3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 1 2009 Alcatel-Lucent.

, All rights reserved

Al cat el -Lucent Uni versi t y Ant wer p
1
Uni versi t y
PON
Passi ve Opt i cal Net wor ki ng
Technol ogy over vi ew
Al cat el -Lucent Uni versi t y Ant wer p
Uni versi t y
During class please switch off your mobile, pager or other that may interrupt.
Entry level requirements:
> General telecom concepts
Suggested duration:
> 1 day (or 6 hours)
Normal class hours:
> 8:30h 12:00h
> 13:00h 16:30h
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2
Obj ect i ves
At t he end of t he cour se, you l l be abl e t o
under st and how f i ber s do wor k, and expl ai n whi ch component s ar e
used i n an opt i cal r el ay syst em
i nt er nal r ef l ect i on, t r ansmi t t er , ampl i f i er , r ecei ver , spl i t t er ,
expl ai n t he basi c pr oper t i es of a passi ve opt i cal net wor k
descr i be t he f unct i ons of t he component s pr esent i n a PON based
net wor k
cor r ect l y use basi c PON t er mi nol ogy
We wi l l not cover
t he PON var i ant st andar di sed by IEEE
how PON i s i mpl ement ed
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3
Tabl e of cont ent s
Opt i cal f i ber f undament al s. . . . p. 4
PON st andar di sat i on . . . . . p. 36
GPON f undament al s . . . . . p. 39
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Al cat el -Lucent Uni versi t y Ant wer p
4
Uni versi t y
Opt i cal f i ber f undament al s
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5
Advant ages of f i ber
Ext r emel y hi gh bandwi dt h
Smal l er - di amet er , l i ght er - wei ght cabl es
Lack of cr osst al k bet ween par al l el f i ber s
Immuni t y t o i nduct i ve i nt er f er ence
Hi gh- qual i t y t r ansmi ssi on
Low i nst al l at i on and oper at i ng cost s
> Extremely high bandwidth
Fiber today has bandwidth capability theoretically in excess of 10Ghz and attenuations
less than 0.3 db for a kilometer of fiber.
The limits on transmission speed and distance today lies largely with the laser, receiver
and multiplexing electronics.
With the future advent of stable narrow line single-mode lasers and coherent optics, 10 to
100 Gb/s transmission is possible.
> Smaller diameter lighter weight cables
Even when fibers are covered with protective coatings, they still are much smaller and
lighter than equivalent copper cables.
> Negligible crosstalk
In conventional circuits, signals often stray from one circuit to another, resulting in other
calls being heard in the background. This crosstalk is negligible with fiber optics even
when numerous fibers are cabled together.
> Immunity to inductive interference
Fiber optic cables are immune to interference caused by lightning, nearby electric motors,
relays, and dozens of other electrical noise generators that induce problems on copper
cables unless shielded and filtered.
> High quality transmission
Fiber routinely provides communications quality orders of magnitude better than copper
or microwave, this as a result of the noise immunity of the fiber transmission path. (BER:
10
-9
10
-11
for fiber, 10
-5
10
-7
for copper or microwave)
> Low installation and operating costs
Low loss increases repeater spacing, therefore reducing the cost of capital in the outside
plant. The elimination (or reduction) of repeaters reduces maintenance, power and
operating expenses.
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6
Opt i cal f i ber st ruct ure
cor e
t hi n gl ass cent er of t he f i ber wher e t he l i ght t r avel s
cl addi ng
out er opt i cal mat er i al sur r oundi ng t he cor e t hat r ef l ect s t he l i ght
back i nt o t he cor e
coat i ng
pl ast i c coat i ng t hat pr ot ect s t he f i ber f r om damage and moi st ur e
> If you look closely at a single optical fiber, you will see that it has the following parts:
> core - thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels
> cladding - outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the core
> coating - plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage (abrasion, crushing, chemicals,
) and moisture
> Hundreds or thousands of these optical fibers are arranged in bundles in optical cables. The
bundles are protected by the cable's outer covering, called a jacket.
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Opt i cal f i ber cl assi f i cat i on
gl ass
gl ass cor e gl ass cl addi ng
l owest at t enuat i on
most wi del y used
pl ast i c
pl ast i c cor e pl ast i c cl addi ng
hi ghest at t enuat i on
pi oneer ed f or use i n aut omot i ve i ndust r y
pl ast i c- cl ad si l i ca
gl ass cor e pl ast i c cl addi ng
i nt er medi at e at t enuat i on
> In almost all cases (for telecommunication fibers) the core and the cladding are made of silica
glass (SiO
2
)
> ---
> Fiber optics can be defined as that branch of optics that deals with communication by
transmission of light through ultrapure fibers of glass or plastic. It has become the mainstay
or major interest in the world of electro-optics, the blending of the technology of optics and
electronics.
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Opt i cal f i ber t ypes
G. 651 MMF Mul t i - mode f i ber
l ar ge( r ) cor e: 50- 62. 5 mi cr ons i n di amet er
t r ansmi t i nf r ar ed l i ght ( wavel engt h = 850 t o 1, 300 nm)
l i ght - emi t t i ng di odes
G. 652 SMF Si ngl e mode f i ber
smal l cor e: 8- 10 mi cr ons i n di amet er
t r ansmi t l aser l i ght ( wavel engt h = 1, 200 t o 1, 600 nm)
l aser di odes
8 62.5 um 125 um
Cladding
Core
Coating
245 um
> The glass used in a fiber-optic cable is ultra-pure, ultra-transparent, silicon dioxide, or fused
quartz. During the glass fiber-optic cable fabrication process, impurities are purposely added
to the pure glass to obtain the desired indices of refraction needed to guide light.
> Germanium, titanium, or phosphorous is added to increase the index of refraction.
> Boron or fluorine is added to decrease the index of refraction.
> Other impurities might somehow remain in the glass cable after fabrication. These residual
impurities can increase the attenuation by either scattering or absorbing light.
> ---
> For data center premise cables, the jacket color depends on the fiber type in the cable. For
cables containing SMFs, the jacket color is typically yellow, whereas for cables containing
MMFs, the jacket color is typically orange. For outside plant cables, the standard jacket color
is typically black.
> ---
> Single mode fibers are the most prominently used type in telecommunication applications.
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Ref l ect i on and ref ract i on
n
1
n
2
n
1
.sin(a
1
) = n
2
.sin(a
2
)
incident ray reflected ray
refracted ray
a
1
a
2
a
c
a
2
n
1
.sin(a
c
) = n
2
.sin(90)
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Tot al i nt ernal ref l ect i on
Concept
l i ght t r avel s t hr ough t he cor e const ant l y bounci ng f r om t he
cl addi ng
Di st ance
a l i ght wave can t r avel gr eat di st ances because t he cl addi ng does
not absor b l i ght f r om t he cor e
Si gnal degr adat i on
most l y due t o i mpur i t i es i n t he gl ass
core
cladding
acceptance
cone
> The light in a multi-mode fiber-optic cable travels through the core by constantly bouncing
from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle called total internal reflection. Because the
cladding does not absorb any light from the core, the light wave can travel great distances.
However, some of the light signal degrades within the fiber, mostly due to impurities in the
glass. The extent that the signal degrades depends on the purity of the glass and the
wavelength of the transmitted light (for example, 850 nm = 60 to 75 percent/km; 1,300 nm =
50 to 60 percent/km; 1,550 nm is greater than 50 percent/km). Some premium optical fibers
show much less signal degradation -- less than 10 percent/km at 1,550 nm.
> For single-mode fiber, the fiber operates as a waveguide.
> ---
> Attenuation is principally caused by two physical effects: absorption and scattering.
> Absorption removes signal energy in the interaction between the propagating light (photons)
and molecules in the core.
> Scattering redirects light out of the core to the cladding.
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Scat t eri ng
Rayleigh scattering
scattering redirects light out of the core to the cladding
> If the scattered light maintains an angle that supports forward travel within the core, no
attenuation occurs. If the light is scattered at an angle that does not support continued forward
travel, however, the light is diverted out of the core and attenuation occurs. Depending on the
incident angle, some portion of the light propagates forward and the other part deviates out of
the propagation path and escapes from the fiber core.
> Some scattered light is reflected back toward the light source. This is a property that is used in
an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to test fibers. The same principle applies to
analyzing loss associated with localized events in the fiber, such as splices.
> ORL Optical Return Loss
Due to collisions of photons with impurities in the fiber, some are reflected back
Physical contact splices cause huge optical return losses too!
opt i cal r et ur n
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Absorpt i on
infrared absorption
absorption removes signal energy in the interaction between
the propagating light (photons) and molecules in the core
> Scattering
> ---
> When attenuation for a fiber-optic cable is dealt with quantitatively, it is referenced for
operation at a particular optical wavelength, a window, where it is minimized. The most
common peak wavelengths are 780 nm, 850 nm, 1310 nm, 1550 nm, and 1625 nm. The 850-
nm region is referred to as the first window (as it was used initially because it supported the
original LED and detector technology). The 1310-nm region is referred to as the second
window, and the 1550-nm region is referred to as the third window.
> ---
> Material absorption occurs as a result of the imperfection and impurities in the fiber. The most
common impurity is the hydroxyl (OH-) molecule, which remains as a residue despite stringent
manufacturing techniques.
