DEVELOPMENTS IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Update - October 2001

David Meldrum, Duncan Mercer and Oli Peppe

Scottish Association for Marine Science,
Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Oban PA37 1QA, Argyll, Scotland.

1. INTRODUCTION

Mobile satellite systems (MSS) may be classified according to orbit altitude as follows:

• GEO - geostationary earth orbit, approx altitude: 35 000 km

• MEO - mid-altitude earth orbit, approx altitude: 10 000 km
• LEO - low earth orbit, approx altitude: <1 000 km

LEOs can be further sub-divided into Big LEO and Little LEO categories. Big LEOs will offer voice, fax,
telex, paging and data capability, whereas little LEOs will offer data capability only, either on a real-time
direct readout ('bent pipe') basis, or as a store-and-forward service.

Since the satellite footprint decreases in size as the orbit gets lower, LEO and MEO systems require
larger constellations than GEO satellites in order to achieve global coverage and avoid data delays.
Less energy is, however, generally required for LEO and MEO satellite communication because of the
shorter average distance between transmitter and satellite. Some systems implement several high-gain
antennas to generate ‘spot beams’ and so reduce the requirement of the mobile to have a complex
antenna and/or high output power. A key feature of several MSS currently under development will be
their inter-operability with existing public switched telephone and cellular networks, using a dual-mode
handset, for example.

Because of the commercial forces which are driving the implementation of the new systems, many will
primarily focus on land masses and centres of population, and will not offer truly global or polar
coverage. These systems will not in general be acceptable for global ocean monitoring. Furthermore,
while the technical capabilities for the new MSS do currently exist, delays are inevitable due to
problems with spectrum allocation, licensing (in each country where the service will be offered),
company financing, and availability of launch vehicles and ground stations.

It is unlikely that all of the planned systems will overcome all of these hurdles. Indeed, major financial
difficulties have hit a number of systems, with Starsys having been cancelled, Iridium having collapsed
(and been relaunched), and both Orbcomm and New ICO having been in and out of Chapter 11
bankruptcy protection in the US. Mergers are becoming increasingly common, as market reality forces
system planners to cut their losses and pool resources: CCI, Teledesic, Ellipso and New ICO have all
recently signed buy-out or collaboration agreements with cellphone entrepreneur Craig McCaw.

From a technical point of view, some systems do offer significantly enhanced capabilities compared
with existing methods. Potential advantages include two-way communication, more timely observations,
and greater data rates and volumes. Some systems may also prove to be considerably less expensive
than existing channels, although this is as yet unclear. However, dangers will exist for data buoy users
of most MSS, in that they will generally be small minority users of the system, with consequent lack of
influence in regard to pricing. The arrangements for data distribution are also unlikely to be tailored
towards data buoy applications, in particular those that require data insertion on the GTS.

2. DESCRIPTION OF CANDIDATE SATELLITE SYSTEMS

The following paragraphs describe the salient features of those systems that might have a data buoy
application. In many cases systems are at an early planning stage, and reliable technical information on
which to base an evaluation is unavailable. This section is summarised in tabular form in at the end of
the document.

2.1 Little LEOs

2.1.1 Argos

Argos has been used by the oceanographic community for more than two decades, and is a
dependable, true polar, operational data collection and platform location system. Communication is
one-way only, at 400 baud, with practicable data rates of the order of 1 kbyte per day. Transmissions by
the mobile are unacknowledged by the system and therefore have to incorporate some form of
redundancy if data transfer is to be assured. The system enjoys a particularly clean part of the
spectrum (401.65 MHz), with minimal interference from other users. Traditionally, Argos has flown as
an attached payload on the NOAA ‘TIROS’ weather satellites, but future launches will also use the
Japanese ADEOS and European METOPS platforms

Enhancements to the Argos on board equipment (‘Argos-2’) include increased receiver bandwidth and
sensitivity, with two-way communication (‘downlink messaging’) to be piloted aboard ADEOS-II in 2002.
Next generation Argos equipment (‘Argos 3’) will fly from 2004 onwards, and will offer order of
magnitude increases in data rates, as well as two-way communications. The system is one of the few
that offers true global coverage, and currently has no commercial requirement to recover the cost of the
launch or space segment equipment. Proposed changes to the rules within the US regarding fair
competition by fully commercial satellite systems may impact the service that Argos will ultimately be
able to offer.

