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Unsaturated Soil Mechanics: Ning Lu

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803 views7 pages

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics: Ning Lu

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l is printed on acid-free paper. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. Advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.

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Co py rig hte dM ate ria l

NING LU
Colorado School of Mines and

UNSATURATED SOIL MECHANICS

WILLIAM J. LIKOS

University of MissouriColumbia

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l


This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: permcoordinator@wiley.com. Limit of Liability / Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of prot or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Lu, Ning, 1960 Unsaturated soil mechanics / by Ning Lu and William J. Likos. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-44731-5 (cloth) 1. Soil mechanics. 2. Soil moisture. I. Likos, William J. II. Title. TA710.L74 2004 624.1 5136dc22 2004004218 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l


To Vivian, Connie, Benton, Jonas, Holly, and Shemin
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l


FOREWORD
Although a signicant portion, if not the majority, of conditions encountered in geotechnical engineering practice involves unsaturated soils, the traditional analysis and design approach has been to assume the limiting conditions represented by either completely dry or completely saturated soils. The primary motivation for this assumption is that measuring the properties of soils containing only one uid phase (i.e., either air or water) is vastly easier than that of soils containing two uid phases (i.e., both air and water). The primary justication for the assumption is that the approach usually is conservative. For example, the shear strength of a water-saturated soil is lower than the shear strength of the same soil at the same void ratio under unsaturated conditions. However, several considerations within the past decade or so warrant a reassessment of this approach. First, the assumption of saturated soil conditions is simply not appropriate in some applications, such as in evaluating the heave of foundations on swelling or expansive soils. Second, advances in technology continue to improve our ability to measure, characterize, and predict the properties, behavior, and performance of unsaturated soils. Third, the ever-increasing costs associated with construction make the continued reliance on conservatism less economically appealing. As a result, the motivation for applying the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics to geotechnical engineering problems where unsaturated soil conditions prevail is increasing. Unfortunately, education and training of practitioners in the area of unsaturated soil mechanics currently is limited. This limitation is due, in part, to the lack of instructors educated in the area of unsaturated soil mechanics, the paucity of formal courses that are being offered in the area of unsaturated
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Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

xviii

FOREWORD

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l


CHARLES D. SHACKELFORD
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

soil mechanics, and the dearth of formal textbooks emphasizing the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. Unsaturated Soil Mechanics has been written largely in response to both the increasing demand for geotechnical engineers who are knowledgeable in unsaturated soil mechanics and the current limitations in research and education in unsaturated soil mechanics. In writing Unsaturated Soil Mechanics, the authors have focused the presentation of the material on principles rather than applications because a fundamental knowledge based on principles is more likely to be retained and is more useful in terms of the depth and breadth of applications that subsequently can be addressed. The book offers a critical assessment of the state of the art with respect to the stress in and strength of unsaturated soils. Both the microscopic physical basis and the macroscopic thermodynamic framework for water retention and the state of stress in unsaturated soils are covered. The authors comprehensive treatment of measurement and modeling techniques not only enhances an understanding of the principles but also represents a valuable resource for future consultation. The overall result is that Unsaturated Soil Mechanics represents a thorough and comprehensive treatment of the subject that is written clearly and effectively and should remain a valuable textbook and reference source for many years to come.

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l


PREFACE
The principal aim of this book is to provide a thorough grounding in unsaturated soil mechanics principles from three fundamental perspectives: thermodynamics, mechanics, and hydrology. The book is written to guide a rst course on the subject and is primarily intended for undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and researchers with backgrounds in the more general elds of geotechnical engineering, soil science, environmental engineering, and groundwater hydrology. In formulating this book, we have maintained the opinion that a rst course in any branch of mechanics should emphasize the fundamental principles that govern the phenomena of interest. A principles-based approach to learning is most benecial to the general reader and is particularly appropriate for the subject of unsaturated soil mechanics as it remains a young, dynamic, and rapidly emerging eld of research and practice. Our general viewpoint towards the pursuit of understanding is reected by Thomas Henry Huxleys (18251895) statement: The known is nite, the unknown innite; intellectually we stand on an islet in the midst of an illimitable ocean of inexplicability. Our business in every generation is to reclaim a little more land. We hope that this book will provide the necessary background and motivation for those who desire to explore and reclaim the ocean of unsaturated soil mechanics problems that nature and society continue to present. A comprehensive introductory account of unsaturated soil mechanics is presented in Chapter 1 to provide readers with a road map for the remainder of the book. This includes a general introduction to unsaturated soil phenomena (Section 1.1), a formulation for the scope of the book (Section 1.2), a discussion of the role of unsaturated soil mechanics in nature and engineering practice (Section 1.3), a discussion of some essential differences between
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Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

xx

PREFACE

Co py rig hte dM ate ria l


NING LU WILLIAM J. LIKOS
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

unsaturated soil mechanics and classical (saturated) soil mechanics (Section 1.4), an introduction to the state and material variables and constitutive laws forming the language of unsaturated soil mechanics (Section 1.5), and an introduction to suction and pore water potential concepts for unsaturated soil (Section 1.6). The remainder of the book is presented as four progressive and interrelated parts. Part I examines the fundamental principles applicable to unsaturated soil mechanics. Parts II and III illustrate application of these principles to stress and ow phenomena in unsaturated soil, respectively. Finally, Part IV describes, illustrates, and evaluates the major measurement and modeling techniques used to quantify the state and material variables required to describe these stress and ow phenomena. In formulating the rst three parts of the text, we offer a perspective that unites the microscopic physical basis and the macroscopic thermodynamic framework for pore water retention and the state of stress in unsaturated soil. Two constitutive relationships are needed to describe unsaturated ow phenomena, namely, the soil-water characteristic curve and the hydraulic conductivity characteristic curve. For unsaturated stress phenomena, we contend that an additional relationship referred to as the suction stress characteristic curve is required. The materials covered in this book have been an outgrowth of unsaturated soil mechanics courses taught at the Colorado School of Mines and University of MissouriColumbia for graduating seniors and graduate students over the past four years. The book contains sufcient material for a one-semester, laboratory-supplemented course tailored along either a geomechanics or geoenvironmental track. Problems are provided at the end of each chapter with solutions available from the publishers web site at www.wiley.com. While many colleagues have been helpful in making the book possible in its present form, any error, bias, or inaccuracy remains ours. We are grateful to the following people who generously provided insightful reviews for at least one chapter: Jiny Carrera, Mandar M. Dewoolkar, Susan Eustes, Shemin Ge, Jonathan W. Godt, D. Vaughan Grifths, Laureano R. Hoyos, Jr., Nasser Khalili, K.K. (Muralee) Muraleetharan, Harold W. Olsen, Paul M. Santi, Charles D. Shackelford, Radhey S. Sharma, Alexandra Wayllace, and Changfu Wei.

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