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71

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81

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83

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: Rectangle Tool
Ja3 / %  J 3
( Rectangle Tool ) Ja3
.a J_ N; N3 ; N D P>9 !
N; ( Draw menu ) * +, N; ;( Rectangle Too) Ja3 #_

. (Drawing toolbar)  #

: Drawing a Rectangle
*  7 &$ ( ;faces) b D Za3  N
.(  !3; !9 ) J_ N *@6; @9
:0 b, "!
". K = .@L  1 ! LM- . ( Rectangle Tool ) 0 b,- > -
.0 b, T
.0 b,-. K B4j Bb TU ~ -
.B,/- B4j K  LM-  X -
. 0 b,-. B h B4j Bb TU B I ~ -

: Drawing a Square
:T "! . (Rectangle Tool ) 0 b,- !"  A /-
Bb K. ( ~ Rectangle Tool ) 0 b,- > -
.K B4j
85

A ) E
 b E!  >B,/- B4j K  LM-  X -

@A 
 ( Y!Y T B4!  ! ( diagonal dotted line
.T- !   O T- S8
. B I ~ -

:Entering Precise Dimensions

. (Value Control Box) *19  !.$% &$ h T
Ja3  9
* D P>  9 ; .$& $  >a9 *!!@  9)=
! a3

. ;>Ja3   9
current file units ) B R p.-  X  0-/, !  
  X  4RA N4 T b,A . E8 B4 B-  Tb o- ( setting
. B I S8 X B /U
  1 2A o S8 
: B X\
Value Control ) B-   "@R BO8 S8 ( 3') 0h B.:8 B-  o.>
K ! Sh  /  / K. ybA  !4Z B-  ( Box
Sh  / E8 O8
S8 B-  "I B.:8 o/q B4b ~ Q
 . y, 
.  1 !

: rawing Rectangles by Inference

& ee J 3
( Rectangle Too ) Ja3
]
3 ( sophisticated a geometric analysis engine ) a
. 9)& fZO G6& $ / . Ja3= g
*a9 J (
inference decisions) ee ,
e aV  .$% &$ T
nference engine) ee;!
.( inference points)e 1% ( inference lines)

86

 b.1 aV
 ;! N9 *1,a3 J. /%J
 .
h- : 7 % *a1% D E* )! ( endpoint; *$ f
7  9 E $&
!; b )\ (an axial direction#
ee ; #1= 1% ee )T (ToolTip . b.1

_  D!; ]%  ]
Da1* )\
=a3 G
From ) J 3
( Point inference  Ja3 &$3 ; ; F
). (non-orthogonal planes

87

: Circle Tool
Circle ) + #_% . +   J 3
( Circle Tool) + 
 # N( ;Draw menu ) * +, N ( ; ;Tool
. (Drawing toolbar)
: Drawing a Circle
)N@* 6; @9 ;b D  g N +
: C !" . (  !3; !9 ) 
. C" . K = .@L  1 ! LM- . C > -
. C j TU ~ -
p B- . C b p 4R C j   / LM-  X -
Value ) B-   "@R O8 S8  ! ( radius value ) b
Tb B-   4RA 3
@-4 LM- 34R 3
  I ( Control Box
. ( Return ) ( Enter ) Q K. ~" I O8
S8 b p
( segmentation) C. ,Y  4RA N4 T b,A
. O- O8
S8
. C } B I ~ -
:B X\
center of ) C j TU LM-. 3  -! @~ N4 T b,A
) C b p TU E1N B f >R, " I ( the circle
. C - }LM-  X . ( radius
segmentation) C. ,Y (  radius ) C b p " 
(Value Control Box) B-   "@R O8 -/! 4RA @-4 (
. C !" / L

:Inference Locking
+& $ ( ;
Shift) 6; D P> ;=  P>
.(circle's orientation) + /
J61 ( Circle Tool)
: Specifying Precise Circle Values
) a1 L@% *, T
(Value Control Box) *19  !.$%
a1 L@% *, !
G= a3
. + 9 1
9 ( radius
.$  9 (line segments) + #= \a, * ,9 ( radius )
.
88

: Specifying an Exact Radius Value

Value ) *19  !.$% &$ ( radius ) a1 L@% *, 7
+ r* ;a1% =g  9 a a1 L@% *, =>a9 (Control Box
].9 >1 ( Return ) ( Enter ) 6; D P> f (center point)
. +
 
J>, ) ( ;>radius ) + a, L@% !
 G= a3

P> .$& $ a1 L@% *, =>a9 + 

 9 ]; \(
. ( Return ) ( Enter ) 6; D

: Specifying The Number of Segments

) =a1  T (Value Control Box) *19  !.$%
#_
( Circle Tool) + ; M% ( number of segments
. ( initially activated) 
&$ *1>= a9 + r* a1% =g P> J>, .$& $ M%  7
. .$


 9 ( *$g  J>, ) $ =a1 
!  G= a3

D P> .$& $( 's' ) !9  >

?* 3>9 =a1>=  a9 ] +
. ( Return ) ( Enter ) 6;
9 ];, N7 D  + \ D  & J_9 :>a ;31%e
D :>a +   9 
!3, . ( tools)  )F
  +
.  +\

89

:Polygon Tool
** T= G %  J 3
(Polygon Tool) =G
. M% - =; (a circle ) + Ng
N; ( Draw menu ) * +, N; ;( ( Polygon Tool) =G #_

. (Drawing toolbar)  #

: Drawing a Polygon
R ) B.Q
 2
4 f wf K. T.N- TU@ -4
:(Polygon) T.N "! . (R-  ,-
. T.N T ". K = .@L  1 ! LM- T.N- > -
(enter point of the polygon) T.N- j Bb TU ~ -
) B-   "@R O8 S8 T.N-  f  4RA N4 T b,A .
.( Value Control Box
b p BR8 . T.N-  b p 4R j-   / LM-  X -
Tb 4f b p 4RA T b, LM-  R 
 O8
S8  A
. ( Return ) ( Enter ) Q ~@ / "I b B- 

