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Lcsernetics

This document provides an overview of breast tomosynthesis, a new breast imaging technique. It was developed at Massachusetts General Hospital and is an experimental application that produces reconstructed slices instead of projection images from a series of x-ray views over a small angular range. The technique aims to address limitations of conventional mammography by providing improved detection and localization of breast cancers compared to the overlapping structures seen on mammograms. The document outlines the technical aspects of image acquisition and reconstruction using a modified backprojection algorithm to solve the limited-angle tomography problem.

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219 views20 pages

Lcsernetics

This document provides an overview of breast tomosynthesis, a new breast imaging technique. It was developed at Massachusetts General Hospital and is an experimental application that produces reconstructed slices instead of projection images from a series of x-ray views over a small angular range. The technique aims to address limitations of conventional mammography by providing improved detection and localization of breast cancers compared to the overlapping structures seen on mammograms. The document outlines the technical aspects of image acquisition and reconstruction using a modified backprojection algorithm to solve the limited-angle tomography problem.

Uploaded by

ALE X RAY
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Breast Tomosynthesis

<<diploma work presentation>>

László Csernetics

mentor:
Dr. Attila Kuba

University of Szeged,
Department of Image Processing
Breast tomosynthesis

F A new breast imaging technique


F Developed at the MGH
(diploma work is based on Dr. EA Rafferty’s
work, leader of TOMO Research Team)
F So far just in experimental applications
- results of latest trials are coming soon
F Unexploited research area
- “we need Your help!” O

2
Breast tomosynthesis system

(EA Rafferty: “Advances in Imaging: Breast Tomosynthesis”, ASCO Virtual Meeting, 2004.)
3
Breast cancer

F The most frequent malignancy among women


- 1 of every 8 women is diagnosed with breast
cancer at some time in her life
- a lots of new cases every year
(in developed countries: US, WEU, except JAP)
- the third leading cause of death (US survey)
F But
- can be prevented (secondary prevention)
- curable (wrong approach)

4
Stages of breast cancer

5cm <7%
• Stage - Metastatic
Ž Stage
• Stage
ΠStage
‹ Stage - Pre-cancerous
0cm >95%

Tumor size 5 year surviving rate

5
Mammography

F The most efficient breast imaging technique in practice


F Image creation is based on x-ray attenuation
- low radiation dose x-rays (0.1-0.2 rad)
- grayscale images (mammograms)
- radiological dense tissue will be white (functional
tissue, abnormalities), fat will be black, everything
else appear as levels of gray on the film
- views: cranio-caudal (CC), mediolateral-oblique
(MLO), lateromedial (LM), mediolateral (ML), etc.

6
Mammographic examination
CC

7
Disadvantages of mammography

F Difficulties in detecting breast cancers


- structure overlaps
(it can obscure lesions or mimic abnormalities)
- increased number of false-positiv and false-ne-
gativ screening examination recalls
F Difficulties in localization breast cancers
- insufficient visual information (CC+MLO images)
- further examinations are needed (US, MRI)
- image guided biopsy

8
Breast tomosynthesis (technical bg)

F Similar to mammograph…
- it’s an x-ray application
- grayscale images
- breast compression
F …but there are some differences between them
- reconstructed slices instead projection images
- series of views (1 view – 1 projection)
- lower radiation dose (1.5*mammo/exam)
- fast (7 second examination)

9
TOMO examination
… 1.
… 6.
11.

… … 10
Image acquisition model

F 11 projection
F 50° angular range
F equidistant tube posi-
tions

(EA Rafferty: “Advances in Imaging:


Breast Tomosynthesis”, ASCO Virtual Meeting, 2004. – /reproduction/)
11
“Ingredients” of image creation

F Image reconstruction from projections


(Simple Backprojection algorithm)
F Tomosynthesis basics
(Haaker-Klotz-Koppe-Linde, Hamburg, GE, 1985.)
- leave common aproaches
- back to backprojection
- modify the BP algorithm, to be suit for tomo-
synthesis (1985. – coronary angiography)

12
Reconstruction problem

F Reconstructing horizontal slices (50-80 slice)


F Difficulties
- we have only 11 projection
- taken from small angular range

Difficult limited-angle tomography problem

F General solution: discrete tomography


(non-linear iterative algorithms,
optimalization methods)
13
Tomosynthesis reconstruction theorem

F Making an appropriate modification on SB alg.


F Perceptions
- bright areas are more important for us
(angio with contrast material, mammography)
- we have to concentrate to higher pixel-values
- also, we are looking for structure-intersections

Minimum-operator for combining projections


(this will lead us to extrem-value reconstruction)
14
Explanation of using minimum-op.

k
V = min Pn
*
m
n =1

… … 15
Further perceptions and modifications

F Minimum-operator collects noise


(average-operator has a noise-minimizing effect)
F Combining the operators
- to eliminate noise (averaging)
- for qualitative reconstruction (minimum)

Minimum-type operator (GOS-filter, L-filter)


k−K
1
Vm** = * ∑ Pn
k − K − L n = L +1
Pmin ≤ ... ≤ PL ≤ PL +1 ≤ ... ≤ Pk − K ≤ ... ≤ Pmax
1442443
16
Consequence of using min-type op.

F Re-projection consistency constraint won’t be


satisfied (the K largest and the L smallest values
won’t be taken into account)
F Replacing original values of projections with “suitably
enhanced” values, and performing a second recon-
struction, it will solve the problem
F “Suitably enhanced” values can be determined in the
first, so called order-statistic based reconstruction step
N  1 
*  P ( x ) − * ∑ S i ( x ) 
~
P( x ) =
N − card (κ )  N i∈κ 
17
Reconstruction algorithm

F 1. Step Reconstruction with an appropriate


minimum-type operator
F 2. Step Enhancing contrast of projections to
correct operator’s error
F 3. Step Reconstruction with the same operator,
but from the enhanced projections

18
Mammography vs. TOMO

(EA Rafferty: “Advances in Imaging: Breast Tomosynthesis”, ASCO Virtual Meeting, 2004.)
19
Thank You for you attention!

20

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