> ---
> Short wavelengths are scattered more than longer wavelengths. Any wavelength that is below
800 nm is unusable for optical communication because attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering
is high. At the same time, propagation above 1700 nm is not possible due to high losses
resulting from infrared absorption.
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At t enuat i on as f unct i on of wavel engt h
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8
Wavelength (microns)
1.7
2.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
/
K
m
)
0,85
band
1,30
band
1,55
band
0.0
> The transmission loss or attenuation of an optical fiber is perhaps the most important
characteristic of the fiber, as it generally is the determining factor as to
repeater spacing, and
the type of optical transmitter and receiver to be used.
> The attenuation of light through glass depends on the wavelength of the light. For the kind of
glass used in fibers, the attenuation is shown in decibels per linear kilometer of fiber. The
figure shows the near infrared part of the spectrum, which is used in practice. Visible light has
slightly shorter wavelengths, from 0.4 to 0.7 microns (1 micron is 10-6 meters).
> Three wavelengths bands are used for communication. They are centered at 0.85, 1.30 and
1.55 microns, respectively. The latter two have good attenuation properties (less than 5
percent loss per kilometer).
> The 0.85 micron band has higher attenuation, but the nice property that at that wavelength,
the lasers and electronics can be made from the same material (gallium arsenide). All the
three bands are 25,000 to 30,000 GHz wide.
> Typical low loss fibers have attenuations of between 0.3 to 3dB/km. Contrast this attenuation
with the ones for coaxial cable!! For fibers and coaxial cables alike, the losses are a function
of the frequency of the signal carrier. Coax attenuation varies as the square of frequency with
signal carriers in the DC to hundreds of megahertz range.
> With fiber, the usable carrier frequency (band of low attenuation) is in the terahertz range, and
therefore we designate optical carrier frequency in terms of its wavelength. Attenuation is
therefore specified at certain wavelengths rather then at certain frequencies.
> The most common impurity is the hydroxyl (-OH) molecule, which remains as a residue
despite stringent manufacturing techniques. These radicals result from the presence of water
remnants that enter the fiber-optic cable material through either a chemical reaction in the
manufacturing process or as humidity in the environment.
> Recent advances in manufacturing have overcome the 1380-nm water peak and have
resulted in zero-water-peak fiber (ZWPF).
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Fi ber opt i c rel ay syst em
Opt i cal t r ansmi t t er
pr oduces and encodes t he l i ght si gnal
Opt i cal ampl i f i er
may be necessar y t o boost t he l i ght si gnal ( f or l ong di st ances)
Opt i cal r ecei ver
r ecei ves and decodes t he l i ght si gnal
Opt i cal f i ber
conduct s t he l i ght si gnal s over a di st ance
Tx Rx Amplifier
Electrical Electrical Optical Optical
> The basic function of an optical fiber relay system (or optical fiber link) is to transport a
signal from some piece of electronic equipment (e.g., a computer, telephone or video device)
at one location to corresponding equipment at another location with a high degree of reliability
and accuracy.
> Of course the optical fiber is one of the most important elements in an optical link. A variety of
fiber types exist, and there are many different cable configurations, depending on whether the
cable is to be installed inside a building, in underground pipes, outside on poles, or under
water.
> ---
> Basically, a fiber-optic system simply converts an electrical signal to an (infrared) light signal,
launches or transmits this light signal onto an optical fiber, and then captures the signal on the
other end, where it reconverts it to an electrical signal.
> Even though miniature or tiny light sources and detectors are in use, optical fibers are so
small that special connectors must be used to couple the light from the source to the fiber and
from the fiber to the detector. The optical fiber provides a low-loss path for the light to follow
from the light source to the light detector. In a sense it is a waveguide that carries optical
energy.
> When the link becomes too long, the fiber will attenuate the lightwaves traveling down it so
that the lightwaves cannot be distinguished from noise. Today the range goes to tens of
kilometers before amplification is necessary.
> Even with the highest-intensity light sources and the lowest-loss fibers, the lightwaves finally
become so weak or dim from absorption and scattering that they must be regenerated. At this
point a repeater must be placed in the circuit. This device consists of a light receiver, pulse
amplifier and regenerator and a light source. Together they rebuild the pulses to their former
level and send them on their way.
> ---
> Not covered here, but other components one might find in a fiber optic relay system are
passive and/or active devices, and connectors and splitters.
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Opt i cal t ransmi t t er
Funct i on:
El ect r i cal t o Opt i cal conver t or ( E/ O)
Types:
Li ght Emi t t i ng Di ode - LED
Laser Di ode LD ( FP, DFB)
Compar i son:
Tx
Expensi ve Low cost Cost
Subst ant i al Mi nor Temper at ur e
sensi vi t y
Long Shor t Di st ance
Mul t i mode or si ngl e mode Mul t i mode Mode
Hi gh Low Dat a r at e
LD LED It em
> The transmitter consists of a light source and associated electronic circuitry. The source can
be a light-emitting diode (LED) or laser diode. The transmitter electronics are used to set the
source operating point and to vary the optical output in proportion to an electrically formatted
information input signal.
> ---
> The transmitter is physically close to the optical fiber and may even have a lens to focus the
light into the fiber. Lasers have more power than LEDs, but vary more with changes in
temperature and are more expensive. The most common wavelengths of light signals are 850
nm, 1,300 nm, and 1,550 nm (infrared, non-visible portions of the spectrum).
> Lifetime of LEDs are on the order of 10
7
to 10
8
hours, while that for ILDs are on the order of
10
6
hours at room temperature. Obviously, none of these devices has been operated for 10
7
hours, as that represents hundreds of years.
> In practice, it is rare for a LED or ILD to fail often in a system. They generally will outlast other
components such as power supplies and complex circuit board assemblies.
> Because ILDs in particular use thermoelectric coolers to keep them at constant temperature
(generally below room temperature) they are very reliable.
> ---
> There are two laser technologies that are used for nearly all single mode communications
applications. At first there are Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers, which are lower in cost, and lower in
power but which do have a poorer wavelength stability.
> The distributed feedback (DFB) lasers have a higher cost, and a higher power level, and offer
an excellent wavelength and temperature stability:
internally modulated - Good for moderate powers and distances
externally modulated - Ultimate today for quality in broadcast applications
> ---
> LED Light Emitting Diode
> ILD Injection Laser Diode
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16
Opt i cal ampl i f i er
Def i ni t i on:
an opt i cal f i ber wi t h a doped coat i ng
How i t wor ks:
l aser pump popul at i on i nver si on
most at oms ar e i n exci t ed st at e r at her t hen i n gr ound st at e
cont r ol l ed, st i mul at ed emi ssi on
when per t ur bed by a phot on, mat t er l oses ener gy r esul t i ng i n t he cr eat i on of
anot her phot on
second phot on i s cr eat ed wi t h t he same phase, f r equency, pol ar i zat i on, and
di r ect i on of t r avel as t he or i gi nal ,
t he per t ur bi ng phot on i s not dest r oyed i n t he pr ocess:
phot on mul t i pl i cat i on
El ement
er bi um r ar e, so expensi ve
er bi um doped f i ber ampl i f i er - EDFA
Amplifier
> After an optical signal has travelled a certain distance along a fiber, it becomes greatly
weakened due to power loss along the fiber. At that point the optical signal needs to get a
power boost. This is done in long-distance links by means of an optical amplifier that boosts
the power level completely in the optical domain. In a PON an optical amplifier is not
employed in the outside cable plant but is used in a central office to boost the level of
analogue video signals before inserting them onto a fiber line.
> ---
> An optical amplifier consists of optical fibers with a special coating (doping). The doped
portion is "pumped" with a laser. When the degraded signal comes into the doped coating, the
energy from the laser allows the doped molecules to become lasers themselves. The doped
molecules then emit a new, stronger light signal with the same characteristics as the incoming
weak light signal. Basically, the regenerator is a laser amplifier for the incoming signal.
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17
Spont aneous and st i mul at ed emi ssi on
spont aneous emi ssi on
st i mul at ed emi ssi on
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Phot on mul t i pl i cat i on
incident photon ( pump)
photon passing by ( signal)
generated photon ( signal)
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19
Cont rol l ed, st i mul at ed emi ssi on
la
s
e
r
p
u
m
p
u
s
e
f
u
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
m
p
l
if
ie
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 20 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
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Opt i cal recei ver
Funct i on:
Opt i cal t o El ect r i cal conver si on ( O/ E)
Phot odet ect or :
APD Aval anche Phot o Di ode
PIN Posi t i ve Int r i nsi c Negat i ve phot odi ode
How i t wor ks:
gi ves an el ect r i cal pul se when st r uck by l i ght
Er r or s:
t her mal noi se i s an i ssue: a pul se of l i ght must car r y enough
ener gy t o be det ect ed
by maki ng pul ses power f ul enough, t he er r or r at e can be made
ar bi t r ar i l y smal l
Rx
> Inside the receiver is a photodiode that detects the weakened and distorted optical signal
emerging from the end of an optical fiber and converts it to an electrial signal. The receiver
also contains electronic amplification devices and circuitry to restore signal fidelity.