L / . T.N- \  B I  ,4 LM- K. ~ -

T8  f >R, T.N- j TU B I @~ T b,A
T.N-  - }LM-  X . b p TU LM- @~ 
. ( polygon )
90

: Inference Locking
Polygon ) =G 9 ( Shift key) 6; D ]& $  P>
. (lock the polygon's orientation) =G /
J61 * $ (Tool

: Entering Exact Radius and Segment Values

J6) N )M%& $ ( Value Control Box ) *19  !.$%
) L& $ =G a, L@% M%  T
;%> .$% N;
*SV  ; 7 S &$ (Units panel ) D3( document
 !.$% &$ 1 LV; J\  G 9 ];, f . 9
) ( Enter ) 6; D P>( Value Control Box) *19
.( Return

: Entering the Number of Sides

M%>  1 *@; ( Value Control Box ) *19  !.$%
Polygon ) =G #_
; ( number polygon sides ) =G
 _. (radius) a1 L@% \J>1 .$  . (Tool
f a>=   a9 M%  J\
] . ] ] )g  9 b%
 9 !9 1
, . - -h -
 ( '8s'): O; .('s') !9 />

. *1
] D= ) G G /=
 G; \ D :>a =G

:Entering a Radius Value

*1\ o ( Value Control Box ) *19  !.$% =  a3

L@% ?>= ?. / r* a1% ] g  9 =G a, L@ &


6; D P >f (Value Control Box) *19  !.$% &$ a1
=a3
. (radius) a1 L* @1,* , \o ( Return ) ( Enter )
. (a polygon) =G 
 9  f * ; g F

91

T, 0Q
:Modification Tools 04/
)J  J 3
& ( & ) modification tools) J 
83 ( Push/Pull Tool) #> )b. NG
. *!
. (Select Tool) \e ( Eraser Tool)
. ( Tools menu ) *+1 Ng ;J@6 .

:Move Tool
y3%( stretch) #;( move) ]!
( Move Tool) * ] !8

. %( rotate)  G J 3

.( )copy)
Modification ) J  #  9 ( Move Tool) * !#_%
(Tools menu) * )+,  9 ( toolbar
92

:Moving Geometry .
& %( ! ? entities) % D P> D
! e ]%
.(,$ E N   D7 ) E >= %  \, !
MK

: BR \ -/, @ 34R

S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.wZAY
. @4RA S8 gA S > @  -
S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- ( Move Tool) BR > -
.wZAY
B/ Bb
.(Move Tool)BR B .- @  K. X ~  -
.( Move point) BR Bb K-,A  . o, S @  K.
. LM- 34R 3 
I RA @  !34R LM-  X -
B4
B4(    inference line) Y!Y E> N4! 
T b,A . (VCB)B-   "@R O8 S8  BR B8,  ! BR.
.XY 2
! - B
/ B8, TbA  N4
:B]R.
SI\h  NQ S8 R- 0 , (inference lines) Y!Y b> TA

  @ >4 X RA Bb
@ -  4 > /
. ( b-  Z  @RA 
 0/QA - ) Z  Z  @ RA
B .-/ ( } destination point ) B
/- Bb
K. ~ -

93

:Select and Move

\ e ] \ J>, ( Move Tool) * !#_
=a3

*  *)* a1 8>@

(click point) P>* a1% \. !6;
: =@4RA>   Y. *!
S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- ( Move Tool) BR > -
.wZAY
. =@4R @ K. ~ -
.LM- BX T ! +- @  . @ 34R LM-  X -
B .-/ ( } destination point ) B
/- Bb
K. ~ -
:B X\
R! @  > @  >EA =@4R A O  @ 
. 3 O 8 /A

: Inference Locking During Move

6; D P> 9 (inference lock) ee J6, * %= a3

J6, .( Move Tool) * !Z\ J>, (Shift key)

K (inference engine) ee ;! D1> (inference lock)ee
. & $ ) )\9 fU;
:Moving Groups and Components
&$ D1> > (face) /9 *1@;( component) >%
>y3% . /9 *1@; K 8>@
N! ;
!/ ] 3; P6%
3& $ G :@
( Copies of a glued component ) *1@
. &S)

: Stretching Geometry
M37 J_( stretch) #
;%> bF9 #>
; K ;
! @
. *1a b.9 b $! 1=
!] a3
. G

:h
 ,  -X wZA p.+ K @= 4RA @-4 S  ( Face entity) =f 
: f-  wZA K. K

94

S8 . ",Z E- (single line segments) Q
 E> Tb 34RA N4 T b,A
S
R
 p! 0-/ wZAY S8 K. K  X E> " > A S   h-
. ( sloped roof )

:Moving/Stretching With Auto fold

* ; ; * !h (Auto fold faces) b a
;%>
(non-planar) 3 P6% &$ =1
e b(
 stretch) #( move)
:h.
&$ J6) D /7 ( Move Tool) * !U9 S N D P>
. @D) / ? D ( fold line ) /? #\  )b
e

95

: Forcing Auto fold Behavior

e* 3; b = 19 K * : 
;%> ; 7) t 9 &$
:h .*$go( fold lines) &a a\ :V
*$!!] 9 3 #1$ (move tool) * !U9 S *$7 D P>
= a3
. (  ) b
& $ P ( G\ 7& ) 1$ b
& $
J>, (ALT key) 6 D ]  P>9 3 .