The first of the Argos-2 satellites, NOAA-K (NOAA-15) was launched in May 1998 and is now
operational, replacing NOAA-D (NOAA-12) as the morning satellite. This was followed in September
2000 by NOAA-L (NOAA-16). The launch of NOAA-M (NOAA-17) is scheduled for March 2002. Several
new direct readout stations have been commissioned recently, including Murmansk, Petropavlosk,
Halifax, Edmonton, Monterey, Réunion, Cape Town, Lima, Tokyo, Largo, Cayenne, Hawaii and
Toulouse. This continues the programme of improving data timeliness by exploiting use of Argos in
'bent-pipe' mode. Further enhancements to the on board equipment (Argos-3), to the ground
processing centres and software are at the planning stage.

2.1.2 Orbcomm

This company was awarded the first FCC Little-LEO licence in late 1994. Satellites consist of discs
about one metre in diameter prior to deployment of solar panels and antenna. Two satellites were
launched into polar orbit during 1995, using a Pegasus rocket piggy-backed on to a Lockheed L-1011
aircraft. After a prolonged period of launcher problems, 35 satellites are now in orbit, making up the
complete constellation – although Orbcomm have been awarded a licence for an expansion to a 48
satellite constellation. Of these satellites, 30 are currently operational. The A, B, C and D planes are at
45° inclination and therefore have poor coverage at high latitudes: only two satellites, in the F and G
planes (70°), offer a near-polar service. No further launches have been announced.

The system offers both bent-pipe and store-and-forward two-way messaging capabilities, operating in
the VHF (138-148 MHz) band. User terminals are known as ‘Subscriber Communicators’ (SCs).
Although there have been significant problems with interference close to urban areas, this is not
expected to impact offshore operations, and trials of the system have been encouraging. Operational
experience of the system is growing rapidly, although it remains difficult to obtain detailed technical
information from Orbcomm.

The message structure currently consists of packets transmitted at 2400 bps (scheduled to rise to 4800
bps), and coverage is now global and near-continuous between the polar circles. Messages are
acknowledged by the system when correctly received and delivered to a user-nominated mailbox. The
platform position is determined, if required, using propagation delay data and doppler shift, or by an on-
board GPS receiver. Position accuracy without GPS is similar to that offered by Argos, i.e. km-scale.
The limitations on the store-and-forward mode messages (known as globalgrams) have become
apparent, with SC originated messages limited to 229 bytes and SC terminated messages limited to
182 bytes. Each SC can theoretically have a maximum of 16 globalgrams stored on each satellite.
Currently, satellites will not accept or process globalgrams when in view of a ground (‘gateway’) station.
As messages have to be designated as globalgrams or bent-pipe by the SC at the moment of
origination, this presently limits the flexibility of the system to adapt to different coverage situations.
Work-arounds do, however, exist, and it is expected that the next generation of SCs will be able to
adapt more readily to changes in satellite communications mode.

Authorised transceiver manufacturers include Panasonic, Elisra (Stellar), Torrey Science, Magellan and
Scientific Atlanta. Elisra were the first to offer a transceiver with a fully integrated GPS engine, although
Panasonic now also have one available. Scientific Atlanta have made a chip-set available to third-party
integrators. Prices of most units are between $600 - $1000.

The ground segment has started to expand, and there are now active stations in Italy, Argentina, Brazil,
Japan and Korea in addition to the four in the US. However the Japanese and Korean stations are not
available for international registrations. Further stations are under construction in Malaysia, Morocco,
and Brazil, and potential sites have been identified in Russia, Ukraine, Philippines, Botswana, Australia
and Oman. 16 international service distribution partners have been licensed. Non-US customers have
faced considerable difficulties because of the absence of ground stations, lack of spectrum licensing
and the presence of other in-band users. However the situation is improving rapidly. Currently
subscription costs within Europe are on a fixed cost per unit with two bands of usage (above and below
4kbytes per month with a typical monthly rate for the higher band being $70). A fully metered billing
system based on users’ actual data throughput was to be implemented in July 2000 but was
postponed, officially due to technical problems. If this billing system is implemented with the planned
charges ($6/kbyte) then it will result in a massive increase in airtime costs for any user with data rates
over 0.5 kbytes/day. Metered billing is apparently implemented outside Europe.

Orbcomm have been suffering financial difficulties, and filed for ‘Chapter 11’ bankruptcy protection in
September 2000. The outstanding debts are believed to stem largely from the system rollout phase,
with net running costs being of much smaller concern. Industry opinion is that Orbcomm will prevail,
largely because of the commitment of many third-party equipment and system manufacturers to the
success of the system, and evidence of increasing service take-up by a diverse range of customers.

