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Physical Science Overview-1

Physical science is the study of matter and energy and their interactions. Matter is composed of elements, which are made up of atoms. Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms can combine to form molecules through bonds. Physical changes alter the state of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes alter the actual materials. Important scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr contributed theories to our understanding of atomic structure.

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785 views5 pages

Physical Science Overview-1

Physical science is the study of matter and energy and their interactions. Matter is composed of elements, which are made up of atoms. Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms can combine to form molecules through bonds. Physical changes alter the state of matter without changing its chemical makeup, while chemical changes alter the actual materials. Important scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr contributed theories to our understanding of atomic structure.

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Physical Science

Maegan Cox

What is physical science? Physical science is the science of


matter and energy and their interactions.
When such a statement about principles or patterns in nature
endures over time and survives consistent test, it is called
scientific law.
Atoms, Elements, & Molecules
Most of the universe is composed of matter and energy.
o Energy- the ability to do work
o Matter- any substance that has mass and occupies
space and makes up the physical universe. Matter is
composed of elements
o Elements are physical substances that are composed of
one single type of atom (smallest pieces of matter).
Elements in the Periodic Table are classified as
metals, non-metals, and metalloids. The Periodic
Table organizes atoms by increasing atomic
number.

Atoms are the building block of matter. Atoms are made up


of mostly empty space.
Atoms contain several component particles:
o Proton- positive charge
o Neutron- neutral charge
o Electron- negative charge
Protons and neutrons have a mass of 1 amu. AMU
stands for atomic mass unit.
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of
an atom.
Molecules are collections of atoms of more than one
element, where the elements exist in a definite, fixed ratio.
o Atoms in a molecule are joined together by bonds.
The three most common type of bonds are:
Ionic bond- where atoms gain or lose
electrons to other atoms
Covalent bond- where atoms share electrons
Hydrogen bond- where a weak electrical
attraction holds atoms together
Atoms and molecules are difficult to visualize because they
are so small.
Heat Energy & Matter
Potential energy- stored up energy
Kinetic energy- energy of moving objects
Heat energy- energy of moving particles
The more heat energy a substance has, the faster
its particles move, and the hotter the substance
becomes.
Evaporation & Types of Matter
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is transformed
into a gas.
Evaporation can only occur when a liquid is present and
when the relative humidity in the air is less than 100%.

Evaporation also requires energy, generally in the form of


heat.
Gas- the state of matter with no definite shape or volume
and can expand without limit.
Liquid- A state of matter that has a definite shape volume
but no shape of its own.
Solid- the state of matter that has a definite volume and a
definite shape.
When we change water from a solid to a liquid to a gas, we
are creating a physical change.
Chemical change- a change in the chemical properties of a
substance, that is, in the composition of the substance and
the way it behaves with other substances; this is also called
a chemical reaction.
o Melting- The change in a state from a solid to a liquid
o Boiling- vaporization that occurs on and below the
surface of a liquid.
o Vaporization- change of liquid to a gas
o Freezing- change in state from a liquid to a solid
A physical change does not alter the chemical make up of a
substance.
A chemical change alters the chemical make up of the
substance.
Chemical elements and molecules combine to form
compounds, mixtures, and solutions.
o A mixture can be reversed and the original materials
can be separated by physical means.
o A solution is simply a liquid mixture or compound
composed of one substance dissolved into another.

Homogeneous mixtures appear the same throughout.


Heterogeneous mixtures appear different throughout.
Heat Energy
Radiation- the method of heat transfer that occurs
when the suns energy is transferred to the earth.
Conduction- heat energy is passed along or conducted
from molecule to molecule.
Convection- the heat transfer that occurs in fluids.
Liquids are fluids, and so are gases such as air.
Temperature
Temperature affects the properties of materials,
rates of chemical reactions, and the states of
matter.
Important Scientists of Physical Science
Dalton proposed the theory that all matter is made
up of individual particles called atoms, which
cannot be divided.
Thomson provided the first evidence that there are
negatively charged subatomic particles.
Rutherford discovered that the nucleus is
positively charged, extremely small, and is in the
center of the atom.
Bohr proposed the theory that electrons move in
orbits around the nucleus.

References
Koch, J. (2013). Science Stories: Science Methods for Elementary
and Middle School teachers (5th ed.). Wadworth Cengage
Learning.
Buxton, C., & Provenzo, E., Jr. (2011). Teaching Science in
Elementary & Middle School: A Cognitive and Cultural
Approach (2nd ed.). Sage.

Physical Science Links


http://www.learningscience.org/physci.htm
https://kids.usa.gov/science/index.shtml
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/
http://www.eia.gov/kids/index.cfm
http://www.learner.org/interactives/parkphysics/index.html
https://www.brainpop.com/
http://billnye.com/

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