> ---
> The optical receiver takes the incoming digital light signals, decodes them and sends the
electrical signal to the other user's computer, TV or telephone.
> The receiver uses a photocell or photodiode to detect the light.
> ---
> Semiconductor light sensors (photodetectors) are used to convert the optical energy to
electrical current. The detectors most commonly used in fiber optics are positive-intrinsic-
negative (PIN) photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APDs).
> ---
> As in PON networks most typically a single fiber is used, the device which terminates the
optical link is an optical transceiver: this is a single device with both transmitting and receiving
functions in a single housing.
> ---
> This is where the main technical difficulty lies: burst mode optics need to be developed which
can recover the signal level and bit level timing from multiple end-stations. (See later for a
description of burst mode operation)
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21
Transcei ver
Def i ni t i on:
a t r ansmi t t er and a r ecei ver
i n a si ngl e housi ng
Pr act i cal i mpl ement at i on:
t r anscei ver s t ypi cal l y come as SFP
Smal l - For m- f act or Pl uggabl e uni t
Rx
Tx
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22
Li ght wave modul at i on
di gi t al
l i ght i nt ensi t y does change i n an on/ of f f ashi on
NRZ - non r et ur n t o zer o
0 - weak opt i cal si gnal
1 - st r ong opt i cal si gnal
anal og
l i ght i nt ensi t y changes cont i nuousl y
> Two types of lightwave modulation are possible: analog or digital. In analog modulation, the
intensity of the light beam from the laser or LED is varied continuously. That is, the light
source emits a continuous beam of varying intensity.
> In digital modulation, conversely, the intensity is changed impulsively, in an of/off fashion.
The light flashes on and off at an extremely fast rate. In the most typical system pulse-code
modulation PCM the analog input signals are sampled for wave height. For voice signals
this usually at a rate of 8000 times a second. Each wave height is then assigned an 8-bit
binary number that is transmitted in a series of individual time slots or slices to the light
source. In transmitting this binary number, a 1 can be represented as a pulse of light and a 0
by the absence of light in a specific time slice.
> Digital modulation is far more popular, as it allows greater transmission distances with the
same power than analog modulation.
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23
Fi ber i nt erconnect i ons
i nt er connect f i ber s i n a l ow- l oss manner
i s a per manent bond needed? spl i ce!
i s an easi l y demount abl e connect i on desi r ed? connect or !
Terminal A Terminal B
permanent joint
demountable joint
SPLICE
CONNECTOR
0.3 dB 0.3 dB
0.1 dB 0.1 dB 0.1 dB 0.1 dB 0.1 dB
> A significant factor in any fiber optic system installation is the requirement to interconnect
fibers in a low-loss manner. These interconnections occur at the optical source, at the
photodetector, at intermediate points within a cable where two fibers join, and at intermediate
points in a link where two cables are connected. The particular technique selected for joining
the fibers depends on whether a permanent bond or an easily demountable connection is
desired. A permanent bond (usually within a cable) is referred to as a splice, whereas a
demountable joint at the end of a cable is known as a connector.
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Joi ni ng f i bers Fi ber al i gnment
bad al i gnment
cor es ar e not cent er ed
bi g power l oss
good al i gnment
cor es ar e cent er ed
smal l power l oss
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25
angul ar physi cal cont act
some back r ef l ect i on
( smal l ) r et ur n l oss
st r ai ght physi cal cont act
l ot s of back r ef l ect i on
( bi g) r et ur n l oss
Joi ni ng f i bers Fi ber ori ent at i on
In combination with connectors, this becomes:
> SPC Straight-Polished Connector
> APC Angle-Polished Connector
> UPC Ultra-Polished Connector
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26
Joi ni ng f i bers Connect ors
pr oper t i es
good al i gnment / cor r ect or i ent at i on
pr esent at t he t er mi nat i on poi nt of t he f i ber
al ways i nt r oduce some l oss
connect or t ypes
amount of mat i ng cycl es
LC, FC, SC,
col or code
APC gr een
PC bl ue
loss:
0.3 dB
> fiber connectors
are used when two ends need to be joined and unjoined repeatedly
two fibers, or a fiber and an electro-optical source or detector,
at fiber terminal equipment, optical patch panels, fiber couplers,
present at the transmitter and receiver interface as a minimum
> ---
> LC connectors are used with single-mode and multimode fiber-optic cables. The LC
connectors are constructed with a plastic housing and provide for accurate alignment via their
ceramic ferrules. LC connectors have a locking tab. LC connectors are rated for 500 mating
cycles.
> FC connectors are used for single-mode and multimode fiber-optic cables. FC connectors
offer extremely precise positioning of the fiber-optic cable with respect to the transmitter's
optical source emitter and the receiver's optical detector. FC connectors feature a position
locatable notch and a threaded receptacle. They have ceramic ferrules and are rated for 500
mating cycles.
> SC connectors are used with single-mode and multimode fiber-optic cables. They offer low
cost, simplicity, and durability. SC connectors provide for accurate alignment via their ceramic
ferrules. An SC connector is a push-on, pull-off connector with a locking tab. Typical matched
SC connectors are rated for 1000 mating cycles.
> The ST connector is a keyed bayonet connector and is used for both multimode and single-
mode fiber-optic cables. It can be inserted into and removed from a fiber-optic cable both
quickly and easily. Method of location is also easy. ST connectors come in two versions: ST
and ST-II. These are keyed and spring-loaded. They are push-in and twist types. ST
connectors are constructed with a metal housing and are nickel-plated. They have ceramic
ferrules and are rated for 500 mating cycles.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 27 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
27
Joi ni ng f i bers Spl i ces
mechani cal spl i ci ng
al i gni ng and or i ent i ng t he f i ber s,
t hen cl amp t he f i ber s i n pl ace
f usi on spl i ci ng
al i gni ng and or i ent i ng t he f i ber s,
t hen f use ( mel t ) t he f i ber s
usi ng an el ect r i c ar c
typical case used to enclose
fiber optic splices in an
outside plant environment
loss:
0.1 dB
> Mechanical splices just lay the two carefully cut ends next to each other on a special sleeve
and clamp them in place. Alignment can be improved by passing light through the junction
and then making small adjustments to maximize the signal. Mechanical splices take trained
personnel about 5 minutes, and result in a 10 percent light loss.
> Two pieces of fiber can be fused (melted) to form a solid connection. A fusion splice is almost
as good as a single drawn fiber, but even here, a small amount of attenuation occurs. For
both kinds of splices, reflections can occur at the point of the splice, and the reflected energy
can interfere with the signal.
> ---
> Fiber-optic cables might have to be spliced together for a number of reasonsfor example, to
realize a link of a particular length. Another reason might involve backhoe fade, in which case
a fiber-optic cable might have been ripped apart due to trenching work. The network installer
might have in his inventory several fiber-optic cables, but none long enough to satisfy the
required link length. Situations such as this often arise because cable manufacturers offer
cables in limited lengthsusually 1 to 6 km. A link of 10 km can be installed by splicing
several fiber-optic cables together. The installer can then satisfy the distance requirement and
avoid buying a new fiber-optic cable. Splices might be required at building entrances, wiring
closets, couplers, and literally any intermediate point between a transmitter and receiver.
> Connecting two fiber-optic cables requires precise alignment of the mated fiber cores or spots
in a single-mode fiber-optic cable. This is required so that nearly all the light is coupled from
one fiber-optic cable across a junction to the other fiber-optic cable. Actual contact between
the fiber-optic cables is not even mandatory.
> There are two principal types of splices: fusion and mechanical. Fusion splices use an electric
arc to weld two fiber-optic cables together. The process of fusion splicing involves using
localized heat to melt or fuse the ends of two optical fibers together. The splicing process
begins by preparing each fiber end for fusion. Fusion splicing requires that all protective
coatings be removed from the ends of each fiber. The fiber is then cleaved using the score-
and-break method. The quality of each fiber end is inspected using a microscope. In fusion
splicing, splice loss is a direct function of the angles and quality of the two fiber-end faces.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 28 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
28
Opt i cal power spl i t t ers
opt i cal spl i t t er s
t ypi cal l y di vi de an opt i cal si gnal
f r om a si ngl e i nput
i nt o mul t i pl e ( e. g. t wo) out put si gnal s
and gener al l y pr ovi de
a smal l opt i cal l oss
t o t he si gnal passed t hr ough i t

3
3 dB
insertion loss
> 1 -> 4, 1 -> 8 : planar splitter
> ---
> Passive splitters are made by twisting and heating several optical fibers until the power output
is evenly distributed.
> ---
> Splitter loss depends on the split ratio and is about 3 dB for a 1 x 2 splitter, increasing by 3 dB
each time the number of outputs is doubled. A 1 x 32 splitter has a splitter loss of at least 15
dB. This loss is seen for both downstream and upstream signals.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 29 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
29
Opt i cal wavel engt h spl i t t ers
wavel engt h di vi si on mul t i pl exi ng
enabl es t he combi ni ng of
mul t i pl e wavel enght s ( e. g. t wo)
i nt o one si ngl e f i ber
dependi ng on t he desi gn, an opt i cal wavel engt h spl i t t er
t ypi cal l y pr ovi des
a smal l t o medi um l oss
t o t he si gnal s passed t hr ough i t
0.3 dB loss

2
insertion loss
> Optical Wavelength Splitting = kind of FDM, but in optics and is most typically called WDM:
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 30 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
30
Opt i cal net worki ng and net work t opol ogy
Poi nt t o Poi nt
+ Hi capaci t y
- Hi gh f i ber pl ant cost because of poi nt t o poi nt
conf i gur at i on of f i ber pai r s
Act i ve St ar
+ Hi gh capaci t y
- Hi gh oper at i ons and mai nt enance cost
- Hi gh cost of out si de pl ant el ect r oni cs
Passi ve St ar
+ Hi gh capaci t y
+ St andar di zed
+ Passi ve and f l exi bl e cabl e pl ant
+ Low oper at i ons cost
+ Al l ser vi ces over one f i ber
+ Low f i ber pl ant cost
CO
CO
CO
> A (double) ring structure is mostly used in fiber optic networks, at the core of networks, as that
is the place where very big capacities are needed.
> This slide for FTTx applications
> Distance optical power budget
> Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
Shares fiber optic strands for a portion of the networks distribution
Uses optical splitters to separate and aggregate the signal
Power required only at the ends
> Active Node
Subscribers have a dedicated fiber optic strand
Many use active (powered) nodes to manage signal distribution
> Hybrid PONs
Literal combination of an Active and a PON architecture
> ---
> ODN = Optical Distribution Network
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 31 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
31
PON f i ber sect i ons
cent r al i sed spl i t t er scenar i o
spl i t t er s i n pr i mar y f exi bi l i t y poi nt onl y
di st r i but ed spl i t t er scenar i o
spl i t t er s i n bot h pr i mar y and secondar y f l exi bi l i t y poi nt
feeder section
distribution section
drop section
CO
CP
primary
flexibility
point
secondary
flexibility
point
> CO = Central Office
> CP = Customer Premises
> ---
> PON = Passive Optical Network
> OSP = OutSide Plant
> ODN = Optical Distribution Network
> All of these three abbreviations are more or less the same: they represent what is out in the
field between the CO device and the CP device, excluding these devices themselves!
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 32 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
32
Cent ral i sed spl i t t ers
> In a centralised architecture, the splitters are all located in the primary flexibility point. The
primary flexibility point is the ODN element where the feeder plant and the distribution plant
are cross-connected. As shown in the figure above, the distribution fiber cable includes a
separate fiber for each drop. As the distribution fiber passes by a group of houses (for
example, a group of four homes), a drop box is used to allow access to the fibers serving the
homes in that group. The rest of the fibers remain unbroken and continue down the
distribution fiber cable run.
> While outside plant designs vary widely and generalized rules are difficult to make, centralized
splitters tend to provide more flexibility and lower cost in some deployment situations, such as
overbuild, where service take rates are lower and not all homes passed are connected (drops
and ONTs installed). Homes are connected as broadband services are requested by
customers. This allows only the homes that are connected to be patched to splitter ports.
> All homes passed can be potentially patched to splitters by adding additional splitters, but
initially only those homes that are actually connected consume splitter ports. This can be
done because the distribution cables converge at the centralized splitters located at the
primary flexibility point. Because the number of splitters correlates directly to the number of
feeder fibers and OLT PON ports, better splitter port utilization results in fewer feeder links
and PON ports in the CO.
> The centralized scheme can be viewed as more future-proof because it uses direct fiber links
from the primary flexibility point to the customers and enables technologies, such as WDM
PON.
> Shorter loop lengths tend to favor centralized schemes because the distributed models use of
fewer cables results in negligible possible savings.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 33 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
33
Di st ri but ed spl i t t ers
> Instead of locating all the splitters at the primary flexibility point, it is possible to have splitters
in multiple points in a cascading fashion. The figure above shows how the feeder fiber can be
split 1:16 ways using splitters located in the primary flexibility point. Each one of the branch
fibers in the distribution cable can be further split 1:4 ways in the drop box. Only one fiber is
needed to serve a group of homes, instead of dedicated fiber for each home as in the
centralized model. The single fiber is split and cross-connected to the drop cables for each
home at the drop box.
> In greenfield situations where all homes passed are connected, a distributed splitter
architecture provides better cost points because it can minimize the cost of fiber. For
example, if a 1:4 splitter located in the primary flexibility point is feeding a 1:8 splitter in the
drop box, only one fiber is required to serve 8 homes up to the drop point and much lower
fiber count distribution cable can be used, resulting in lower cost. The limitation in this case,
however, is that even if only 1 of the 8 homes is connected, it still needs to be connected back
to the 1:4 splitter, which in turn will consume a feeder link and an OLT port back at the CO.
The result will be poor utilization and higher cost.
> In some deployment situations, (particularly with RF overlay) where high transmit launch
power is required because of the loop length, a distributed model may offer some advantages
by reducing the effect of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). In this case, the first-stage
splitters can be located in the CO and can immediately reduce the power level, thus avoiding
any possible SBS effect.
> In either centralized or distributed cases, however, using a higher split ratio of 1:64 provides
significant CAPEX savings in the outside plant as well as in CO electronics and passive
connectivity. An extra split of 1:64 vs. 1:32 can substantially reduce feeder plant cost an CO
electronics and passive connectivity costs.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 34 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
34
PON benef i t s
pur el y passi ve f i ber pl ant
l ow mai nt enance cost s and hi gh r el i abi l i t y
shar es f eeder f i ber over mul t i pl e user s
l ess f i ber s needed, l ess por t s needed at CO
f i ber i s vi r t ual l y not l i mi t i ng t he bandwi dt h
much hi gher bandwi dt h x di st ance t han copper net wor ks
f i ber s bandwi dt h can be f ur t her expl oi t ed by WDM or
equi pment upgr ade
i nst al l ed f i ber i nf r ast r uct ur e i s f ut ur e- pr oof
PON of f er s bundl ed ser vi ces over a si ngl e f i ber
t r i pl e pl ay voi ce / dat a / vi deo
> Most networks in the telecommunications networks of today are based on active components
at the serving office exchange and termination points at the customer premises as well as in
the repeaters, relays and other devices in the transmission path between the exchange and
the customer. By active components, we mean devices which require power of some sort,
and are generally comprised of processors, memory chips or other devices which are active
and processing information in the transmission path.
> With Passive Optical Networks, all active components between the central office exchange
and the customer premises are eliminated, and passive optical components are put into the
network to guide traffic based on splitting the power of optical wavelengths to endpoints along
the way. This replacement of active with passive components provides a cost-savings to the
service provider by eliminating the need to power and service active components in the
transmission loop. The passive splitters or couplers are merely devices working to pass or
restrict light, and as such, have no power or processing requirements and have virtually
unlimited Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) thereby lowering overall maintenance costs
for the service provider.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 35 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
35
PON depl oyment scenari os FTTx
OLT
LL Network
OTHER
POTS/ISDN
ONU
ADSL ( < 6 KM )
< 8 Mbit/s
FTTEx
ONU
ADSL/VDSL ( < 1 KM )
< 26 Mbit/s
FTTCab
VDSL ( < 300 M )
< 52 Mbit/s
FTTC
ONT
FTTH/B
Central Office
XNT
XNT
XNT
ATM NETWORK
ONU
> A Passive Optical Network (PON) consists of an optical line terminator (OLT) located at the
Central Office (CO) and a set of associated optical network terminals (ONTs) located at the
customers premise. Between them lies the optical distribution network (ODN) comprised of
fibers and passive splitters or couplers.
> In a PON network, a single piece of fiber can be run from the serving exchange out to a
subdivision or office park, and then individual fiber strands to each building or serving
equipment can be split from the main fiber using passive splitters / couplers. This allows for
an expensive piece of fiber cable from the exchange to the customer to be shared amongst
many customers thereby dramatically lowering the overall costs of deployment for fiber to the
business (FTTB) or fiber to the home (FTTH) applications. The alternative is to run individual
fiber or copper strands from exchange to customer premises, which results in much higher
serving costs per customer.
> ---
> FITL = Fibre In The Loop
> ---
> The application of PON technology for providing broadband connectivity in the access
network to homes, multiple-occupancy units, and small businesses commonly is called fiber-
to-the-x. This application is given the designation FTTx. Here x is a letter indicating how
close the fiber endpoint comes to the actual user. This is illustrated in the drawing above.
Among the acronyms used in the technical and commercial literature are the following:
FTTB fiber-to-the-business, refers to the deployment of optical fiber from a central office
switch directly into an enterprise.
FTTC fiber-to-the-curb, describes running optical fiber cables from central office
equipment to a communication switch located within 1000 ft (about 300m) of a home or
enterprise. Coaxial cable, twisted pair copper wires (e.g. for DSL), or some other
transmission medium is used to connect the curbside equipment to customers in a
building.