2.1.3 Starsys

This system was to have been broadly similar to Orbcomm, except that it offered bent pipe mode only,
thus limiting its usefulness to coastal areas. Further work on the system, in which the operators of the
Argos system were closely involved, has been suspended because of difficulties in securing financial
backing. The FCC licence was returned in late 1997.

2.1.4 Iris/LLMS

This European-led system appears to be similar to Argos, using two polar-orbiting satellites with store-
and-forward capability. However, terminals are alerted by the satellite downlink signal, and two-way
communications and message acknowledgement are supported. Location is by doppler and ranging,
and message lengths of up to a few kilobytes are permitted. Some provision is planned for terminal-
terminal communication within the satellite footprint. A single satellite was in orbit for system tests, but
nothing further has been heard, and the parent company’s website (www.saitrh.com) no longer makes
any mention of the system.

2.1.5 Vitasat/Gemnet

This was a 36 + 2 satellite constellation proposed by CTA Commercial systems. Their experimental
satellite was the failed Vitasat launch in 1995. CTA is reported to have been taken over by Orbital
Science Corporation, the parent organisation of Orbcomm, and the 36-satellite Gemnet component has
been cancelled. However, the volunteer VITA organisation still exists and currently has one satellite in
orbit, with plans to rent bandwidth on two other existing satellites, HealthSat-2 and UoSat-12. This
proposal received FCC clearance in December 2000, and the company have now brought HealthSat-2
on line. The main mission is to offer low-cost messaging services to developing countries.

2.1.6 Faisat

The Final Analysis company have planned this 32 (+ 6 spare) satellite constellation to provide data
messaging services, principally aimed at small messages (~ 100 bytes), but with support for larger
messages as well. It will operate in both bent-pipe and store-and-forward modes. The first satellite
launch, on the Russian Cosmos vehicle, was scheduled for early 2000, but nothing has been reported.
Further launches are expected to occur roughly twice a year. The system received FCC authorisation in
April 1998. A test satellite (also part of the Vitasat system) was launched in 1997.

2.1.7 Leo One

This US-designed system consists of a planned 48 satellite constellation offering store-and-forward

two-way messaging at up to 9600 bps. An FCC license was granted in February 1998, and a spectrum
sharing agreement signed with the operators of the Russian maritime satellite system, TSYKADA.
Commercial operation is expected to start in 2003, although no details are known regarding the launch
schedule. Orbit inclination will be 50°, giving useful coverage up to latitudes of about 65°.

2.1.8 Gonets

Two GONETS LEO messaging systems have been proposed by the former Soviet Union, using both
UHF and L/S-band communications channels. Both will offer true global coverage from high inclination
1400 km orbits. One system, GONETS-D already has 8 satellites in orbit with a further 36 planned. No
operational experience has been reported to date.

2.1.9 Other Systems

Six E-Sat satellites are planned. Launches were to have started in 2001, but nothing has so far been
announced. The system is aimed principally at the US utility industry for remote metering. The Italian
based Temisat is another planned system which is intended to offer global coverage. Little further has
been heard of the European SAFIR store-and-forward messaging system, which has two satellites in
orbit, but has yet to relaunch a service after major technical problems with its first satellite.

2.2 Big and Broadband LEOs

2.2.1 Iridium

Iridium filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in August 1999, and underwent financial
restructuring. Financial difficulties continued and the system ceased operation in April 2000. At that
time, Iridium had its complete constellation of 66 satellites plus spares in orbit, and offered a true global
service through a network of ground stations backed up by inter-satellite links. The system has since
been rescued from planned de-orbiting and resurrected by the US Department of Defense. A
commercial service has also been relaunched. Of particular interest to data buoy operators in the early
days of Iridium was the Motorola L-band transceiver module, which was designed to be easily
integrated with sensor electronics via a standard serial interface, but this product is not now likely to
appear. Most Iridium phones are, however, data capable and will interface with a standard modem.
Throughput is claimed to be 2400bps. The component parts of some older phones are now being
repackaged as stand-alone modems to allow connection to a dedicated data service at the DoD secure
gateway in Hawaii. This service will be available to subscribers from the US, Canada, Australia and the
UK. Subscribers from other countries may be admitted at a later date. A short message service (1500
bytes max per message) is also to be introduced through this gateway, as well as a dropout-tolerant
direct Internet connection at up to 10kbps.
2.2.2 Teledesic

