliet vale, rupture dite, safety valve, The lst three items may be tagged with set pressurels) also 4 Indicate foal: oF board-maunting of instruments by the symbol—refer ta the label INSULATION & TRACING Insulation on piping and enuipment is shown, together with the thickness required. Tracing requirements are indicated. Refer to 6.0. CONTROL STATIONS Control stations are discussed in 6.1.4. Contvo valves a ture rating, insteument identifying number and size—see fi ample, P&1D SHOWS HOW WASTES ARE HANDLED Droins, tunnels, reliet volves and ather equipment handling wastes are shown ‘on the P&AD. If an extensive system or waste-treatment fecility is involved, it should be shown on a separate PBID. Wostes and effluents are Giscussed ing. SERVICE SYSTEMS MAY HAVE THEIR OWN PAID Process equipment may be provided with various services, uch as steam for heating, water or refrigerant for cooling, or air for oxidizing, Pant or equip ment providing these services is usually described on separate ‘service P&ID'S ‘A servi line such 382 steam line entering a process PAID is vena “hollow fa1tow’ Tine designation taken from the service P&ID. Returning service tines ‘te designated in the same way. Refer to figure 5. UTILITY STATIONS Stations peoviding ston, compressed si, and water, are shown, Flefer to LINE DESIGNATION SHEETS OR TABLES 525 ‘These sheets are tabulated lists u tines and information about them, The rumbers of the lines are usually listed at the right of the sheet. Other column list line sie, material of construction (using company’s specification code, if there is one), conveyed Tuid, pressure, tomperature, flow rat, test pressuro, insulation or jacketing (if fequired, and connscted tines (which will usually be branches) ‘The sheots are compl and kept up-todate by the project group, taking ll the information from the P&ID. Copies ae supplied tothe piping group for roforence. (n small projects volving only few tines line designation shoots may not be ed. Its useful to add anata an the PAAD stating the eumbers of the lat Fine and lest valve used, ‘VIEWS USED FOR PIPING DRAWINGS 526 “Two types of view are used (1) ORTHOGRAPHIC ~ PLANS AND ELEVATIONS (2) PICTORIAL ~ ISOMETRIC VIEW AND OBLIQUE PRESENTATION Figure 6.5 shows how a building would appear in these different views. PmeseNTATIONS USED IN PIPING DRAWINGS Figuae ss ORTHGRAPHIG PIGTORIAL B a PLANS & ELEVATIONS. Pon views are more common than elevational views. Piping layout is developed in pian view, and elevational views and section details are added for clarity where necessary. PICTORIAL VIEWS In complex pining system, where orthographic views may not easy illus trate the design, pictorial presentation can be used for clrity. In either isometvie or oblique presentations, lines not horizontal or vertical an theOblique presentation has the advantage that it canbe distorted or expanded 0 ‘show areas of 2 plant, etc. more clearly than an “ ~metric view. It is not ‘commonly used, but can be useful for diagrammatic -k Fiquie 56 Hlstrates how circular shapes viewed at different angles are op proximated by means of a 36-deyre ellipce template. Isometric templates for valves, ot. ore available and neat drawings can be rapidly produced with ‘Dithographic and isometric templates can be used to produce an ‘oblique presentation. {ISOMETRIC PRESENTATION Figure 56 (OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS oO _-S0°__60\ PIPING ARRANGEMENT IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS IsomeTRIC ELEVATION PLAN, ELEVATION, ISOMETRIC & OBLIQUE PRESENTATIONS OF A PIPING SYSTEM Figute 6.7 is used to show the presentations used in drafting, Isometric ‘and oblique drawings both clearly show the piping arrangement, but the plan view fails to show the bypass loop and valve, and the supplementary elevation is needed | piping DRAWINGS ANE BASED ON OTHER DRAWINGS 527 “The purpose of piping drawings i to supply detailed information to enable fa plant to be built, Prior-to making piping drawings, the site plan and tcuipment arrangoment drawings are prepared, and from these two drawingt the plot plan is derived. These three drawings are used as the basis for developing the piping drawings. SITE PLAN “The piping group produces asta plan’ toa smal scale (T inch to 30 or 100/t for example). It shows the whole site including the boundaries, roads, rairood spurs, pavement, buildings, process plant areas, lage structures, stor te areas, effluent ponds, waste disposal, shipping and loading areas, "Truc! (geographic) and “essumed' or ‘plant’ north are marked and their enguler separation shown—see figure 5.11 oauigue WwCc Key PLAN vh “bey plan is produced by adapting th site p* viding ene of the ky oan Cen entied by ko later of aber. small inp) Seite plan added to pot plans, and may be aed o i and inset of ths ey fo velerence purposes The sbject ses of the pater Sfavving Is hatched shaded, as shown in igure 68 oRANING SHEET SHOMING KEY PLAN B MATCHLINE QUA 5 ENGINEERING COMPANY, ‘ane suse A Sa eft EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT DRAWING ‘Under project group supervision, He piping Grou USA makes several Under roe ants of equipment, sxkng a optimal dese tists vine ements, Often prelimiary ing studies SEEN Y in order fo establish equipment coordinates Fdeign ai for postioing nuipment is 10 cutout salt outlines of Asie rom sti paper, which can be moved shim) plan view of seule ved (I multe units ofthese YEE sed, xe thea vey ties fester) Aner med wich ‘sell for eas {ho eco ard. oF wetgationl repor's are nade 8 escrbad in “A.13 under “Photographic layouts PLOT PLAN nen the equipment arangerment ravings af proves NY 2 developed Whe by the aon of dmansons and coordinate 12 Tocete sit major ioms of equipment and structure. Noth and east coordinates of te extremities of Dios and cantetines of North and ast Com yehiteturah constructions should be shawn the plot He iors ae inctallation, Bott ‘plant Eupmant coordinates ar usally gen 10 the centering Coordinates ot euler gen tothe ceerine of he gump shalt and ite the ct mrthe pur foundation, + the centerline ofthe discharge port: Updoted etnies ofthe above drawing sont tothe cl suture and ge grater groups involved in te design ro inform the of require sons a5 the design develops. ‘VESSEL DRAWINGS ‘When the equipment arangement has been approved andthe piping rang ve ined, anol dimensioned droings of proces wal ae mage eee BY x AT or 11x 17 inc) inorder to fix nosis oo (on ra artic, oder, et. These cringe aro then san 9 (he vinations: er the shop detail dawigs, which ae examined by Ne ojet engiear and sant 10 the pia aroun for checking and approval. project is need not be to see. (Figure 6.14 fan example vessel ‘drawing DRAWINGS FROM OTHER SOURCES fining dawings shoud be cortlte with the fllowing owns from other em oupsand Irom vendors Points tobe checked ar ets Architectural drawings aenstines of walls sidings indicating thickness 5 tings vations fr stain, its, elevates, ducts eins os ‘Positions of doors and windows Givi engineering drawings pe etundations, underground piping, drains ee Stucturabstect drawings: srry ono tal clues supporting nest Nghe 00" ee + feston of jars such overexd rane, menos eMorme or beams. Va bracing, where pines may be taken thru walls Heating, ventilating & airconditioning (HVAC) drawings Het ra cing and sing du, fan rom. pens ss Nese et. Etetrea! draings: Erect ron af eotor cont centes, sito junation POveE and tontrolpanols were e sau or wing rons ineloing buried Uns) {Positions of lights Instrumentation drawings: fe stument panel and console locations Vendors’ drawings: 1 Dimensions of equipment Dimension ene, ange ype and pessre ating istrurens Mechanical drawings: cone an dimensions of mechanical equipment eh SF SOMES hates, et toe marhanien! ennioment. “Process equipment and piping systems have priority. Orawings listed on the preceding page must be reviewed for compatiili ith the developing piping design. Pertinent background detalls (drawn faintly) from these drawings help to ‘avoid interferences. Omission of such detail from the piping drawing often leads to the subsequent discovery that pipe has been routed thru 9 brace, stairvay, doorway, foundation, duct, mechanical equipment, motor control center. firefiahting equipment, etc. Completed piping drawings will also show spool numbers, if this port ‘of the job is not subcontracted — see 5.2.9, Electrical and instrument cables are not shown on piping drawings, but trays to hold the cebles ere indicated—for exemple, see figure 6.3, point (8). Its not always possible forthe piping drawing to follow exactly the logical arrangement of the P&ID. Sometimes lines must be routed with different junction sequence, and fine numbers may be changed, During the preliminary piping studies, economies and practicable impravements may be found, end the RID may be modified to take these into account. However, itis not the piping designer's ob to seek ways to change the P&lD, SCALE plan view, usualy to 3/8 n/t scale, Piping is arrange ALLOCATING SPACE ON THE SHEET ‘© Obtain the drewing number and fill in the ttl block at the bottom right corner of the sheet [ALLOCATING SPACE ON A DRAWING SHEET Figure so pone TITLE BLOCK the sheet, to allow filing on a ‘sick’. Standard drawing sheets usually have this margin © On drawings showir plan view, place a north arrow at the top left comer of the sheet to indicate plant north-see figure 8.11 ‘# Do not draw in the area above the ttle block, as this space is allocated 10 the bill of materiel, or to goneral notes, brief descriptions of changes, and the titles and numbers of reference drawings ‘¢ If plans and elevations are small enough to go on the same sheet, draw the plan at the upper left side of the shoet and elevations to the right ‘and bottom of it, 3 shown in figure 5:9 BACKGROUND DETAIL ‘# Show background detall as discussed in 6.2.8 under ‘Piping drawings. It is sometimes convenient to draw autlines on the reverse side of the drawing sheet '# Alter background dotails have been determined, it is best to make a pint on which nozzles on vessle, pumps, otc, to be piped can be ‘marked in red pencil. Utifty stations can also be established. This wil indicate areas of major usage and the most convenient locations for the headers, Obviously, at times there will be a number of alternate routes offering comparable advantages PROCESS & SERVICE LINES ON PIPING DRAWINGS Take fine numbers from the PAID. Refer to 6.2.4 under ‘Flow lines on PAID's' for information on numbering lines. Include fine numbers on all views, and arrowheads showing direction of flow ‘© Draw all pipe “single ine’ unless special instructions have been given for drawing ‘double line’. Chart 6.1 gives line thicknesses (ful size) © Line numbers ae shown agsinst lines, thus: ‘© Toke lines continued on another sheet to a matchline, and there code with Tine