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Networking Benefits
Networking Enables: Information
Sharing

Centralized
Administration
and Support
Hardware and Software Sharing

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Roles of Computers in a Network
Mail Server
Database Server Fax Server

Database

File and Print Server Directory Services

Client Computer

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Types of Networks
Peer-to-Peer

Client-Server

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Scope of Networks
Local Area
Network

Wide Area Network

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Bus Topology

Segment
Terminator Terminator

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Star Topology

Hub

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Ring Topology

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Mesh Topology

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Hybrid Topologies
Star-Bus Bus

Star-Ring

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Ethernet
Transmits signal Detects signal Collision detected

Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection

Characteristics
Characteristics Description
Description
Access
AccessMethod
Method CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
Standard
StandardEthernet
Ethernet ––10
10Mbps
Mbps
Transfer
TransferSpeed
Speed Fast
FastEthernet
Ethernet––100
100Mbps
Mbps
Gigabit
GigabitEthernet
Ethernet––11Gbps
Gbps(1000
(1000Mbps)
Mbps)

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Token Ring

MSAU
Physical Logical
Ring Ring

Characteristics
Characteristics Description
Description
Access
AccessMethod
Method Token
Token passing
passing

Transfer
TransferSpeed
Speed 44toto16
16Mbps
Mbpsfor
forall
allcable
cabletypes
types

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Fiber Distributed Data
Interface

Secondary Ring

Primary Ring

Characteristics
Characteristics Description
Description
Access
AccessMethod
Method Token
Tokenpassing
passing

Transfer
TransferSpeed
Speed Fiber-optic
Fiber-opticatat155
155Mbps
Mbpstoto622
622Mbps
Mbps

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Network Cables
Types
Types of
of Cables
Cables

Twisted-Pair
Unshielded (UTP)
10BaseT Shielded (STP)

Coaxial ThinNet
10Base2, 10Base5 ThickNet

Fiber-Optics

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Wireless Communication
Devices Wireless
Wireless Communication
Communication Devices
Devices

Infrared Transmission

Narrowband Radio Transmission

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Repeaters and Hubs
Repeater
Transmits data to
all connected computers

Repeater

Hub
Transmits data to all connected
computers in a star topology

Hub

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Bridges

Bridge

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Switches

Switch

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Routers

Router

Router

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Gateways

Ethernet

Gateway

Token Ring

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Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
Wireless Communication by Using IrDA

Windows
Laptop Client

Mouse

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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

Application
Application Layer
Layer
Presentation
Presentation Layer
Layer
Session
Session Layer
Layer
Transport
Transport Layer
Layer
Network
Network Layer
Layer
Data
Data Link
Link Layer
Layer
Physical
Physical Layer
Layer

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Types of Data Transmissions
Unicast Broadcast

Multicast

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IP Address Classes

Network
Network ID
ID Host
Host ID
ID
Class A

Network
Network ID
ID Host
Host ID
ID
Class B

Network
Network ID
ID Host
Host ID
ID
Class C

w x y z

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IP Addresses
192.168.2.100
192.168.2.100 192.168.3.100
192.168.3.100

IP
Address 192.168.1.100
192.168.1.100

192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0
192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0
192.168.3.0

Network
Network ID
ID

192.168.1.100
192.168.1.100 192.168.2.101
192.168.2.101 Host
Host ID
ID

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Subnets
Subnet 1 Subnet 2
1 2

Hub Router Hub

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Addressing Guidelines
The
The First
First Number
Number in
in the
the Network
Network ID
ID Cannot
Cannot Be
Be 127
127

The
The Host
Host ID
ID Cannot
Cannot Be
Be All
All 255s
255s

The
The Host
Host ID
ID Cannot
Cannot Be
Be All
All Zeros
Zeros

The
The Host
Host ID
ID Must
Must Be
Be Unique
Unique to
to the
the Local
Local Network
Network ID
ID

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CIDR Notation
IP 10
10 .. 217
217 .. 123
123 .. 77
Address
00001010
00001010 11011001
11011001 01111011
01111011 00000111
00000111

Subnet 255
255 .. 255
255 .. 240
240 .. 00
Mask
11111111
11111111 11111111
11111111 11110000
11110000 00000000
00000000

Number of Subnet
Mask Bits (ones) 88 ++ 88 ++ 44 ++ 00 == 20
20

IP Address in
CIDR Notation 10.217.123.7/20
10.217.123.7/20

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The Internet
Server

Internet
Text, Audio, Video,
and Graphics Data

Connection Using
TCP/IP Protocol

Client

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Internet Services
 Electronic Mail (e-mail)
 World Wide Web (WWW)
 Chat
 Internet News
Internet
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Telnet

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Intranets

Intranet

Internet

Extranet

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

 URL
(http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/
default.html)
– Protocol used (http://)
– DNS address (example.microsoft.com)
– Path on the server (/tutorial/default.html)

http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.html

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Domain Naming
 Domain Name (example.microsoft.com)
– Top-level domain (com)
– Second-level domain (microsoft.com)
– Subdomain (example.microsoft.com)

com
com

microsoft.com
microsoft.com

example.microsoft.com
example.microsoft.com

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Domain Organization

Forest
Domain
Domain
nwtraders.msft Domain
Domain
Tree

Domain
Domain Domain
Domain
Tree

Domain
Domain Domain
Domain

namerica.nwtraders.msft samerica.nwtraders.msft

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Features of a Domain
Single Logon Single User Account

Centralized Management Scalability

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Benefits of a Domain
Organized Paris
Easy Location of
Objects Information
Sales Repair

User1 Computer1 User2 Printer1

Streamlined Access Delegated Authority

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Internet Protocols
 HTTP Server

 HTTPS
Internet
 FTP
 SMTP
Data

 NNTP Connection Using an

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TCP/IP Layers

HTTP FTP
Application Layer Application Layer

TCP UDP
Transport Layer Transport Layer

IP ICMP IGMP
Internet Layer ARP Internet Layer

Network
ATM Interface
Network Ethernet
Layer
Interface Layer

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Network Address Translators (NATs)

192.168.0.10
192.168.0.10 w2.x2.y2.z2
w2.x2.y2.z2
Web Server

Web Browser
w1.x1.y1.z1
w1.x1.y1.z1
Internet

NAT

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Proxy Servers
Authorized
LAN
Web Site

LAN Internet

Proxy Server

Restricted
LAN
Web Site

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Firewalls
Authorized
LAN
User

LAN Internet

Firewall

LAN Unauthorized
User

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Questions?

Answers
www.tomax7.com

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