This ‘Internet in the Sky’ system plans a 288 (originally 840) LEO constellation to carry global
broadband services such as video conferencing, the Internet, etc. It recently merged with Celestri,
another proposed broadband LEO system. Since then there has been some doubt over the actual
makeup of the combined constellation. Teledesic has suffered because of the financial difficulties of
Iridium, as Motorola, one of Teledesic’s primary investors and head of the industrial partnership
developing the system, transferred engineering effort and funding to prop up Iridium. Teledesic has
received FCC licensing for operations in the USA. Teledesic, which has now joined forces with Craig
McCaw’s New ICO, recently announced that it is ‘nearly ready’ to name its prime contractor for system
build.

2.2.3 Globalstar

Globalstar was Iridium’s main competitor in the mobile satellite telephony market. After a bad start in
September 1998 when 12 satellites were lost in a single launch failure, Globalstar now has its complete
48 satellite constellation in space, and commenced a limited commercial service in the US in October
1999. Service has since been expanding to other regions and was available in the UK in mid 2000.
Globalstar differs significantly from Iridium in that for a call to be made the user must be in the same
satellite footprint as a gateway station. There is no inter-satellite relay capability as in Iridium. This
means that coverage will not be truly global, especially in the short term as far fewer gateways have
been built than originally planned. Although Globalstar was currently in a much stronger financial
position than any of its competitors, only 55,000 subscribers have been signed and the company laid
off half of its work force in August 2001.

Data services at 9600 bps are planned to be commercially available sometime in the near future. As
with Iridium this is likely to be very dependent on the initial success of the basic voice service.
Globalstar also has a second generation system planned, said to involve 64 LEO satellites and 4 GEO
satellites. Little else is known about the planned enhancements of this system.

2.2.4 Other Systems

Other planned big LEOs include Ecco (by the owners of Orbcomm), Ellipso (a hybrid elliptical
LEO/MEO system, now merged with Teledesic and New ICO), LEO SAT Courier (a German led system
which was originally a much smaller little LEO system), Signal and SkyBridge.

2.3 MEOs

2.3.1 New ICO

New ICO (formerly ICO Global Communications) is the third of the three main players in the global
satellite telephony market. However it also has suffered severe financial difficulties and filed for
Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in August 1999, just two weeks after Iridium. The system, formerly
known as Inmarsat-P but now fully autonomous, will use a constellation of 12 MEO satellites backed by
a 12-station ground segment to provide a truly global voice, fax, data and messaging service. The aim
is to complement and be inter-operable with existing digital cellular telephone networks. Prior to filing
for bankruptcy protection, the first launch was planned for late 1999 with commercial service roll out
scheduled for the third quarter of 2000. The company emerged from Chapter 11 protection in May
2000, and the first satellite was launched in June 2001, with service scheduled to start in 2003.

When the complete constellation is in service two satellites will always be visible from any point on the
earth's surface. The space segment is being built by Boeing Satellite Systems. Data rate will be
9600 bps. Many large manufacturers are engaged in developing dual mode ICO/cellphone handsets.
An ICO ‘engine’, is to be defined for the benefit of third-party equipment manufacturers (OEMs).
New ICO have joined forces with Teledesic (both owned by ICO-Teledesic Global), with major revisions
to the scope of both systems. In particular New ICO is now putting a far greater emphasis on data
services, rather than voice services which are now widely recognised as holding smaller potential.

2.3.2 West

Little is known about this system, being designed by Matra Marconi Space, except that 9 MEO and
GEO satellites were planned, with multimedia-like services scheduled to begin in Europe via West early
Bird in 2003. A follow-on vehicle supporting a fully fledged ATM switch is planned for 2004.

2.4 GEOS

2.4.1 Inmarsat D+.

This is an extension of the Inmarsat D service using the new (spot-beam) Inmarsat Phase 3 satellites
and small, low-power user terminals. The system was initially designed as a global pager or data
broadcast service, with the return path from the mobile used only as an acknowledgement. D+ permits
greater flexibility, but the uplink packets are still limited to 128 bits. The first ground station has been
implemented in the Netherlands by the existing Inmarsat service provider (Station 12), but useful
technical information has been difficult to obtain.