Auto )&[& a * Ja
N; ]
6 * g b. . * !
.b
. b
e& $ *!9 J_!] 9 ] 83
( fold

: Making Copies
(copies) y3% J    N ( Move Tool)  !19 
( Move Tool) R  -/!  , 0-/ . Ng %
:
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
. >,
! !
S ( entities) > @ -
S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- ( Move Tool) BR > -
.wZAY
. u AQ- BX S8 (Ctrl key) Q- K. ~@ S8 -! ~ -
. +- @  , 44 3"  ./! B .-/ wO
. ,
. +- ( entities) @ K. ~ -
LM-  RA T ! +- @  , @ ,
LM-  X -
.

96

oR: B+,
,- @  . ,
B .- - } }Bb K. ~ -

+  g B .: @  + Y

: Creating Multiple Copies (Linear Arrays

*3 (arrays) 6@&
 $ G J 3
( Move Tool) * !
X / ,   . (series of copies of geometry) )y3% N;
:   @ h
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
. >,
! S8 gA S > @  -
. ( Move Tool) BR > -
BX S8 (Ctrl key) Q- K. ~@ 3 S8 -! ~ -
. +- @  , 4A 3"  ./ ! 0-/ O .u AQ-
. ,
. +- @  K. ~ -
. LM- BX T! ,
B .- @ ,
LM-  X-
B+,
,- @  ,
B .-  }+- Bb
S8 ~-
. 3 O o, B .:( @  selected) + Y oR:
:h4 = 8U ,   w4A O ,
 Tq -
B+,   ! 3  8 B-   "@R O8 S8 (*2) (2x) B

. (+, -Z- u 8) X B 8U
: Creating Copies at an Equal Distance Apart
*, =>a9 (original) &S) J_( copy) *V3 N9 *$3 31
=a3

 y3% *3\ $(/5)(5/) =>? : h . (divisor value) *;31;

=>a9 e= a3
e* V33* V3* S)* V3 N9 T%9
* *U9 ];, N! (multipliers) 6G( distances) $3
.\

97

:B]R.
BZ !Y 0h(models of items) -  -  A S8 f Q j - wO
,
! /-  /- O8
 yb  ,Z
. B4, 8, K. (beams) Bb   A 4 
>j

: Entering Exact Move Values

*1 79* ( 7o* ! ) $3; T
(VCB)*19 ! .$%
 ; ; 7 S 7* 7 !
>O;  (default units)
#; ( copying) 3e( moving) !9 1
; (Units panel)
=a3
(arrays) $6@
 D* $go9 . (stretching entities) %
*>3% @9 ( exact displacement ) #>G9 *7o* , !
G
(absolute 3D coordinate)*1a  9)* fZO f7o( relative)
move )  * !9 ;>Z\ (finishing point)%o* a1
.(operation
:Entering a Displacement Value
L ( >\ new displacement length) 4f BX q 4RA T b,A
: R B .- /
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
. @4RA S8 gA S > @  -
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- ( Move Tool) BR > -
.wZAY S
R B .-/ (start point) B4 Bb > Y ~ -
@ . u R wZAY S8 @ 34RA  LM-  X -
inference ) Y!Y E>  -LM- BX T! +-
(ending) B4
Bb( start) B4 Bb    ! (line
B-   "@R O8 S8  &  ! BR B8,  BR.
. (VCB)
O8 S8 (20' or -35mm): B , Bf- BX  }Tq -
Q ( Enter)Q K. ~( VCB)B-   "@R
. (Return)

98

: B X\
 04 \    -/, (VCB) B-   "@R O8 S8 "  Tq T b,A
. (default system) S! 
 K B-   R !  . S.:

.S!  
-
 0-/,A o
KX (3' 6") Tq T b,A : \h
: Entering a 3D Coordinate
: @ 34RA T b,4 
.([]) -/! @  34RA g S B8,- > 7 _
/ SI\h  NQ S8 IX} -/! (relative) B , w_ 
.(<>) -/!( coordinates in 3D space)
: (coordinates in 3D space) / SI\h  NQ S8 IX}}>
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
. @4RA S8 gA S > @  -
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- ( Move Tool) BR > -
.wZAY S
R B .-/ (start point) B4 Bb > Y ~ -
+- @  . u R wZAY S8 @ 34RA  LM-  X -
 ! (inference line) Y!Y E>  -LM- BX T!
 BR. (ending) B4
Bb( start) B4 Bb  
. (VCB) B-   "@R O8 S8  &  ! BR B8,
. S,
SIXY ( exact) S.: SIXY Tq -

: B R   R- [x, y, z]:B - /  IX}

: ** >a1% D>* 3% <x, y, z> :*>3 f7o

99

:B X\
)/ B I\h  IX}  jZ
 I X B-  4RA T b,A
wZAY( z) wZA S8  0@2 34R h- .( 3D coordinate
. [,,2'] :(VCB) B-   "@R O8 S8 S  0>
:B X\
/A  1A (VCB) B-   "@R O8 S8 TbA S  " . BqN- B1 
/ (computer's regional settings )3!R B - .} 
(comma)  Y (semi-colon)S B.:Q j B-C    .-/,-
.[x; y; z] :h-.

: Rotate Tool
  3)( elements)S (  Rotate Tool)  J 3

N  .(single rotation plane)7 3; Ng 6

\9 (distort geometry) )L!
( stretch) # G 
#  9( Rotate Tool)  #_% . 3 N; #1$ r
. (Tools menu) * )+,  9 ( Modification toolbar) J 

: Rotating Geometry
3D ) 9)* fZO* n>& $ *6V; 3; Zf &$ =
 )a3

: : 4\ -/, 0@2  4 . ( environment

.S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
. 4. 0@2 > -
T B.
 K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Rotate Tool) 4 > -
. C!"
=f wZA R- u 0@2  X ( protractor ) B.
-  X -
R-  fA  1! ( protractor ) B.
- . w4 O
K. ~@   / = fA K. Q} T b,A . B4 @ L R-
. .b- wZAY S8 B.
- @ A 
 (Shift key) Q

