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Types of Research

Research can be defined as any gathering of data or information to advance knowledge. It involves posing a question, collecting data to answer it, and presenting an answer. Nursing research specifically aims to gather new or existing data to solve problems, and is characterized by rigorous analysis. It emphasizes developing generalizations and theories to predict future occurrences based on empirical evidence. The main types of research are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Descriptive research reports what is happening through surveys while analytical research critically evaluates available information. Applied research aims to solve practical problems while fundamental research formulates theory.

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2K views16 pages

Types of Research

Research can be defined as any gathering of data or information to advance knowledge. It involves posing a question, collecting data to answer it, and presenting an answer. Nursing research specifically aims to gather new or existing data to solve problems, and is characterized by rigorous analysis. It emphasizes developing generalizations and theories to predict future occurrences based on empirical evidence. The main types of research are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Descriptive research reports what is happening through surveys while analytical research critically evaluates available information. Applied research aims to solve practical problems while fundamental research formulates theory.

Uploaded by

Priya Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Definitions of Research :

In the broadest sense of the word, the


definitions of research includes any gathering
of data, information for the advancement of
the knowledge
(Martyn Shultle worth 2008).

There

is another definition of research


given by Creswell J.W (2008) who says,
Research is a process of steps used to
collect and analyze information to
increase our understanding of a topic or
issue. It consists/of/three steps : Pose a
question, collect data to answer the
questions and present and answer to the
question.

Characteristics of Nursing
Research
It

involves the gathering of new and


existing data from new sources or firsthand information.
It is directed toward the solution of the
problem.
It is analytical. It is characterized by
carefully designed procedures in
collecting data and rigorous analysis in
interpreting them.

It

emphasizes the development of


generalizations, principles, and theories
that may be helpful in predicting future
occurrence.
It is empirical. It is based on direct
experience and demands accurate
observation and description of what is
being studied.

It

strives to be logical, applying every possible


test to validate the procedures being employed
so that the researcher has confidence in the
results.
It is honest and characterized by patient and
unhurried activities.
It can be replicated to enable the researcher to
achieve valid and comprehensive results.
It requires innovative approaches.
It is carefully recorded and reported.

Scientific Inquiry
Observable,

verifiable data is collected in

order to:
Describe
Explain
Predict events

Need of Nursing Research


Provide

a scientific basis for the nursing


profession.
Develop and evaluate new techniques for
delivering patient care that is vital to
patients health needs.
Develop
tools for assessing the
effectiveness of nursing interventions.

Provide

solutions to problems concerning health


maintenance, health delivery and health care.
Help determine the areas of need relative to
nursing practices such as patient-teaching and
nurse-patient relationships.
Develop and evaluate alternative approaches to
nursing education that would enable that student to
gain broad knowledge and specialized skills for
safe practice.
To prepare oneself to be a diligent practitioner of
research.

Scientific Method

Select/define a problem
Formulate a research
question/hypothesis
Collect data
Analyze data
Report results
9

Types of Research
The main types of research as follows :
Descriptive vs. Analytical
Applied Vs. Fundamental
Quantitative Vs. Qualitative
Conceptual Vs. Empirical
Other Types of Research

Descriptive Research
Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding
enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive
research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at
present. In social sciences and business research, we quite
often use the term ex-post facto research for descriptive
research studies. The main characteristics of this method is
that the researcher has no control over the variables, he can
only report what has happened or what is happening. Most expost facto projects (research projects) are used for descriptive
studies in which the researcher seeks to measure such items,
for example frequency of shopping, preferences of people or
similar data.

The ex-post facto studies also include attempts by researches


to discover causes even when they cannot control the
variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive
research are survey methods of all kinds including comparative
and correlatonal methods.
In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to
use facts or information already available and analyze these to
make a critical evaluation of the material.
Applied Vs. Fundamental : Research can either be applied (or
action) research or fundamental(to basis or pure) research.
Applied research aims at funding a solution for an immediate
problem facing a society to an industrial/business organization,
whereas fundamental research is manly concerned with the
generalizations and with the formulation of the theory,

Gathering knowledge for knowledges sake is termed pure or


basic research. Research concerning some natural
phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of
fundamental research, but research aimed at certain
conclusions(say a solution) facing a concrete business. Social
or business problem is an example of applied research.
Quantitative Vs. Qualitative Research :
Quantitative
research is based on the measurement. Of quantity or amount.
It is applicable to a phenomena that can be explained in terms
of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is
concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. phenomena
relating to or involving.

Conceptual VS. Empirical : Conceptual research is that related


to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by the
philosophe and thinkers to develop new concepts or to refer to
existing ones On the other hand the empirical research relies
on experience or observation alone, often will out due regard
for system or theory. It is data based research coming up with
conclusions which one is capable of being verified by
observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental
type of research.

Some Other Type of Research


All other type of research are variations of one or more of the
above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of
research, or the time required to accomplish results. From the
point of view of time, we can think of research either as one
time research or longitudinal research. In the former case the
research is confined to a single time period, whereas in the
lather case the research is carried on over several time
periods.
Research can be field based/setting research or laboratory
research or simulation research, depending upon the
environment in which it is to be carried out.

Some Other Type of Research


Research can as well be understood as empirical or diagnostic
research. Such research follow case study methods or in-depth
approaches to reach the basic causal relations. The research
can be exploratory or it many be formalized. The objective of
the exploratory research is the development of the hypotheses
rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies
are those with substantial structure and with specific
hypotheses to be tested. Then there is historical research
which uses, historical sources the documents, remains etc. to
study events or ideas of the past including the philosophy of
persons and graphs at any remote point time.

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