D+ transceiver manufacturers include JRC, Calian, STK-Atlas and Skywave. The JRC unit features an
integral GPS receiver and combined GPS/Inmarsat antenna, and is the first to receive type approval.
The Skywave unit includes an integral antenna and is specifically designed for low power applications.

The service may prove particularly attractive to national meteorological services as protocols already
exist with Inmarsat service providers for the free transmission of observational data to meteorological
centres for quality control and insertion on to the GTS. Inmarsat, given its assured multinational
backing and established infrastructure, is also extremely unlikely to disappear.

2.4.2 ODL

Oceanographic DataLink (ODL)3 is a US Office of Naval Research sponsored demonstrator system

that uses Intelsat C-band transponders to communicate with small oceanographic packages at rates of
up to 10 kbps. New signal processing techniques allow such transponders to be used in low energy
applications. Both antenna and transceiver size are small (the complete package is expected to be
video cassette size), and data costs are expected to be low. Successful bench trials have been
completed, and the results of field evaluations are now awaited with interest, but no information has
been forthcoming.

2.4.3 Thuraya

This advanced GEO offers voice-band communications with compact cellphone-sized handsets by
using steerable spot beams to achieve sufficient link margin. Data services are available using a
modem connection on the handset. Coverage is not advertised for oceanic areas, but may be available
on request.
3. REFERENCES

1. Hanlon, J (1996). Emerging LEOs telemetry options for use in scientific data buoys - a
marine instrument manufacturer's perspective. In: Proceedings of the DBCP Technical
Workshop, Henley on Thames, October 1996. DBCP Technical Document No 10,
WMO, Geneva.

2. Hoang, N (1999). Data relay systems for drifting buoys utilizing low-earth orbit satellites.
In: Proceedings of the DBCP Technical Workshop, Hawk’s Cay, October 1998. DBCP
Technical Document No 14, WMO, Geneva.

3. Gamache, K A and Fogel, P E (2000). Oceanographic DataLink. Sea Technology, May

2000, pp 23-31.

Many interesting articles and status reports may be found in: International Space Industry Report,
Launchspace Publications, Washington (see below).

4. USEFUL WEB SITES

4.1 General information

Little LEO status, launch dates http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/SSC/SSHP/const_list.html

Constellation overview http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/L.Wood/constellations/
The Satellite Encyclopaedia http://www.tbs-satellite.com/tse/online/
General satellite news/gossip http://www.hearsat.org/
Satellite news http://www.spacedaily.com/
General space news http://www.space.com/spacenews/

4.2 Specific operators

Argos http://www.cls.fr/
http://www.argosinc.com/
Ellipso http://www.ellipso.com/
E-SAT http://www.dbsindustries.com/
Final Analysis http://www.finalanalysis.com/
Globalstar http://www.globalstar.com/
GOES http://www.goes.noaa.gov/
Inmarsat http://www.inmarsat.org/
Iridium http://www.iridium.com/
LEO One http://www.leoone.com/
LEO SAT Courier http://www.satcon-de.com/
METEOSAT http://www.esoc.esa.de/external/mso/meteosat.html
New ICO http://www.ico.com/
Orbcomm http://www.orbcomm.com/
Ocean DataLink (ODL) http://www.viasat.com/government/globalcontrol/index.htm
SAFIR http://www.fuchs-gruppe.com/ohb-system/
Skybridge http://www.skybridgesatellite.com
Teledesic http://www.teledesic.com/
Thuraya http://www.thuraya.com/
VITA http://www.vita.org/
West http://www.matra-marconi-space.com/
 Overview of mobile satellite systems with possible data buoy applications

*
System Status Date (if Orbit Buoy Message type Terminal Power Comments
known) type position size (watts)

ARGOS Operational Little Doppler data: 32 bytes Handheld 1 Various enhancements, incl 2-way
LEO Shift messaging, are scheduled

ECCO (CCI Global) Planned 2003+ LEO GPS voice/data Handheld TBD 12 equatorial satellites planned by 2003.
Required Status questionable – merged withICO-
Teledesic Global

ELLIPSO Licensed Service Big GPS voice/data Handheld TBD 17 satellites in highly elliptical orbits,
2003+ LEO required serving major land masses. Status
questionable – merged withICO-
Teledesic Global

EYESAT Experimental Little GPS data: 60 bytes Handheld 5 1 satellite 1995, principally for radio
LEO Required amateurs

E-SAT Licensed Launch Little GPS data: TBD TBD 6 satellites for utility metering (aimed at
2001+ LEO Required Continental US only initially)

FAISAT Licensed Service Little GPS data: 128 bytes Handheld 10 38 satellites 2000+ Test satellite
2002+ LEO Required launched 1997

GEMNET Cancelled (pre-op) Little GPS data: no 'laptop' 10 1st satellite 1995 - launch failure
LEO Required maximum 36 satellites by ???

Globalstar Operational 1999 Big GPS voice/data: Handheld 1 48 satellites + spares (constellation
LEO Required no maximum complete) Limited coverage due to lack of
ground stations. Financial difficulties.

GOES, Meteosat, Operational GEO GPS data: various >laptop= 10 4 satellites; directional antenna desirable
GMS required options NOAA / ESA / Japanese met satellites.

GONETS-D Pre-operational Little GPS/ Data Handheld TBD 8 satellites in orbit, 36 more planned
LEO Glonass

GONETS-R Planned Little GPS/ Data Handheld TBD 48 satellites planned

LEO Glonass
INMARSAT-C Operational GEO GPS data: no 5.5 kg 15 Steered antenna not required
required maximum

INMARSAT-D+ Operational GEO GPS data: 128bytes Handheld 1 Global pager using existing Inmarsat-3
required uplink, 8 bytes satellites Note very oriented to downlink
downlink

ICO (New ICO) Licensed Service MEO GPS voice/data: Handheld 1 Global voice and packet data services.
2003 required no maximum Recently merged with Teledesic to form
ICO Teledesic Global. 12 satellites
planned – 1 launched

Iridium Revived Service Big GPS voice/data: Handheld 1 72 satellites in orbit

resumed LEO preferred no maximum
2001
IRIS/LLMS Experimental Little Doppler + data: up to few Handheld 1 1 satellite in orbit. Belgian messaging
LEO Ranging kbytes system part of an ESA research prog.

LEO One Licensed Service Little GPS data uplink Handheld Max 7 48 satellite constellation, store and
mid LEO Required 9600bps, forward + 8 spares. No polar sats
2003 downlink
24000bps

LEO SAT Courier Planned Service Big GPS Data / voice Handheld 1-5 72 satellites
2003+ LEO required

OCEAN-NET Experimental GEO Moored no maximum Large uses moored buoys + Intelsat

Ocean DataLink Experimental GEO GPS no maximum Handheld TBD uses Intelsat
(ODL)

Odyssey Cancelled (pre-op) MEO GPS voice/data: Handheld 1 12 satellites were planned
required no maximum

Orbcomm Operational 1998 Little Doppler data: no Handheld 5 35 satellites in orbit, 30 operational,
LEO or GPS maximum expansion to 48 sats licensed

SAFIR Pre-operational Little Doppler data: no >laptop= 5 2 satellites in orbit

LEO or GPS maximum
 Signal Planned Big voice/data 48 satellites planned
LEO

SkyBridge Licensed Service Big GPS Broadband Larger than 80 satellites planned. Re-utilising GEO
2002+ LEO Required handheld spectrum allocations

Starsys Cancelled (pre-op) Little Doppler + data: 27 bytes Handheld 2 12 satellites 1998+
LEO Ranging multiple msgs 24 satellites 2000+

Teledesic Licensed Service Big GPS Broadband 288 satellites planned

Late LEO required FCC licence granted
2004
Merged with new ICO

Temisat Experimental Little Data 7 satellites planned for environmental

LEO data relay. 1 satellite launched 1993.

Thuraya Operational GEO Integral Voice/data 1 multiple spot beam satellite in orbit
GPS (over Middle East), 1 planned

Vitasat Pre-operational Little GPS Data 2 satellites in orbit,

LEO Required 2 more planned

WEST Planned Service MEO GPS Broadband 9 satellites planned

2003+ Required

*
Status of systems is categorised into one of six groups:

Planned: Little is known about the system except a name, notional type, and services to be offered. Mostly not licensed, although some may be.

Licensed: System has been licensed by a national or international regulatory agency (in most cases the FCC), but no satellites have been launched.

Experimental: System has one or more satellites in orbit for experimental purposes (not usually part of the final constellation). Includes new systems planning to use existing
satellites.

Pre-operational: System is in process of launching, or has launched, its constellation but is not yet offering full services. Some limited evaluation service may be available.

Operational: System has full or nearly full constellation in place and is offering readily available service to external users (not necessarily commercial).

Cancelled: System has been cancelled, either before satellites launched (pre-op) or after (post-op).