numbers only. Show the continuation sheet numbers on ‘matchlines-see figure 6.8 ‘# Show where changes in fine material specification occur. The change is usually indicsted immediately dawnstream of 2 flange of a valve or equipment ‘© Show a definite break ina line crossing bohind another fine-see ‘Rolled cel under ‘Pan view piping drawings, this section (i28sleoves are required thru floors , indicate where they ore needed eit "this information to the and inform the group leader for transmit groups) concerned 1s Indicate insulation, and show whothor fines are electrically or steam traced-—see chart 8.7 FITTINGS, FLANGES, VALVES & PUMPS ON PIPING DRAWINGS 1s The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and els folled at 45 degiees (see example, this pagel shortadivs el, reducing fi eccenti¢ reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether ‘top flat’ or “bottom flat’), concentric reducer, concentic swage, onstendard or companion flange, reducing toe, special items of ‘Onusuel materia, of pressure rating diferent from that of the system, tte, Refer to charts 6:3, 5.4 and 6.5 for symbol usage Draw the outside diameters of flanges to sale Show valve identification number from P&AID ‘8 Label control valves to show: size, pressure rating, dimerision ovr flan ts, and vale instrument number, from the P8UD —ee figure 5.15 © Draw valve handwheels to scale with valve stom fully extended 4 Ifa valve is chain-operated, nate distance of chain from operating toot, which for salety should be approximately 3t ‘+ For pumps, show outline of foundation and nozzles DAIPLEGS & STEAM TRAPS Driplegs ae indicated on relevant piping drawing pln views. Unless identical, ‘a separate detail is draw for each dripleg. The trap is indicated on the drip tep piping by a symbol, and relered toe separate tra detail or data shee. ‘The trap detil drawing should show all necessary valves, strainer, unions, ‘ete, required atthe rapsoe figures 6.43 end 6.44, “The piping shown on the dripleg desis should indicate whether condensate is to.be taken to a header for reuse, or run to waste, The design notes in 6.105 discuss dtipleg detoils for steam fines in which condensate forms continvously. Refer to 6.10.9 also. INSTRUMENTS & CONNECTIONS ON PIPING DRAWINGS, ‘+ Show location for each instrumont connection with encircled instrurmont rrumberteken from the P&ND, Rafer to 6.5.3 and chart 6.2 1s Showe similar itolating vale arrangements on instrument connection as “rypieal’ deel, unless covered by stondard company detail sheet VENTS & DRAINS Aofer to 6.11 and figure 6.47 PIPE SUPPORTS Rafer tn 7-2, anv chart §.7. for symbols, PLAN VIEW PIPING DRAWINGS ‘+ Draw plan views for “2h floor of the plant. These views should show ‘what the layout w. 0k lke between adjacent floors, viewed from shove or at the elevation thru which the plan view is cut ‘+ Ifthe plan view will not fit on one sheet, present it on two or more sheets, using matchlines to link the drewings. Se figure 5.8 1+ Note the elevation below which a plan view is shown—for exemple, "PLAN BELOW ELEVATION 15'~0" ‘. For clarity, both elevations can be stated: ‘PLAN BETWEEN ELEVATIONS 30'-0" & 15°-0" * If tee or elbow is “rolled” at 45 degres, note as shown in the view were the fitting fs rolled out of the plane of the drawing sheet a ‘+ Figure 5.10 shows how lines can be broken to give sufficient infarmetion without drawing other views 48 Indicate required field welds ELEVATIONS (SECTIONS) & DETAILS Drow elevations and details to clarify complex piping or piping hidden inthe plan view ‘© Domot drow detail that ean be dessribed by » nate 1# Show only es many sections se necessary. A section does not hove tobe ‘9 complete eras ction ofthe plan © Draw fo 2 large scale any part noodling fuller detail. Enlvoad details ‘are preterably drawn in available space on elevational drawings, and Should be crossrelerenced by the applicable detail and drowing num bes) ‘+ Identify sections indicated on plan views by letters (see chart 6.8) and details by numbers. Letters | and O are not used as this can lead to con- fosion with numerals. 1f mare than twentyfour sections ere needed tho letter identification can be brokon down thus: AIAI, AZ-A2, 8414, au. ad #0 01 ‘+ Donotseztion plan views looking tovard the bottom of the drawing sheetcy fe Figuie 6.10 shows how to break lines to give suticient information whist avoiding drawing another view or section showing *WIODEN" LINES FIGURE 5.10 ‘ON piPiNa ORAWINGS SPOOL FABRICATION. CHART 5.10 IDENTIFY BY LINE NUMBER tt —t-+— 08" & SPOOLS! 529 PIPING FABRICATION DRAWINGS- ‘The two most common methods for producing piping dosigns for a plant are by making either plan and elevation drawings, or by cstructing a scaled ‘model, For fabricating welded piping, plans and elevations are sent directly to o subcontractor, usvally referred to a8 a ‘shop fabricator’'—if @ model is used, isometric drawings (refered to 35 ‘sos’) are sent instead. Isometric views are commonly used in prefabricating parts of butt-welded piping systems. Isos showing the piping to be prefabricated are sent to the ‘hop fabricator. Figure 5.15 is en example of such on iso. ‘The prefabricated parts of the piping system are termed ‘spook, described ‘under ‘Spools’, this section, The piping group either produces isos showing the required spools, or marks the piping to be spooled on plens and elevations, depending on wether of not @ model is used (as shown in chart 6.10). From these drawings, the subcontractor mekes detail drawings termed “spool sheets’. Figure 5.17 is an example spool sheet. os |____ ste wontsorruant es ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS, or ISOS" ‘An iso usually shows @ complete line from one piece of equipment to ‘another-see figure 5.15. It gives all information necessary for fabrication and ‘erection of piping Jsos are usually drawn freehand, but the various runs of pipe, fittings and valves should be roughly In proportion for easy understanding. Any one Tine (that is, all the piping with the same line number) should be drown fon the minimum number of igo sheets. If continuation sheets are needed, break the line at natural breakpoints such as flanges (except orifice flanges), welds at fitting, o Field welds required (or instalation. ‘tems ond information to be shown on an iso include: ‘© North arrow (plant north} © Dimensions and angles ‘© Reference number of plan drawing from which iso is made (unless ‘model is used), Tine number, direction of flow, insulation and tracing ‘© Equipment numbers and locations of equipment (by centerlines) © Idontify all items by use af an understood symbol, and amplify by 18 description, as necessary © Give dotails of any flanged nozzles on equipment to which piping has to be connected, if the flange fs diferent from the specification for the connected piping ‘© Size and type of every valve Size, pressure rating end instrument number of contrat valves ‘© Number, location and orientation for each instrument connection (Haaril Al ‘8 Shop and field welds, Indicate limits of shop and fied fabrication ‘© Iso sheet continuetion numbers ‘8 Unions required for installation and maintenance purposes 18 On screwed and socketwelded assemblies, valve handwhee! positions reed nat be shown 8 Materials of construction 8 Locations of vents, drains and trops ‘+ Locations of supports, identified by pipesupport number “The following information may also be given 1# Requirements for stress relieving, 2¢ welding, pickling, ining, coating, or other special treatment ofthe fine Drawing stylo to be followed is shown in the example iso, figure 6.16, Wehich displays ‘some of the above points, end gives others os shaded rates. An iso may show more than one spool. spooLs 'A spool is an assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be prefabricated. Tt does not include bolts, gaskets, valves or instruments Straight rillrun Tengts of pipa over 20 ft ar usally rot fcludad ina spon, such lonaths may be welded in the system on erection (an the io, this is indicated by noting the length, and stating ‘BY FIELD’. ‘The size of 8 spool is limited by the febrcator’s available means of tans portation, and 0 spo! is usvally contained within space of dimensions BO ft x 10 ft x ft, The maximum permissible dimensions may be obtoined {rom the fabricator. FIELD-FABRICATED SPOOLS Some States in the USA have a trades agreement thot 2-inch and smaller carbonstea! piping must be fabricated at tho site. This rule is some texiended t0 piping larger than 2nch. ‘SHOP-FABRICATED SPOOLS [Allalloy spools, and spools with 3 ar more welds made from 3-nch (occasion dily 4h) and lerger corbonateel pipe ore normally ‘shop-fabrcated™. Ths Je fobleated in the shop fabricators workshop, ether ot his plant or ot the site, Spools with fewer welds are usuelly mode in the Feld. Large-diameter piping, being more dificult to handle, often necessitates the az. figs and templates, ad i more economically produced ina workshop, SPOOL SHEETS. [A snot sheet i# an orthographic drawing of a spoa! made by the piping . en ehoaet BM Each spool sheet shows anly one type of spool, and— (1) Instruts the welder f. bricating the spool (2) Lists the cut lengths of pipe fittings and flanges, ete. needed to make the spoo! (3) Gives materials of construction, and any special treatment of the finished piping (4) Indicates how many spools of the same type are required NUMBERING 1505, SPOOL SHEETS, & SPOOLS Spool numbers are located by the piping group, and appear on al Dining drawings. Various methods of rumbering canbe used as long as dentifcation is easly made, A suggested method followe:— Iso sheets con be identified by the line number of the section of ine that shown, followed by a sequential umber. For example, the fourth so sheet Showing a spool to be part of 2 lina numbared 74/BZ/6/412/23. could be identified: 74/82/6/412/23—4 . —— {Both the spool and the spool sheet can be identified by number or letter tusing the fo sheet number 2¢ a prefix. For example, the sumbering of pool sheets relating to iso sheet 74/82/6/812/23—4 could be. TAIBZIGIANZI23—A—1,TALBZIBIMU2—¥=2, oe Ot or TAIBZ/G/A12729—4-A, © PAIBZIBIAN2IZI€-B, von O16. “The full Hine number need not be used if 2 shorter form would sulfice for identitication. ‘Spool numbers are also referred to as “mark numbers’. They are shown on isos and on the following: (1) Spoo! sheets—es the sheet number (2) The fobricated spool-so it can be ratated to drawings or isos (3) Piping drawings-plans and elevations DIMENSIONING 53 DIMENSIONING FROM REFERENCE POINTS 534 HORIZONTAL REFERENCE ‘When 2 proposed plant site is surveyed, a geonraphic reference point is ttiized {rom which meosurements to boundaries, roads, buildings, tanks, fc, can be made, The geographic reference point chosen is usvally an olicially-eetablished one. . ‘The lines of latitude end longitude witch define