CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

CS2259 - Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab IV Semester CSE/IT Syllabus 1. Programming with 8085 8-bit/16-bit multiplication/ division using repeated addition/subtraction. manipulations. operations. replace, copy operations, sorting. 2. Programming with 8085- code conversion, decimal arithmetic, bit 3. Programming with 8085 matrix multiplication, floating point 4. Programming with 8086 String manipulation, search, find and 5. Using BIOS/DOS calls: keyboard control, display, file manipulation. 6. Using BIOS/DOS calls: Disk operations. 7. Interfacing with 8085/8086 8255, 8253. 8. Interfacing with 8085/8086 8279, 8251. programs 9. 8051 Microcontroller based experiments Simple assembly language 10.8051 Microcontroller based experiments simple control applications.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

CS2259 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab CYCLE I

8085 Programming Introduction to 8085 8 bit Addition and Subtraction 1. 8 bit Multiplication and Division 3. 16 bit Multiplication and Division 4. Largest and Smallest number in an array 6. Code Conversions using 8085
7. BCD Addition and Subtraction

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11. BIOS/DOS calls Disk information

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10. BIOS/DOS calls File Manipulation

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9. BIOS/DOS calls Display

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8. Matrix Multiplication BIOS/DOS calls

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5. Sorting in Ascending and Descending Order

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2. 16 bit Addition and Subtraction

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

CYCLE II
8086 Programming 1. String manipulation Search a word 2. String Manipulation Find and replace a Word 3. String Manipulation Copy a string 4. String Manipulation Sorting Interfacing 6. Interfacing 8253 Timer IC with 8085 5. Interfacing 8255 PPI IC with 8085

7. Interfacing 8279 Keyboard/Display IC with 8085 8051 Programming 9. Sum of elements in an array 10. Code conversions 11. 16 bit addition 12. 8 bit multiplication

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13. Stepper motor interface

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8. Interfacing 8251 Serial communication IC with 8085

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

1. INTRODUCTION TO 8085
INTEL 8085 is one of the most popular 8-bit microprocessor capable of addressing 64 KB of memory and its architecture is simple. The device has 40 pins, requires +5 V power supply and can operate with 3MHz single phase clock. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The 8085A has a simple 8-bit ALU and it works in coordination with the accumulator, temporary registers, 5 flags and arithmetic and logic circuits. ALU has temporary registers are used to hold the data during an arithmetic and logic operation. result of the operation. The flags are affected by the arithmetic and logic operation. Sign flag the capability of performing several mathematical and logical operations. The The result is stored in the accumulator and the flags are set or reset according to the They are as follows:

Auxiliary carry flag In an arithmetic operation when a carry is generated by digit D3 and passed on to D4, the auxiliary flag is set.

Parity flag After arithmetic logic operation, if the result has an even number of 1s the flag is set. If it has odd number of 1s it is reset.

Carry flag If an arithmetic operation results in a carry, the carry flag is set. The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction.

is modified by the result in the accumulator as well as in other registers.

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The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in zero. This flag

ee

Zero flag

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number.

cl u

numbers. If it is 1, it is a negative number and if it is 0, it is a positive

si

of the result is 1, the sign flag is set. This flag is used with signed

ve

After the execution of the arithmetic - logic operation if the bit D7

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

Timing and control unit This unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operation with a clock and generates the control signals necessary for communication between the microprocessor and peripherals. The control signals RD (read) and WR (write) indicate the availability of data on the data bus. Instruction register and decoder The instruction register and decoder are part of the ALU. When an instruction is fetched from memory it is loaded in the instruction register. The decoder decodes the instruction and establishes the sequence of events to follow. Register array

The 8085 has six general purpose registers to store 8-bit data during program execution. These registers are identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. they can be combined as BC, DE and HL to perform 16-bit operation. Accumulator

Accumulator is an 8-bit register that is part of the ALU. This register is used to operation is stored in the accumulator. Program counter The program counter is a 16-bit register used to point to the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. Stack pointer It is a 16-bit register which points to the memory location in R/W memory, called the Stack.

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store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logic operation. The result of an

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

Communication lines 8085 microprocessor performs data transfer operations using three communication lines called buses. They are address bus, data bus and control bus. Address bus it is a group of 16-bit lines generally identified as A0 A15. The address bus is unidirectional i.e., the bits flow in one direction from microprocessor to the peripheral devices. It is capable of addressing 216 memory locations. The data ranges from 00 FF. Data bus it is a group of 8 lines used for data flow and it is bidirectional. Control bus it consist of various single lines that carry synchronizing signals. The microprocessor uses such signals for timing purpose.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

2(A). 8 BIT DATA ADDITION

AIM: To add two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. Initialize memory pointer to data location. Get the first number from memory in accumulator. Get the second number and add it to the accumulator. Store the answer at another memory location.

