MultiWave Computer

E d u c a t i o n S o c i e t y

BASIC COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR BEGINNERS

Mahtab Sir
(HOD of MultiWave Computer Education Society)

EMAIL ID:-multiwavecomputer@gmail.com Contect No.:- 9918878666, 9696694788

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COMPUTER DEFINITION: Computer is an electronic machine used for processing data, store and produce an

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output to the user DATA: Data is the raw information that is fed into the computer. Data comes in three forms: letters (like a,b,c..) numerals (such as 1,2,3...) and special characters (e.g. $, @,/ ..) INPUT: Input is the process of feeding data into the computer.
OUTPUT: is the processed data that is communicated to the user. The output is also

Input

Process

Output

Storage

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER There are four major categories of computer: Microcomputers: These are computer systems that have the microprocessor in one case.They are further subdivided into palmtop, notebook, laptop and desktop computers.
2. Minicomputers: These are more powerful than the microcomputers and can support a number of users performing different tasks. Most powerful mini-computers are called super mini-computers

3. Mainframe: They are large systems that can handle hundreds of users. They store large amounts of data and process transactions at high rate. Mainframes require several rooms to store. 4. Super-computers: They are the most powerful category of computers and also the most expensive. They are used for such applications as weather forecasting, engineering designs and testing, space exploration and other tasks, which require long and complex calculations. TYPES OF COMPUTER

We have three different kinds of computers: i) Analog computers; ii) Digital computers and iii) Hybrid computers
Analog computers

These are devices that measure one form of physical quantities or another like temperature, pressure, speed and so on. Examples of analog computers are thermometer, barometer, speedometer and hygrometer Digital computers: These are devices that are used for counting. Examples include adding machine, billing machine, electronic wrist-watch and calculator
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Hybrid computers These devices combine the functions of measuring physical quantities as well as counting. Electronic computers like desktop computers and notebooks are examples of hybrid computers PARTS OF A COMPUTER
There are four major parts of a computer: 1. Monitor; 2. System Unit (which contains the CPU, hard 3. Disk drive (provides slot for diskettes) 4. Keyboard
Monitor

disks & others)

System Unit Disk drive Keyboard

PERIPHERALS

These are those external devices that must be attached to the System unit for them to work. Examples of Peripherals: i) mouse; vi) UPS (Uninterruptible power supply); ii) light pen; vii) scanner; iii) printer; viii)telephone; iv) plotter; ix) data projectors; v) modem (modulator-demodulator); x) microphone among several others. Some peripherals, not a major part, are becoming indispensable features of a modern PC (Personal Computer). Examples are the mouse, scanner and printer
HARDWARE

This is the physical component of the computer which we can see and touch Hardware is made up of four types of devices or units. These include: input devices, processing devices, output devices and storage devices.
INPUT DEVICES

Input devices are those devices that are used for feeding in data into the computer. Enlisted below are various input devices: i) keyboard v) joystick (for playing computer ii) mouse; games); iii) scanner vi) voice input; iv) light pen; vii) touch screens; viii) trackball;
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PROCESSING DEVICES

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These are units that process data from one form to another. The CPU (central processing unit) which is generally regarded as the 'heart' or the 'brain' of the computer, is a major processing device. Another example is the Modem (modulator-Demodulator) which is processes data for communication purpose. The modem enables the computer to dial a telephone or access the INTERNET (more on this later on the course) by dial-up method
OUTPUT DEVICES

They are devices that computer uses to produce output (information)or the unit that is used to communicate with the user. They may include: a) monitor; b) printer; c) data projectors; d) plotters; e) computer output microfilm; f) voice output (such as we find in Robot technology) STORAGE DEVICES Storage is the fourth and final operation in the information processing cycle (earlier mentioned). As the name implies, storage devices are those devices used for storing data and programs for later use. We have primary storage (main memory inside the system unit) and the secondary storage devices. The latter is sometimes called Auxillary storage. In the section that follows, we are going to look at some of them in detail:
MONITOR

Monitor is the part of the computer that looks like television set. It is variously called as CRT (Cathode Ray tube), VDU (Visual display unit), Screen or just Display. The output that is displayed on the computer cannot be touched, as it were, and is called soft copy output. Pixel: also called 'picture element are the individual dots that make up the text or graphic and can be illuminated. The greater the number of pixels, the better the screen resolution. Resolution: This is the clarity of a monitor and is determined by the number of pixels that can be illuminated. TYPES OF MONITORS We have two major kinds of monitors: monochrome monitors and colour monitors Monochrome Monitors: They are computer terminals that display a single colour such as amber, green or white on a black background; or black characters against white background
Colour Monitors

They are more expensive than the monochrome monitors and are more desirable because colour enables users to more easily read and understand the information on the screen. Several Graphic standards have been developed and they include: CGA: (Colour Graphics Adapter);
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EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) VGA (Video Graphics Array) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) Each standard provides for a different number of pixels and colours and offer even higher resolution screens. With the development of mobile computing in the form of truly portable computers that could be conveniently carried by hand or in a briefcase, came a need for an output display that was equally portable. Today, we have what we call the Flat panel Monitors that are actually LCD (stands for Liquid Crystal Display) and plasma screens.There are also the TFT (stands for thin-film transistors) monitors that makes use of LED (Light emitting diodes). Printers Printers are very important peripheral in that they produce hard copy output that the user can carry about unlike the soft copy output from monitors.
How are Printers Classified?

Printers can be classified by how they transfer characters from the printer to the paper. This is either by impact or non-impact Impact printers These transfer the image onto the paper by some type of printing mechanism striking the paper, ribbon, and character together. Examples of impact printers include: a) dot-matrix printer c) chain printer b) daisy wheel printer d) band printer Non-Impact printers There are also a variety of non-impact printers. These include ink-jet printer, thermal printer and page printers like the laser jet printer. Choosing a Printer Besides understanding the features and capabilities of the various types of printers that are available, one must consider other factors before choosing a printer. Such factors include how much output will be produced, the speed as well as the quality of the text and graphics. Laser-jet is very desirable for printing heavily text documents while ink-jet printer is the best bet for graphics intensive documents. Terms associated with Printers CPS Characters per second DQ Draft quality PPM Papers per minute NLQ Near Letter quality LQ Letter quality

BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Computing has a long history and started with mans search for the best method of easy counting and manipulation of items and number of materials and other resources. The
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Chinese and the Ancient Babylonians made use of the Abacus. During the renaissance period however, notable scientists like Blas Pascal, James-Marie Jacquard, and Charles Babbage devised better counting devices. We had the punched cards by Jacquard, Herman Holleriths tabulating machine that eased the 1890 American census and became the older cousin of the IBM computers. The first electronic computer was the ENIAC and was developed by IBM in the year 1946. They were very large and produced large amount of heat because of the use of vacuum tubes. They were the first generation computers. The development of transistors gave birth to the second-generation computers, which were not as large and produced less heat. In 1969, Ted Hoff invented IC (Integrated circuit) and together with Gordon Moore developed the 8008 microprocessor in INTEL. Microcomputers were born. In 1975, average person could now purchase personal computers. In 1980, IBM gave Bill Gates of Microsoft Corporation, a contract to come out with an operating system. His MS-DOS and later several releases of Windows have changed the face of computing world-over. INTERNET is the information superhighway that started as ARPANET in late 60s but became popular in the mid 1990s. With the advent of INTERNET came e-commerce, e-mail, virtual research, and teleconferencing. Suffice it to say that the INTERNET is perhaps the greatest gift of computing to man and has changed the way that he views his world.

COMPUTER TIMELINE [summary] 1400 BC 1800 AD Abacus James-Marie Jacquard Weaving1 loom machine /cards

1890 Charles Babbage [generally regarded as Father of computer] analytical engine 1890.1924 Herman Holleriths tabulating machine 1937 Atanasoff-Berry-Computer [ABC] 1946 von Neumann & Mauchley ENIAC 1952 Grace Hopper programs computer using symbolic code. Note that Ada Lovelace, a woman, was the first programmer 1957 FORTRAN programming language Fig: Charles 1958 Computers built with transistors Babbages 1969 Ted Hoff of Intel developed a microprocessor codenamed Intel 4004; Analytical ARPANET-forerunner of INTERNET Engine th generation computers 1970 4 1975 MITS-the first commercial PC 1976 Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak built the first Apple computer 1980 Bill Gates MS-DOS 1981 IBM PC introduced 1983 Mitch Kapor Lotus 1-2-3 1984 Apple introduces Mac computers 1989 Intel 80486 microprocessor for 486 computers Contact Detail Page 2 Add:- Plot No-1679 Awas Vikas kalyanpur Kanpur 208009 Mob. 9918878666,9696694788 For more detail visit our website www.multiwavecomputer.in

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1990 1995 1995 1996 1997 1998

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Microsoft released Windows 3.0 Microsoft released Windows 95 w/ FAT-32 addressing system & Internet browser in one Pentium technology More domain registration for INTERNET Nanotechnology & miniaturization of computers Microsoft released Windows 98

What is a program? Program is a set of instructions that are fed into a computer to carry out a task. The computer is lifeless and you can really not do any thing without programs. We can type our letters with the computer because of a program that makes the computer to allow us to do so. The program could be a simple one like instructing the computer to add two numbers together or could be a complex one like forecasting what the weather would be like in Calabar tomorrow. Programming Language If I want you to do something for me, that is an instruction, isnt it? You cannot actually carry out the instruction if you did not understand my language. It is so with the computer, too. To be able to write a program, the instructions should be written in a language that the computer can understand easily. Such a language is called a programming language. Examples of programming language 1. BASIC (which stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) 2. FORTRAN (Formula Translator) 3. COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) 4. ADA 5. Pascal 6. C 7. C + + (pronounced C plus plus) 8. HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language used for web page authoring in the INTERNET) 9. JAVA 10. ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) There are many other languages that can be used for writing programs. These are just a few of them. SOFTWARE Software is the collection of programs in the computer, which we can see at times but cannot touch. Types of software There are three major types of software, namely: a) System software; b) Application software and
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c) Utility software System software These are programs that control the operations of any computer. Some of these operations include starting up the computer (booting), loading, executing (that is carrying out instructions). System software includes operating system and language translators or what we call compilers. Some operating systems include: a) MS-DOS [Microsoft Disk Operating System] b) WFWG (Windows [3.11] For Work Groups) c) Windows 95 or 98 d) Windows 2000 Professional e) Windows ME (Millennium Edition) f) Windows XP (Windows Experience) Application software: These are programs that are designed to carry out specific tasks for us. Application software is sometimes referred to as packages. Again, there are different types of application software namely: a) Word-processing: This software enables us to type letters, memos and documents. E.g. MSWord, WordPerfect, Lotus AmiPro, WordStar, Write, MultiWrite, Windows WordPad and so on. b) Spreadsheet: We use spreadsheets to manage tables, prepare financial reports or calculate scores for an examination report sheet in the school. E.g. MSExcel, FoxPro, LOTUS 1-2-3 c) Computer Graphic software: This makes it possible for the user to manipulate charts, pictures and several beautiful designs with the computer. E.g. COREL DRAW 10, ADOBE PhotoShop, ADOBE Illustrator, PRINTMASTER Gold Deluxe and so on. d) Database: This software allows the user to enter data such as the names of students in a school with their ages and classes and enables the user to retrieve such information at a later date. UTILITY SOFTWARE This software takes care of the management and the security of the files inside the computer. We have Anti-virus packages like Dr Solomon Virus Scan, McAfee, NDD, Norton Utilities. There are also utility software that clears up the hard disks of nonsense files when the disk is nearly full. Central Processing Unit This is the main control unit of the computer. It can be said to be the brain of the computer or the heart and so on.

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Parts of the CPU The CPU consists of the control unit and the ALU (which stands for Arithmetic/Logic unit). These two work together using the program (instructions fed in by the programmer, you remember) and the data that are stored in the main memory to perform. Therefore the parts of the CPU include a) control unit; b) ALU and c) Main memory Main Memory The main memory stores three items. These include: a) the operating system e.g. Windows 95/98 or windows XP that directs and monitors the activities of the computer equipment; b) the application software that will direct the work that is to be done by the user whether it to type a letter or design a card; c) the data, which is currently being processed by the application software What is Byte? What is Memory address? In the main memory, each location is called a byte. Just as a house on a street has a unique address that shows the location on the street, each byte in the main memory of a computer has an address that indicates its location in memory. The number that shows the location of a byte in memory is called a memory address Bit: is short form of binary digit. The computer basically understands only two things 1 and 0. This in Mathematics is called number base two or binary scale. Nibble: 4 bits make up a nibble Byte: 8 bits make up a byte or 2 nibbles make a byte 1024 bytes equal 1 kilobyte (KB) (However, this is often abbreviated to 1000 bytes, so we say that 1kB is equal to 1000 bytes instead of 1024 bytes) The size of main memory is normally measured in kilobytes. When memory exceeds 1000kB (1 million bytes), it is referred to in megabytes (MB). 1000MB (that is one billion bytes) then it is called Gigabyte. Types of memory 1. RAM This stands for Random Access Memory. This is volatile in that whenever there is a power outage, everything stored in the memory is wiped off. This is where the computer stores the program that it loads during booting (later on this course) and also the place that the computer temporarily stores the data that is being fed in, before you save the work. Saving is the act of transferring the work that you are doing to the hard disk where you can retrieve at a later time. 2. ROM: This stands for read-only memory. This is made up of all the instructions that were stored in by the makers of the computer. These instructions enable the
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system (computer is also called system) to start up or boot, for example. ROM cannot be altered (changed) or modified like the RAM. 3. PROM: This stands for programmable read-only memory. Here, you can be allowed to program what you want the computer to do but once this is done, you cannot again change anything. Note that it is only in the PROM that this programming can be allowed not the ROM. 4. EPROM: This stands for Erasable Programmable read-only memory 5. EEPROM: This stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable read-only memory What is booting? This is the initial start-up procedure of the computer. When you put on the computer, it tests itself and loads the operating system into the main memory of the computer. When it is doing this, the computer is not ready for use yet and is said to be booting. Cold Booting This occurs when the computer is switched on with the plugs correctly wedged into the socket in the mains. As a general rule, you put on the CPU first before the monitor. When you finish with the computer, i.e. at shutdown, you put off the monitor first before the CPU. Warm Booting Warm booting means to reset the computer. In this case, one does not have to put off the computer before switching it on again. To warm boot, three keys on the keyboard have to be pressed together. These keys are Control (Ctrl) key, Alternate (Alt) key and the Delete key (Del).. It is suggested that using your left hands (for a right handed person) press CTRL and ALT keys together, while at the same time you use the right hand to hit the DEL key. When you do this, you are warm booting the computer. AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES These are devices that store data or the output from the computer for later use. Generally, we have the rigid and the removable auxiliary storage devices Types of Auxiliary Storage devices 1. Magnetic disk storage; 2. Magnetic tape; 3. Optical disks; e.g. CD-ROM (Compact disk-read-only memory) ,CD-i(Compact diskinteractive), CD-R (Compact disk- recordable) , CD-RW (Compact disk-rewritable) 4. solid-state devices; 5. Mass storage devices and 6. Special-purpose storage devices, e.g. smart cards and optical cards Of these types of storage devices, we will discuss only the magnetic disk storage. It is the most widely used storage medium for all types of computers.

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Diskettes The removable type is called the diskette. Since they are thin and flexible, they are sometimes called floppy disks or simply, floppies. They are convenient, reliable and inexpensive.

There are two sizes of diskettes: 3 floppy disk and 5 floppy.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

They should be prevented from direct sunlight; Heavy objects should not be placed on top of diskettes; Do not expose diskettes to hot places or high temperatures; Avoid touching the magnetic medium with bare hands; Do not press the diskettes with your biro pen or pencil when writing on the label. That explains why felt pens are recommended. 6. Avoid bringing diskettes close to magnets or magnetic materials; 7. They should not be brought near dust, smoke or water Hard Disks This type of magnetic disk storage is rigid and is fixed inside the system unit. Hard disk is completely sealed and therefore is less prone to damage. Example is Winchester disk, Western Digital disk, Maxtor disk and Seagate disk. The hard disk itself consists of round metal platters on which the data are stored and the read-write head, which is used to access the data that is sought. The storage capacity of hard disks is measured in megabytes and more recently gigabytes (that is millions and billions of characters) of storage. This is just like you have 60leave or 80-leave notebooks that will store more notes than the 40-leave notebooks. We also have removable hard disks especially in some notebook computers and these are used to ensure higher security of the stored data. There are also hard cards. The hard card is a circuit board that has a hard disk built onto it. They provide an easy way to expand the storage capacity of a personal computer Protecting data stored on a disk Regardless of whether you are using floppy disk or hard disks, you must have to protect the data that you store on the disk from being lost. The disk storage is re-usable since the stored data may be overwritten and replaced by new ones. This is clearly a desirable feature because we are afforded the privilege of replacing or removing unwanted files. However, it also poses

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the problem and possibility of accidentally removing or replacing the file that we wanted to keep. Therefore, to protect programs and data stored on disks, we may: a)

Write-protect the diskette:

This is done by using the write-protect notch that is located at the lower side of the diskette. So, to prevent writing to a diskette, you will have to move a plastic cover to open the window. If the write-protect notch is closed however it means that the drive can write or copy something on the diskette. Once again, if the window is open, the drive will not write on the diskette or floppy disk.

b)

Back-up storage: Another good way to protect our programs or data stored on

disks is by creating back-up storage. This simply means creating a copy of important programs and data on one diskette to another diskette. The diskette is equally a convenient medium that is used to back up the data stored on a hard disk of a personal computer. Today, we now have recordable and rewritable compact disks that can store the entire contents of a hard disk as a back-up storage. This is made possible by the use of CD-Writers. COMPUTER VIRUS A computer virus is a computer code or program that is capable of replicating itself and transferring itself from one computer system to another. Usually, virus can do such things as change programs or destroy data. They may even at times format the entire hard disk or blow up a monitor or disable a printer. When the host program (that is the program with the virus) is shared, the virus is spread. As the host program is copied to friends through diskettes, the INTERNET, bulletin boards and other usual channels, the virus is also copied along. It infects the software with which it comes in contact. They are not detected immediately. Some of them are like time bombs waiting for particular date to do their havoc. People who copy the host software are unaware that the virus exist because it is coded in such a way as to hide from computer users for weeks or even months. There are over 9000 viruses known and continue to increase by day and with the advent of the INTERNET even by the minute. Major kinds of computer virus include Boot sector viruses (that prevent the computer from booting properly), anti-CMOS viruses and Trojan horses. Examples of computer virus December 13 Polyboot A eek80 virus Black Jesus WM.opey97 Howlen Croween B Klein Jerusalem virus Holy Moses To neutralize the codes of the viruses, we use the antiviruses such as Dr Solomon AntiVirus kit, Norton AntiVirus, McAfee Virus Scan among others. Antiviruses have to be regularly updated if they are to be effective.
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HOW TO AVOID COMPUTER VIRUS These are some techniques to at least minimize viruses and their damaging effects: The computer should be warm booted when switching suspicious programs or applications. Write-protect your diskettes when they are to be inserted into suspicious computer systems Always use Antivirus to scan any suspicious diskettes before opening any file inside them. In using the INTERNET and bulletin board service, open e-mail accounts with servers that provide antivirus software that will scan all incoming mails. Do not open or download any e-mail attachments from unknown sources until they are scanned. Even when these tips are followed, they cannot be total guarantee that your system or diskette could be virus-free when you engage in swapping (that is copying software). There fore the best method is to perhaps avoid swapping. Use only registered and licensed software and avoid tolerating diskettes from unknown sources from being inserted into your system. NETWORK When two or more computers are connected together, they are said to form a network. For computers to see each other on a network, they have to follow the same set of rules, commands or configurations called protocol Examples of protocols: a) FTP File transfer protocol b) TCP/IP Transfer controlprotocol/Internet or Intranet protocol c) NetBEUI British standard protocol d) WAP Wireless Applications protocol e) HTTP hyper text transfer protocol. Types of Network There are two major kinds of network based on the geographical distribution of the computers: a) Local Area Network (LAN) and b) Wide Area Network (WAN) Local Area Network: This is when the computers are connected together within the same area such as building or campus Wide Area Network: In this type of network, computers connected together are in wide geographical area like different cities or even countries. The INTERNET is a good example of WAN.

What is Server?
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What is Client? Networking is very advantageous for file sharing as well as resource sharing. When computers are networked, you wouldnt have to buy separate printers for each of them. All you have to do is buy a single printer for all of them to share. Note that they have to have the same protocol, which is the set of rules and regulations governing the exchange of information between computers in a network. Now, a server is the network control unit that is dedicated to handling the communicating needs of the other computers in a network. These other computers are referred to as clients. Whatever is to be shared among the computers in such a network, say, a printer has to be connected to the server. Using LAN, all the computers and the server can use the printer. In a network, communication channels are very essential. Wires and cables are used, although wireless systems such as light beams, radio waves or carrier-connect radio are now prevalent. VSAT (very small aperture terminals) has largely improved the efficiency of Wide Area networks in both Intranet and INTERNET access. NETWORK TOPOLOGY Network topology describes the configuration or physical layout of the equipment (such as computers and peripherals) in a communications network. Types a) star network b) bus network c) ring network Gateway: is a combination of both hardware and software that allow users on one network to access the resources on a different type of network. Bridge: is a combination of hardware and software that is used to connect similar networks. Nodes: Devices connected to a network, such as terminals, printers or other computers are referred to as nodes. Hub: This is a device that connects all the workstations or client computers in a network to the server. We have 9- port, 16-port hubs and so on.

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