FTTH fiber-to-the-home, refers to the deployment of optical fiber from a central office
environment directly into a home. The difference between FTTB and FTTH is that
typically, business demand larger bandwidths over greater part of the day than do home
users. As a result, a network service provider can collect more revenues from FTTB
networks and thus recover the installation costs sooner than for FTTH networks.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 36 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
Al cat el -Lucent Uni versi t y Ant wer p
36
Uni versi t y
PON st andar di sat i on
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 37 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
37
ITU-T st andards f or GPON
G. 984. 1 GPON ser vi ce r equi r ement s
speci f i es l i ne r at e conf i gur at i ons and ser vi ce capabi l i t i es
G. 984. 2 GPON physi cal medi um
speci f i es t r anscei ver char act er i st i cs
per l i ne r at e and per ODN cl ass
i ncl udi ng bur st over head f or each upst r eam l i ne r at e
G. 984. 3 GPON t r ansmi ssi on conver gence
speci f i es t r ansmi ssi on conver gence pr ot ocol , physi cal l ayer OAM,
r angi ng mechani sm
G. 984. 4 GPON ONT management cont r ol i nt er f ace
based on OMCI f or BPON, t aki ng GPONs packet mode i nt o account
> In 2001, the FSAN group initiated a effort for standardizing PON networks operating at bit
rates above 1 Gbps. Apart from the need to support higher bit rates, the overall protocol had
to be opened for reconsideration so that the solution would be most optimal and efficient to
support multiple services and operation, administration, maintenance and provisioning
(OAM&P) functionality and scalability.
> As a result of FSAN efforts, a new solution emerged in the optical access market place
Gigabit PON (GPON), offering unprecedented high bit rate support (up to 2.488 Gbps) while
enabling the transport of multiple services, specifically data and TDM, in native formats and
with extremely high efficiency. In January 2003, the GPON standards were ratified by ITU-T
and are known as ITU-T Recommendations G.984.1, G.984.2 and G.984.3.
> ------
> G984.1 provides the GPON framework, and is known as the GPON service requirements
(GSR). The GSR summarizes the operational characteristics that service providers expect of
the network, in terms of transport speeds, tolerances, delay, etc.
> G984.2 provides the GPON physical medium dependant specifications (GPS). This includes
operational parameters of the optical transmitters and transceivers, clock recovery and error
correction mechanisms.
> G984.3 provides the GPON transmission convergence (GTC) specifications. The GTC is
responsible for correct implementation of the data flow process in the physical layer and
addresses issues such as the frame structure, the control sequence between the OLT and the
ONTs, and the packet encryption function.
> G984.4 defines the ONT management and control interface (OMCI) for a GPON.
> ----
G.984.5 (future GPON -bands)
G.984.6 (Reach extension)
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 38 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
38
ITU-T G. 984. x f ramework
Et her net
TC adapt at i on subl ayer
Fr ami ng subl ayer
PON- PHY
C/ M appl i cat i on
PLOAM OMCI
Voi ce/ Dat a/ Vi deo
Embedded OAM

G. 984. 4 OMCI
G. 984. 3 GTC
G. 984. 2 PMD
G. 984. 1 General charact eri st i cs
> This picture shows the protocol stack for the overall GPON architecture.
> GPON is required to support all currently known services and new services being for the
residential subscribers and business customers.
> Therefore, the set of G.984 standards describes a flexible access networks using optical fibre
technology. The focus is primarily on a network to support services including POTS, data,
video, leased line and distributive services.
> The G.984.2 concentrates on the physical and fibre aspects (optical considerations, power
budgets, rates, etc).
> G.984.3 covers the Transmission Convergence (TC) aspects between the service node
interface and the user-network interface and deal with specifications for frame format, media
access control method, ranging method, OAM functionality and security in G-PON networks.
> Finally, G.984.4 specifies the detailed information structure of the ONT Management and
Control Interface (OMCI) for the G-PON system to enable multi-vendor interoperability
between the OLT and the ONT.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 39 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
Al cat el -Lucent Uni versi t y Ant wer p
39
Uni versi t y
GPON f undament al s
> Although the chapter is named GPON fundamentals, most of the topics described in here also
are applicable to APON and BPON.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 40 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
40
PON proper t i es
PON Passi ve Opt i cal Net wor k
passi ve component s
spl i t t er s + WDM- devi ce
st ar t opol ogy
p2mp poi nt t o mul t i poi nt
l ambdas
1490nm downst r eam dat a
1310nm upst r eam dat a
1550nm downst r eam ( opt i onal )
r angi ng di st ance
60 km l ogi cal r each
20 km physi cal r each
di f f er ent i al di st ance
spl i t - r at i o
64 subscr i ber s ( or even mor e)
PON
> According to the GSR, a GPON must be a full-service network, which means that it should be
able to carry all service types.
> These include 10- and 100-Mbps Ethernet, legacy analog telephone, digital T1/E1 traffic (I.e.,
1.544 and 2.028 Mbps), 155-Mbps asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) packets, and higher-
speed leased-line traffic.
> The nominal line rates are specified as 1.25 Gbps (1244.160 Mbps) and 2.5 Gbps (2488.320
Mbps) in the downstream direction, and 155 Mbps, 622 Mbps, 1.25 Gbps, and 2.5 Gbps in the
upstream direction.
> The data rates can be either symmetrical (the same rate in both directions) or asymmetrical,
with higher rates being sent downstream from the OLT to the ONTs.
> A service provider can offer a lower upstream rate to those GPONs in which the downstream
traffic is much larger than in the upstream direction, as is the case when subscribers use the
IP data service mainly for applications such as lower-rate upstream Internet surfing or e-mail
and higher-rate downstream downloads of large files.
> The wavelengths are specified to be in the range 1480 to 1500 nm for downstream voice and
data traffic and 1260 to 1360 nm for its corresponding upstream traffic. Thus, the median
values are the standard 1490- and 1310-nm wavelengths as used in BPON and EPON
systems. In addition, the wavelength range 1550 to 1560 nm can be used for downstream
video distribution. Depending on the capabilities of the optical transmitters and receivers, the
GPON recommendation specifies maximum transmission distances of 10 or 20 km. For a
GPON the maximum number of splitting paths is 64.
> ---
> The 60 km max. distance is also referred to as a logical distance: this is related to the ranging
procedure, where an ONT will add some equalisation delay depending on the distance the
ONT is away from the OLT. This leads to all ONTs being virtually away 60 km from the OLT.
> About the split: the standards already took care of having a split of up to 128 subscribers,
which is sometimes referred to as a logical split.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 41 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
41
Opt i cal power budget
l oss i n spl i t t er s
cascaded spl i t t er can be used
e. g. 1: 4 spl i t t er f ol l owed by 1: 8 spl i t t er or vi ce ver sa
so a one- st ep 1: 32 spl i t t er can be used
l oss i n WDM coupl er
l oss per km f i ber
l oss i n connect or s
l oss i n spl i ces
PON
Di st ance depends on l oss i n di f f er ent component s:
> distance = f(loss),
splitters
WDM coupler
fiber ( x dBm/km)
splices
application (data or video)
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 42 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
42
Dat a t ranscei ver speci f i cat i ons (cl ass B+)
+5,0
P (dB)
+1,5
+5,0
P (dB)
+0,5
-8,0
P (dB)
-27,0
-8,0
P (dB)
-28,0
1490 nm
1310 nm
path penalty: 0,5 dB
path penalty: 0,5 dB
Downstream budget:
+1,5 (-27) (0,5) = 28,0
Upstream budget:
+0,5 (-28) (0,5) = 28,0
Tx level
Tx level
Rx level
Rx level
0,30 dB/km
0,42 dB/km
> The loss budget requirement for the PON, based on ITU Recommendation G.983.4, is 22 dB
total loss budget for Class B PON and 27 dB for Class C PON. What differentiates Class B
and Class C PON is the power of the laser used and, marginally, the quality of the optical
components. This loss budget is really tight, especially when high-port-count splitters are
used in the design. The splitters in a PON cause an inherent loss because the input power is
divided between several outputs. Splitter loss depends on the split ratio and is about 3 dB for
a 1 x 2 splitter, increasing by 3 dB each time the number of outputs is doubled. A 1 x 32
splitter has a splitter loss of at least 15 dB. This loss is seen for both downstream and
upstream signals. Combine the losses of the WDM coupler, splices, connectors and fiber
itself, and it is easy to understand why a precise bidirectional measurement of end-to-end
optical loss at the installation is a must.
> In addition to the optical loss, the end-to-end link optical return loss (ORL) is very important to
measure. Undesirable effects of ORL include:
Interference with light-source signals
Higher bit error rate in digital systems
Lower system optical-signal-to-noise ratio
Strong fluctuations in the laser output power
Permanent damage to the laser
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 43 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
43
Opt i cal power budget Dat a
exampl e:
budget : 28, 0 dBm
16 way spl i t t er l oss: 13, 8 dBm ( t heor . 12dBm)
connect or +spl i ci ng l oss: 3 dBm ( 24*0, 1 dBm + 2*0, 3 dBm)
agi ng: 1 dBm
at t enuat i on:
0, 30 dBm/ km downst r eam
0, 42 dBm/ km upst r eam
di st ance:
( 28, 0 13, 8 3 1) / 0, 42 = 10, 2 / 0, 42 = 24, 28 km
i nt er pr et at i on:
f or a 1: 16 spl i t , t he max di st ance of an ONT i s 24 km
> A system is limited in the distance you can send signals and the maximum number of times you can
split the signal to go to different subscribers. The main problem is usually that the signal level drops too
low to be usable. Other considerations sometimes dominate.