RESULT:

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Thus the 8 bit numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are added and the result stored at 4502 & 4503.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[C]

00H

[HL]

4500H

[HL][HL]+1

.b l

[A][A]+[M]

ee

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ex

cl u

[C][C]+1

[HL][HL]+1

[M]

[HL][HL]+1

[M]

si

Is there a Carry? YES

STOP

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[A]

[C]

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NO

sp ot

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[A]

[M]

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 4100 START 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 410A 410B 410C 410D 410E 410F 4110 OBSERVATION: L1 MNEMONICS OPERAND MVI C, 00 LXI MOV INX ADD JNC H, 4500 A, M H M COMMENT Clear C reg. Initialize HL reg. to 4500 Transfer first data to accumulator Increment HL reg. to point next memory Location. Add first number to acc. Content. Jump to location if result does not yield carry.

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INR INX

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sp ot
C H M, A H M, C

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L1

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INPUT 4500 4501 4502 4503

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MOV INX

MOV HLT

OUTPUT

Increment C reg. Increment HL reg. to point next memory Location. Transfer the result from acc. to memory. Increment HL reg. to point next memory Location. Move carry to memory Stop the program

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

2(B). 8 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION

AIM: To Subtract two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations. ALGORITHM: Initialize memory pointer to data location. Get the first number from memory in accumulator. Get the second number and subtract from the accumulator. If the result yields a borrow, the content of the acc. is complemented and 01H is added to it (2s complement). A register is cleared and the content of that reg. is incremented in case there is a borrow. If there is no borrow the content of the acc. is directly taken as the result. 5. Store the answer at next memory location. RESULT: 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Thus the 8 bit numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are subtracted and the result stored at 4502 & 4503.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[C]

00H

[HL] 4500H

Is there a

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.b l w .e ee w w ex cl u
YES
Complement [A] Add 01H to [A] [C][C]+1 [HL][HL]+1 [M] [HL][HL]+1 [M]

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Borrow ?

[A]

[C]

STOP

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NO

[A][A]-[M]

sp ot

[HL][HL]+1

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[A]

[M]

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 4100 START 4102 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 410A 410B 410C 410D 410E 410F 4110 4111 4112 4113 MNEMONICS OPERAND MVI C, 00 LXI MOV INX SUB JNC H, 4500 A, M H M COMMENT Clear C reg. Initialize HL reg. to 4500 Transfer first data to accumulator Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Subtract first number from acc. Content. Jump to location if result does not yield borrow.

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INR CMA ADI INX

og

sp ot
C 01H H M, A H M, C

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L1

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L1

ee

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OBSERVATION: INPUT 4500 4501 4502 4503 OUTPUT

si

MOV INX MOV HLT

Increment C reg. Complement the Acc. content Add 01H to content of acc. Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Transfer the result from acc. to memory. Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Move carry to mem. Stop the program

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

3(A). 8 BIT DATA MULTIPLICATION

AIM: To multiply two 8 bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations and store the result in memory. ALGORITHM: LOGIC: Multiplication can be done by repeated addition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Initialize memory pointer to data location. Move multiplicand to a register. Move the multiplier to another register. Clear the accumulator. Add multiplicand to accumulator Decrement multiplier Repeat step 5 till multiplier comes to zero. The result, which is in the accumulator, is stored in a memory location.

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Thus the 8-bit multiplication was done in 8085 p using repeated addition method.

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RESULT:

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[HL] 4500 B M

A 00

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[A] [A] +[M]

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Is there any carry YES C C+1

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NO YES

C 00

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B B-1

NO

IS B=0

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[HL] [HL]+1

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

[HL][HL]+1

[M]

[A]

[HL][HL]+1

STOP

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[M]

[C]

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 4100 START 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 410A 410B 410C 410D 410E 410F 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 OBSERVATION: INPUT 4500 4502 17 OUTPUT L1 MNEMONICS LXI MOV INX MVI MVI ADD JNC OPERAND H, 4500 B, M H A, 00H COMMENT Initialize HL reg. to 4500 Transfer first data to reg. B Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Clear the acc. Clear C reg for carry Add multiplicand multiplier times. Jump to NEXT if there is no carry Increment C reg Decrement B reg Jump to L1 if B is not zero. Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Transfer the result from acc. to memory. Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Transfer the result from C reg. to memory. Stop the program