100

S Bb
( rotation point) Bb TU X ~  -

(inference ToolTips ) Y!Y  0-/! . ! 0@2 W X
. j Z4 K. 3A,-
0h-4 O wZAY S8 (starting point) B4 Bb  LM-  X -
. B4

. B4 Bb TU B I  LM- K. ~ -

 \Q oRA B /8 jQ B4 .4. LM-  X -
B.
-  B4 X LM-  RA -
 = PX\! (preferences)
B.
-   / 3.A -
 (angle snaps) B4 jQ K. R!
. (free rotation) X u-,!
. ( -  )}B4 Bb K. Bh I ~ -
: B X\
K. ~@  L  +A 0 ( Rotate Tool)4 0 /QA T b,A
>   ( > K  1 ! LM- ( ) Rotate Tool)4 
Q K. ~" I ( B /8 KA 4 ) BM- ( Select Tool)> Y
. ( Rotate Tool)4 E 2
A ( }ESC key)

: Rotational Stretching with Auto-Fold

stretch ) )# G   N (Rotate Tool)  
J_ N; r \
9 (geometry

101

/( twist) S &$ M>3

&( rotational movement) **
7
&[& a* S\ #_
( non-planar ) 3; K 8>@ /36% &$
(Sketch Up's Auto-Fold feature.)
;%>

:Copying Objects Using Rotate

 * 9 J>, (Ctrl key) 6; D ]& $  P>
N; e9 
\* & V3;
  %> J  (rotation operation)
. *S)

:Creating Multiple Copies (Radial Arrays

radial ) /  $6@;    N ( Rotate Tool) 
.*
a1% 7 y3 N; *3 .(arrays
.(radial array) = /L B8Q  
.S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
. >,
! S8 gA S > @  -
T B.
 K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Rotate Tool) 4 > -
. C!"
 " ./! B .-/ wO( Ctrl key) Q K. ~@  -! ~ -
. +- @  , gA 3
0h-4 O wZAY S8 (starting point) B4 Bb  LM-  X -
. B4
B4 Bb TU B I  LM- K. ~ -
LM- BX T! +- @  B+, @ ,
-
. ,
B .- ( }destination point) wZAY Bb K. ~ -
. 3 O o, B .: + Y oR: B@- ,

: h . B 8U} /- ,
  BQN- B-  Tq -
(
I ,
 -Z @4 ) X B 8U B+,  ! (*2) ( 2x) Tq
. b+ wO -/!  o+, B h 3.  44 o+, X
102

: Folding Along an Axis of Rotation

&a #\ JO; * & @$7 ?D *1= g9 J_= ?& a3

R q K. 0@L Sb . #V& ] $ J_ a  9 f (fold line)

: (axis of rotation) 
.S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
Sb E+ 0-/,! W.h-  . ! O 0@2 > -

.
T B.
 K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Rotate Tool) 4 > -
. C!"
 ! S B8R Sb E> 4 X K. ~@ S8 -! ~ -
. 0@2 S8 Sb  8
E> T B.
-  R- ( fold line) Sb E> q K. LM-  R! -
. ( W.h- )  Sb

S Bb
( rotation point) Bb TU LM-  X -

. 0@2  . ! 
103

. . B4 Bb TU B I LM- K. ~ -

\NQ oRA B /8 (angle snaps) jQ B4 4. LM-  X -

B4 X LM- 34R A -
 = PX\! (under preferences)
 / h 3.A -
 (angle snaps) B4 jQ 0R! B.
- 
. (free rotation) R   u-,! B.
-

.( -  )}B4 Bb K. Bh I ~ -

:Creating Copies at an Equal Distance Apart

*, \9 (original) &S) J_ ( copy) *V3 N9 *$3 31
=a3

:h . *19 ! .$% &$ (divisor value) 31

104

(original) &S) J_ N9 T%9  y3% *3\  (/5) ( 5/) =>?
(distances) $3>= a9 e= a3
.(first copy) *V3%
* \U9 ];, *F (multipliers) 6G

: Entering Exact Angle Values.

*r 9 T

( & degree of rotation) * 
G= a3
.  f( VCB) *19 ! .$% &$ (angular degrees)
(slope values) J , ( angular rotation) r*  , \
. J_ ; .$& $ 

:Entering an Angular Rotation Value

*1 ?>= ( degrees) 9 *1,@ 9 (angle) *r , !
7 E f( VCB) *19 ! .$% &$ (decimal) 79
:h. (protractor) *1
1 .#>G9 (34.1) 1; (degree angle) *] * a  (34.1) =>?
;* r* 1=
! a3
. *3 1 P *r>* ! 3
. (rotation operation)  * 9  f

:Entering a Slope Value

&$ (colon) *;Z 9 N@6; N, =>? (slope) J* *  , !
:h . (VCB) *19 ! .$%
1 *7 b
P 9 *r>* ! 3 1 . (8:12) N1?>=
rotation )  * 9  f ; #>G9 *r* , !
=a3
. *3
. (operation

105

:Scale Tool
r( stretch) #;( resize) !
o J 3
(Scale Tool) !
. & $  \S D>* 3% J_
( Modification toolbar) J  #  9 ! #_%
. (Tools menu) * )+,  9
:B X\
0@2 -
0  8 "ZR4 S B .-/ S( Global Scale) S- / " ZR
. b   B8,- K  .b-  / y b (simultaneously) S&
) 3f- jf K. " ZR  .- Y E8 Bs  (Scale Tool) " ZR
.( -
0 K. ~
:Scaling Geometry
"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
=- ZRA 4A O 0@2 > -

: K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Scale Tool) " ZR > -
X  ! (Scaling grips) " ZR  N .
: 0>
. +- 0@2