the geographic reerence point aro not ustd, 05 2 ‘lant north (see Figure 5.11) is extoblished, parallel fo structural steelwork, The direction closest to true north is chosen for the ‘olant north’\ The coordinates of the southwest corner of the plant in figure 8.11, a refered to ‘plant north’ aro N 110.00 and € 200.00, ‘Sometimes coordinates such as those above m »@ written N 1410 and E 200, The first coordinate is read as “one hunared plus 10 ft north” and the second as “two hundred plus zero ft east". This s a system used for traverse survey, and is more correctly applied to highways, relroads, ete Coordinates are used to locate tanks, vessels, major equipment ond structural ‘steel, In the open, these items are located directly with respect to a geo praphic reference point, but in buildings and structures, can be dimensioned from the building steel HORIZONTAL REFERENCE Figure 6.11 ‘The US Department of Commerce's Coast and Geodetic Survey hes estab- lished 2 laige number of references for latitude and longitude, and for elevations above sea level, These ate termed ‘geodetic control stations. Control stations for horizontal reference (latitude and longitude) ae referred to 28 ‘tiiangulation stations’ or ‘traverse stations, ete. Control stations for vertical reference are relerred to as ‘benchmarks’. Latitude ond longitude hve not been established for all benchmarks. [A geodetic control station is marked with @ metal dise showing identity and date of establishment, To provide stable locations for the diss, they f¢ set into tops of ‘monuments’, mounted in holes drilled in bedrock or large firmly-imbedded boulders, or affixed to a solid structure, such as @ building, bridge, ete “The geographic positions of these stations can be obtained from the Director, US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Maryland 20852. om Before any building or exrvting eins, the site is leveled (graded) with tarth:moving equipment. ground is made a flat ax practicoble, and efter leveling is termed ‘finished grade’. ‘The highest graded point is termed the ‘high point of finished grede’, HPEG), and the norizonta plane passing thru itis made the vertical reference plane of ‘datum’ from which plant elevations we given. Figure 8.12 shows that thishorizontal plane is given a‘fals” or nominal elevation usually 100 ft, tnd is not refered to mean sea level. The 100 ft nominal elevation ensures that foundations, basements, buried pines end tanks, ete, will have positive elevations. ‘Minus’ elevations, which ‘would be 9 nuisance, are thus avoided Lorge plants may have several ares, each having its own high point of finished grade, Nominal grade elevation is measured from a benchmark, 2s lsteated in figure 5.12, VERTICAL REFERENCE igure s.12 1] scoamon re atove sea eve. 3 DIMENSIONING PIPING DRAWINGS 532 DRAWING DIMENSIONS—& TOLERANCES MAINTAINED IN ERECTED PIPING On plot: Dimensions on piping drawings are normaly maintained within the fimits of plus or minus 1/16th inch, How this tolerance is met does not Concein the designer. Any necessary allowances to ensure that dimensions ‘ae maintained are made by the fabricator and erector {contractor ‘Otf plot: Dimensions are mointainad as closely as practicable by the erector. WHICH DIMENSIONS SHOULD BE SHOWN? Sufficient dimensions should be given for positioning equipment, for fabri cating spools and for erecting piping. Duplication af dimensions in different views should be avoided, 9s this may easily lead to error if alterations are made. AIGUIRES 5.11 & 5.12Basically the dimensions to show are: + | nerenence Line* To CENTERLINE 2 | cewentine rocenvenLine | Satoano vauves 3 | cenvenuine ro ruanoe race | wozzueson | rine a | ruance race To FLaNce Facet Figure 6.19 illustrates the use of these types of dimensions PLAN VIEW DIMENSIONS Plan views convey most of the dimensional information, and may also show dimension fr elevations in the absence of an elevational view or sction. [EXAMPLE DIMENSIONS FOR PLAN VIEW VERTICAL VIEW ELEVATIONS & LIMENSIUNS + On piping drawings, elevati... may be given a in table 6.2 TABLE 5.2 SHOWING ELEVATIONS Daal” an 49 Le |S Ear = MISCELLANEOUS. euEvarions ee _ Me coGUIDELINES FOR DIMENSIONING ALL PIPING DRAWINGS = 2-3 a Show ll key dimensions, including elevetions ond coordinates 4s _ Show dimensions outside ofthe drawn view us unavoidable — do not clutter the picture fe Draw dimension fines unbroken with a fin line, Write the dimension just above a horizontal fine, Write the dimension of 2 vertical fine sideways, proferably at the left. It fs usual to terminate the fine with “rroneads, and these ae preferable for isos. The oblique dashes shown are quicker and are suitable for plans end elevations, especialy if the dimensions are cramped = 8 If a series of dimensions is to be shown, string them together as shown jn the sketch, (Do not dimension from a common eference fine asin in thine drawing.) Show the overall dimension of the string of dimen- tions if this dimension willbe of repeated interest Divensions OW MACHINE ORAWINGS q ‘¢ Do not omit a signifcent dimension other than ‘iting makeup’, even though it may be eaily calculated ~ see ‘fitting makeup’ this section the site (fold run). Therefore, give only those dimensions necessary to route such piping cla-r of equipment, other obstructions, and thru ‘walls, and to locate. those items whase safe positioning or access ability i important to the process e Most lengths wl be stated to the nearest sixteenth ofan inch, Dimen- sions which cannot or need nat be stated to this precision are shown a plus-or , WS'-3", ete ‘¢Dimonsions under two feet are usvally marked in inches, and those ‘over two fect in feet and inches. Some companies prefer to mark all dimensions over one foot in feet and inches ‘sAttompt to cound off non-ritcal dimensions to whole feet and inches. feseive fractions of inches for dimensions requiring tis precision PLANS & ELEVATIONS-GENERAL DIMENSIONING POINTS ‘© Reserve horizontal dimensions for the plan view Underline al out-of scale dimensions or show asin chart 6.8 Ia cartain piping arrangement is repeated on the same drawing, its suf- ficiant to dimension the piping in one instance end note the other appearances as ‘TYP’ (typical). This situation occurs where similar pumps are connected to a common header. For another example, ee ‘the pump base in figure 6.17 ‘¢ Donat duplicate dimensions. Do not repeat them indifferent views DIMENSIONING To JOINTS ‘Do not terminate dimensions at a wolded or screwed joint Uniess necessary, do not dimension to unions, inne couplings or any ther items thet ere not ertical to construction or operation of the piping 1s Where flanges meet itis usual to show o small gap between dimension fines to indicate the gosket. Gaskets should be covered in the piping specification, with gasket type and thickness stated, Refer to the pane! “Drafting valves, preceding chart 5.6. tt fe a a As neatly all flanged joints have goskets, a time-sving procedure is to fnote flanged joints without gaskets (for example, see 3.1.6 under ‘autterly valve’. The febricator and erector can be alerted to the need for gaskets elsewhere by a general note onal piping drawings: TAB GASKETS AS SPECIFICATION EXCEPT AS NOTED” eaFITTING MAKEUP rd dimensions are ped togathor i is un necessary to dimension each item, asthe fabricator ows the sizes of stand fd fittings and equipment, It is necessary, however, to indicate thot the fverall_dimension is ‘litting makeup’ by the special cross symbol, of preferably by writing the ovecall dimension. Any nonstandard item inserted between standard items should be dimensioned. FivTinie MAKEUP SYMBOL ete DIMENSIONING TO VALVES Locate flanged and welding end valves with ANSI standard dimensions by dimensioning to their centers. Most gate and globe valves ara ston ddard—see table V-1 Dimension non-standard flanged valves as shown in the panel opposite chart 5.6. Although a standard exists for contral valves, face-to-face dimensions are usually given, as it fs possible to obtain them i non standard sizes ‘+ Standard flanged check valves naed not be dimensioned, but if location isimportant, dimension to te flange facets) + Nonsflanged valves are dimensioned to their centers or stems DIMENSIONING TO NOZZLES ON VESSELS & EQUIPMENT ‘+ Inplon view, 8 nozzle is dimensioned to its face from the centertine of ‘the equipment tis on In elovation, 9 nozzl's cantertina is either given its own elevation or is dimensioned trom another reference In the absence of an elevational view, nozzle elevations can be shown on the plan view DIMENSIONING 1508 saa In order to clearly show all dimensions, tho best aspect of the piping mst be determined. Freedom to extend lines and spread the piping without remard to scale Is» reat help in showing isometric dimensions. The basic dimensions fet out in 5.2.2, 5.3.3, and the guidelines in 5.2.9 apply. Figure §.15 illustrates the main requirements ofan isometric drawing, ond in includes 2 dimensioned offset, Figura §.16 shows how other offots are dim ‘nsioned, + Dimension in the samo way as plans and elevations {Give sulfcient dimensions forthe fabricator to make the spool drawings 00 figure 5.17 oO auecseousay bE @ Taarine « osscmiTiOn ENGINEERING COMPANYWS ee) QsHow To sHow OFFSETS OW 1505, Figune 5.16 DIMENSIONING SPUULS (WELUED AasemuLIES! oo) conraunoorrser ‘Allowence for weld spaciny root gap) is shop set-up problem and should not be considered in making assembly drawings or detailed sketches. The Pipe Fabrication Institute recommends that an overall dimension is shown vwihich is the sum of the naminal dimensions of the component parts ——— 'A spool sheot deals with only one design of spool, and shows complete dimensional dotel, lists material for making the spool, and specifies how many spools of that type ore required. Figure 6.17 shows how a spool from figure 5.15 would be dimensioned. 