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NEXT INR DCR JNZ INX MOV INX MOV HLT C B L1 H M, A H M, C

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M NEXT

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C, 00H

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4501

4503

3(B). 8 BIT DIVISION

AIM: To divide two 8-bit numbers and store the result in memory. ALGORITHM: LOGIC: Division is done using the method Repeated subtraction. 1. Load Divisor and Dividend 2. Subtract divisor from dividend 3. Count the number of times of subtraction which equals the quotient 4. Stop subtraction when the dividend is less than the divisor .The dividend now becomes the remainder. Otherwise go to step 2. 5. stop the program execution. RESULT:

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Thus an ALP was written for 8-bit division using repeated subtraction method and executed using 8085 p kits

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART:
START

B 00 [HL] 4500 A M

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[HL][HL]+1

[M]

[HL][HL]+1

[M]

cl u

IS A<0

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[B] [B] +1

YES A A+ M

B B-1

[A]

[B]

STOP

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NO

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M A-M

sp ot

[HL] [HL]+1

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 410A 410B 410C 410D 410E 410F 4110 4111 4112 OBSERVATION: S.NO 1 2 LOOP OPCODE LABEL MNEMO NICS MVI LXI MOV INX SUB INR JNC ADD DCR INX OPERA ND B,00 H,4500 A,M H M B LOOP M B H COMMENTS Clear B reg for quotient Initialize HL reg. to 4500H Transfer dividend to acc. Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Subtract divisor from dividend Increment B reg Jump to LOOP if result does not yield borrow Add divisor to acc. Decrement B reg Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Transfer the remainder from acc. to memory. Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Transfer the quotient from B reg. to memory. Stop the program

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MOV INX

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MOV

HLT

INPUT ADDRESS DATA 4500 4501 4500 4501

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M,A H M,B

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OUTPUT ADDRESS DATA 4502 4503 4502 4503

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4(A). 16 BIT DATA ADDITION

AIM: To add two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. Initialize memory pointer to data location. Get the first number from memory and store in Register pair. Get the second number in memory and add it to the Register pair. Store the sum & carry in separate memory locations.

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Thus an ALP program for 16-bit addition was written and executed in 8085 p using special instructions.

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RESULT:

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[L] [H] [DE] [L] [H]

[8050 H] [8051 H] [HL] [8052H] [8053H]

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YES
[A][A]+1 [8054][ L] [8055] [H] [8056]

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Is there a Carry?

STOP

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[A]

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NO

[HL][HL]+[DE]

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[A]00H

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 8000 START 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 LOOP MNEMONICS OPERAND LHLD 8050H XCHG LHLD MVI DAD JNC INR SHLD STA COMMENT Load the augend in DE pair through HL pair.

8052H A, 00H D LOOP A

Load the addend in HL pair. Initialize reg. A for carry Add the contents of HL Pair with that of DE pair. If there is no carry, go to the instruction labeled LOOP. Otherwise increment reg. A Store the content of HL Pair in 8054H(LSB of sum) Store the carry in 8056H through Acc. (MSB of sum). Stop the program.

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OBSERVATION:

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ADDRESS 8050H 8051H 8052H 8053H

INPUT DATA

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HLT

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ADDRESS 8054H 8055H 8056H

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8054H 8056H

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OUTPUT DATA

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4(B). 16 BIT DATA SUBTRACTION

AIM: To subtract two 16-bit numbers stored at consecutive memory locations. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RESULT: Initialize memory pointer to data location. Get the subtrahend from memory and transfer it to register pair. Get the minuend from memory and store it in another register pair. Subtract subtrahend from minuend. Store the difference and borrow in different memory locations.

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Thus an ALP program for subtracting two 16-bit numbers was written and executed.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[L] [H] [DE] [L] [H]

[8050 H] [8051 H] [HL] [8052H] [8053H]

[HL][HL]-[DE]

ee

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cl u

[C][C]+1

si

[8054][ L]

[8055] [H]

[8056]

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Is there a borrow?

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YES
[C]

STOP

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NO

sp ot

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 801A START

MNEMO NICS MVI LHLD XCHG LHLD MOV SUB MOV MOV SBB

OPER COMMENTS AND C, 00 Initialize C reg. 8050H Load the subtrahend in DE reg. Pair through HL reg. pair. Load the minuend in HL reg. Pair. Move the content of reg. L to Acc. Subtract the content of reg. E from that of acc. Move the content of Acc. to reg. L Move the content of reg. H to Acc. Subtract content of reg. D with that of Acc. Transfer content of acc. to reg. H Store the content of HL pair in memory location 8504H. If there is borrow, go to the instruction labeled NEXT. Increment reg. C Transfer the content of reg. C to Acc. Store the content of acc. to the memory location 8506H Stop the program execution. OUTPUT DATA

8052H A, L E L, A

MOV

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SHLD JNC INR MOV STA HLT

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NEXT

OBSERVATION: ADDRESS 8050H 8051H 8052H 8053H INPUT DATA ADDRESS 8054H 8055H 8056H

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H, A 8054H NEXT C A, C 8056H

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D

A, H

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

5(A). 16 BIT MULTIPLICATION

AIM: To multiply two 16 bit numbers and store the result in memory. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. Get the multiplier and multiplicand. Initialize a register to store partial product. Add multiplicand, multiplier times. Store the result in consecutive memory locations.

