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Detailed definition of a research proposal A research proposal is a type of paper writing that addresses a certain scientific or academic research and contain comprehensive literature reviews. The goal of research proposals is to convince the reader that the research will be perfectly conducted and that the writer has the competence and the workplan to complete it. Research proposals should offer strong support so that the research study being proposed and describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research. All research proposals have the same format with the only exception that they should be written in future tense. This paper writing should contain all the key elements of the research process and give enough information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. 2. Main features of a research proposal in the order in which they should appear. General Features of Research Proposals Research proposals are written clearly and concisely. The goal of a research proposal is to help the audience understand the focus of the proposed research in order to make an approval or funding decision regarding the project. To achieve that goal, nearly all research proposals share some common key features. These features are often indicated by subject headings, depending on the length of the proposal:

Introduction to the subject of the proposal: Depending on the audience for the research proposal, this section might be quite concise or more detailed. Readers need to have an understanding of the subject of the research project and/or the issue at stake in order to make a decision about the project (to approve a topic, to provide funding or resources,

etc.). The introduction should provide enough information about the subject of the proposed research to inform the audience adequately, and, if possible, it should avoid providing too much information that the audience would already know. An exception to this rule of thumb might be if the researcher needs to demonstrate to the audience that he or she has a good understanding of the subject in order to develop ethos. In such a case, the introduction might be paired with a review of literature (see Review of prior research, below). Explanation of the significance of the project: In addition to explaining the subject of the proposed research, the author must give a rationale for why the project is important and relevant. You might think about this section in terms of kairos: why is this research, at this time, in this context, important to pursue? This section could include a description of what the researchers interest in and experience with the subject is, where the idea for the project came from, and/or what kind of contribution the project will make. You must clearly state the need for the proposed project, and you might back up that statement with evidence or data if appropriate to the guidelines for the proposal you are writing. Clear research question: Research proposals should always contain a clear research question (or set of questions) that serve as way to show the specific focus of the project. The research question(s) might appear before or after the significance section in a research proposal, depending on the requirements of the proposal and the authors preference. Some authors like to use the significance section to lead up to a research question, while others prefer to state the question after the introduction of the subject and then use the significance section to justify the importance of the question. Either choice can be effective, but make sure you are following any specific guidelines given for the proposal you are writing.

Statement of objectives: At some point in the research proposal, the author must clearly state the objectives and expected outcomes for the research. What do you hope to achieve through this research? What is your purpose in researching this subject? The objectives might be stated in a separate section, or they might be incorporated into the description of the significance of the project. In either case, the author should indicate a clear connection between the research question(s), the intended audience, and the expected outcomes, or purpose, of the research. Statement about the researchers ability to complete the project: Again, depending on the requirements for the research proposal, this section might include a description of the authors credentials, past research, or experience with and knowledge about the subject matter. Additionally, this section might include a list of resources available to the researcher to complete the project, if appropriate. For example, if you are planning to conduct a survey, how will you do so? Do you have access to the participants who would complete the survey? Will you conduct the survey online or in print, and do you have access to the resources to do so? Finally, this section should include an indication of the researchers commitment to the project. Timeline for the research project: Most research proposals include a timeline for completion of the project, breaking the project down into manageable steps with clear deadlines. Even if a timeline is not required for the research proposal you are writing, it can be helpful to draft a timeline for yourself to make sure that the scope of the project you are proposing is manageable to complete in the amount of time that you have.

3. Graph indicating the major elements of a research proposal 4. Data and the instruments to collect it

Data may be defined as: . Factual information, especially information organized for analysis or used to reason or make decisions. . Computer Science Numerical or other information represented in a form suitable for processing by computer. . Values derived from scientific experiments. Instruments for Data collection: *All Types of Questionnaires *Focus Groups *Scientific Equipment (Scale, Thermometer) *Aptitude Tests *IQ Tests *Attitude Tests *Achievement Tests *Existing Records *Interviews *Mastery Tests *Personality Tests *Leadership Tests *Focus Groups *Interest Inventories *Organizational Tests

*Observation Checklists *Performance Evaluations *Employee Satisfaction Tools