BN BN >  Y (scaling grip) " ZR BN K. ~ -

-X .  SNA !B.- " ZR  N +-
. BQ.+ " ZRA B .-  " ZRA BN 0 .(highlight in red)
((VCB)) B-   "@R O8 . 0@2 ( scale) " ZR LM-  X -
" ZR A -
 -. (relative size) S,
" ZR ! 
. " ZR B .- - / B.b- " ZR  / > T b,A. -
. 0@2 " ZRA 0-@A / ~  >-
106

: Scaling Auto-Folding Geometry

* =; *h @9 J
(Auto-fold feature)
;%>& $ &[& a* S\
19o G M37 (folding lines) &a a\ 
;%> . !
. *3; b

: Scaling a 2D Surface or Image Object

Image )  @%( Two-dimensional surfaces) 9)* +f a3
*fZO ) D * &
39 !(
  * entities
!?* ) 7 S .(three-dimensional geometry) 9)
/
! ; ! G>, * 3
( !Scale Tool's bounding box)
9)& fZO?* 7 S J *1? P69 J
G>1 b. . 9)& +f
. (Ctrl and Shift) J & 76; =; G J  . (3D bounding box)
6; 9)& +f 8a !
; 9)& +f Ja3; ?* 7o S
*?7o S .(G\-7 ) 3; Ng =1 .
! .( surface) 8a3(  3D volume ) 9)& fZf 7 
9)& +O
! g =a3
. (G\-7 ) 3; =; 3\
. ! J>, / D! ;!  9

:Scaling Components
individual ) *6( ! !* Component entity) M
!  ;
8
*SV b. . *6
 r9 56! )\M e7 J . (instance
. ]% &$ M P6 *6V !* y3 N;   D ] !@

! JO; (component's context)  Ng !
. M L
D f
(component) M Ng (Line entity) #\
e7 J& $ #V  P6% e7 J !  ) M e7 J
. (M

:Scaling Options
.  3
& G>1 = T
(Scale Tool) ! #_
J;9 * D1>
E9 3;  ;  *+; 8>@
J_ L\ *6V; *G>,
*6V; *G>, L_ (X-ray Transparency) P*  * $6 #% JF.

107

uniform ) T ! N; Z ] 8

(Scale Tool) !
#(  no uniform scaling) T; K !( scaling
. ! % 1
J 3
&* ! G>, . (stretching operations)
. / 9 1

:Corner Grips
*3*  r N; V J_(
! Corner grips) *r G>,
T; !
( default behavior) &1 3 . (opposite corner)
single scale ) 6 ! J; ;  D1> 9) N9 M` 7
.(VCB) *19 ! .$% &$ T (dimension)  >( factor

:Edge Grips
opposite ) *3* ; $7 N; V J_( (
! Edge grips) *$! G>,
K !
( default behavior) &1 3 . &%h J_9 N >9 (edge
.$% &$ . F 9) N9 M ]  & (no uniform scale) T;
.(comma) *S$ 9 , T (VCB) *19 !

: Face Grips
7 b
& $ P ; / N; V J_( (
! Face grips) / G>,
no uniform ) T; K !
( default behavior) &1 3 . #1$
(VCB) *19 ! .$% .F 9) N9 M ]  & (scale
. #1$ 7* , J>1
 T

: Scaling About the Geometry Center

P>. J_ r ;N; V D! 9 ] 83
(Scale Tool) !
so ! * f ,& $ (Ctrl key) 6; D P>9 
G>, N; D P> (geometry's center point) J_ r* ;a1%
. ]. 1>? ! J\ V D M! (scaling grips) !

:Toggling Between Uniform and Non-uniform Scaling

T; K !
% N; K9 ! f J_& $ Jf 19o 
!,
! * N; ) *T( * ! toggles) #9 (Shift key) 6;.
. ( *T * ! N;) *T; F* ( * ! T; F

108

:B X\
" 
- " ZR  -,.  bA - -/!@ -4 (Ctrl and Shift) SXQ
. +- 0@2 j
 "  -  g
: Controlling Scaling Direction With The Axis Tool
(drawing axis ) = ;! g 9 ! b
D *,9 a3]
)
J 3 (Scale Tool) ! .(Axes Tool) ;= !
t>1 b
D a3 36% (orient) /  ( G\-7
. = !g   9 (grip direction)

Entering Exact Scale Values

!* , !
&( axis)  !9 T
(VCB) *19 ! .$%
*%\ 7 S &$ 7 () default units) *1 7& $/36%
.$% &$ !* , =>? .! * Z\ (& ; ; $ 7
.  * ! ;>9 Z\ ;>J_( ! VCB) *19 !

:Entering a Scale Multiplier Value

q }>.  * ! ;>9 Z\   9 =
! ?a3

: " ZR B .- (>\dimensional length value)/

.S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
. =- ZRA 4A O 0@2 > -
0>
 : K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Scale Tool) " ZR > -
. +- 0@2  X  ! (Scaling grips) " ZR  N .
:
BN BN >  Y (scaling grip) " ZR BN K. ~ -
highlight ) -X .  SNA !B.- " ZR  N +-
. BQ.+ " ZRA B .-  " ZRA BN 0 .(in red

109

((VCB)) B-   "@R O8 . 0@2 ( scale) " ZR LM-  X -

- " ZR A -
 -. (relative size) S,
" ZR ! 
." ZR B .- - / B.b- " ZR  / > T b,A.
( 2' 6" ):0h ( dimensional length value) / B-  Tq -
~ . (VCB) B-   "@R O8 S8 - (2m) Z B!
(Return) ( Enter)

:Mirroring Geometry using the Scale Tool

mirror ) J_ G J 3
N (Scale Tool) !
*  b.. 7 !
&* a1 7  9*
] G>1 M!39 (geometry
*> , D t91 r6, 9 57e. V D J\ D ) M! ] 8

(force) r= a3

. M b
e& $ J
( & -1.5) ( -1) :JO;
. M  9 * , =>a9 
:Entering Multiple Scale Values
( scaling factors ) ! Z; ; D +(
_ VCB) *19 ! .$%
!
. 7* , \D
! 7  9 !
*. * ; * 9 *a>