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Thus the 16-bit multiplication was done in 8085 p using repeated addition method.

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RESULT:

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART: START

L H

[8050] [8051]

SP HL

DE

HL

NO

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cl u

HLHL+SP

si

Is Carry flag set? YES

BCBC+1

DEDE+1

NO

Is Zero flag set? YES

ve

HL0000 BC0000

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sp ot

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L H

[8052] [8053]

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

[8054] [8055]

L H

[8056] [8057]

C B

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STOP

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEM

8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 801A 801B 801C 801D 801E 801F 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 OBSERVATION:

START

OPERAN COMMENTS D O N I C S LHLD 8050 Load the first No. in stack pointer through HL reg. pair

SPHL LHLD XCHG LXI LXI LOOP DAD JNC

8052

Load the second No. in HL reg. pair & Exchange with DE reg. pair.

B, 0000H

og
SP NEXT B D A,E D LOOP 8054 A, C 8056 A, B 8057

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NEXT

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INX DCX MOV ORA JNZ

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SHLD MOV STA MOV STA HLT

OUTPUT

INPUT

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H, 0000H

Clear HL & DE reg. pairs.

Add SP with HL pair. If there is no carry, go to the instruction labeled NEXT Increment BC reg. pair Decrement DE reg. pair. Move the content of reg. E to Acc. OR Acc. with D reg. If there is no zero, go to instruction labeled LOOP Store the content of HL pair in memory locations 8054 & 8055. Move the content of reg. C to Acc. Store the content of Acc. in memory location 8056. Move the content of reg. B to Acc. Store the content of Acc. in memory location 8056. Stop program execution

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

ADDRESS

DATA

ADDRESS

DATA

8050 8051 8052

8053

8054 8055 8056

8057

5(B). 16- BIT DIVISION

AIM: To divide two 16-bit numbers and store the result in memory using 8085 mnemonics. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Get the dividend and divisor. Initialize the register for quotient. Repeatedly subtract divisor from dividend till dividend becomes less than divisor. Count the number of subtraction which equals the quotient. Store the result in memory.

RESULT:

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Thus the 16-bit Division was done in 8085 p using repeated subtraction method.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART:
START

L [8051] H [8052]

HL

DE

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cl u

AH AA- H- Borrow HA

si

BCBC+ 1

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L; AA- E LA

.b l
Is Carry flag set ?

og
NO YES

BC 0000H

sp ot

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L [8050] H [8051]

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

BCBC- 1 HLHL+DE

L[8054] H[8055]

AB

cl u

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[8057] A

.b l
STOP

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sp ot

[8056] A

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AC

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 801A 801B 801C 801D 801E 801F 8020 8021 START

MNEM ONICS LHLD XCHG LHLD LXI

OPERA ND 8052

COMMENTS Load the first No. in stack pointer through HL reg. pair

8050 B, 0000H

Load the second No. in HL reg. pair & Exchange with DE reg. pair. Clear BC reg. pair.

LOOP

ee

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cl u

DCX DAD SHLD MOV STA MOV STA HLT

ve

.b l
B D 8054 A, C 8056 A, B 8057

MOV SUB MOV MOV SBB MOV INX JNC

A, L E L, A A, H D H, A B LOOP

Move the content of reg. L to Acc. Subtract reg. E from that of Acc. Move the content of Acc to L. Move the content of reg. H Acc. Subtract reg. D from that of Acc. Move the content of Acc to H. Increment reg. Pair BC If there is no carry, go to the location labeled LOOP. Decrement BC reg. pair. Add content of HL and DE reg. pairs. Store the content of HL pair in 8054 & 8055. Move the content of reg. C to Acc. Store the content of Acc. in memory 8056 Move the content of reg. B to Acc. Store the content of Acc. in memory 8057. Stop the program execution.

OBSERVATION: INPUT ADDRESS DATA 8050 8051 8052 8053

.e

OUTPUT ADDRESS DATA 8054 8055 8056 8057 35

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sp ot

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

6(A). LARGEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

AIM: To find the largest element in an array. ALGORITHM: 1. Place all the elements of an array in the consecutive memory locations. 2. Fetch the first element from the memory location and load it in the accumulator. 3. Initialize a counter (register) with the total number of elements in an array. 5. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element. element). 4. Decrement the counter by 1.

Thus the largest number in the given array is found out.

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RESULT:

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10. Store the result (accumulator content) in the specified memory location.

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9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 until the counter reaches zero

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8. Decrement the counter by 1.

.b l

(largest element) to the accumulator. Else continue.

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7. If the accumulator content is smaller, then move the memory content

sp ot

6. Compare the accumulator content with the memory content (next

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART: START

[HL] [8100H] [B] 04H [A] [HL]

NO

ee

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cl u

si

[B] [B]-1

ve

[A] [HL]

IS [B] = 0? YES [8105] [A] STOP

.b l
NO

YES

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IS [A] < [HL]?

sp ot

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[HL [HL] + 1

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRE SS 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 OBSERVATION: INPUT ADDRESS DATA 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 OPCO DE LABEL MNEM ONICS LXI MVI LOOP1 MOV INX CMP JNC MOV DCR JNZ STA OPER AND H,8100 B,04 A,M H M LOOP A,M B LOOP1 8105 COMMENTS Initialize HL reg. to 8100H Initialize B reg with no. of comparisons(n-1) Transfer first data to acc. Increment HL reg. to point next memory location Compare M & A If A is greater than M then go to loop Transfer data from M to A reg Decrement B reg If B is not Zero go to loop1 Store the result in a memory location. Stop the program

.e

ee

OUTPUT ADDRESS DATA 8105

ex

cl u

si

HLT

ve

.b l

og

LOOP

sp ot

.c o

38

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

6(B). SMALLEST ELEMENT IN AN ARRAY

AIM: To find the smallest element in an array. ALGORITHM: 1. Place all the elements of an array in the consecutive memory locations. 2. Fetch the first element from the memory location and load it in the accumulator. 3. Initialize a counter (register) with the total number of elements in an array. 5. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element. element). 4. Decrement the counter by 1.

Thus the smallest number in the given array is found out.

.e

ee

RESULT:

ex

cl u

10. Store the result (accumulator content) in the specified memory location.

si

9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 until the counter reaches zero

ve

8. Decrement the counter by 1.

.b l

(largest element) to the accumulator. Else continue.

og

7. If the accumulator content is smaller, then move the memory content

sp ot

6. Compare the accumulator content with the memory content (next

.c o

m
39

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART: START

[HL] [8100H] [B] 04H [A] [HL]

YES

ee

ex

cl u

si

[B] [B]-1

ve

[A] [HL]

IS [B] = 0? YES [8105] [A] STOP

.b l
NO

NO

.e

og

IS [A] < [HL]?

sp ot

.c o

m
40

[HL [HL] + 1

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRE SS 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 OBSERVATION: INPUT ADDRESS DATA 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 OPCO DE LABEL MNEM ONICS LXI MVI LOOP1 MOV INX CMP JC MOV DCR JNZ STA OPER AND H,8100 B,04 A,M H M LOOP A,M B LOOP1 8105 COMMENTS Initialize HL reg. to 8100H Initialize B reg with no. of comparisons(n-1) Transfer first data to acc. Increment HL reg. to point next memory location Compare M & A If A is lesser than M then go to loop Transfer data from M to A reg Decrement B reg If B is not Zero go to loop1 Store the result in a memory location. Stop the program

LOOP

.e

ee

OUTPUT ADDRESS DATA 8105

ex

cl u

si

HLT

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

41

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

7(A).ASCENDING ORDER
AIM: To sort the given number in the ascending order using 8085 microprocessor. ALGORITHM: 1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations. 2. Compare the first two numbers and if the first number is larger than second then I interchange the number. 3. If the first number is smaller, go to step 4 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the numbers are in required order RESULT:

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

Thus the ascending order program is executed and thus the numbers are arranged in ascending order.

.c o

m
42

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART:

START [B] 04H [HL] [8100H] [C] 04H [A] [HL] [HL [HL] + 1

ex

.e

ee

cl u

[HL] [HL] - 1 [HL] [D] [HL] [HL] + 1 [C] [C] 01 H A

si

[D] [HL]

[HL] [A]

ve

.b l
NO

og

YES

IS [A] < [HL]?

sp ot

.c o

m
43

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

IS [C] = 0? YES

NO

PROGRAM: 44

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

STOP

ve

.b l

YES

og

IS [B] = 0?