6a y [—© Sn 4 stenication tt ENGINEERING CO. Ag paneccsoamezon) [| | mePBtNee. | sromene. | Netoy eHELIsING & ISsutivG DHAWINGS: RESPONSIBILITIES 541 P&ID's, process flow diagrams and line designation sheets are checked by engineers in the project group. Except for spoo! drawings el piping drawings are checked by the piping group. Orthographic spool drawings produced by the piping fabricator are not usually checked by the pinina group, except for ‘riticat’ spools, such as spooks for oversees shipment and intricate spools. Usually an experienced designer within the piping group is given the task ‘of checking. Some companies employ persons specifically as design checkers ‘The checkers responsibilities are set out in 4.1.2. CHECKING PIPING DRAWINGS 542 Prints of drawings are checked and corrected by marking with colored pencil ‘Areas to be corrected on the drawing are usually marked in red on the print. Correct areas and dimensions ae usually marked in yellow. Checked drawings to be changed should be returned to their originator when- fever possible, for amendment, A new print is supplied to the checker with the original ‘marked up’ print for “backchecking. ISSUING DRAWINGS 543 ‘Areas of a drawing awaiting further information or decision are ringed clearly ‘on the reverse side and labeled ‘HOLO'—refer to chart 58. (A black, red, or {yellow china marker is suitable for film with a slick finish on the reverse side.) Changes or revisions are indicated on the fronts of the sheots by a small ale in the are of the revision, The revision number is marked inside the al, noted above the ttle block (or in an allocated panel) with a descrip tion of the revision, required initials, and date. The revision number may be part af the drawing number, ar it may follow the draving number (preferred rmethod-see figure 6.17). The drawing as Mist issued is numbered the '2er0" ‘A drawing is issued in three stags. The first issue is “FOR APPROVAL, ‘management or client. The second issue fs FOR CONSTRUCTION BID’, when vendors are invited to bid for equipment and work controcts. The third issue is ‘FOR CONSTRUCTION’ following awarding of all purchase orders and contracts. Drewings may be reissued at each stage if significant changes ‘ate made. Minor changes may be made after the third stage (by anreement ‘on cost and extent of work) but major changes may involve all three stages of issue, (PLANS, ELEVATIONS, & ISUS) Points to be checked ona sing drawings include the foltowing: Title of drawing ‘Number of issue, and revision number Orientation: Narth arrow ageinst plot plan Inclusion of graphic scale (if drawing i to be photographically reduced) Eauipment numbers and their appearance on piping drowings ‘That correct identification appears on al lines in all views Lina material specification changes ‘Agreement with specifications and agreement with other drawings ‘That the drawing ineludes reference number(s) and titlels) to any other relovant drawings ‘That all dimensions are correct ‘Agreement with certified vendors’ drowings for dimensions, norzle ‘orientation, manholes and ladders ‘That face-to-face dimensions and pressure ratings are shown for all ‘non-standard flanged items Location and identification of instrument connections Provision of fine vents, drains, raps, and tracing. Check that vents ore at all high points and drains at all tow points of lines for hydrostatic test. Driplegs should be indicated and detailed. Traps should be ident: fied, and pining detailed ‘The following items should be labeled in one view only: tees and ells rolled at 45 degrees (se example in 5.2.8), shortdius el, reducing ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swege (nate on plen views whether “top la’ oF “bottom flat, concentric reducer, concentric swage, nonstandard or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of ‘unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system, ‘te, Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usege ‘That insulation has been shawn as required by the P&ID. Pipe support locations with support numbers ‘That all anchors, dummy logs and welded supports are shown ‘That the stess group's requirements have been met “That al field welds are shown Correctness of scale Coordinates of equipment against plot plan Piping arrangement against PID requirements, Possible interferences, ‘Adequacy of clearances of piping from steelwork, doors, windows and braces, ductwork, equipment and major electric epperatus, including control consoles, cables from motor cantiol centers (MCC's), and fire- fighting equipment. Check accessibility for operation and meintenance‘¢That flor and wall penetrations are shown correctly © Accessibility for operation and maintonance, ~ that adequate man- holes, hatches, covers, dropout and handling ...a, ete. have been provided Foundation drawings with vendors’ equipment requirements List of materiel, if any, Listed items should be identified once, either ‘on the plan of the elevation drawings ‘That section letters agcee withthe section markings on the plan view ‘That drawings include necessary matchline information Appearance of necesary continuation sheet number(s) ‘That spool numbers appear correctly Presence ofall required signatures ~) This further point should be checked on isos # Agreement with model ‘These further points should be checked on spoo! sheets, ‘© That materia is completely listed and described That the required numberof spools of identical type is noted INSTRUMENTATION (As shown on P&ID's) 85 ‘This section briefly describes the purposes of instruments and explains how instrumentation may be read frm PQ0's, Piping drewings will also show the connection (coupling, ete.) 10 line or vessel. However, piping drawings should show only instruments connected to (or located in) piping and vessels. ‘The only purpose in adding instrumentation toa piping drawing is to identify the connection, orifice plate or equipment tobe installed on or inthe piping and to cotelate the piping drawing to the PAID, INSTRUMENT FUNCTION ONLY 15 SHOWN, 581 | Instrumentation shown on proces igrams.and piping drawings by symbols. “The functions of intwiments are shown, not the instruments. Only the ori- mary connection to a vessel or line, oF devices installed in a fine (such as orifice plates and control valves) are indicate. “There is some uniformity, among the larger companies at least, in the way in which instrumentation iz shown, There isa wilingnes to adopt the recom- ‘mendations of the Instrument Society of America, but adherence is nat always complete, The ISA standacd is S| titled "Instrumentation symbols and iden- tification Compliance with the ISA schemeis to some extont i ficial wen drawings go from one country to another culty in understanding the instrumentation, ternational This is hene- thar is then no diff INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS 552 Although instruments are use. ar many purposes, their basi functions are few in umber (1) To sense a ‘condition’ of the process material, most commonly its pressure, temperature, flow rate oF level, These ‘conditions’ are termed process variables. The pie does the sensing is termed a ‘primary element (2) Te transmit » measure of the process variable fom a primary element. (3) To indicate » measure of # process variable to the plant operator, by showing the measured value by a dal and pointer, pen and paper rll oF digital display. Another form of indicator isan alarm which gives audible ‘or visual warning when a process variable such as temperature approaches an unsafe or undesired value (8) To. record the measure of © process variable, Most recorders are 5 blectially-operated pen-and-papar-roll types which record either the instantaneous value or the averaga over a time period, (5) To contrat the process variable, An instrument initiating this function is termed a ‘controller’. A contellorsutains or changes the value of the procass variable by actuating a inal control element (ths element is usualy eva, in process piping). Many instruments combine two ar more ofthese ive function, and may also hhove mechanical parts integrated — the commonest example of this is the self-contained control valve (see 3.1.10, under ‘Pressure regulator’, and chart 3.1. HOW INSTRUMENTATION IS IDENTIFIED 553 ‘The mottused instruments are pressure and tompersture gages (indicators and are showm a8 in figure 5.18 (a) and (b), An example “instrument identification number’ (or ‘tag number’ is shown in figure 6.18 (c). The bolloon around the aumber is usually drawn 7/1G-inch diameter. INSTRUMENT IOENTIFICATION NUMBERS FioURE 5.18 ae mocess vanianie———£F G ocriona wexnincanon ‘oor winner "= In figure 5.18, "T, and F” denote proces variables pressure, temperature, and flow respectively. I" and °G' shaw the type of instrument; indicator and goge rspectivaly. Table 6.3 givas other leters denoting proces variable, type a instrument, ete. The number’8, labeled “loop number’, is en example sequential number (allocated by an instrumentation engineer. aINSTRUMENT MOUNTING, 554 ELMULTIPLE- FUNCTION INSTRUMENTS ‘A horizontal tine in the ISA balloon shows th. 2 instrument performing fhe tunction is to be ‘board-mounted” in console, etc. Absence ofthis line shows local mounting, in or nea the piping, vessel, etc ® 288, ‘The ISA scheme shows instrument functions, not instruments, However, 3 rrultiplefunetion instrument can be indicated by drawing the ballons show ing the separate functions so that the circles tout. Sometimes, 2 multiplefunction instrument will be indicated by @ single balloon syinbol, with a function identification, such as “TAC for @ temp: Crature secorder-controlle. This practice is not preferred=it is better to draw Cin this exemple) separate ‘TR’ and “TC’ balloons, touching INTERCONNECTED INSTRUMENTS LOOPS’) 555 “The ISA standard uses the term "loop" to desribe an interconnected grouP Of instruments, which fs not necessarily 2 closedtoop arrangement: that i, ‘nstrumentation used in 2 feedback (or feedforward) arrangement. ‘erconnected, they may be ll allocated the same '5.19 shows a process line served by "73) to sens, transmit and indicate transmit, ini 1M several instruments are number for ‘loop’ identification. Figure fone group of instruments (loop number temperature, and 2 second group (loop ruber 74) to Sense tale, record and control flow rate [EXAMPLE INSTRUMENT "LOOPS" SIGNAL LEADS oe Elements, transmitters, re°* “ers, indicatorsand controllers communicate with tech other by means of... leads — which are represented by lines on the ‘owing. The signal canbe a volta, the pressure ofa fluid, etc.—these are the ‘most common signals. Symbols for instrument signal leads ore given in chart §.1. ene INSTRUMENTATION CODING : ISA CODING. TABLES ALARM 2. Osen's cHoice’ CONTROLLER Sonrnoc VaLvE FRAP eee reese SENSOR iPrimary Eland) AurTuRE Ose. Slant ar gace GLASS | FEteVigioN moNiTOR INDICATOR se ANALYSIS. BURNER (Fine Comaustion| Geers cworce USER'S CHOICE Voutace PogWinare 2. Users noice COnAENT (ele nnexgccd#szozrx-oamm@2oa> BOWER rare, Tie (tim ConireiGtocd tevet ° sens choice 1! UsEns eHoIce sens cnolce 2 Pressune/vactiuid RADIATION owes. See for Fecawencyi FeupenaTUne c* MULTIVARIABLE Vigmation WEIGHT for Force GncuassieieD = EVENT (Response io) 2. BOSITION, OIMENSION - Users enOIce non Fiow restriction OniFIGE Fesreoiny (Semple Pot) Reconoen | Swe Fnanemit rel MUCTIFUNCTION YatvE/OAMeen Unctassiries RELAY Briver ACTUATOR Nexgce sus 20zErRe—o7monee> Ten Tie PHOGESS VARIABLE’ LETTER THe QUALIFYING LETTER IS USED:~ ‘CUALIFYING LETTER AF pirFenenTIAL. . . 