IPv6 Addressing

IPv6 Addressing
• How is an IPv6 address represented
– represented in Hexadecimal
• Classifications of IPv6 addresses
• Reserved Multicast addresses
 IPv6 Addressing
• How do we count?
• Base 10 numbering system (10 symbols)
• 0–9
• Known as the “decimal” system
 IPv6 Addressing
• How do computers count? (a.k.a, “bits”)
• Base 2 numbering system (2 symbols)
• 0–1
• Known as the “binary” system
 IPv6 Addressing
• What is hexadecimal?
• Base 16 numbering system (16 symbols)
• 0–F
• A simplified way to represent groups of 4
binary “bits”
 IPv6 Addressing
Counting hexadecimal
0 9 14
1 A 15
B 16
2
C 17
3 D 18
4 E 19
5 F 1A
6 10 1B
11 1C
7
12 1D
8 13
 IPv6 Addressing
• How was it done with IPv4?
• 32 bit address
• Divided into 4 “octets” (8 bits or a byte)
• Each octet ranging from (0-255)

11001011 10001110 10000010 00000101

203 . 142 . 130 . 5
 IPv6 Addressing
DEC BIN HEX
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
128-bit address 2 0010 2
Represented in 3 0011 3
4 0100 4
hexadecimal 5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
 IPv6 Addressing
128 bit address
0011 1111 1111 1110 1000 0000 1111 0000
0000 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Represented in Hex (every 4 bits)
3FFE:80F0:0002:0000:0000:0010:0000:0000
 IPv6 Addressing
3FFE:80F0:0002:0000:0000:0010:0000:0000

Every 4 hex is separated by a colon “ : ”

Every 4 hex represents 16 bits or 2 bytes
 IPv6 Addressing
3FFE:80F0:0002:0000:0000:0010:0000:0000

3FFE:80F0:2:0:0:10:0:0

• Drop leading zeros within any 16-bit chunk

 IPv6 Addressing
3FFE:80F0:0002:0000:0000:0010:0000:0000

3FFE:80F0:2::10:0:0

• Represent any contiguous multiple chunks of

zeros into a double colon, but use only once.
 IPv6 Addressing
3FFE:80F0:0002:0000:0000:0010:0000:0000

3FFE:80F0:2:0:0:10::

• Only allowed once in address

 IPv6 Addressing
3FFE:0000:0000:0000:0022:0000:0000:0000

3FFE::22::

3FFE::22:0:0:0 or 3FFE:0:0:0:22::

• Only allowed once in address or else it becomes

ambiguous
 IPv6 Prefix
2001:CB8E:2A::D15/64

2001:CB8E:002A:0000:0000:0000:0000:0D15
0010 0000 0000 0001 1100 1011 1000 1110 0000 0000 0010 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101 0001 0101

2001:CB8E:2A::/64 is network
 IPv6 Prefix
2002:3F0E:102A::7/48

2002:3F0E:102A:0000:0000:0000:0000:0007
0010 0000 0000 0010 0011 1111 0000 1110 0001 0000 0010 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111

2002:3F0E:102A::/48 is network
 IPv6 Prefix
3FFE:10C2:43EE:D0C:F::C15/126

3FFE:10C2:43EE:0D0C:000F:0000:0000:0C15
0011 1111 1111 1110 0001 0000 1100 0010 0100 0011 1110 1110 0000 1101 0000 1100
0000 0000 0000 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1100 0001 0101

3FFE:10C2:43EE:D0C:F::C14/126 is network
 IPv6 Prefix
2002:3F0E:102A:3010:33::7/75
 IPv6 Prefix
2002:3F0E:102A:3010:33::7/75

2002:3F0E:102A:3010:0033:0000:0000:0007
0010 0000 0000 0010 0011 1111 0000 1110 0001 0000 0010 1010 0011 0000 0001 0000
0000 0000 0011 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0111

2002:3F03:102A:3010:20::/75
 Types of IPv6 Addresses
• Unicast
• Multicast (no broadcast)
• Anycast
 Unicast Address
• A single unique address identifying an IPv6
interface
 Multicast Address
• An identifier for a group of interfaces.
– Usually belonging to more than one node
– Interfaces may belong to more than one
multicast group
– Replaces broadcasts
– May not be used as a source address
 Anycast Address
• An IPv6 address that is assigned to more
than one interface (typically more than one
node).
– Same as Unicast addresses
– Derived from the same address space
– Packets destined for anycast address are
delivered to the “nearest” interface
– Subnet router anycast address definition
 Anycast example
router
advertising
192.88.99.0/
24

Internet BGP Routing

router
router advertising
advertising 192.88.99.0/
192.88.99.0/ 24
24
 Other IPv6 Addresses
• The unspecified Address
– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 ::
• The loopback Address
– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 ::1
 IPv6 Addressing
0000 0000 Unassigned* 011 Unassigned
0000 0001 Unassigned 100 Unassigned
0000 001 NSAP 101 Unassigned
0000 01 Unassigned 110 Unassigned
0000 1 Unassigned 1110 Unassigned
0001 Unassigned 1111 0 Unassigned
001 Aggregatable 1111 10 Unassigned
010 Unassigned 1111 110 Unassigned
1111 1110 0 Unassigned