NO

sp ot

.c o

[B] [B]-1

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

OBSERVATION: INPUT MEMORY LOCATION 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 DATA MEMORY LOCATION 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 OUTPUT DATA

8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 801A

ex

cl u

.e

ee

DCR JNZ HLT

si

LOOP1

MOV MOV DCX MOV INX DCR JNZ

D,M M,A H M,D H C LOOP2

ve

.b l
B LOOP3

og

sp ot

Transfer data from M to D reg Transfer data from acc to M Decrement HL pair Transfer data from D to M Increment HL pair Decrement C reg If C is not zero go to loop2 Decrement B reg If B is not Zero go to loop3 Stop the program

.c o

CMP JC

M LOOP1

ADDR E SS 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008

OPCO DE

LABEL

MNEM ONICS MVI

OPER AND B,04 H,8100 C,04 A,M H

COMMENTS Initialize B reg with number of comparisons (n-1) Initialize HL reg. to 8100H Initialize C reg with no. of comparisons(n-1) Transfer first data to acc. Increment HL reg. to point next memory location Compare M & A If A is less than M then go to loop1

LOOP 3

LXI MVI

LOOP2

MOV INX

45

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

7(B). DESCENDING ORDER

AIM: To sort the given number in the descending order using 8085 microprocessor. ALGORITHM: 1. Get the numbers to be sorted from the memory locations. 2. Compare the first two numbers and if the first number is smaller than second then I interchange the number. 3. If the first number is larger, go to step 4 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the numbers are in required order RESULT:

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

Thus the descending order program is executed and thus the numbers are arranged in descending order.

.c o

m
46

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART:

START [B] 04H [HL] [8100H] [C] 04H [A] [HL] [HL [HL] + 1

ex

.e

ee

cl u

[HL] [HL] - 1 [HL] [D] [HL] [HL] + 1 [C] [C] 01 H A

si

[D] [HL]

[HL] [A]

ve

.b l
YES

og

NO

IS [A] < [HL]?

sp ot

.c o

m
47

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

IS [C] = 0? YES

NO

PROGRAM: 48

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

STOP

ve

.b l

YES

og

IS [B] = 0?

NO

sp ot

.c o

[B] [B]-1

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

ADDRE SS 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 801A

OPCO DE

LABEL

MNEM ONICS MVI LXI MVI

OPER AND B,04 H,8100 C,04 A,M H M LOOP1 D,M M,A H M,D H C LOOP2 B LOOP3

COMMENTS Initialize B reg with number of comparisons (n-1) Initialize HL reg. to 8100H Initialize C reg with no. of comparisons(n-1) Transfer first data to acc. Increment HL reg. to point next memory location Compare M & A If A is greater than M then go to loop1 Transfer data from M to D reg Transfer data from acc to M Decrement HL pair Transfer data from D to M Increment HL pair Decrement C reg If C is not zero go to loop2 Decrement B reg If B is not Zero go to loop3 Stop the program

LOOP 3

LOOP2

MOV INX CMP JNC MOV MOV DCX MOV INX DCR JNZ DCR JNZ HLT

LOOP1

OBSERVATION: INPUT MEMORY LOCATION 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 DATA MEMORY LOCATION 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 OUTPUT DATA

8(A). CODE CONVERSION DECIMAL TO HEX

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

49

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

AIM: To convert a given decimal number to hexadecimal. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Initialize the memory location to the data pointer. Increment B register. Increment accumulator by 1 and adjust it to decimal every time. Compare the given decimal number with accumulator value. When both matches, the equivalent hexadecimal value is in B register. Store the resultant in memory location.

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

Thus an ALP program for conversion of decimal to hexadecimal was written and executed.

.c o

m
50

RESULT:

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART:

START HL 4500H

A 00

A +1

ex

cl u

NO

ee

si

Decimal adjust accumulator

.e

8101

ve

Is A=M?

.b l
YES A
Stop

og

sp ot

B+1

.c o

m
51

00H

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRE SS 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 RESULT: OPCO DE LABEL MNEM ONICS LXI MVI MVI LOOP INR ADI DAA CMP JNZ MOV STA HLT OPER AND H,8100 A,00 B,00 B 01 M LOOP A,B 8101 COMMENTS Initialize HL reg. to 8100H Initialize A register. Initialize B register.. Increment B reg. Increment A reg Decimal Adjust Accumulator Compare M & A If acc and given number are not equal, then go to LOOP Transfer B reg to acc. Store the result in a memory location. Stop the program

INPUT ADDRESS DATA 8100

ee

ex

.e

cl u

si

OUTPUT ADDRESS DATA 8101

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

52

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

8(B). CODE CONVERSION HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

AIM: To convert a given hexadecimal number to decimal. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Initialize the memory location to the data pointer. Increment B register. Increment accumulator by 1 and adjust it to decimal every time. Compare the given hexadecimal number with B register value. When both match, the equivalent decimal value is in A register. Store the resultant in memory location.

RESULT:

Thus an ALP program for conversion of hexadecimal to decimal was written and executed.

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

m
53

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART:
HL

START 8100H

A 00

B C B

00H 00H

A +1

ee

ex

.e

cl u

si

C C+1 A, A B,

NO 8101 8102 A, A C YES A

Stop

ve

Is there carry?

Is A=M?

.b l

Decimal adjust accumulator

og

sp ot

.c o

m
54

B+1

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRE SS 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 800A 800B 800C 800D 800E 800F 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 801A 801B 801C 801D 801E 801F RESULT: INPUT ADDRESS 8100 DATA OUTPUT ADDRESS 8101 8102 DATA OPCO DE LABEL MNEM ONICS LXI MVI MVI MVI LOOP INR ADI DAA JNC INR MOV MOV CMP MOV JNZ STA MOV STA HLT OPER AND H,8100 A,00 B,00 C,00 B 01 NEXT C D,A A,B M A,D LOOP 8101 A,C 8102 COMMENTS Initialize HL reg. to 8100H Initialize A register. Initialize B register. Initialize C register for carry. Increment B reg. Increment A reg

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

NEXT

.b l

.e

og

sp ot

Decimal Adjust Accumulator If there is no carry go to NEXT. Increment c register. Transfer A to D Transfer B to A Compare M & A Transfer D to A If acc and given number are not equal, then go to LOOP Store the result in a memory location. Transfer C to A Store the carry in another memory location. Stop the program

.c o

55

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

9(A) BCD ADDITION

AIM: To add two 8 bit BCD numbers stored at consecutive memory locations. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Initialize memory pointer to data location. Get the first number from memory in accumulator. Get the second number and add it to the accumulator Adjust the accumulator value to the proper BCD value using DAA instruction. Store the answer at another memory location.

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

Thus the 8 bit BCD numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are added and the result stored at 4502 & 4503.

.c o

RESULT:

m
56

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[C]

00H

[HL]

4500H

[A]

[M]

.e

ee

ex

cl u

[C][C]+1

[HL][HL]+1

[M]

[HL][HL]+1

[M]

si

YES Is there a Carry ?

STOP

ve

[A][A]+[M] Decimal Adjust Accumulator NO

[A]

[C]

.b l

og

[HL][HL]+1

sp ot

.c o

m
57

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 4100 START 4103 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 410A 410B 410C 410D 410E 410F 4110 4111 L1 MNEMONICS OPERAND MVI C, 00 LXI MOV INX ADD DAA JNC H, 4500 A, M H COMMENT Clear C reg. Initialize HL reg. to 4500 Transfer first data to accumulator Increment HL reg. to point next memory Location. Add first number to acc. Content. Decimal adjust accumulator Jump to location if result does not yield carry.

og

ve

.b l
INR INX C H M, A H M, C

sp ot
L1

.c o
M

cl u

ee

ex

.e

OBSERVATION: INPUT 4500 4501 4502 4503 OUTPUT

si

MOV INX MOV HLT

Increment C reg. Increment HL reg. to point next memory Location. Transfer the result from acc. to memory. Increment HL reg. to point next memory Location. Move carry to memory Stop the program

58

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

9(B). BCD SUBTRACTION

AIM: To Subtract two 8 bit BCD numbers stored at consecutive memory locations. ALGORITHM: Load the minuend and subtrahend in two registers. Initialize Borrow register to 0. Take the 100s complement of the subtrahend. Add the result with the minuend which yields the result. Adjust the accumulator value to the proper BCD value using DAA instruction. If there is a carry ignore it. 6. If there is no carry, increment the carry register by 1 7. Store the content of the accumulator (result)and borrow register in the specified memory location RESULT: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

Thus the 8 bit BCD numbers stored at 4500 &4501 are subtracted and the result stored at 4502 & 4503.

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

59

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START

[D] 00H HL 4500 B M HL HL+ 1 C M A 99

.e

ee

ex

cl u

NO

[D][D]+1

[HL][HL]+1

[4502] A [4503] D

si

Is there a Carry ?

ve

STOP

.b l

og
YES

[A][A]+[B] DAA

sp ot

.c o

[A] [A] [C] [A] [A]+1

m
60

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL 4100 START 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 410A 410B 410C 410D 410E 410F 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 OBSERVATION: INPUT 4500 4501 4502 4503 OUTPUT MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENT MVI D, 00 Clear D reg. LXI MOV INX MOV MVI SUB INR ADD DAA JC H, 4500 B, M H C, M Initialize HL reg. to 4500 Transfer first data to accumulator Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Move second no. to B reg. Move 99 to the Accumulator Subtract [C] from acc. Content. Increment A register Add [B] with [A] Adjust Accumulator value for Decimal digits Jump on carry to loop

og

ve

.b l ex cl u si
INR INX MOV INX MOV HLT

sp ot
C A B LOOP D H M,A H M, D

.c o
A, 99

.e

ee

LOOP

Increment D reg. Increment HL register pair Move the Acc.content to the memory location Increment HL reg. to point next mem. Location. Transfer D register content to memory. Stop the program

