Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 16 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6th edition Giancoli

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Chapter 16 Electric Charge and Electric Field

Units of Chapter 16
Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Electric Charge in the Atom Insulators and Conductors Induced Charge; the Electroscope Coulombs Law Solving Problems Involving Coulombs Law and Vectors The Electric Field

Units of Chapter 16
Field Lines Electric Fields and Conductors Gausss Law

16.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

Objects can be charged by rubbing

16.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

Charge comes in two types, positive and negative; like charges repel and opposite charges attract

16.1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

Atom:

16.2 Electric Charge in the Atom

Electric charge is conserved the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot change in any interaction.

Nucleus (small, massive, positive charge) Electron cloud (large, very low density, negative charge)

16.2 Electric Charge in the Atom

Atom is electrically neutral. Rubbing charges objects by moving electrons from one to the other.

16.2 Electric Charge in the Atom

Polar molecule: neutral overall, but charge not evenly distributed

16.3 Insulators and Conductors

Conductor: Charge flows freely Metals Insulator: Almost no charge flows Most other materials

16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

Metal objects can be charged by conduction:

Some materials are semiconductors.

16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

They can also be charged by induction:

16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

Nonconductors wont become charged by conduction or induction, but will experience charge separation:

16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

The electroscope can be used for detecting charge:

16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

The electroscope can be charged either by conduction or by induction.

16.4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

The charged electroscope can then be used to determine the sign of an unknown charge.

16.5 Coulombs Law

Experiment shows that the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

16.5 Coulombs Law

Coulombs law:
(16-1)

16.5 Coulombs Law

The force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same.

This equation gives the magnitude of the force.

16.5 Coulombs Law

Unit of charge: coulomb, C The proportionality constant in Coulombs law is then:

16.5 Coulombs Law

Charge on the electron:

Charges produced by rubbing are typically around a microcoulomb:

Electric charge is quantized in units of the electron charge.

16.5 Coulombs Law

The proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of , the permittivity of free space:

Figure 16-16 Example 16-1. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on the electron

r = 0.53 10 10 m

r = 0.53 10 10 m
(16-2)

F = 8.2 10 8 N

Figure 16-17 Example 16-2

16.5 Coulombs Law

Coulombs law strictly applies only to point charges. Superposition: for multiple point charges, the forces on each charge from every other charge can be calculated and then added as vectors.

Which charge exerts the greater force?

16.6 Solving Problems Involving Coulombs Law and Vectors

The net force on a charge is the vector sum of all the forces acting on it.

16.6 Solving Problems Involving Coulombs Law and Vectors

Vector addition review:

16.5 Coulombs Law

Example: calculate the net force on Q3

16.7 The Electric Field

The electric field is the force on a small charge, divided by the charge:

(16-3)

16.7 The Electric Field

For a point charge:
(16-4a)

16.7 The Electric Field

Force on a point charge in an electric field:
(16-5)

Superposition principle for electric fields:

(16-4b)

16.8 Field Lines

The electric field can be represented by field lines. These lines start on a positive charge and end on a negative charge.

16.8 Field Lines

The number of field lines starting (ending) on a positive (negative) charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

The electric field is stronger where the field lines are closer together.

16.8 Field Lines

Electric dipole: two equal charges, opposite in sign:

16.8 Field Lines

The electric field between two closely spaced, oppositely charged parallel plates is constant.

16.8 Field Lines

Summary of field lines: 1. Field lines indicate the direction of the field; the field is tangent to the line. 2. The magnitude of the field is proportional to the density of the lines. 3. Field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges; the number is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

16.9 Electric Fields and Conductors

The static electric field inside a conductor is zero if it were not, the charges would move.

The net charge on a conductor is on its surface.

16.9 Electric Fields and Conductors

The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of a conductor again, if it were not, charges would move.

Figure 16-35 Example 16-10

Application: shielding, Faraday cage

16.10 Gausss Law

Electric flux:

16.10 Gausss Law

Flux through a closed surface:

(16-7)

Electric flux through an area is proportional to the total number of field lines crossing the area.

16.10 Gausss Law

The net number of field lines through the surface is proportional to the charge enclosed, and also to the flux, giving Gausss law:
(16-9)

Figure 16-39 Gaussian surfaces

Example: electric field near charged spherical shell

This can be used to find the electric field in situations with a high degree of symmetry.

Summary of Chapter 16
Figure 16-41 Example 16-12

Example: electric field at surface of a conductor

Two kinds of electric charge positive and negative Charge is conserved Charge on electron:

: surface charge density

Conductors: electrons free to move

E=

Q = 0 A 0

Insulators: nonconductors

Summary of Chapter 16
Charge is quantized in units of e Objects can be charged by conduction or induction Coulombs law:

Summary of Chapter 16
Electric field of a point charge:

Electric field can be represented by electric field lines Static electric field inside conductor is zero; surface field is perpendicular to surface Electric flux: Gausss law:

Electric field is force per unit charge: