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Anti Helminthic Drugs

This document summarizes anthelmintic drugs that act against nematodes (roundworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms). It describes the mechanism of action, clinical uses, and toxicity of common drugs like albendazole, mebendazole, piperazine, ivermectin, praziquantel, and niclosamide. These drugs work by inhibiting parasite microtubules, stimulating GABA receptors, or increasing membrane permeability, and are used to treat infections caused by various parasites including roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, whipworms, flukes, and tapeworms. Toxicities are generally mild and include gastrointestinal irritation

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3K views3 pages

Anti Helminthic Drugs

This document summarizes anthelmintic drugs that act against nematodes (roundworms), trematodes (flukes), and cestodes (tapeworms). It describes the mechanism of action, clinical uses, and toxicity of common drugs like albendazole, mebendazole, piperazine, ivermectin, praziquantel, and niclosamide. These drugs work by inhibiting parasite microtubules, stimulating GABA receptors, or increasing membrane permeability, and are used to treat infections caused by various parasites including roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, whipworms, flukes, and tapeworms. Toxicities are generally mild and include gastrointestinal irritation

Uploaded by

dhainey
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANTIHELMINTIC DRUGS DRUGS THAT ACT AGAINST NEMATODES

A. ALBENDAZOLE
Roundworms MECH OF ACTION – blocks glucose uptake in
both larval and adult parasite , which
leads to decrease formation of atp
- inhibition of microtubule assembly
CLINICAL USE : broad anthelintic spectrum
first drug of choice for larve migrans(
ancylostoma spc)
alternative drug for roundworms , whipworm,
A. LUMBRICOIDES E. hookworms,pinworms and threadworm
VERMICULARIS TOXICITY : reversible leukopenia ,
ROUNDWORM PINWORM alopecia and changes in the liver
anzymes
LONG TERM USE : bone marrow suppresion
and fetal toxicity

B. DITHYLCARBAMAZINE
MECHANISM OF ACTION : immobilizes
N. AMERICANUS T. TRICHURA
HOOKWORM WHIPWORM microfilariae
CLINICAL USE: drug of choice for filariasis
alternative for onchocerciasis ( in
combination with suramin)
TOXICITY : headache, malaise, weakness,
anorexia
 can cause the mazzotti reaction in
S. STERCORALIS onchocerciasis – hypotension, pyrexia
THREADWORM respiratory distress and prostration
fever, rashes and ocular damage
Tissue Nematodes

C. IVERMECTIN
MECHANISM OF ACTION : intesifies gaba
mediated neurotransmission in
nematodes resulting to paralysis
CLINICAL USE : drug of choice for
ONCHOCERCA Wuchereria onchocerciasis : drug of first choice for
bancrofti strongloidiasis and alternative drug for
filariasis
TOXICITY : fever, headache ,dizziness
,rashes, pruritus, tachycardia
,hypotension , joint pains , muscle [ain
and pain ion lymph nodes

ANCYCLOSTOMA D. MEBENDAZOLE
MECHANISM OF ACTION – selctively inhibit
microtubule syntheisi and glucose uptake in
nematodes
CLINICAL USE :
 drug of first choice for pinworms ,
whipworms and round worms
 second drug of choice for cestodes
nad trematode infection
TOXICITY : only limited to gastrointestinal CLINICAL USE : drug of choice for
irritation . embyrotoxic schistosomiasis, clornorchiasis and
paragonimiasis
 it is also one of the drug of choice for
E. PIPERAZINE cestodes
MECH. OF ACTION – acting as agonist at gaba TOXICITY – headache , dizziness, malaise and
recptors git irritation , skin rashes and fever
CLINICAL USE ; drug of choice for ascariasis CONTRAINDICATION : ocular cysticercosis
TOXICITY : git irritation

B. BITHIONOL = drug of choice for the


F. PYRANTEL PAMOATE treatment of fascioliasis ( sheep liver
MECH OF ACTION – pyrantel pamoate and its fluke)
congener axantel pamoate, stimulate TOXICITY : nausea , vomiting, diarrhea,
nicotinic receptor present at tne abdominal cramps, dizziness, dizziness,
neuromuscular junctions of nematodes. headache , phototoxicity , pyrxia, tinnitus,
contraction of muscle occurs ,followed by proteinuria and leukopenia
a depolarizarion induced paralysis
CLINICAL USE : ( along with mebendazole) C. METRIFONATE – is an organophosphate
drug of choice for hookworm, pinworm prodrug that is converted in the body to
and roundworm infestation . cholinesterase inhibitor dichlorvos , this
TOXICITY - git distress ,headache and active metabolite acts solely against
weakness schistosoma haematobium ( the cause of
bilharziasis )

TREMATODES
D. OXAMNIQUINE – effective solely in
schistosoma mansoni infections
TOXICITY : dizziness ,git irritation , pruritus
REACTION TO DYING PARASITES –
eosinophilia ,urticaria and pulmonary
infiltrates

SCHISTOSOMA (BLOOD FLUKE ) LUNG FLUKE

DRUG THAT ACT AGAIST CESTODES


(TAPEWORM)

CLONORCHIS SINENSIS(LIVER
FLUKE)

DRUGS THAT ACT AGAINST NICLOSAMIDE


TREMATODES MECHANISM OF ACTION ; act by uncoupling
A. PRAZIQUANTEL oxidative phosphorylation or by activating
MECH. OF ACTION – increases membrane atpase
permeability to calcium, causing marked CLINICAL USE : effective in beef, pork and
contraction initially and then paralysis of fish tapeworm but not in cysticercosis
trematode muscles ; this is followed by ( albendazole or prqaziquatel is more
vacuolization and parasite death effective)
TOXICITY ; git distress ,headache, rash and
fever

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