*T; !
*. (comma) 69 @6; , \Ma N 9
F  9)* fZO` * ! 7 7* , D 
! 9)* fZf
N *@6; *, J , *fZf (
!Non Uniform 3D scaling) *T;
.(comma) 69 )\
!* a1% N9 (dashed line) =a1; #\ s ! * f 57Z
! .$% &$ *$3;  6; *, \./
\ . t>1( scaling point)
( grip distance) *G>1* $3; #>G
;%>(   VCB) *19
N 9 7  9 ) # % N T tF9 .*$3* !
] 1
]
. #_% . ( 9* fZf
(commas) 69 *@6;  ; , =>? 
 ; 9 !9 1
;
3) P  @ 9 *?7 J; D 3; g( resize) !
=a3
*$* ; $3; * ; * $7 D e9 3) ) ! 6; J_9
. (Tape Measure Tool) 1 #  

110

: Push/Pull Tool
Face ) / % M!= $ (Push/Pull Tool) #> J 3

=   a3
. 9)* fZO  N ;7 * ?$go (entities
] J_ b N; %  \ 7  (Push/Pull Tool) #>
#  9 (Push/Pull Tool) #> #_% . *a3  b
* )+,  9 ( Modification toolbar) J 
: B X\

 0-/A  8 O wf S8 E8 (Push/Pull Tool) E 
 0-/,A
Wireframe rendering ) S@.,  qY   E- B /U S8 ",Z @ 4
. (style
: Creating a Volume
. & $ J_ 7 z1
( = Push/Pull Tool) #> J 3

: wf  R! T8
.S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- .> Y > -

. M!3= $ / \ -

SI\I 0 b, K  1 ! LM- ( Push/Pull Tool) E 
 > -
. "! /
. =f  8 ~ -
K  LM-  X  f- wZAY S8 "ZX   K. K  LM-  X -
.  , wZAY S8 "ZR T ! 0Q!
. .b- " ZR 04 "ZR 
 B I ~ -

111

: B X\
  LM-  4RA "I LM-  R! E1N  -! E1N  N4 T b,A
. "ZR
: B X\
 ( N> -X ,)  , K. Q "ZX  A 

. B4
. B U= f O -/! !3 Q4
O . K.x  2A (f= ) f B Q.> 0Q!x  2A ( N>= ) f Bf
R,A 0/Q  o ( wZA S8 ) K. K  Q =f( pull) R,A 

oRA ) wZA oM 0@2 0-/4  ,- K. K = f B Q.>
K  @  /4 Bf- B -@ ~ Q ybA B .-/  / A ~@4 O . (
. = 8 O = f

:Entering Precise Push/Pull Values

.(VCB) *19 ! .$% &$ T
(Push/Pull Tool) #>* * 7
=$   * 9  f* ; 1,@ 9 M!3= $ 1; !
=a3

. P  b
e9 *  r *>3 1. M!3
:Repeating a Push/Pull Operation
=$  * :>a (Push/Pull) #>  * 9 \ ;>/ D 3>
. \ / D 1 P69 ( ; \Push/Pull) M!3
: B X\
@- T8  R, B .- wZA I4 A = . ~@A O = f  f
K. A o, (front face) S= f K. 3 B .- > o
(Push/Pull) R, T8 B .- (back side face) SQ.+  f =f
. ~/- wZAY S8 R!

: Create New Push/Pull Starting Face

6; D P> f ( *%f ;P> f7 / D P> )/= $ / M!
D1> / T ; *, $7 JO
& aV . *%f =$ / M! f (Ctrl)
=  6; *[ b..= $ / M! *  (starting point) *9 *a1
. :9a> ; 
6; D P> f ( 3 ) D) D M! . /@ *

(Ctrl) 6; D P> f ( # ) D) D* %f ;M!3( Ctrl)
. ( N* ) Of ;M!3

112

: Creating Voids
/ b
9( volume) 7 D J_( ! Push/Pull Tool) #>
. J_ D )J 3
; (back face of the volume) ! &6V
3D ) 9)* fZf K$  J_ a
;%>. \ 7 N; r 
& )$ * ! 6V \ * /;9 M! , J_(  void
: *

: B X\

/  );;& ;/  * ;  b.  N

. &6V
:Moving Faces Perpendicular
b
& $ b
!] D (Push/Pull ) #>= > * a3

f( Alt key) 6 D P> 9 (perpendicular direction)

3) /_ 6; *  b. .(Push/Pull Tool) #> 
. *  f! e (Auto fold) &[& a .(deforming objects)

113

:Follow Me Tool
JO; N ; 3; ?D b  J 3
(Follow Me Tool) & >

6; )b. .(freehand pencil)  !U9 /
 #\ ( edge) *$7
D J@6
 ] 39 D JS6* $g ;
 S@\
J  )b.   J& $ (end of a path) & % 7
D /( extrude) :O9 =  a3
. ? D 3 J@6
Follow ) & >
#_% . (Follow Me Tool) & >
Z 3; ? 
 9 ( Modification toolbar) J  #  9 (Me Tool
. (Tools menu) * )+,
: B X\
. (context) , ~ Q S8 @4  Z4 =f  ,-

:Manually Extruding a Face Along a Path

?D (extruding a face) / :O> (manual method) * :a
* *U
f / /$ 3 . b
e D a3 ] 8 (path)3;
S
/A\ -/, (path) , q K. =f yh .(extrude) :O>
: (Follow Me Tool)
(path),- !@ B8R wO..4/A 4A S 0@2 B8X j  -
. (path) ,- T4 w4A O ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2 !" -
K. - 4A ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2   A
. (path),-