0 | When the diffrence between two values of (heiprocess variable involved TOTAL 0 | When the proces variable it fo be summed (ier re fog of time, Fee exe, flow Sx Gah'be summed io give total volume RATIO. vc «© F | When the ratio of two values ofthe process ovoie involved SareTy TEM 5 | To.denote an item such a a ele vave or anor... oH | To.denote a hand-operated or hanestarted |_tem [cance cere aren TWe-T¥E OF MSTRUMENT LETTER TIGH vv vhs tH] To denote instrument ction on “high +t Are af the process variable INTERMEDIATE, . . M_ | To.denote instrument setion on termed: TRS uT ot the process arable Low ove eet | To denote instrument setion on low’ se “seo the process variableLISTING PIPING MATERIEL ON DRAWINGS 56 In the engineering construction industry, itis vsua. 2 piping components to be given a code number which appears in the piping specification, in ‘Companies not primarily engaged in plant construction, materiel is Frequentiy listed on drawings. DIFFERENT FORMS OF LIST 581 “This fists usually titled “ist of materi, or preferably, ist of materiel’, as items of hardware are relerred to Parts lit’ and “Bil of materia ae alternate headings. Either » separate list ean be made for moteral on several drawings, or each tirawing sheet ean include alist for items on the particular drawing. Lists on tdrawings are written in the space above the title block. Column headings normally used forthe lst SUGGESTED LISTING SCHEME 562 Vessels, pumps, machinery and instruments are normally listed separtely ping hardware. However, itis not uncommon, on small projets oF tevamp work, to list all materiel on 2 drawing. ‘CLASSIFICATION Fon PIFING COMPONENTS nants. 7] gonvevances To pronieapath | Bog, le ony Soa fom Cefonte Twine van fc pla, vent Pompeo Ta | geranarion:rescpore mut | Semen, eee tc a a et TWeATING OR COOLING: Te wv | change esperar of the Ro thin art ee Tmeasunemenrs yo sewn + | Goan om gear SR ad Ta? | Be OWE: ancilny here Hophacard fisting of items makes rlerence troublesome. The scheme sug (gested in chart §.11 is based ¢* “ne duty of the hardware and can be extended to listing equipment if desirex cems of higher pressure rating ond larger size can be listed first within each cls. LISTING SPECIFIC ITEMS 563 Under the heading DESCRIPTION, olten on drawings the size ofthe item is stated fist. A typical orde is: SIZE (NPS), RATING (clas, schedule number, ttc), NAME {of item), MATERIAL (ASTM or other material specitiction), and FEATURE (desig feature. Descriptions ae best headed by the NAME of the ite, followed by the SIZE, RATING, FEATURE(S), and MATERIAL, As material listings are commonly fondled by data-processing equipment, besinning the description of an item. ‘By namo i of assistance in handling the data, The description for ‘pipe’ is detailed, © NAME: "State "PIPE #8126: Specify nominal pipe size, See 2.1.3 and tables Pt ‘RATING: Specify wall thickness 0 either 2 schedule number, & manufacturers weight, etc. See tables P-1, SCH schedule, STOe standard, XS* exteestcong, XXS* doubleextra stiong, API= American Petroleum lostitute © FEATURE: Specify design feature(s) unless covered by 3 pipe specification for the project, is available seamless of with 2 welded seam— ‘examples of designations ara: SMLS = seamless, FBW = furnace-butt-velded, EAW = eloctricvesistance-velded GALV = galvanized. Specify ends: TEC = threaded and coupled, BE = beveled end, PE = pain end, © MATERIAL: Corbonstee! pipe is often ordered to ASTM AS3 or ‘A106, Grode A or B, Other specfictions are giv in tobles 7.5 an 2.1 POINTS TO CHECK WHEN MAKING THE LIST 504 ‘eSee that al items inthe list have been given a sequential item number ‘© Label the items appesting onthe piping drawings withthe tem number from the list, Write the item number ina circle with a fine fine of aerow pointing 0 the item on the drawing, Each item inthe Fist of materiel i Tadieated in this way once nthe plan or elevational piping drawings © Verify that al data on the ist ogre with: (1) Requirements st out in piping drawings (2) Available hardware in the manvfocturers” catalogs ZaDESIGN OF PIPIN® SYSTEMS: Including Arrangement, Supporting, Insulation, Heating, Venting and Draining of Piping, Vessels and Equipment ARRANGING PIPING 61 GUIDELINES & NOTES oat Simple arrangements. and short lines minimize pressure drops and lower pumping costs. Designing piping so that the arrangément is ‘exible’ ceduces stesses due to mechanical or thermal moverent-reter to figure 6.1 and ‘Stresses on piping’ this setion. Inside buildings, piping is suelly arranged peraliel to building stelwork to simplify supporting and improve appeerence. ‘Outside buildings, piping can be arranged: (1) On piperacks. (2) Near grade in sleepers. (3) 10 trenches. (4) Vertically against steelwork or large items of equipment. PIPING ARRANGEMENT Use stondard available items wherever possible ‘© Do not use miters unless directed to do so ‘+00 not run piping under foundations. (Pipes may be run under grade beams) 1+ Piping may heve to go thru conerete floors or walls. Esteblish these points of penetration a ealy as possible nd inform the group concern fd {architectural or civil) to avoid cutting existing reinforcing bars + Preferably lay piping such as fines to outside storage, toading and receiving facilities, at grade on pipe sleepers (see figure 6.3) if there js no possibilty of future roads or site development ‘4 Avoid burying steam lines that pocket, due to the difficulty of collect ing condensate. Steam lines may be run below grade in trenches provided with covers or (for short rune) in sleeves © Lines that are usually buried include drains and lines bringing in water cr gas. Where long cold winters freeze the soil, burying lines below the Trost fine may avoid the freezing of water and solutions, saving the expense of tracing long horizontal parts of the fines ‘¢loclude removable flanged spaols to aid maintenance, especially at pumps, turbines, end ather equipment that will have to be removed for overhaul 1» Take gas and vapor branch fines from tops of headors where it is necessary to reduce the chence of drawing off condensate (if present) fr sediment which may damage rotating equipment ines drain back into ‘© Avoid pocketing fines-arange piping so that equipment of into lines that can be drained ‘s Vent all high points and drain all low points on lines ~ see figure 6.47. Fdicate vents and drains using symbols in chart 6.7. Carefullyplaced trains and valved vents permit lines to be easily drained or purged ‘during shutdown periods: this sespecially important in freezing climates ‘and can reduce winterizing costs ARRANGE FOR SUPPORTING ‘© Group lines in pipenays, where practicable ‘© Support piping from averhead, in preference to underneath © Run piping beneath platforms, rather than-over them REMOVING EQUIPMENT & CLEANING LINES ‘© Provide union- and flanged joints 0s necessary, and in addition use crosses instead of elbows, to permit removing material thet may solidify igi Dir (Caan iCLEARANCES & ACCESS CL Route piping to obtain adequate clearance for maintaining and cemov ing equipment Locate within reach, or make accessible, all equipment subject to perio- dic operation or inspection ~ with special reference to check valves, pressure rele valves, traps, stiaiers and instruments Take cae to not obstiuct access ways — doorways, escape panel, tuck: way, walkways, iting wells etc. Petition equipment with adequate clearance for operation and maint tenance. Clearances often adopted are given in table 6.1. In some circumstances, thes clearances may be inadequate—for example, with shellandtube heat exchangers, space must be provided to permit withdrawal of the tubes from the shell TABLE 6.1 EARANCES & DIMENSIONS| stagger tan rants 1a suppUt ig set «Koop field welds and other joints t least 3 inches from supporting steel, building siding ther obstruction, Allow room forthe joint tobe mode ‘© Allow room for loops and other pipe arrangements to cope with expan- sion by early consultation with staff concerned with pipe seeing. Notify the structural group of any additional steel required to support such loops THERMAL MOVEMENT Moximum ond minimum lengths of» pipe run will correspond tothe tempera ture extremas to which i is subjected. The amaunt of expansion or shrinkage in steel per degree change in temperature (‘coeficient of expansion’) is ap- proximately the same ~ that Is, the expansion from 40F to 41F is about the same as from 132 F to 133 F, of from 179 F to 180 F, ete. Chart 6.1 gives ‘changes in ine length for changes in temperature, anu eEananees te te nie he —_—— VERTICAL Over walkway, platform, or sft Gin 900 eEetnes, Grate moe CT Seip plate ao wn Ps : aa at ai a P| Over rail ate }-seect rewenatune T Deon eT onan wonizonTALonHENIONS sos = ae ley er! i ta TI F Wan af tere eye fe 3 me 9 { tin | ap ani L venta omensions E : Taio. Te ol lar, pao, os, ta ep TE 3 tae in on 5 so f : ee 2 deh i : - t 3 «Ensure very hot ns not un alacant ine eying tempt ae Ltt tet teat iso eheere whee eat night be uieale ( t i 4 Exbieh slice -heairoom for dvtwork,esnl ect t t 3 | sod a Tet two teins fr pipe run north-south end eta f ‘Co (based on clearance of largest lines, steelwork, ductwork, etc.—sea ‘0 ’ 2 a ‘ 5 ‘ 7 oss Exponsion (inches per 100 ft) Figure 6.49) Elevations of lines are usually chonged when changing horizontal direction where lines ste grouned together or are in 2 congested are, 30 6 not 10 block space where fuiure lines may have to be routedFLEXIBILITY [STRESSES ON PIPING THERMAL STRESSES Changes in temperature of piping, due either to change in temperature © 2 environment or of the conveyed fluid, cause changes in length of the piping. This expansion or conteaction in turn causes strains in piping, supparts and attached equipment. SETTLEMENT STRAINS Foundations of large tanks and heavy equipment ‘may settle or tilt slightly in the course of time. Connected piping end equi ‘ment not on a comman Foundation willbe stressed by the displacement unless the pining is erranged in a configuration flexible enough to occommodste rmultiple-plane movement, This problem should not arise in new construction but eould occur in a modification to a plant unit or process. FLEXIBILITY IN PIPING To reduce strains in piping caused by substantial thermal movement, flexible and expansion joints may be used, However, the use of these joints may be ‘minimized by arranging piping ina flexible manner, a illustrated in figure 6.1. Pipe can flex ii @ direction perpendicular to its length: thus, the longer an offset, of the deeper a loop, the more flexibility is gained. COLD SPRING Cold springing of lines should be avoided i an alternate method can be used. AA Tine may be cold sprung to reduce the amplitude of movement trom thermal expansion of contraction in order: (a) To reduce stress on connec tions, (b) To avaid on interference Figure 6.2 schematically illustrates the use of cald springing for both pur poses, Cold springing in example (a) consists of making the branch in the indicated cold position, which divides thermal movement between the cold ‘and hot positions. In example (0) the cold spring is made equal to the thermal movement. coup semincine Figure 6.2 ner ronn—af) ho OTN ibisIn the following example, cold springing is employed sv'ly to reduce stress: ‘A tong pine connected by 2 SO:deqree elbow and 1.. ye to a nozzle may ‘on heating expand so that it imposes a load on the nozzle in excess of thot tecommended. Assume that piping to the nozzle has been installed at ambient temperature, and that the pipe expands 0.75 inch when hot material flows thu it putting a lateral (sideways) load of 600 Tb an the nozzle. 11 the pipe hed 0.975 inch of its length removed before connection, the room temperature lateral load onthe nozzle would be about 300 Ib instead of zero}, nd the hot load would be reduced to about 300 Ib. ‘The traction of the expansion taken up can be varied. A cold spring of 60% of the expansion between the temperature extremes gives the most benefit in fedcing stess. Cold springing i not recommended if an alternate solution ‘ean be used. Refer to the Code fo PessurePiping ANSI B31 and to table 7.2 RESISTANCE OF PIPING TO FLOW [All piping has resistence to Tow, The smaller the flow cross section and the more abrupt the change in direction of low, the greater is the resistance ond loss of pressure. For 2 particular line size the resistance is proportgnal to the length of pipe, and the resistance of fittings, valves, et may be expressed as @ length of pipe having the same resistance to flow. Table F-10 gives such equivalent lengths of pipe for fittings, valves, etc Table Fo11 gives pressure drops (or water Mowing thw SCH 40 pipe a various rates, Charts to determine the economic size (NPS) of piping are sven inthe Chemical Engineer's Handbook and other sources. Problems of resistance to flow can be quickly solved with the aid of the slidesule calculator obtainable from Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corporation, PO Box 32160, Louise, KY 4022. PIPERACKS {A pipeway" isthe space allocated for routing several parallel adjacent “piperack fs 9 structure inthe pipeway for carrying pipes an is usally fab cated from steel, or concrete and steel, consisting of connected shaped ames termed Dents’ on top of wiih the pes eet. The vertical members of the bents aro termed ‘stanchions’. Fique 6.3 shows two pineracks using this form of construction, one of which is ‘doubledecked’. Piperacks for ‘only two of thee pipes ote made from T'shaped members, termed “Yeohead supports Piperacks ae expensive, but are nacessary for errenging the moin process and serve lines around the. plant site, They are made use of in secondary ways, principally to provide 9 protected location for ancillary equipment Pumps, uiity stations, manifolds, firefighting and festa stations can be focated under the pinerack. Lighting and other fixtores canbe fitted to stan chins. Aitennlel hat mxchangers ean he spnarted above the pinorock; ‘The smallest size of pipe «un on a pipereck without additional support is usally 2 inch, It may be mor snomic ta change proposed smal lines to inch pipe, oF t0 suspend taut from inch oF larger ines, instead of providing additional support. Table §-1 ond chorts $2 give stress and support data for spans of horizontal pine. KEY FOR FIGURE 6.3 SERS RUAN PE atch SRE EY co fogeunee uounsaroonenenn scour eps ent Rit ORT sa OW ecOnGaneait nun at GRADE-SeE NOTE 1 RG ERE tA SRE ERD TEA OF OM Cee ee ee Rae Breen ghOBE Ne MifoLe niche Otten The Geromtuntty ZO Bice the bnbth of nes” « Sincue OFC iB SHON AT AN TER (10, souepimes IVTEREACES ARE ESTABLISHED TO DEFINE BREAKFOINTS FOR EronRGE tit 48 ENRACE conmechioes Yorae wae O* (a0 pres sHOULO BE RACKED OW A SINGLE DECK:IF SPACE PERMITS A Se OP TRB ebaisend ou oe om gn peat a RA A BIER A DERE Calas iE ES SOROS tebe hues Har can Be ORAINED ° 19 SSE HM EPG AARNE AONE SE OFM 0m SNES BREMNM ISTOVALVES IN PIPING DESIGN Valves are used for these purposes: (1) Process control during operat (2) Controlling services and utiliies-steam, wate, sit, gas and oil (3) Isolating equipment or instruments for maintenance (4) Discharging gas, vapor oF Tquid (5) Draining piping and equipment on shutdown (6) Emergency shutdown in the event of plant mishap or fire (WHICH SIZE VALVE TO USE 7 Nearly all valves will be line ize ~ one exception is control valves, which are ‘usually one or two sizes smaller than line size; never lorge. ‘At control stations and pumps it hat been almost traditional to use linesize isolating volves. However, some companies are now using isolating valves at control stations the some size 2 the control valve, and at pumps are using “pump size’ isolating valves at suction and discharge. The choice is usually ‘an economic ane made by 8 project engineer ‘The sizes of bypass valves for control stations are given in 6.1.4, undor “Control (valve) stations’ WHERE TO PLACE VALVES ‘ee 6.3.1 for valving pumps, under ‘Pump emplacement & connections’. 1+ Preferably, place valves in lines from headers (on piperacks) in horizon: tal rather than vertical runs, so that lines can drain when the valves are closed. (In old climates, water hel in lines may freeze and rupture the Piping: such lines should be traced ~ see 6.0.2) To avoid spooling unnecessary lengths of pipe, mount valves directly conto flanged equipment, if the flange is corectly presureated. Soo 18.5.1 under ‘Nozzle loading’ ‘© A relief valve that discharges into header shouldbe placed higher thon the header in order to drain into it + Locate heavy valves near suitable support points, Flanges should be rot closer then 12 inches to the nearest support, so that instalation is ‘not hampered + For eppearance, if practicable, keop centortines of valves at the same height above floor and inline on plan view OPERATING ACCESS TO VALVES © Consider frequency of oper valves 4+ Locate frequenty-operated valves so they are accessible to an operator from grade or platform, Above this height and up to 20 I, use chain op ‘erators or extension stem, Over 20 ft, consider a platform or remote operation ion when locating manually-operated VALVE OPERATING HEIGHTS * TABLE 6:2 we a Zs mar yes Zh 1» nfrequentty-used valves can be feached by @ladder—but consider alter- natives © Donot locate valves on piperacks, unless unavoideble Group valves which would be out of reach so that all can be operated bby praviding 8 platform, if automatic operators ae not used {+ Ifa chain is sed on a hoxizontallymounted valve, take the bottom of the loop towithin 3 ft af foor level for safety, and provide a hook near- by to old the chsn out of the way ~see 3.1.2, under “Chain* ‘#Dornot use chain operators on sewed valves, or on any valve 1¥+inches and smaller ‘+ With tines handling dangerous materials tis bettor to place valves at 2 suitably low level above grade, floar, platform, et. so thatthe operator ‘does not have to reach above head height ACCESS TO VALVES IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ‘+ Locate main isolating valves where they can be reached in an emergency such as an outbreak of fire ora plant mishop. Make sure thot personnel ill beable to reach valves easily by walkway or automobile + Locote menualy-operated valves atthe plant perimeter, or outside the hazardous rea © Ensure that automatic operators ond their contol lines will be prot: ected from the effects offre 1 Make use of brick or concrete walls as posibe fire shields for valve stations Inside a plant, place isolating vals in accesible positions to shut feed lines for equipment and proceses having a fire risk 1+ Consider the use of automatic valves in firefighting systems to release water, foom and other firefighting agents, responding to heat fusible links, smoke dotectors, ete, triggered by fice or undue risen temperature advice may be oained from the insurer andthe local fre department L_ AEN RENEER eccrine resenerebnemenen, _nettpsatetenrennnaenermamenemec hee weInARE WAIN TENANCE slin’LE ‘s _ Provide access for mabile lifting equipment to handle heavy valves Consider providing lifting davits for heavy ws difficult to move by ‘other means, if access is restricted eI possible, errange valves so that supports will not be on removable spools: z t* 8 Applug vahe requiring lubrication must be easily accesible, eventhough it may not be frequently operated WHI MAKE MAINTENANCE SAFE fe Use line-blind valves, spectacle plates or the “double block and bleed where postive shutoff is required either for maintenance or process needs ~ see 2.7 ORIENTATION OF VALVE STEMS ‘sDonot point vlve stems into walkways. truckwoys, ladder space, etc, fe Unless necessary, do not arrange gate and globe valves with their stems pointing downward (at any angle below the horizontal), as:— {1 Sediment may collect in the gland pecking and score the stem. (2) A projecting stem may be a hazard to personnel If an inverted position is necessary, consider employing 2 dripshield Consider valvecosing time in shutting down or throttling large fines. Rapid tlogure of the valva requir” —xpid dissipation of the liquid's kinetic energy, ‘with risk of rupturing the .uie, Long-distance pipelines present an example of this problem. ‘A liquid line fitted with» fast-closing vale should be provided witha stand- pine upstream and close to the valve to absorb the kinetic eneray of the Fiquid. A standpipe is @ closed vertical branch on a line: air or other gas i ‘rapped in this branch to form a pneumatic cushion, If THERE IS NO PAID a Provide valves at headers, puinps, equipment, et., to ensure that the system will be presuretght for hydrostatic testing, and to allow equip tment to be removed for maintenance without shutting down the system ‘8 Provide isolating valves in all small fines branching from headers—for ‘example, se figure 6.12 ‘© Provide isolating volves at all instrument pressure points for removal of instruments under operating conditions 1s Provide valved drains on all tanks, vessels, ete. end other equipment which may contain or collect liquids Protect sensitive equipment by using # fastclosing check valve to stop backflow before it ean gather momentum ‘s Consider buttswelding or ring joint flanged valves for tines containing hazardous or ‘searching’ fluids. Hydrogen is especialy Hable to leak 8 Consider seal welding serewed vals if used in hydrocarbon service tea chart 2.3 (inset sketch) Provide sutficiont valves to control flows 8 Consider providing a conerote pit (usuelly about 4 ft x 4 ft) for a valve which ie to be located below grade ‘8 Consider use of temporary closures for positive shutoff—see 2.7 Provide a bypass if nacessary for equipment which may be taken out of sevice Provide a bypass valve around contro stations if continuous How is required. Seo 6.1.4 and figure 66, The bypass should be at least os farge as the control valve, and is usally globe type, unless G-nch or farger when a gate valve is normally used (see 3.1.4, under ‘Gate valve’) ‘e Provide an upstream isolating valve with a smell valved