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Gauss Jordan Elimination

The document discusses Gauss-Jordan elimination, a method for solving systems of linear equations. It explains that Gauss-Jordan elimination transforms a matrix into reduced row echelon form through elementary row operations. The rank of the matrix determines the number of solutions to the corresponding linear system. The method was developed by Gauss around 1800 and applied to problems in astronomy and geodesy.

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Faith Mangwanya
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206 views2 pages

Gauss Jordan Elimination

The document discusses Gauss-Jordan elimination, a method for solving systems of linear equations. It explains that Gauss-Jordan elimination transforms a matrix into reduced row echelon form through elementary row operations. The rank of the matrix determines the number of solutions to the corresponding linear system. The method was developed by Gauss around 1800 and applied to problems in astronomy and geodesy.

Uploaded by

Faith Mangwanya
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATRICES AND GAUSS-JORDAN

Math 21b, O. Knill

MATRIX FORMULATION. Consider the sys- The system can be written as Ax = b, where A is a matrix (called coecient matrix) and and x and b are vectors. tem of linear equations 0 x 3 1 1 3x y z = 0 A = 1 2 1 , x = y , b = 0 . x + 2y z = 0 9 z 1 1 3 x y + 3z = 9 ((Ax)i is the dot product 3 We also look at the augmented matrix B = 1 where one puts separators for clarity reasons. 1 of the ith row with x). 1 1 | 0 2 1 | 0 . 1 3 | 9

MATRIX JARGON. A rectangular array of numbers is called a matrix. If the matrix has m rows and n columns, it is called a m n matrix. A matrix with one column only is called a column vector, a matrix with one row a row vector. The entries of a matrix are denoted by aij , where i is the row and j is the column. In the case of the linear equation above, the matrix A is a square matrix and the augmented matrix B above is a 3 4 matrix.

m n

GAUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION. Gauss-Jordan Elimination is a process, where successive subtraction of multiples of other rows or scaling brings the matrix into reduced row echelon form. The elimination process consists of three possible steps which are called elementary row operations: Swap two rows. Divide a row by a scalar Subtract a multiple of a row from an other row. The process transfers a given matrix A into a new matrix rref(A) REDUCED ECHELON FORM. A matrix is called in reduced row echelon form 1) if a row has nonzero entries, then the rst nonzero entry is 1. (leading one) 2) if a column contains a leading 1, then the other column entries are 0. 3) if a row has a leading 1, then every row above has leading 1s to the left. Pro memoriam: Leaders like to be number one, are lonely and want other leaders above to their left.

RANK. The number of leading 1 in rref(A) is called the rank of A. SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS. If Ax = b is a linear system of equations with m equations and n unknowns, then A is a m n matrix. We have the following three possibilities: Exactly one solution. There is a leading 1 in each row but not in the last row. Zero solutions. There is a leading 1 in the last row. Innitely many solutions. There are rows without leading 1 and no leading 1 is in the last row. JIUZHANG SUANSHU. The technique of successively eliminating variables from systems of linear equations is called Gauss elimination or Gauss Jordan elimination and appeared already in the Chinese manuscript Jiuzhang Suanshu (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical art). The manuscript appeared around 200 BC in the Han dynasty and was probably used as a textbook. For more history of Chinese Mathematics, see http://aleph0.clarku.edu/ djoyce/mathhist/china.html.

EXAMPLES. The reduced echelon form of the augmented matrix B determines on how many solutions the linear system Ax = b has. THE GOOD (1 solution) THE BAD (0 solution) THE UGLY ( solutions)

0 1 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 3 2 1 0 0 1 | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

2 5 2 5 2 2 5 2 12 5 2 4 7 2 6 7 2 2 | | |

1 0 0

Rank(A) = 3, Rank(B) = 3.

1 2 2

Rank(A) = 2, Rank(B) = 3.

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 2 | 2 1 1 | 5 0 3 | 2 1 1 | 5 1 2 | 2 0 3 | 2 1 1 | 5 1 2 | 2 1 2 | 7 1 1 | 5 1 2 | 2 0 0 | 9 0 3 | 7 1 2 | 2 0 0 | 9 0 3 | 7 1 2 | 2 0 0 | 1

0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0

2 | 2 1 | 5 3 | 7 1 | 5 2 | 2 3 | 7 1 | 5 2 | 2 2 | 2 1 | 5 2 | 2 0 | 0

Rank(A) = 2, Rank(B) = 2.

3 | 7 2 | 2 0 | 0

JORDAN. The German geodesist Wilhelm Jordan (1842-1899) applied the Gauss-Jordan method to nding squared errors to work on surveying. (An other Jordan, the French Mathematician Camille Jordan (18381922) worked on linear algebra topics also (Jordan form) and is often mistakenly credited with the Gauss-Jordan process.) GAUSS. Gauss developed Gaussian elimination around 1800 and used it to solve least squares problems in celestial mechanics and later in geodesic computations. In 1809, Gauss published the book Theory of Motion of the Heavenly Bodies in which he used the method for solving astronomical problems. One of Gauss successes was the prediction of an asteroid orbit using linear algebra. CERES. On 1. January of 1801, the Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi (17461826) discovered Ceres, the rst and until 2001 the largest known asteroid in the solar system. (A new found object called 2001 KX76 is estimated to have a 1200 km diameter, half the size of Pluto) Ceres is a rock of 914 km diameter. (The pictures Ceres in infrared light). Gauss was able to predict the orbit of Ceres from a few observations. By parameterizing the orbit with parameters and solving a linear system of equations (similar to one of the homework problems, where you will t a cubic curve from 4 observations), he was able to derive the orbit parameters.

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