: K = .@L  1 ! LM- (Follow Me Tool) S
/A > -

. !" 
114

. = O ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2 K. ~ -

(path),- SN !  (path) ,-  q K. LM-  R!-

jf ~-A  Z4. 04-  X LM-  R,A -
 TA !-X . 
S
/A(  profile) =f. SZ 0@2. L Z- ( path) ,-
B8R (edge) B8X >. u R T-  . (Follow Me Tool)
(profile) =f. SZ 0@2 ~ - S
/4Y 3 (starting edge) B4 
=f. SZ 0@2 ~  (edge) B8R 3.A (extrude) yh !B .-/
. (profile)

.(path),- B4 K 0A 
  O Q
 ~  >-

115

:Preselecting the Path

3 (select tool) \e Z 3; ;1; (path)3= \ a3

. 8!@(
>=  Follow Me Tool) & >

:(pre-selected path) + , q K. =f( extrude) yh
. (path) ,- T4 w4A O ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2 !" -
K. - 4A ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2   A
. (path),-
0h-A S ( continuous set of edges) -,-  8R B-Z > -
. (path),-
 Z4 8R  ) B-C  (Follow Me Tool) S
/A > -
.
 !" : K = .@L  1 ! LM- ( + KA
( extrude) yh
! ub, = O ( profile) K. ~ -
.(pre-selected path) ! +-  ,-  q K. -,

Automatically Extruding a Face Along a Single Surface

Path
& >
J 3
  3; ?D /( extrude) :O> *1? J
3; 8a D (path)3
>= V
h (Follow Me Tool)
ub! K. (path) , q K. =f yh .(single coplanar surface)6;
116

Follow Me ) S
/A\ -/, (single coplaner surface)Q ,

: (Tool
!@B8R wO..4/A 4A S 0@2 B8X L -

. (path)3 -
. (path) ,- T4 w4A O ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2 !" -
K. - 4A ( profile) =f. SZ 0@2   A
. (path),-
. B-C  (Follow Me Tool) S
/A > -
(profile) K. ~@A -
 (Alt Key) Q K. ~@  -! ~ -
. = O

:B X\
"I ub, >  T b,A Q ub! X 8X -N4 (path),- 
. ub,  X 8R  T 8 (Follow Me Tool) S
/A
117

:Creating a Lathed Shape

B.( Lathed ) @L(   Follow Me Tool) & >
=   a3

: B4C , -/!
. (path),- 0h-A (edge) 8X W X C !" -
K. =f @ 4  N ~  . C K. - =f !" -
. C~ -4
 1 ! LM- B-C  (Follow Me Tool) S
/A > -
.
 !" : K = .@L

. .! O-  b  X\ -/, =f T C B8X TA -

118

:Offset Tool
coplanar ) 7 3; &$ * , a\ N; y3% 
(Offset Tool)
$! (Offset) J =a3
. *S) N; T;  9 D
b( lines
 + / (Offset) J . &S) / \ J\ ; b( edges)
J  #  9 (Offset Tool) #_% .  /
(Tools menu) * )+,  9 ( Modification toolbar)

: Offsetting a Face.
: =f E RA S  8R  ,
!Y (Offset Tool) e  T ;
. (Offset)  4 K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Offset Tool) > -
. = (Offset) 0- 4A O = f K. ~ -
S8  ! (Offset) B8, . (Offset)  / 4R LM-  X -
=f > 0>( Offset) 0- T b,A . (VCB) B-   "@R O8
. C= f 0 b,- = f.

. T.N- ( Offset)  A( Offset) ~  -

: Offsetting Lines
7 3; &$ =1
? * 1; aV (Offset) J \ G= a3

:b+ (Offset) 0-/ . ,)( connected, co-planar)

"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
 b> +A  Z4 . (Offset) 0- gA S  b+ > -
)Q +! T b,A. X , S8 TA N/ B. h
.  > 1 (Shift) Q ( CTRL
. (Offset Tool) > -
119

E> B/b K &  jQ ! LM- .+ E>  jf K. ~ -

. (nearest line segment)
.(Offset) B-  4R LM-  X -
. b+. (Offset)  A( Offset) ~  -

:B X\
TU LM-  R! +- E+  jf K. X@~  A T b,A
C@ (Offset) 0- .3 O . LM-  X "I w4A O T- S8 (Offset)
. N4  C  4 

: Repeating an Offset Operation

* :>a (Offset) *  9 \ ;>/ D ;
P>
. 1 P69 / P6% D *%f (Offset)
:Entering Precise Offset Values
19  & \79 (Offset) 1;  T
(VCB) *19 ! .$%
 G= a3
. (Offset) 
 f J ; ; 7 S &$
. *   9  f( Offset)  1;
!
:B X\
 04 \    -/, (VCB) B-   "@R O8 S8 "  Tq T b,A
. (default system) S! 
 K B-   R !  . S.:

.S!  
-
 0-/,A o
 KX (3' 6") Tq T b,A : \h

: Entering an Offset Value

. ( ;>Offset) *  9 Z\ (Offset) 1 * , !
=a3

: B .-/
 I( Offset) B-  }>

"! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.S
120

  b> +A  Z4 . (Offset) 0- gA S  b+ > -

)Q +! T b,A. X , S8 TA N/ B. h
.  > 1 (Shift) Q ( CTRL
. (Offset Tool) > -
#\ * a, , D h r61 E .V; #\ N; r D P> -
. (nearest line segment)
.(Offset) * , ! E 7 -
. ].9 >1 E D P> -
.$% &$ ( 20' or -35mm): *>3( >* Offset) *, =>? -
. (Return) 6; ( Enter)6; D P>( VCB)*19 !