bypass to eauip- rant which may be subject to fracture if heat is too rapidly applied on ‘opening the isolating valve. Typical use iin steam systems to lessen the tisk of fracture of such things es castings, vitreoustined vessels, ete ‘e Consider providing large gate valves with 2 valved bypass to equalize pressure on either side of the disc to reduce effort needed to open the valve Ua ABLE ~ 6.PIPING SAFETY & RELIEF VALVES Reter to 3.1.9 for valve orientation Extend safetyalve discharge risers thet discharge to atmosphere at least 10 ft above the roo! line or platform for safety. Support tha ‘vent pipe s0 as aot to stisin the valve or the piping to the valve Pointing the discharge line upward (cc figure 6.4) imposes less stress when the vabe discharges than does the horizontal arrangement The downstream side of a safety vahe should be unobstructed and involve the minimum of piping, The downstream side of a reliel or safety-eliel valve is piped to a lief header or knockout drum~see 6.11.3, under "Venting gases’, end 6.12, under ‘Relieving pressuro— liquids Pipe exhoustng to atmosphere is cut square, not ata slant as formerly done, as no real advantage is gained forthe cost involved Normally, do not instal a valve upstream of @ pressurerlief valve protecting @ vessel or system from excessive pressure, However, if an ‘olating valve is used to facilitate meintenance of a presture-elit valve, the isolating valve is ‘locked open’~sometimes termed ‘car sealed open’ (CSO) In critica applications, wo pressureelit valves provided with isolating onaverem tT Ties tnd trom such gave over by the Code fo INSTALLING BUTTERFLY VALVES Ensure that the dist has room to rotate when the valve is installed, as the dise enters the piping in the open position Place buterlly valves with integral gaskets between welding neck oF socket welding flanges-see 3.1.6, under “Buttertly vole’. The usual ‘method of welding a slip-on flange (see figure 2.7) will not give an adequate seal, unless the pipe is finished smooth with the face of the Hanne RELIEF VALVE, ersAreTy RELIEF wae ISOLATING VALVE: is 10 FT MIN, ABOVE [VAPOR TO ATMOSPHERE {germ nove ‘IsCHARGE Tp] |ronsarerv vaLve ? I4INCH DRAIN HOLE t TISCHARGE ron sarery| VALVE VAPOR TO ATMOSPHERE. DISCHARGE FOR AELIEF VALVE On SAFETY. RUE VALVE VAPOR ANDJOR LIQUID YoRELICF LINE TEFEN TO 63:3 UNDER PIPING SAFETY AND RELIEF VALVES’ REGARDING USE OF AN SOLATING VALVE IN THIS POSITION Trea SPOOL BETWEEN THE TWO VALVES 15 NOT USED, THE BLEED VALVE MAY FloURE 64 at‘CONTROL (VALVE) STATIONS. 1a ‘A control station is an arrangement of ¢ toed to reduce and regulate the pressure wf liquid. +g in which a contcol valve is 1 of flaw of steam, gas, oF —— Conta sttions should be designed so thatthe control valve ca slated ser emaved Tor servicing, To facilitate this the piping of the stations should a eonble ax etcumstances pect. Figure 65 shows wavs af permiting rae cleave removal in welded or srewed systems. Figure 6.6 shows the besie arrangement for eontat station piping “The two isolating valves permit servicing ofthe contro valve. The emergency Inyass valve is used for manual cuttin ifthe contrl valve i oof action “Te bypass ve is wsully a lobe valve af the sme size and presur ating ape nti va. For manual fenuation i Fines Ginch and lrg, a te saree alten the more economic choice forthe bypasline—refer to 2.1.4, ‘under ‘Gate vale’. Figures 871 show othar ways of axranging contral stations=many Move ‘dnigns than these are possible. Thes illstations ee all schematic and can te adapted to both welded and screwed systems. DESIGN POINTS. For best contra place the contra station close to the equipment it enves, and locate it et grade or operating platform level Provide a pressure-gage connection dawnstream ofthe stations valves ‘Depending on the operation of the plant, this connection may either be ited with 8 permanent pressure indicating gape, or be usad to attach a aoe temporarily (for checking purposes) «t Preferabiy, do nat ‘sandwich’ valves. Place a leat one ofthe isolating raver ingvertical ine so that a spool canbe taken out alfowing the con twol vale to be removed ‘eth the equipment and piping downstream of the station is of lower preszare fating than piping upsiceam, it may be necessary +o protect the downstream system with 2 pressureeliel valve «Provide a vlved drain neu to end upstre ofthe control vaNe Tose {poce, he dain spaced on the reduce. The dain vate allows presse teancen the izolting valve(s) and control valve to be released. One thin isusedif the control valve fils open, and two drains (one each side fof the control valve) ifthe control valve fails closed e Locate stations in rack piping at grade, next to @ bent or column for ceaty supporting DRAFTING THE STATION In plan viow, instead of drawing the vahes, et the station i show? rectangle abled “SEE OETAIL "X”* of ‘OWG “Y"-DETAIL "Xi the elevotional detail appears an another shoet, See chart 6.7 UTILITY STATIONS 61s ‘utility station uslly comprises thee series fins earying steam, com press at and wat The sam line is aarally inch minimum, andthe rr two services aro usually cared in Tinh fines. These services are for ‘leaning local equipment and hosing floor, (Firewater i taken (om points fed from an independent water supply ) “The steam lines fitted witha globe valve and the air and water lines with gate valves, All are terminated with hose connections about 34 ft above floor or rede. A utility station should be located at some convenient steel column (1 srpporting, a al eros ita to zavve coud hr eeachable with @ 60 hase. Most companies have a standard design for @ utility station. Figure 6.12 hows 2 design for a stendard station which cen be copied onto one of the tasign drenings for relerence, or otherwise supplied withthe drewings 10 he trecting contactor wo usually runs the necessary Ties. A oration used ‘on plan views to indicate the station and services required is Genvices|sream aim. waren] AIR waTEn|STEAM WATER [STEAM AIR] SAW |AW|SsSW |SA ‘STATION Figure uriury starion 1 subject to freezing conditions, ult statin steam fines are usually trapped {othervize, the trp can be omitted). Water fs sometimes run underground ia toy efits using an additional underground cock or pg valve with an eX- fended Rey for operating, and a slf-draining valve at the base of the riser ‘Another method to prevent freezing, is to run the water and steam lines iva common insulation. "SURES A&G?7 SCHEMATIC CONTROL “TATION ARRANGEMENTS i PIPING FITTINGS ALLOWING CONTROL VALVE REMOVAL THREADED CONTROL VALVES FLANGED CONTROL VALVES. ARRANGEMENTS FOR ANGLE CV's Y STATIONS FOR LIQUIDS HARMFUL TO PERSONNEL VEO————————— ARRANGING SUPPORTS FOR PIPING 62 Pipe is eld either trom above by hangers or supports of various yo on ver itrst, Hongers ao aio loved to es supports efor to 2.12 for typical hardware. ——— tn the open single pipes ae usually routed so that they may be supported by Tretores to buildings or structures. A group of parallel pipes in the open is formally supported on 2 piperack-se 6.1.2 ‘Within @ building, piping is routed primarily with regard to its process uty ae acondery with regard to existing structural steelwork, or to structure] Sret whieh may be conveniently edded. Separate pipe holding structures in side buildings are care FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM OF SUPPORT 2a ‘The mechanical requirements of the piping support system are (1) To cary the weight of the piping filed with water (or ther auld Teciwed) and insutation if used, with an ample safety margin ~ use & fbetor of 3 (= ratio of load just causing failure of support oc hanger rrrvattoad) or the safety factor specified forthe project. External Tpoaing factors to be considered ae he wind loads, te probable weight tf ice buildup in cold climates, and seismic shock in some areas ay To ensure thatthe material from which the pie is made isnot sess tevond a safe iit, In continuous runs of pip, maximum tensile stress tevars inthe pipe cross sections atthe supports. Table S- gives spans fot ster filed stocl and aluminum pipe at the respective stres limits 4000 vied 2000 psi Chats S-2 give the maximum overhangs a 31 riser is eluded in the span. The system of supports should minimize the inwroduction of twisting forces in the piping due to offset toads on the supports; the method of cantilevered setions set out in 6.24 substantially eliminates torsional forces 19). Toallow for draining. Holdup of liquid con occur due to pipes saging domeen supports. Complete dining is ensured by making adjacent fupports adequately tilt the pipe-see 6.2.0 (4) To permit thermal expansion and contraction of the piping—se 6.1.1, under 'Stessos on piping’ (6) To withstend and dampen vibrational forces epplied tothe piping by compressors, pumps, eX, PIPING SUPPORT GROUP RESPONSIBILITIES 622 ‘A large company will usually have a specialist pining support group espons ible for designing and arranging supports. This group wil note all required Supports on the. piping drawings (terminal jb) and will add drawings of any special details. ‘The piping support group works in cooperation with stress enalyss grou? tr the twa may be combined as one groupwhich investigates areas of stress {due to thermal movement, vibration, etc, and makes recommendations 10 the pining group The tes group shouldbe supplied with preliminary layouts fn this purpase by the piping qroup, as early as possible. ‘Supports for lines smaller than Z-inch and aoneritical lines ae often let 10 eee el to arcange bv noting ‘FIELO SUPPORT" on the piping drawing. LOADS ON SUPPOR Role to tblesP-1, which lst the weights per foot of pipe and contained eater (ee 6.112) Weights of fittings. flanges, valves, bolts and inslaton are fiven in tables W-1 compiled from suppliers’ data [ARRANGING POINTS OF SUPPORT 623 Pipe supports should be arangod bearing in mind al five points in 67.) Teuide buildings, its usually necesary to arrange supports relative to existog structural steelwork, and this cestricts choice of support points ‘The method of support set out in 6.24 is ideal: In practice, some comero, Tree may be nevesary. The use of dummy les and the adition of plees of ‘ructural steel may be needed to obtain optimal support arrangements, CALCULATING PREFERRED POINTS OF SUPPORT 624 Ideally, each point of support would be st the center of gravity of an trocisted length of piping, Carrying this seheme thru the entire piping Systom would substantially celeve the system from twisting forces, and ‘Suppor would be only stressed vertically. A method of balancing sections ff pipe at single support points is iustrated for a staight run of pine in figure 6.13, BALANCING SECTIONS OF PIPE FrgURE 6.13 Considor hanger ® associated with a length of pipe b. This tenth of pipe te supported by 6, located at its center of gravity, whichis atthe midway point foro stright length of uniform pipe. Hangers A, ©, O and & ae Tikowise placed at the respective centers of gravity of lengths of pipe a,c. Land e- tt any length of pipe is omoved, the balance ofthe est ofthe line ‘would be unaffected. Each of the hangers must be designed 10 adequately “Support the load ofthe associated pipingsee 6.2.1, point (1) “The presence of heavy flanges, valves, et. in the piping will tthe center Of gravity away from the midpoint of the associated length. Calculation ff support points and loadings is more quickly done using simple algebra ‘Answers may be found by making tvial-and-error caleuations, but this fs ‘much more tedious. fIGURES ~~ 55-6.1186.19 qcorrect location of piping supports ean be determined by the use of ‘moments Sf force! Multiplying a force by the distance of’ we of action from a point gives the ‘moment’ of the force about that point. A moment af force can be expressed in Ib-t (pounds weight times fet distance), The forces involved in support ealelations either are the reaetions at supports and ngzzes, Fare the downwardactin forces due tothe weight of pipe, fittings, valves, ete In figure 6.14{e), the moment about the support of the two tnges i {30 20)(18) = 800 lb-ft, counterclockwise. The moment of the 100-Ie aie about the support is (200)(8) = 800 Ib-t, clockwise. As tho lengths of pipe each side of the support ae sbout the soma, thy may be omitted roe the moment equation. The problem is simplified to balancing the valve and flanges. . pomre| mst . — “ Tow | [eee jon rane pees SOrrORT a ‘Suppose it ws cequited to balance tis fength of piping with a 120 1b vel ‘onthe right-where should the 120 Ib valve be placed? it x represents the unknown distance of the the piping section would be in balance i: Referring to figure 6.14(b), 120 Ib valve from the suppo (60(16) = (1201) That is, it x = (60)(16)(120) = (B00Y/(120) = 6 ft Bin. —— ‘A more involved example follows:~ Figure 6.15 shows 2 length of 4inch piping held by the Ranges FC coat and support . The lengths of associated piping ae shown by dathed separation lines, Tha weights of pipe and fitings are shown on te dewien sreevtinch pipe is assumed to weigh 16 Ib por foot of length. Welded bows and tees are assumed to weigh the same as fie pipe, First consider the section associated with hanger F. The weight of sine "0 tactoft of Fis (15](20 —x) Ib and as its conta of gravity fst (20 ~=/(2) He Te moment on the hanger is (15120 ~ x)2/2) ttt The heavy valve ond tlanger ae assumed to havo their mas conter 6 (from tho end, and Welt fnoment is (x 8360) Itt. gnoring the pipe ‘replaced’ by the valve the wrist of pipe to the ight of F i (15}¢x) fb and its moment about F ‘CALCULATING PiPe SUPPORTS Figunes. o=—— penores NOS oF BALANCED a ixSgoetareo LeNorws) (1520 —xy(2) = (960Nbx— 81+ (1814920/2) x =(G0V/(11), or about 7 1¢3 In. “The x2 terms ceneled~this must be s0, 35 thare an physically be oly one salue for. The load on hanger Fis (201(15) + (360) or 660 Ib. “Tho support 4 should be atthe centr of the asocated Iength of pipe, a Trai, Bnowm in figure 6.16, andthe foad on the support i (30) 18), or 450 tb “The tanger G is easly seen to be suitably placed, as there i § tt of neh pipe overhanging each sie, Only te oad onthe hanger nea be calculted, ich i (5-45 +24 + 2)(15) + (10), or $50 Ib “The location of hanger H tas to be found by a calculation tik that for anger F, except thatthe heevy terminal lng as also ta be taken into ecaunt. Tho moment equation in Ib is (200)(y ~ 0.5) + (15Ny 20/2) = (15) 10 ~ 9712) + (401010 = 30 hich gives as nearly 21 8 in “The toad on hanger His about (2201+(21(40}4(151(10), or 4901. t | |PROBLEM OF THE END “The supported length at one end of a run of niping may be cantilevered in the same way as the other lengths, and th, the advantage thot if the Piping terminates at a nozzle the load on the nozzle fs minimal. However Tt may be necessary to use or arange a support ator near the end of @ piping run, if the end of the run is vertical, the end support should be Gexigned to carry the vertical run, The problem is usually more complex ‘wtvon the end of the, run is horizontal ‘The locatians of fittings and support points will usually be already defined, and the problem i to calculate the reaction on the terminal support and to see that the support is designed to withstand the load on it, In eGeuteting the load on the terminal suppor, it should be made cortan thet fhe load is downward-with some arrangements, the piping would tend to ‘aise itself off the terminal support (negative toad) and if this type of Srrangement is not changed, the terminal support will have to anchor the piping ‘The sketch shows a horizontal end arrangement. Taking moments in Ibft about the support A: TS nin ¢159(40y(9 (10) = (15018 + 29049008 + 2) + (1001(18) ~ (AICTE + 2) wien aves A= 202% Bo. “The reaction, Fon the support A can be calculated by taking moments about the support B of another axis, or more simply by equating vertical fores: + 202% = (16)(10+18#2) + 100 = 650, which gives F = 947% Ib. PROBLEM OF THE RISER ‘Supports for lines changing in girection cen be calculated by the cantilever method. Sketch (2) below shows that the weight of the vertical part of the piping can be divided between two cantilevered sections in any proportion ried to the available support points. Sketches (b) and (c) show the vertical piing asociated wholly with the lef- or righthand cantilevered sctions ‘The pining may be supported by means of 8 dummy leg, if diect support {is not practicable (Text CONTINUES OVERLEAF] re toon yeh mathe pms gui eneaton oF tig oa re og ss a1 Orme plan tay contin al (8 above) a fal Dei ; ‘Tins see rt toe uoow nape tet Crop pomenta om mips My ad Ma, 1 coors cana 6 sie + “ru sane rath cm be ned i be we cre ifn am BO eet, {i} Toe ane ne must pn pot of opr hea le nt a Pee Be Socata mene crc Wom te Pie (2) Te metog doe got ake Terie ti ore an ware FIGURES 6.1‘This problem often occurs when running pipes from ane pipereck to another, with ' change in elevation, as in figure 6.15. Too "uch overhang wil stress the material of the pipe beyond a safe limit near «xf the supports adjacent ta the bend, and the designer needs to know the allowable overhang. ‘The stresses set up in the meteral of the pipe set practical limits on the ‘overhangs allowed at. comers. The problem is like that for spans of straight pine allowable between supports, Overhangs permitted by stated Timits for stress are given in charts S-2. pipe SUPPORTS ALLOWING THERMAL MOVEMENT. 02s Piping subject to large temperature changes should be routed so o¢ 10 flex under the changes in lengthsee figure 6.1. However, hangers and supports fnust permit these chenges in length. Figures 2.72 A & B show selection ff hangers and supports able to accommodate movement, Far single pines fhung Tram rod or bar hangers, the hanger should be suficiently ong to limit total movement to.10 degress of arc SPRING SUPPORTS. “There are two basic types of spring support: (1) Variable load. (2) Constant load—refer to 2.12.2, Apart from cost, the choice between the two types depends on how crtiesl the circumstances are. For example if a vertical line Supported on a rigid support at Toor level is subject to thermal! movement, innblespring hanger of support at the top of the line i sutable-see figure 6.16 (a) and (bh. 1 a hotline comes down to a nozzle connect it is necesary 10 keep the nozzle substantially free from vertical toading, 1 constant-load henger can be used-see figure 6.16(c). Cheaper slterrate methods of supporting the load sre by a cableheld weight working over & pulley, os illustated in figure 6.16(d, oF by a cantilvered weight ted to 2 vesel of mochine, and VARIABLE: & CONSTANT-LOAD MANGERS & SUPPORTS FigURE 6.16 ‘SLOPED LINES AVOID POCKETING 026 AND AID DRAINING ‘As pipeisnot completely rigid, snging betwen points of support must occur Io umny instaners,saqinn is acento, but in athers it must be restricted. “The nature of the conveyed material, the proces, and flow requirements determine how much sagging can be accepted. Sayuing i reduced by bringing adjacent points of suppor” ser. Pocketing of quid due to sagging can be tliminoted by sloping the sine so that the difference in height between ‘diacant supports is ot least equal to triple the deflection (seg) atthe mid- point, Lines which require sloping include blowdown headers, pressurerelet nes, and some process, condensate nd air fines (Ar lines are discussed in 6.3.2, end draining of eomprssod-air ines in 6.11.4.) Complete draining may be required for lines used in batch processing t0 void contamination, or where 2 product held in a line may degenerate oF polymerize, or were solids may settle and become ® problem, In freezing conditions, ines conveying condensate {rom traps to drains ae sloped: condensate headers may be sloped (a5 an alternative to steam tracing), ‘éepending on the rate of flow. In tho past, steam fines were sloped to assist in clearing condensate, but the improved draining is now not considered to be worth the difficulty end expense involved. SLOPED LINES ON PIPERACKS Sloped lines can be carted on brackets attached to the pipereck stanchions {aor figure 6.3). To obtain the required change in elevation at each bent, the brackets may be atteched atthe required elevations alternately, a series ff brackets can be arranged at the same elevation end the slope obtained by using shoos of eilferentsizes-this method teads to fewer construction problems ‘Shoes of graded sizes ae also the best method for sloping smaller lines on the piperack, It is not usual or desirobe to hang lines from the piperack uness cessor vertical clearances can be maintained. SLOPED LINES IN BUILDINGS Inside a building, both large and smal sloped fines can rest on ste! brackets, or be held with hangers. ods with turnbuckls are used for hangers on fines Tequired to be sloped, Otherwise, drilled flat bac can be used. (Adjustable brackets are available from the Unistrut and Kindort ranges of support hrdvare.) SUPPORTING PIPE MADE FROM PLASTICS OR GLASS 627 Pine made either from flexible or rigid plastics cannot sustain the same span foads at metal pipe, and requices @ greater number of support points. One way of providing support isto lay the pine upn lengths of steel channel sec- tions of Poll sections of pipe, or by suspending it from other steel pipes. The ‘chaee of stool section would depend an the span toads and the sie and type plastic pipe. For alas process and drain fines, hangars for sco ie are used, provided that thoy hold the pipe without easing local strains and are padded so 0s not to tick the pipe. Rubber and asbesias paddings ae suitable. Uninsulated horizontal lines (rom 1 to G inch in size containing ges or liquid of specific gpevty less than 1.2 should be supported at 8 to 10 ft intevals. Couplings and fittings should be about 1 ft from a point of support 10>