* Some reserved addresses are from this space

 IPv6 Addressing
1111 1110 10 Link-Local-Use FE80
1111 1110 11 Site-Local-Use FEC0*
1111 1111 Multicast FF—

* Being deprecated
 IPv6 Addressing
• Unicast Addressing
– ISPs assign these addresses to organizations
– Offers globally-unique addresses
 IPv6 Addressing
• Site-Local-Use Addresses*
– Assigned to interfaces within an isolated
intranet
– Can easily be migrated to provider-based
addresses
– Much like private addressing in IPv4 (i.e.
10.0.0.0 network)
*Being deprecated
 IPv6 Addressing
• Link-Local-Use Addresses
– All IPv6 interfaces have a link-local address
– Used to reach neighboring nodes attached to
same link
– Self-configured by interface
– Router will not forward packets with Link-
Local source or destination
 IPv6 Addressing
• Link-Local-Use Addresses
– Usually formed by pre-pending the “well
known” Link-Local prefix FE80::0 to the
Interface Identifier
– Can be statically assigned or created through a
pseudo random process
 IPv6 Addressing
• Interface Identifier
– Always 64 bits (least significant)
– Can be “randomly” generated – RFC 3041
– Ethernet uses MAC (or EUI-64)
 IPv6 Addressing
• What is EUI-64
– Extended Unique Identifier. Replaces MAC
addresses
– 24-bit company_id (tracked by IEEE)
– 40-bit “unique” identifier
 IPv6 Addressing
• What is MAC and how does it work w/ EUI
– Media Access Control. 48 bits
– 24-bit company_id (tracked by IEEE)
– 24-bit “unique” identifier
– Mapped into EUI-64 for creation of an
Interface Identifier
 IPv6 Addressing
• How is MAC converted to EUI
– Example MAC CC-CC-CC-UU-UU-UU
• CC = Company identifier
• UU = Unique identifier
– Insert FF-FE between CC and UU

– CC CC CC FF FE UU UU UU
 IPv6 Addressing
• Example MAC-to-EUI conversion
– MAC = 00-D0-59-0C-61-F3
– EUI = 00-D0-59-FF-FE-0C-61-F3
 IPv6 Addressing
• The IPv6 interface identifier is formed by
complimenting the “Universal/Local” bit in
an EUI-64 address
– EUI = 00-D0-59-0C-61-F3
– 0000 0000 1101 0000 0101 1001 0000 1100 0110 0001 1111 0011

– IPv6 identifier = 02-D0-59-FF-FE-0C-61-F3

IPv6 Addressing continued
Multicast
 IPv6 Multicast Assignments
Node-Local Scope

1111 1111 0000 0001

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All Nodes Address

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All Routers Address
 IPv6 Multicast Assignments
Link-Local Scope
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All Nodes Address
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All Routers Address
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:3 Unassigned
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:4 DVMRP Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:5 OSPFIGP
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:6 OSPFIGP DR
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:7 ST Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:8 ST Hosts
 IPv6 Multicast Assignments
Link-Local Scope - continued
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:9 RIP Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:A EIGRP Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:B Mobile-Agents
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:D All PIM Routers
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:E RSVP encapsulation
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:1 Link Name
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1:2 All-dhcp-agents
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:FFXX:XXXX Solicited node
 IPv6 Multicast Assignments
Site-Local Scope
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All Routers Address
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:3 All DHCP Servers
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:4 All DHCP Relays
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:1000 Service Location
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:13FF
 IPv6 Multicast Assignments
All Scope

FF0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 NTP Server

FF0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:102 SGI-Dogfight
FF0X:0:0:0:0:0:0:103 Rwhod
 IPv6 Multicast Assignments
• Scope Level
– FF01 – Node Local
– FF02 – Link Local
– FF05 – Site Local
IPv6 TLA structure
 Aggregatable Global Unicast
F
P
TLA ID RES NLA ID SLA ID

Interface Identifier

• FP – 3 bits – Format Prefix (001)

• TLA – 13 bits – Top Level Aggregator (8192)
• RES – 8 bits – Reserved
• NLA – 24 bits – Next Level Aggregator
• SLA – 16 bits – Site Level Aggregator
• Interface Identifier – 64 bits
• RFC 2373
 Aggregatable Global Unicast
F
P
TLA ID Sub-TLA NLA ID SLA ID

Interface Identifier

• FP – 3 bits – Format Prefix (001)

• TLA – 13 bits – Top Level Aggregator (8192)
• Sub-TLA - 13 bits - Sub-Top Level Aggregator
• NLA ID - 19 bits - Next Level Aggregator
• SLA – 16 bits – Site Level Aggregator
• Interface Identifier – 64 bits
• RFC 2928