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Defined 2. Phylogeny vs. Tokogeny 3. Clade and Monophyletic Group 4. Sister Group

This document outlines the topics to be covered in a course on phylogenetics. It introduces key phylogenetic terms like phylogeny, cladogram, characters and homology. It discusses Willi Hennig's contribution to phylogenetic systematics. It also covers cladistics methodology, including constructing taxon-by-character matrices and evaluating cladograms based on parsimony. Finally, it discusses sources of character variation such as morphology and genetic DNA sequences.

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Patricia Hariramani
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314 views36 pages

Defined 2. Phylogeny vs. Tokogeny 3. Clade and Monophyletic Group 4. Sister Group

This document outlines the topics to be covered in a course on phylogenetics. It introduces key phylogenetic terms like phylogeny, cladogram, characters and homology. It discusses Willi Hennig's contribution to phylogenetic systematics. It also covers cladistics methodology, including constructing taxon-by-character matrices and evaluating cladograms based on parsimony. Finally, it discusses sources of character variation such as morphology and genetic DNA sequences.

Uploaded by

Patricia Hariramani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

A.

Phylogeny
1. Defined
2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny
3. Clade and monophyletic group
4. Sister group

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

A.

Phylogeny
1. Defined
2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny
3. Clade and monophyletic group
4. Sister group

Willi Hennig (German; 1913-1976)

Grundzge einer Theorie der Phylogenetischen Systematik (Hennig, 1950).

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

B.

Cladogram
1. Defined
2. Styles
2. Branches and nodes; internal vs. external branches

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

C.

Characters and homology


1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

C.

Characters and homology


1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy

e.g., useful characters for tetrapod phylogenetics


Skeletal Limbs (legs): zero, four
Fur: no, yes
Tail: yes, no
Bipedality: no, yes

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

C.

Characters and homology


1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy

e.g., useful characters for tetrapod phylogenetics


Skeletal Limbs (legs): zero, four
Fur: no, yes
Tail: yes, no
Bipedality: no, yes
Outgroup: fish (also some invertebrate)
Ingroup: (amphibians, reptiles, monkeys, nonhuman apes, humans)

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

C.

Characters and homology


1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy

Birds

Bats

Insects

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

C.

Characters and homology


1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy

Modern cetaceans: vesitigial pelvis &, occassionally hind limbs

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

C.

basilosaurids and dorudontids (ca. 40-30 Ma)


Characters and homology
1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy

Basilosaurus
had 2 tiny legs,
probably used
as claspers
when mating.

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


II.

Cladistics

A.

The taxon-by-character matrix

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


II.

Cladistics

B.

Synapomorphies as evidence of recency of common ancestry


1. Ingroup vs. outgroup
2. Parsimony and Ockhams Razor
3. Parsimony the optimality criterion as a means of dealing with incongruence

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


II.

Cladistics

C.

Minmizing steps is the practical application of parsimony

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Snail
Hagfish
Perch
Salamander
Lizard
Mouse
Chimp
Human

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Lungs, 4-legs
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Claws or nails
Lungs, 4-legs
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Fur; mammary glands


Claws or nails
Lungs, 4-legs
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Loss of tail
Fur; mammary glands
Claws or nails
Lungs, 4-legs
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics

Loss of tail
Fur; mammary glands
Claws or nails

10
steps

Lungs, 4-legs
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

Lungs, 4-legs
Lungs, 4-legs

vertebrae; jaws

vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

Claws or nails
Claws or nails
Lungs, 4-legs

Lungs, 4-legs

vertebrae; jaws

vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

Fur; mamm
Fur; mammary glands

Claws or nails

Claws or nails
Lungs, 4-legs

Lungs, 4-legs

vertebrae; jaws

vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?

Fur; mamm
Fur; mammary glands

Claws or nails

Claws or nails

Lungs, 4-legs

Lungs, 4-legs

vertebrae; jaws
tail

vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
17
steps

Fur; mamm
Fur; mammary glands

Claws or nails

Claws or nails

Lungs, 4-legs

Lungs, 4-legs

vertebrae; jaws
tail

vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


II.

Cladistics

C.

Minmizing steps is the practical application of parsimony

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


III. Sources of variation for characters
A.

Morphological and anatomical variation

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


III. Sources of variation for characters
B.

Genetic (e.g., DNA sequence) variation


1. Source of genetic data
2. Alignment of DNA sequences.

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


III. Sources of variation for characters
B.

Genetic (e.g., DNA sequence) variation


1. Source of genetic data
2. Alignment of DNA sequences.

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


III. Sources of variation for characters
B.

Genetic (e.g., DNA sequence) variation


1. Source of genetic data.
2. Alignment of DNA sequences.

BIOL 471 Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics


I.

Phylogenetic terms and concepts

A.

Phylogeny
1. Defined
2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny
3. Clade and monophyletic group
4. Sister group

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