> Fiber loss per km is 0.25 dB (1550 nm) to 0.4 dB (1260 - 1360 nm)
> Every time the signal is split two ways, half the power goes one way and half goes the other. So each
direction gets half the power, or the signal is reduced by
> 10log(0.5)=3 dB.
> Broadcast analog video actually sets the distance (see next slide)
> ---
> Class A 5-20 dB
> Class B 10-25 dB
> Class C 15-30 dB
> The power budget available (for data) on a particular PON depends on the class of laser used: e.g. for
class B+ it is 28 dB
> The power budget available (for video) on a particular PON is lower than this.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 44 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
44
Vi deo t ranscei ver speci f i cat i ons
+18,5
P (dB) P (dB)
-4,9
1550 nm
Downstream budget:
+18,5 (-4,9) = 23,4
Tx level
Rx level
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 45 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
45
Opt i cal power budget Vi deo
exampl e:
budget : 23, 4 dBm
16 way spl i t t er l oss: 13, 8 dBm ( t heor . 12dBm)
connect or +spl i ci ng l oss: 3 dBm ( 24*0, 1 dBm + 2*0, 3 dBm)
agi ng: 1 dBm
at t enuat i on:
0, 25 dBm/ km - downst r eam
di st ance:
( 23, 4 13, 8 3 1) / 0, 25 = 22, 4 km
i nt er pr et at i on:
f or a 1: 16 spl i t , t he max di st ance of an ONT i s 22, 4 km
> A system is limited in the distance you can send signals and the maximum number of times you can
split the signal to go to different subscribers. The main problem is usually that the signal level drops too
low to be usable. Other considerations sometimes dominate.
> Fiber loss per km is 0.25 dB (1550 nm) to 0.4 dB (1260 - 1360 nm)
> Every time the signal is split two ways, half the power goes one way and half goes the other. So each
direction gets half the power, or the signal is reduced by
> 10log(0.5)=3 dB.
> Broadcast analog video actually sets the distance (see next slide)
> ---
> Class A 5-20 dB
> Class B 10-25 dB
> Class C 15-30 dB
> The power budget available (for data) on a particular PON depends on the class of laser used: e.g. for
class B+ it is 28 dB
> The power budget available (for video) on a particular PON is lower than this.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 46 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
46
PON l ambdas
voi ce and dat a over a si ngl e f i ber
t wo wavel engt hs i n opposi t e di r ect i ons
vi deo
one wavel engt h i n downst r eam di r ect i on
Splitters
1490 nm
1310 nm
Data path
1550 nm Video path
Line rate flexibility
X Mb/s
Y Mb/s
> Feeder section: stretch from CO to first splitting point
> Issue: the optical power budget
> The loss budget requirement for the PON, based on ITU Recommendation G.983.4, is 22 dB
total loss budget for Class B PON and 27 dB for Class C PON. What differentiates Class B
and Class C PON is the power of the laser used and, marginally, the quality of the optical
components. This loss budget is really tight, especially when high-port-count splitters are
used in the design. The splitters in a PON cause an inherent loss because the input power is
divided between several outputs. Splitter loss depends on the split ratio and is about 3 dB for
a 1 x 2 splitter, increasing by 3 dB each time the number of outputs is doubled. A 1 x 32
splitter has a splitter loss of at least 15 dB. This loss is seen for both downstream and
upstream signals. Combine the losses of the WDM coupler, splices, connectors and fiber
itself, and it is easy to understand why a precise bidirectional measurement of end-to-end
optical loss at the installation is a must.
> In addition to the optical loss, the end-to-end link optical return loss (ORL) is very important to
measure. Undesirable effects of ORL include:
Interference with light-source signals
Higher bit error rate in digital systems
Lower system optical-signal-to-noise ratio
Strong fluctuations in the laser output power
Permanent damage to the laser
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 47 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
47
PON wavel engt h pl an
intermediate
wavelength band
Basic band (constrained APON band) Enhancement band (other uses) UpstreamWindow (no change) For future use
1.3 um
wavelength band
1.5 um
wavelength band
upstream upstream/downstream upstream/downstream
1260 1360 1340 1320 1300 1280
UP
1460 1440 1420 1400 1380
Reserved
1520 1480

1
1500

2
1540

3
1560

4
DOWN
Basic band
DATA VIDEO
Enhancement band
> The 1.5 micron band can in general be used for both down as well as upstream
communication, and falls apart in 3 sub-bands:
> basic band: Wavelength region allocated for the ATM-PON downstream capabilities.
> enhancement band: Wavelength region allocated for new additional service capabilities,
which include at least video services and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
services.
> future band: reserved wavelength region for future use. (not shown in slide)
> ---
> The wavelengths are specified to be in the range 1480 to 1500 nm for downstream voice and
data traffic and 1260 to 1360 nm for its corresponding upstream traffic. Thus, the median
values are the standard 1490- and 1310-nm wavelengths as used in BPON and EPON
systems. In addition, the wavelength range 1550 to 1560 nm can be used for downstream
video distribution. Depending on the capabilities of the optical transmitters and receivers, the
GPON recommendation specifies maximum transmission distances of 10 or 20 km. For a
GPON the maximum number of splitting paths is 64.
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48
CTS Common Techni cal Speci f i cat i ons
nar r ow down on degr ees of f r eedom of f er ed by t he st andar ds
l i ne r at e
downst r eam: 2. 488 Gb/ s
upst r eam: 1. 244 Gb/ s
wavel engt hs
downst r eam dat a: 1490 nm
upst r eam dat a: 1310 nm
downst r eam vi deo: 1550 nm
GPON
PON
> The nominal line rates for GPON are specified as 1.2 and 2.4 Gbps in the downstream
direction and 155 Mbps, 622 Mbps, 1.2 Gbps, and 2.4 Gbps in the upstream direction. The
data rates can be either symmetrical (the same rate in both directions) or asymmetrical, with
higher rates being sent downstream from the OLT to the ONTs.
> ---
> CTS = Common Technical Specifications, a task group created in March 2005.
> The objective of this task group is to identify the broadest common system specification
consensus based on the GPON standard series. The aim is to reduce the number of
implementation options and thus ease the implementers work and speed up early order
volumes.
> FSAN telcos participating to the CTS are thinking that such a reduction could decrease
dramatically the price of next optical access systems based on GPON. Consequently, this
effort is an operator driven process and FSAN vendors will be invited to spot the hard points
whenever higher level consensus needs to be met.
> The first decision taken by the "GPON CTS" Task Group was to give the information that
1.25/2.5Gbps (US/DS) is the preferred linerates combination. Moreover, five operators
indicated that they need such a linerate combination with a 20km reach, while two operators
have interest in both a 10 and 20km reach and one operator could do with a 10km reach only
capable system. A G-PON system operating at 1.25/2.5 Gbps (US/DS) was decided to meet
the dual objective for selecting a single linerate combination with sufficient capacity for both
business applications and residential applications. Other linerate combinations that are also
specified in the ITU-T G.984 G-PON Recommendations continue to remain available for
development for additional applications.
> ---
> 2.5 Gbps = 2448.320 Mbps
> 1.25 Gbps = 1224.160 Mbps
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49
GPON prot ocol l ayers and f ormat s
GEM GPON Encapsul at i on Met hod
Et her net + TDM
ATM Asynchr onous Tr ansf er Mode
VG
optical (TDM/TDMA)
Ethernet [AAL5] + Ethernet
[AAL2] + Ethernet + TDM POTS/VF
OLT
ONT
BAS
> AAL2 and AAL5 are indicated between square brackets, as they are optional (and actually no-
one is implementing ATM)
> AAL = ATM Adaptation Layer
> AAL2 = adaptation for e.g. voice (CBR style of connection)
> AAL5 = adaptation for data
> ---
> Depending on who you are talking to, people talk about Generic Encapsulation Method or
GPON Encapsulation Method.
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50
PON
OMCI ONT Management Cont rol Int erf ace
a met hod t o manage ONTs f r om t he OLT
t hi s i ncl udes conf i gur at i on, f aul t and per f or mance management
each ONT and t he OLT has i t s own OMCI channel
bandwi dt h i s al l ocat ed at PON cr eat i on t i me
pr ot ocol ?
t he OMCI pr ot ocol
> The purpose of OMCI is similar to that of ILMI known from xDSL.
> OMCI includes configuration, fault and performance management.
> Capacity:
~424kbps per ONT
---
> Actually the OMCI channel is a bidirectional channel on the PON for the purpose of managing
a single ONT. So on a particular PON there are as many OMCI channels as there are
provisioned ONTs, or in other words, each ONT gets its own OMCI channel.
> For the upstream direction of the OMCI channel each ONT gets its own T-CONT, identified by
its own unique allocation ID. The allocation ID for the ONT is assigned by the P-OLT, and
communicated back to the ONT at the end of the ranging procedure through the downstream
PLOAM channel.
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51
Downst ream oper at i on (1/ 2)
TDM Ti me Di vi si on Mul t i pl exi ng
cont i nuous mode oper at i on
t r af f i c i n t he downst r eam i s sent t o/ r ecei ved by ever y ONU
i ssue: dat a conf i dent i al i t y
AES Advanced Encr ypt i on St andar d
used f or l i nk l ayer encr ypt i on
t

0
ONU
OLT
Rx
Rx
Rx
Tx
> The process of transporting data downstream to the customer premises is different from
transporting data upstream from the customer premises. Downstream data is broadcasted
from the OLT to each ONT, and each ONT processes the data destined to it by matching the
address at the protocol transmission unit header.
> ---
> When the OLT sends an ATM cell down the PON, each ONT compares the cell's VPath
identifier against its own. If there's a match, the ONT copies the cell, removes it from the
network, and sends it to the customer premises. Each customer premises then compares the
cell's VC identifier against its own, and if there's a match, the node copies the data and
removes the cell.
> ---
> Data is transmitted continuously on the downstream using time division multiplexing (TDM),
the data is broadcast to all ONUs. Clock and data are extracted and the ONUs may
synchronise in the same way as SDH/SONET using specific patterns in an overhead field, or
by ATM cell delineation as described in ITU-T recommendation I.432.
> ---
> As is the case with other PON architectures, since the downstream data from the OLT are
broadcast to all ONTs, every message transmitted can be seen by all the users attached to
the GPON. Thus, the GPON standard describes the use of a security mechanism to ensure
that users are allowed to view only the information intended for them. In addition, such a
security mechanism ensures that no malicious eavesdropping threat is probable. One
example of a point-to-point encryption mechanism is the Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES), which is used to protect the information payload of the data field in the GPON frame.
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52
Downst ream oper at i on (2/ 2)
t he ONTs wi l l do:
synchr oni sat i on on t he downst r eam si gnal
based on cl ock ext r act i on, hunt i ng f or a sync- pat t er n
f i l t er i ng user dat a
based on an i dent i t y ( i n t he header )
ATM Circuit - I D
GEM Port - I D
t

0
ONU
OLT
Rx
Rx
Rx
Tx
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53
Upst ream operat i on (1/ 2)
TDMA Ti me Di vi si on Mul t i pl e Access
bur st mode oper at i on
t he OLT cont r ol s whi ch ONU get s access t o t he upst r eam at a
par t i cul ar moment i n t i me
i ssues: pot ent i al col l i si on
access gr ant i ng
di st ance r angi ng
Rx
t

0
ONU
OLT
Tx
Tx
Tx
> Upstream traffic is more complicated due to the shared media nature of the ODN. There is a
need to coordinate between the transmissions of each of the ONTs to the OLT in order to
avoid collisions. Upstream data is transmitted according to control mechanisms in the OLT,
using a TDMA (time division, multiple access) protocol, in which dedicated transmission time
slots are granted to each individual ONT. The time slots are synchronized so that
transmission bursts from different ONTs do not collide.
> ---
> When an ONT needs to send information, it waits for the OLT to send a PLOAM cell. Each
PLOAM cell has 26 or 27 grants that anyone can read. The ONT checks the data grant
number in the PLOAM cell, and when it matches its own, the ONT uses the grants to send the
data. The cell is then transmitted upstream. The OLT receiver receives the bits and, using the
preamble to recover the clock, reads out the cells and passes them to the ATM switch for
delivery onto the providers core network.
> Besides this, for this scheme to work properly, the ONTs need to be ranged. Actually ranging
has two aspects: distance ranging and amplitude ranging.
> TDMA requires Medium Access Control (MAC) in the OLT in order
- to prevent collisions
- to distribute/schedule upstream bandwidth among ONTs
> TDMA requires burst mode operation of the OLT receiver (and the ONT transmitter)
- upstream data bursts are preceded by burst overhead (OH)
- burst overhead size: trade-off between complexity of OLT PMD Rx circuitry and upstream
channel efficiency
> Time division multiple access (TDMA) similar to downstream, with gaps for laser start/stop
(guard time)
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54
Upst ream operat i on expl ai ned (2/ 2)
t he ONT wi l l send i nf o upst r eam
based on t he gr ant s sent by t he P- OLT
bur st i ng out t he i nf o when t he t i me i s r i ght
t he POLT wi l l do:
synchr oni sat i on
on ever y i ndi vi dual bur st comi ng i n
Rx
t

0
ONU
OLT
Tx
Tx
Tx
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 55 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
55
Di st ance rangi ng Why?
deliberately putting equalization delay in
for the purpose of avoiding collisions
20 km
20 km
15 km
> In normal network conditions, ONUs are located at different distances from the OLT. This
results in transmission phase differences and the OLT may receive overlapping transmissions
from the different ONUs. The PON concept has a specific method for synchronising the ONU
transmissions, called ranging. First, an ONU synchronises itself to the downstream frame
headers and waits for the ranging window to open. When the window opens, the network
enters into the ranging procedure, during which the delay and phase differences between the
OLT and all active ONUs are determined. As a result, the ONUs adjust their transmission
phases and grants accordingly.
> The overall ranging scheme is presented in the picture above. The ranging is operated by the
OLT, which opens a ranging window between configurable time periods. This means that the
OLT sends a ranging grant and stops the traffic in the network and waits for the ONUs to send
their ranging PLOAMs. The ranging window should be large enough to cover propagation and
processing delays of all the ONUs, including the farthest ONU. The window size can be
programmed to support transport distances up to 20 kilometres (B-PON).
> During the ranging procedure, each active ONU receives a PON-ID from the OLT, which uses
the IDs to send data to each ONU individually. Moreover, the OLT measures the arrival
phases of the ONU ranging cells, calculates the required equalisation delays and
communicates the information to the ONUs. The ONUs adjusts their transmission phases
according to the determined values. After initialisation, each active ONU can transmit data
according to the given grants.
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56
Di st ance rangi ng Measurement ?
deliberately putting equalization delay in
for the purpose of avoiding collisions
> Differential delay = 20km
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57
GPON f rame f ormat
ATM-segment (option)
downstream frame 125 us
GEM-segment
upstream frame 125 us
ONU
1
ONU
2
ONU
3
ONU
4
ONU
5
PCB GEM-packet ATM-cell
> The GPON frame format is specified as part of ITU-T recommendation G.984.3: GTC GPON
transmission convergence.
> This recommendation is equivalent to layer 2 (the data transmission layer) in the OSI
reference model, and besides the GPON frame format also describes the media access
control protocol, the ranging scheme, operations and maintenance processes, and the
information encryption method.
> The picture shows the GPON frame format, which has a fixed 125-us length. The frame
consists of a physical control block (PCB) and a payload composed of a pure ATM segment
and a GEM segment. The PCB section contains the physical layer overhead information to
control and manage the network.
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58
GPON f rame f ormat Downst ream
ATM-segment (option) GEM-segment
Psynch Ident PLOAMd BIP PLend PLend US BW Map
Physical Control Block
4 bytes 4 bytes 13 bytes 4 bytes 4 bytes N*8 bytes
1 byte
> In the downstream direction the PCBd (physical control block for frames going downstream)
contains the following information:
a 4-byte frame synchronization field (Psync).
a 4-byte segment (Ident) that contains an 8-kHz counter, a dowstream FEC status bit, an
encryption key switchover bit, and 8 status bits reserved for further use.
a 13-byte downstream physical layer OAM (PLOAMd) message, which handles functions
such as OAM-related alarms or threshold crossing alerts.
a 1-byte bit interleaved parity (BIP) field, used to estimate the bit error rate.
a 4-byte downstream payload length indicator (Plend), which gives the length of the
upstream bandwidth (US BW) map and the size of the ATM segment. The Plend field is
sent twice for extra redundancy and error robustness.
the N x 8-byte US BW map allocates N transmission time slots to the ONTs.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 59 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
59
GPON f rame f ormat Downst ream (cont . )
Psynch Ident PLOAMd BIP PLend PLend US BW Map
Physical Control Block
N*8 bytes
AllocID CRC AllocID Flag SStart SStop CRC
12 bits 12 bits 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte
Entry for ONT#1 Entry for ONT#N
> The US BW map contains N entries associated with N time-slot allocation identifications for
the ONTs. As the picture shows, each entry in the US BW map or access structure consists
of:
a 12-bit allocation identifier (AllocID) that is assigned to an ONT
twelve flag bits that allow the upstream transmission of physical layer overhead blocks for
a designated ONT (see slide p. 43)
a 2-byte start pointer (SStart) that indicates when the upstream transmission window
starts. This time is measured in bytes; the beginning of the upstream GTC frame is
designated as time zero.
a 2-byte stop pointer (SStop) that indicates when the upstream transmission window
stops.
a 1-byte CRC that provides a 2-bit error detection and 1-bit error correction on the
bandwidth allocation field
> ---
> The AllocID identifies the T-CONT (Traffic container)
> The Port-ID identifies the queue on the ONT
> ---
> With a split to 128 users, this actually means 32 alloc-ids can be assigned to a single ONT!
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 60 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
60
GPON f rame f ormat Downst ream (cont . )
US BW Map
3 entries
ONT1 slot 75 slot 240
AllocID Start Stop
ONT2 slot 280 slot 400
AllocID Start Stop
ONT3 slot 430 slot 550
AllocID Start Stop
upstream packet timing
guard time guard time
75 240 280 400 430 550 slot times: time
> This slide gives an example of time-slot allocations for three ONTs. Here there are three
entries in the US BW map field. The AllocID of the ONTs are 1, 2, and 3 for ONT1, ONT2,
and ONT3, respectively. The center part of the picture shows start and stop time slots listed
in the downstream US BW map field during which the various ONTs are allowed to transmit.