121

:Intersect With Model Tool

N J 3
(Intersect With Model Tool) ?= ;= 1
N@ =?1
J ] 8
)b. . (complex geometry) 1 ;
>% S JO; (intersect two elements)
= $ M! J ;o9 . S ?= 1
`7 h b $7 
)b. #_% .   b b. .7
*+,  9 ( Modification toolbar) J  #  9
. (Tools menu) )
:Creating Complex Geometry
-
T Tq  -/! (complex geometry) / @L 4@
: (Intersect With Model Tool)
.
 : 0h @\
! L "! -
.S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Select Tool) > Y > -
.  T -f > Y K. ,\ I -
S !" K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Move Tool) R > -
. wZAY
) 4A 0@L B.   T Tq4 W R  X -
wf  W X 8X fAY = PXY . (oRA , 
-U =" g  (selected) + K4  Z4 . 

. 

. +-  K. (Context-click) ! B, -
 B-C  (Intersect With Model) -
T Tq > -
:?& $ $7  ! . (context commands menu) ,
.( !
- #> ;= @ ) @ %) $ =?1 &
. ( !
D ) @ +1>9 MK
e &> %) r 7 .7 -
=; >%)?= 1
*1a; &$ * 31; b;
 %> 9 57e
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122

:Intersect With Model, Groups, and Components

(Intersect With Model Tool) ?= ;= 1 N;  $!
: ZO; . (current context) &! 3& $ 
?= ;= 1 r%( group) *; ? * 1 % 7 
a\ (group) *( editing) * ; f( Intersect with Model)
( !
-D( ) @ group) * Ng 1>? , ?= 1

:Position Texture Tool

 @  # 9 &  ] @:>a

;%> Ng 
Sketch )
;%> =, , . p>@
%& > 1$  J_9
8a3 D =g
&  #>G J 3
(Up's Position Texture Tool
(resizing) ! (repositioning) =g  NG
 ?9
D *G ] ) 8
)b.] . *$g (distorting) /_
*+, N; )#_% . % D ?1 * 7 b @p>S JO; @
. (context menu for a Face entity) /  3

123

:B X\
04/ E8  -/!@ -4 (Position Texture Tool) T-  .
ub, K.  bA T b,AY . (flat surfaces) B4,-  b, K. yb-
: -/!=  .- T b,A K( curved surface) ,-

View > Hidden Geometry menu item view

=f  -Z- 0-/A S  Q
- wf K. (texture) ( edit) X "I
. S
R
-
8 X K. -  B4I B-Z S( texture)  
O S8 0@2 0-/,A (texture) ( material) -  R.b-
. U-

:Repositioning a Material
. (texture) 1= g  N; * * & ( material) = g
: ( material) - TU}
 ! B-C / ( material) - K. (Context-click) ! B,-
. (context menu)
B4h  B-C  (Position option) T- > >  -
 A Bb
-  b+ (  matrix) B8Q .(Texture sub-menu)
(materials individual tiles) B4Q  q\  -  2 - K.
. ~  B/ 4 K  1 ! LM- .
4A . TU } ub, K. E1N T LM-  R! -
( Rotate) 4A >" I B I ub, K. , B, \ :
. (Flip)
>" I -4 LM-  B, (texture) 04/A  S
A 
 -
TU  +. (texture) > E8 ~ (Done)
.(Position Texture Tool) 
: B X\
/U K  -  } 4R
 I o S8 (Esc key) Q K. E1U
. y,
entire ) TU  B .- 0 1 } A (Esc key) K. ~
T b,A TU B .-/ A -
 . ( texture positioning operation
( Undo)  > -4 LM-  ~@  o S8 p.+ K  b> f
. (context menu) , B-C 
124

:Material Positioning Pins

(  * pins)P99 J 3
(Position Texture Tool) 1= g .
=,; D?* 3>9 9 * !]
! . >!
! N P99 .
!  JO;   t 9 E
M!3 * . D \
.(skew) !%e ( resize)
:b-  (Position Texture Tool) TU
.(Fixed Pin Mode) oh  E-
.(Free Pin Mode) R  E-
:Manipulating a Material Using Fixed Pin Mode
( skew) L!
( scale) !9 (Fixed Pin Mode) 9O 9 #% 83
#% . O 9> O9 1
; (shear and distort) 1 /_

N;  &
D>* 39 JG$)(  Fixed Pin Mode) 9O 9
. (roofing textures) L13 , ( brick) 9a JO; (tile) ?Z9
: (Fixed Pin Mode) oh  E- -/! - BZ /-
 ! B-C / ( material) - K. (Context-click) ! B, -
. (context menu)
Texture ) B4h  B-C  (Position option) T- > >  -
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127

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128

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129

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131

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132

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133

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134

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135

h 0Q
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136

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Points
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137

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138

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139

: Protractor Tool
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Measuring an Angle and Placing Angled Construction

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140

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141

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142

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143

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144

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31
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:Placing Radius Dimensions
:  K. (radius dimension) b p / TU
."! K = .@L  1 ! LM- . (Dimension Tool) / > -
145

.  K. ~ -
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 > / E> TU LM-  X -
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:Placing Diameter Dimensions

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.  K. ~ -
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 > / E> TU LM-  X -
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: Diameters to Radius, Radius to Diameter
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 9 D( radius dimension) a1 L@%  9 F ( Diameter
. P 9 ( diameter)a1

146

:Text Tool
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leader ) B Y E  >Bb K  L  4 K. ~ -
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147

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149

:Section Plane Tool

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Section Plane ) =a1 3; % Z 3; ( Section Cut Effects
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150

:Changing The Active Section Plane

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 ! S8 /4 -Y o ~ Q S8 E2
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:Exporting Sections
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:Exporting Models with Section Cut Effects

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151

:Section Slice...
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152

T! 0Q
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zoom tool Pan tool Orbit tool

153

-: Previous
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154

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155

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156

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157

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 jf X B. b,  @A O8 . O8
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 !@ Zoom Window Tool )  @

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158

-> 8O @  ) . (Zoom Window Tool LM-

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159

!-/ Z. S2- S8
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160

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161