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Simple Machine

1) Machines can provide both force and directional advantage. Force advantage is achieved through increasing the distance the input force acts, thereby multiplying the output force. 2) Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much a machine multiplies force, calculated as output force over input force. Ideal mechanical advantage is based on the ratio of input to output distances. 3) Machines can have a mechanical advantage greater than or less than one, providing either force or distance advantages respectively.

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164 views4 pages

Simple Machine

1) Machines can provide both force and directional advantage. Force advantage is achieved through increasing the distance the input force acts, thereby multiplying the output force. 2) Mechanical advantage is a measure of how much a machine multiplies force, calculated as output force over input force. Ideal mechanical advantage is based on the ratio of input to output distances. 3) Machines can have a mechanical advantage greater than or less than one, providing either force or distance advantages respectively.

Uploaded by

sigirya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines

Machines and Mechanical Advantage


Machines can give two types of advantage: a. They can change the direction of an input force b. They b Th can multiply th input force. lti l the i tf

How Force Multiplication Happens


Machines can change an input force by changing the distance the force is applied Increasing the distance the input force is applied will i ill increase th output force the t t f

Changing Direction

Multiplying Force
1 2

How Force Multiplication Happens


Work that goes into a system is equal to the work that comes out when there is no friction. work in = work out Since W = F d (Work = force distance) : force in distance in = force out distance out Fin din = Fout dout Fin din

a. Using a larger input distance with a smaller input force can do the same work output. Fin din

Fout

dout

b. If you reduce the output distance then your output f force will i ill increase. Fin din

Fout

dout

Fout

dout
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c. This means we can have a small input force create a large output force.
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Force Multiplication Example: A 225 N force is needed to lift a box 1 m high. How much force is needed if a 3 m ramp is used? Fin = 225 N din = 1 m Fout = ? dout = 3 m

Mechanical Advantage in Action


Using a 3 m ramp made the job three times easier!

Fin din = Fout dout = W (225 N)(1 m) = Fout (3 m) = 225 Nm or J Fout = 225 Nm = 75 N 3m
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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines

Mechanical Advantage
a. Mechanical Advantage (MA) = how much a machine multiplies the force. b. Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) = perfect MA based on the ratio of din to dout.

What the MA Values Mean


If MA is greater than 1: Force advantage The machine increases the force but requires you to move a larger distance. Ex. A car jack helps by having a large MA

F MA out Fin

d IMA in d out
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If MA is less than 1: Distance advantage The machine increases the distance and speed but reduces the force. Ex. Your bicep muscle contracts a little to move your whole forearm
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There is no unit for MA or IMA!!

Mechanical Advantage Examples What is mechanical advantage of using a ramp that is 10m long and 2m high?

Mechanical Advantage Examples If you push down on a car jack with 2N of force and lift a car that is 1000N in weight, what is the mechanical advantage? Fin = 2N Fout = 1000N

din = 10m dout = 2m

IMA

d in 10m 5 d out 2m
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MA

Fout 1000 N 500 Fin 2N


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Mechanical Efficiency
Friction and other energy losses will cause machines to have less than the expected output

Mechanical Efficiency Example


A pulley is used to lift a rock to perform 1000 J of work. The amount of energy used to perform the work was 1200 J. Wout = 1000 N Win = 1200 N

Wout MA Win IMA

Wout 100% Win

This is a percentage, so multiply by 100%

1000 J 100% 83.3% 1200 J


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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines

Compound Machines
Compound Machine: a machine made of more than one simple machine. The MA and IMA becomes the product of all of the combined machines. A pair of scissors uses two first-class levers joined at a common fulcrum; each lever arm has a wedge that cuts into the paper.

SimpleMachines
Six simple machines are divided into two families:

Lever family:

MA MA1 MA2 MA... IMA IMA1 IMA2 IMA...


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Inclined plane family:

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3ClassesofSimpleLevers
Allleversuseafulcrum.Thisisapivotpoint.

Pulleys
The pulley itself acts as a fulcrum IMA = number of ropes pulling upward
SingleFixedPulley MovablePulley BlockandTackle

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WheelandAxle
The center of the steering is the axle. The very center acts as the fulcrum IMA = ri / ro

InclinedPlane(Ramp)
This reduces the force needed to lift an object by sharing it over a longer distance. Longer Ramp = More mechanical advantage

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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines

Wedge
This is an incline plane that pushes into an object Thinner Wedge = More mechanical advantage

Screw
This is an incline plane that is wrapped around a cylinder. The distance is spread out over each turn. More turns = More mechanical advantage

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Compound Machines
Compound Machine: a machine made of more than one simple machine

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