The lower part of the picture shows the general format of the ensuing upstream information
stream form the three ONTs. An appropriate guard time is placed between packets from
different ONTs.
> ---
> So a GPON system allocates time slots for each ONT to ensure that the data of each ONT is
received independently at the OLT.
> A system of pointers is used. The PCB holds the grant bytes/messages, which defines which
ONU should use which time-slots/bytes in the upstream frame.
> This allocation can change frame after frame, so bandwidth is allocated dynamically.
ONU
1
ONU
2
ONU
3
ONU
4
ONU
5
r s t
downstream frame
upstream frame
u v w x y z
grant
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61
GPON f rame f ormat Upst ream
ONU
1
ONU
2
ONU
3
ONU
4
ONU
5
Header Payload
PLOu PLOAMu DBRu
Physical
layer
overhead
Physical
layer
OAM
Dynamic
bandwidth
report
> Upstream GPON traffic consists of successive transmissions from one or more ONTs. As the
picture on previous slide illustrates, the particular sequence of frames is based on the
transmission time-slot allocations developed by the OLT. To allow proper reception of the
individual burst-mode frames, a certain amount of burst-overhead is needed at the start of an
ONT upstream burst. The slide on this page shows the format of an upstream frame, which
consists of up to four types of PON overhead fields and a variable-length user data payload
that contains a burst of transmission. The upstream header fields are the following:
the physical layer overhead (PLOu) at the start of an ONT upstream burst contains the
preamble, which ensures proper physical layer operation (e.g., bit and byte alignments)
of the burst-mode upstream link.
the upstream physical layer operation, administration and management (PLOAMu) field is
responsible for management functions such as ranging, activation of an ONT, and alarm
notifications. The 13-byte PLOAMu contains the PLOAM message as defined in G.983.1
and is protected against bit errors by a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) that uses a
standard polynomial error detection and correction code.
the dynamic bandwidth report (DBRu) field informs the OLT of the queue length of each
AllocID at an ONT. This allows the OLT to enable proper operation of the dynamic
bandwidth allocation process. The DBRu is protected against bit errors by a CRC.
> Transmission of the PLOAMu, PLSu, and DBRu fields are optional depending on the
downstream flags in the US BW map.
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62
GEM = GPON Encapsul at i on Met hod
GEM al l ows f or
poi nt - t o- poi nt emul at i on
payl oad f r agment at i on ( ef f i ci ency)
GEM al l ows nat i ve TDM t r anspor t
E1/ T1, E3/ T3 r aw f or mat
12 bits 13 bits 12 bits 3 bits
TDM
Ethernet Payload MAC
DA
MAC
SA
Type/
Length
FCS
GEM header
GEM encapsul at i on
payload
L bytes
payload CRC PTI PortID PLI
L bytes
> To accommodate all types of services (e.g. ATM, TDM, and Ethernet) efficiently, a GPON
encapsulation method (GEM) is used. This method is based on a slightly modified version of
the ITU-T recommendation G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure, which gives the
specifications for sending IP packets over SONET or SDH networks.
> ---
> The GPON encapsulation method works similar to ATM, but is uses variable-length frames
instead of fixed-length cells as in ATM. Thus, GEM provides a generic means to send
different services over a GPON. The encapsulated payload can be up to 1500 bytes long. If
an ONT has a packet to send that is larger than 1500 bytes, the ONT must break the packet
into smaller fragments that fit into the allowed payload length. The destination equipment is
responsible for reassembling the fragments into the original packet format.
> The picture above shows the GEM segment structure, which consists of four header fields
and a payload that is L bytes long. The header fields are the following:
A 12-bit payload length indicator (PLI) that gives the length in bytes of the GEM-
encapsulated payload.
A 12-bit port identification number that tells which service flow this fragment belongs to.
A 3-bit payload type indicator which specifies if the fragment is the end of a user
datagram, if the traffic flow is congested, or if the GEM payload contains OAM
information.
A 13-bit cyclic redundancy check for header error control that enables the correction of
two erroneous bits and the detection of three bit erros in the header
> A key advantage of the GEM scheme is that it provides an efficient means to encapsulate and
fragment user information packets. The reason for using encapsulation on a GPON is that it
allows proper management of the multiple service flows from different ONTs that share a
common optical fiber transmission link. The purpose of fragmentation is to send packets from
a user efficiently regardless of their size and to recover the original packet format reliably from
the physical layer transmission windows on the GPON.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 63 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
63
Cont i nuous mode operat i on
downst r eam t her e s al ways a si gnal
even when t her e s no user dat a t o pass t hr ough
except when t he l aser i s admi ni st r at i vel y t ur ned of
downstream frame
Tx Rx
continuous mode Tx continuous mode Rx
components:
continuous mode transmitter
no need to adapt power level
continuous mode receiver
clock extraction
Power level consideration
In continuous mode operation, the power level is high enough to reach all subscribers. Each
ONT gets this signal, although attenuated differently because they all are at different
distances from the central office.
Anyhow, the attenuation shouldnt be too big, so there still is enough power in the signal left.
The attenuation shouldnt be too small neither, because then the power level of the singal
going out of the fiber would be too big and this might damage the optical receiver.
When the power level is in the dynamic range of the receiver, the ONT can easily do the clock
extraction and pick up the data destined for him.
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64
Burst mode operat i on
upst r eam t her e s onl y a si gnal when an ONT needs t o send
when no ONT has i nf o t o send, t her e s no l i ght on t he f i ber at al l
bet ween 2 consecut i ve bur st s, a guar d t i me i s needed: 26 ns
upstream frame
Rx Tx
burst mode Rx burst mode Tx
components:
burst mode transmitter
can adapt its power level
burst mode receiver
resync on every single burst coming in
> the phase of every single data unit is different
measure power level of 1 and 0
> the amplitude of every single data unit is different
burst overhead
Power level consideration
Assume all ONTs send their upstream data using the same power level. Due to the fact they
are all at different distances, the attenuation imposed will be different for all of them. It even is
possible that the power level of a logic 0 from a near ONT exceeds the power level of a logic 1
from a far ONT! So the receiver at the OLT has a hard time to distinguish a logical 1 from a
logical 0. In order to do that, the receiver has to measure the power levels of a 0 and a 1
(amplitude ranging), and adapt the detection thresholds accordingly. And this has to
happened for each burst coming in! Thats the reason why every burst of information is
prepended with some bits/bytes referred to as burst overhead (BO).
---
The transmitter operates in burst mode. It has three modes: no light, logic 0 and logic 1. In
contrast to point-to-point systems, ONUs which are not permitted to transmit must turn off
their lasers. At the input to the OLTs receiver, the light corresponding to a logic 0 from a
near ONU could well exceed the light corresponding to a logic 1 from a far ONU. (chapter
60/4 of Telecommunicatios engineers reference book, second edition)
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 65 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
65
Feat ures @PMD l ayer
f or war d er r or cor r ect i on ( RS 255, 239)
Reed- Sol omon
check and cor r ect r ecei ved bi t st r eam on er r or s
i nt r oduced on t he si gnal on t he PON l i nk
vi r t ual i ncr ease of t he opt i cal budget ( usi ng same t r anscei ver s)
hi gher spl i t
hi gher r ange
l ess capaci t y i s avai l abl e f or ser vi ce t r anspor t
> The ONU optical output can be adjusted in two steps to relieve APD (Automatic Power
Distribution) tolerance of OLT. (option)
> FEC (forward error correction) is introduced to reduce an optical module cost, and aimed to
ease transmitting power and receiving optical sensitivity of an optical module. (option)
> ---
> To further minimize the cost per subscriber, a Fabry-Perot laser is preferred as the ONT
optical source. But the rather wide FP laser spectrum may introduce mode partition noise, and
thus severely impair the system performance. As a remedy, the ITU-T Recommendation
G.984.2 proposes to use forward error correction (FEC) in the upstream channel of 1.25Gbit/s
G-PON systems. The FEC coding gain hat could be expected was unknown at that moment,
and is not specified in the recommendation. Experiments performed on the G-PON lab test
bed demonstrate for the first time that an effective optical gain of 2.7dB can be achieved by
FEC with the RS (255, 239) code.
> When using cheap Fabry-Perot lasers, this FEC coding gain allows either to extend the PON
reach above 15km, or to nearly double the number of subscribers in a given PON topology.
3FL 00293 AAAA WBZZA ED03 P02 66 2009 Alcatel-Lucent., All rights reserved
66
Funct i ons @TC l ayer
f i xed 125 us f r ami ng
enabl es easi l y t r anspor t of i sochr onous TDM ser vi ces
encr ypt i on i n DS
AES count er mode
doubl e l ayer 2 suppor t
nat i ve ATM cel l based
GEM packet based
addr essi ng capabi l i t y
128 ONTs
maxi mum di st ance
OLT- ONT di st ance = 60 km
ONT- ONT di st ance = 20 km
> GPON TC similarities with B-PON: physical layer OAM and to a large extent ranging
methodology
> layer 2 support => Alcatel-Lucent supports GEM only
> Addressing capabilty => Alcatel-Lucent commits up to 64 with the current optics available on
the market
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