Scribd
Upload
219 views3 pages

Chapter 12 Group VII

Uploaded by

Tilak K C
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
219 views3 pages

Chapter 12 Group VII

Uploaded by

Tilak K C
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Chapter 12 (AS-Level)

Group VII
These are called the halogens. They are non-metals.

General properties of group VII elements


They behave in a similar chemical manner Non-metals Exist as diatomic molecules Melting and boiling points increase down the group Colour deepens down the group Very reactive and readily form salts Can exist in covalent and ionic compounds Reactivity decreases down the group They exhibit a range of oxidation numbers Electronegativity decrease down the group Their oxidation power decrease as going down the group

The reactivity of halogens


Displacement reactions
The electron affinity (enthalpy change for X + e- X-) is the ease at which a halogen can become an ion. The more negative the greater this ease and the greater the power of the oxidizing of the halogen The oxidizing power of the halogens decrease down the group as their reaction affinity increases (nearer to positive) Displacement reactions can occur as the oxidizing power of the halogens decrease down the group and any halogen can displace any other halogen lower in the group Cl2 + 2 Br- (aq) 2 Cl- (aq) + Br2 (aq) Cyclohexane is used, which forms a separate layer in which the ions are more soluble in it, so the colour becomes more apparent. Halogen Cl2 Br2 I2 ClNo reaction No reaction BrOrange-yellow No reaction IPurple iodine Purple iodine -

Reactions of halides with H2


H2 + X2 2 HX H2 + Cl2 2 HCl (explosive in UV light) H2 + Br2 2 HBr (reaction slow on heating) H2 + I2 2 HI (incomplete reaction on heating)

All hydrogen halides formed are simple molecular compounds which are gases at room temperature The H-X bond length increases down the group, so the bond enthalpy decreases The bond enthalpy decreases down the group. This means that the stability of the hydrogen halides also decrease down the group HCl is stable at 1500C HBr decomposes at 800C HI decomposes ate 500C. This is the least stable and can act as a strong reducing agent.
Test for halides

(1) Acidify with nitric acid (2) Add aq. Silver nitrate White precipitate (silver chloride) Chloride ion Cream precipitate (silver bromide) Bromide ion Yellow precipitate (silver iodide) Iodide ion (3) Add NH3 (aq) White precipitate (silver chloride) dissolves in dilute colourless solution Cream precipitate (silver bromide) dissolves in excess colourless solution Yellow precipitate (silver iodide) doesnt dissolve Another test is with concentrated H2SO4: (1) With ClNaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl (white fumes) (2) With Br- and IH2SO4 is an oxidizing agent and oxidize HBr and HI into Br2 and I2, and their colours can be seen. With HBr, sulphuric acid is reduced by HBr into SO2 NaBr + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HBr 2 HBr + H2SO4 H2O + Br2 + SO2 (Br2 is an orange vapour) With NaI, sulphuric acid is reduced by HI into SO2, S and H2S NaI + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HI 2 HI + H2SO4 2 H2O + I2 + SO2 6 HI + H2SO4 4 H2O + 3 I2 + S 8 Hi + H2SO4 4 H2O + 4 I2 + H2S

Disproportionation reactions of chlorine


This happens in the reactions of chlorine with sodium hydroxide. These depend on the temperature: With cold dilute aq. NaOH, a mix of Cl- and ClO- (chlorate ions) is formed. Cl2 + 2 NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H2O This is disproportionation, in which chlorine is oxidized and reduced at the same time.

This reaction is used to produce bleach which is HClO, chloric acid. It is a solution of NaCl and NaClO in a 1:1 mole ratio. With hot concentrated aq. NaOH, forms Cl- and Chlorate (v) (ClO3-) ions: 3 Cl2 + 6 NaOH (aq) 5 NaCl + NaClO3 + 3 H2O

Purification of drinking water


When Cl2 gas is used to purify drinking water, disproportionation occurs again to make HCl and HClO. Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO The HClO (chloric acid) decomposes into HCl and O which kill the bacteria.

Uses of halogens
Cl2 and Cl2 (aq) are used as oxidizing agents, bleaches, treating drinking water and treating swimming pool water. Also used in the manufacture of various chemicals like chloroethene and CFCs which are used as fire extinguishers and are vital constituent of artificial blood. Solvents that contain chlorine such as di-chloromethane are used to dissolve fats and oils. Fluorine is used to make CFCs, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene) which is used as a lubricant, a coating for non-stick pans, electrical insulation and in water proof clothing. Fluoride ions are used to prevent tooth decay. Hydrofluoric acid is used in etching glass. Bromochlorodifluoromethane is sued in fire extinguishers. Silver bromide is used in photographic film. Iodine is an essential part of our diet, and an imbalance causes thyroid problems. A solution of iodine is sometimes used as an antiseptic.

END OF LESSON

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy