N00/420/S(3)

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
BACCALAURAT INTERNATIONAL
BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL

Name

CHEMISTRY
STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 3

Number
Wednesday 8 November 2000 (morning)
1 hour 15 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
!
!
!

Write your candidate name and number in the boxes above.

Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
Answer all of the questions from three of the Options in the spaces provided. You may continue
your answers in a continuation answer booklet, and indicate the number of booklets used in the
box below. Write your name and candidate number on the front cover of the continuation
answer booklets, and attach them to this question paper using the tag provided.
At the end of the examination, indicate the letters of the Options answered in the boxes below.

OPTIONS ANSWERED

NUMBER OF CONTINUATION
BOOKLETS USED

880-214

EXAMINER

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TEAM LEADER

IBCA

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TOTAL

TOTAL
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14 pages

N00/420/S(3)

Option A Higher organic chemistry

A1. Compound A and compound B have a molecular formula of C 3 H 6O and both show a strong
absorption at about 1700 cm -1 in their infra-red spectra. Compound A cannot be readily oxidised
whereas compound B can be oxidised to form compound C which has acidic properties.
Compounds A and B can be reduced to compounds D and E respectively. Both D and E show an
absorption in the 32303550 cm -1 range in their infra-red spectra and show a peak corresponding
+
to M r at 60 in their mass spectra.
Use the information above to deduce the structural formulas of Compounds AE and explain your
reasoning clearly.
[10]
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A2. (a)

N00/420/S(3)

Use the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory to deduce the shapes of the
following three molecules which all have carbon as the central atom.
(i)

HCN

[1]

(ii)

H 2 CO

[1]

(iii) H 2 CCl 2

(b)

[1]

Silicon is below carbon in Group 4 of the Periodic Table. It can form a complex ion with
2chlorine with the formula [SiCl 6 ] .
(i)

How many pairs of outer shell electrons are around the central silicon atom in the
complex ion?

[1]

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(ii)

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Deduce the shape of the complex ion.

[1]

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Option B Higher physical chemistry

B1. The formula and the pKa value for propanoic acid are given in Table 16 in the Data Booklet.
(a)

Write an equation for the dissociation of propanoic acid in water.

[1]

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(b)

Give the equilibrium expression and the value of Ka for the dissociation of propanoic acid in
water.

[2]

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(c)

Determine the hydrogen ion concentration of a 0.010 mol dm 3 aqueous solution of

propanoic acid.

[2]

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(d)

Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 200 cm3 of 0.010 mol dm 3 NaOH is added to
300 cm3 of 0.010 mol dm 3 propanoic acid solution.
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B2. Limestone, CaCO 3 , decomposes according to the equation:

CaCO 3 (s) l CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
(a)

H = +178 kJ mol -1

The numerical value for the standard entropy change is 161 J K -1 mol -1 . Explain in terms of
the reactants and products whether this value is positive or negative.

[1]

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(b)

Use the above data to calculate a value for the standard Gibbs free energy change for the
decomposition of limestone.

[2]

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(c)

Explain what is meant by a spontaneous reaction.

[1]

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(d)

At what temperature would the above reaction become spontaneous?

[2]

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Option C Human biochemistry

C1. Vitamin A is the general name for a group of substances that include retinol and retinal, both of
which contain carbon to carbon double bonds.
(a)

As their names suggest retinol and retinal differ in their structures by one functional group.
Give the structure of this functional group for each compound.

[2]

Retinol: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retinal: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b)

In terms of electrons what is meant by the expression double bond?

[1]

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(c)

The molecular formula of retinol is C19 H 30O . 100 cm3 of blood contains about 30 mg of
retinol. Calculate the approximate concentration of retinol in the blood in mol dm -3 .

[2]

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(d)

Given the above information, state whether the solubility of retinol will be greater in water
or in fat and explain your answer.
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C2. The structure of thyroxine, a hormone, is given in the Data Booklet.

(a)

Name the element present in thyroxine which is absent from other hormones in the human
body.

[1]

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(b)

Apart from the OH group attached to the benzene ring, name and draw the structures of two
other functional groups in thyroxine.

[4]

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(c)

State the general role of hormones and state how they are transported in the body.

[2]

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(d)

What is the specific role of thyroxine in the human body?

[1]

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Option D Environmental chemistry

D1. When the pH of rain water falls below about 5.6 it is known as acid rain.
(a)

What is the ratio of the hydrogen ion concentration in acid rain with a pH of 4 compared to
water with a pH of 7?

[1]

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(b)

One of the two major acids present in acid rain originates mainly from the burning of coal.
Name this acid and give equations to show how it is formed.

[3]

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(c)

The second major acid responsible for acid rain originates mainly from internal combustion
engines. Name this acid and state two different ways in which its production can be
reduced.

[3]

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(d)

Acid rain has caused considerable damage to buildings and statues made of marble ( CaCO 3 ) .
Write an equation to represent the reaction of acid rain with marble.
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D2. (a)

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In order to survive, fish require water containing dissolved oxygen. Discuss briefly how an
increase in each of the following factors affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in a lake.
(i)

[3]

Temperature: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii)

Organic pollutants: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Nitrates and phosphates: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b)

Define Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).

[1]

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(c)

In a method to find the concentration of dissolved oxygen, manganese(IV) oxide is formed.

This is then used to release iodine which is titrated with standard thiosulfate solution. The
equations for these three steps are:
2+

2 Mn (aq) + 4OH (aq) + O 2 (g) 2 MnO 2 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l)

2+

MnO 2 (s) + 2I (aq) + 4 H (aq) Mn (aq) + I 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l)

2

I 2 (aq) + 2S2 O 3 (aq) S4 O 6 (aq) + 2I (aq)

1000 cm3 of a sample of water was processed by this method. It was found that 10.0 cm3 of
0.100 mol dm -3 Na 2S2 O 3 solution were required to react with the iodine produced.
Calculate the concentration of dissolved oxygen in g dm -3 in the water sample.

[3]

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Option E Chemical industries

E1. (a)

When iron is produced in a blast furnace the product is known as pig iron. Pig iron contains
about 5 % impurities.
(i)

Name the major impurity found in pig iron.

[1]

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(ii)

Wrought iron has a higher melting point than pig iron. From this information what can
be deduced about the percentage of iron in wrought iron compared to pig iron?

[1]

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(b)

Pig iron can be converted into steel in a basic oxygen converter. Iron is added to the
converter, it is melted and then two chemicals are added.
(i)

Name the two chemicals added.

[2]

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(ii)

Describe the essential processes that take place during the conversion of iron to steel.

[2]

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(c)

Both iron and aluminium can be recycled. Suggest one reason why it is more economical to
recycle aluminium than steel.
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E2. (a)

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[1]

Explain why crude oil contains small amounts of sulfur.

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(b)

Why must the sulfur be removed from crude oil before further refining takes place?

[1]

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(c)

One of the chemical processes used in the refining of crude oil is cracking. Give a balanced
equation for the thermal cracking of C10 H 22 and explain why the process is important.

[2]

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(d)

Crude oil can also be refined by re-forming. Two re-forming processes are isomerisation
and alkylation. State the essential difference between the two processes.

[2]

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(e)

A third type of re-forming is cyclisation and aromatisation. One such example is the
conversion of hexane to benzene using a catalyst at 500 ! C and a pressure of 20 atmospheres.
(i)

Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

[1]

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(ii)

For which important industrial process is the inorganic product from this reaction used
as a feedstock?

[1]

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Option F Fuels and energy

F1.

(a)

When biomass, such as animal waste, decomposes in the absence of oxygen, biogas is
formed. Name the main gas present in biogas.

[1]

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(b)

When wood and crop residues are burnt in a limited amount of oxygen, a mixture of gases
known as producer gas is formed. Name one combustible gas present in producer gas.

[1]

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(c)

Name two substances hazardous to health which are produced when wood is burnt in an
enclosed space.

[2]

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(d)

Why is biomass likely to become more important as a fuel in the future?

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F2.

(a)

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[1]

In the context of nuclear reactions, explain the meaning of fission.

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(b)

Explain why a fission reaction results in the release of a large quantity of energy.

[1]

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(c)

The main reaction in a uranium reactor is fission of 235 U . A side reaction is caused when
neutrons react with 238 U . Complete the following equation by filling in the symbols and
values in the table below:
238
a

(d)

U + bc X

239
92

[4]

Y + 2 de Z

239
94

A diagram of a nuclear power plant to produce electricity is shown below:

Uranium fuel
Steam

Turbine

Generator
Pump

Coolant

Water source

The water which produces the steam to drive turbines in a nuclear power plant is not heated
directly. Explain why more than one heat exchange loop is used and name one substance
used in the primary cooling loop.

[2]

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(This question continues on the following page)
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(Question F2 continued)
(e)

14

C can be used for dating organic remains. Whilst a plant or animal is alive the amount of
C remains constant. At death the amount of 14 C decreases by a first order reaction with a
. 10 -12 . If an object is
half-life of 5730 years. In a living sample the 14 C : 12 C ratio is 12
found with a 14 C : 12 C ratio of 15
. 10-13 , how old is the object?
14

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