61

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

10. 2 X 2 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

AIM: To perform the 2 x 2 matrix multiplication. ALGORITHM: 1. Load the 2 input matrices in the separate address and initialize the HL and the DE register pair with the starting address respectively. 2. Call a subroutine for performing the multiplication of one element of a matrix with the other element of the other matrix. 3. Call a subroutine to store the resultant values in a separate matrix. RESULT:

Thus the 2 x 2 matrix multiplication is performed and the result is stored at 4700,4701 , 4702 & 4703.

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

62

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOW CHART:
START C HL 00H 8500H

A
HL HL+1 DE DE+1; DE DE+1 Call subroutine MUL

DE

8600H

A B A

si

Call subroutine MUL

ve

.b l

HL HL+1 DE DE+1; DE DE+1

og

sp ot
A C

Call subroutine STORE

.c o
Is A=04H ?

m
A+B

Call subroutine MUL

A+B

ex

cl u

YES

ee

NO
Increment HL reg. pair STOP

Call subroutine STORE

.e

HL HL-1 DE DE-1; Call subroutine MUL

B A

A 63
Call subroutine MUL

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

MUL

STORE

[A] [[DE]] D A H M H H- 1

87

[A][[BC]] C C+ 1

Is H=0 ?

[D][D]+1 H H- 1

Is H=0 ?

RET

.e

YES [H]85; [D]86

ee

ex

cl u

NO

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

NO

.c o

m
RET

YES

64

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCOD LABEL E 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 8105 LOOP2 8106 8107 8108 8109 810A 810B 810C 810D 810E 810F 8110 8111 8112 8113 8114 8115 8116 8118 8119 811A 811B 811C 811D 811E 811F 8120 8121 8122 8123 8124 8125 8126 MNEM ONICS MVI LXI LXI CALL MOV INX INX INX CALL ADD CALL DCX DCX OPERAN D C, 00 H, 8500 D, 8600 MUL B,A H D D MUL COMMENT Clear C reg. Initialize HL reg. to 4500 Load DE register pair Call subroutine MUL Move A to B reg. Increment HL register pair . Increment DE register pair Increment DE register pair Call subroutine MUL Add [B] with [A] Call subroutine STORE Decrement HL register pair Decrement DE register pair Call subroutine MUL

cl u

si

ve

ee

8117

ex

.e

CALL

MOV INX INX INX CALL ADD CALL MOV

.b l
B STORE H D MUL B,A H D D MUL B STORE A,C Transfer A reg content to B reg. Increment HL register pair Increment DE register pair Increment DE register pair Call subroutine MUL Add A with B Call subroutine MUL Transfer C register content to Acc.

og

sp ot

.c o

65

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

8127 8128 8129 812A 812B 812C 812D 812E 812F 8130 8131 8132 8133 8134 8135 8136 8137 8138 8139 813A 813B 813C 813D 813E 813F 8140 8141 8142 8143 8144 8145 8146

CPI JZ INX JMP LOOP1 MUL HLT LDAX MOV MOV DCR JZ LOOP4 ADD DCR JNZ MVI

04 LOOP1 H LOOP2

Compare with 04 to check whether all elements are multiplied. If completed, go to loop1 Increment HL register Pair. Jump to LOOP2. Stop the program. Load acc from the memory location pointed by DE pair. Transfer acc content to D register. Transfer from memory to H register. Decrement H register. If H is zero go to LOOP3. Add Acc with D reg Decrement H register. If H is not zero go to LOOP4. Transfer 85 TO H register. Transfer 86 to D register. Return to main program. Transfer 87 to B register. Load A from memory location pointed by BC pair. Increment C register. Return to main program.

D D,A H,M H LOOP3

cl u

si

LOOP3

ve

MVI RET MVI

ee

STORE

ex

.e

STAX INR RET

OBSERVATION: 4500 4501 4502 4503 INPUT 4600 4601 4602 4603 OUTPUT 4700 4701 4702 4703

.b l
B,87 B C

D H LOOP4 H,85 D,86

og

sp ot

.c o

66

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

11. BIOS/DOS CALLS DISPLAY

AIM: To display a message on the CRT screen of a microcomputer using DOS calls. ALGORITHM: 1. Initialize the data segment and the message to be displayed. 2. Set function value for display. 3. Point to the message and run the interrupt to display the message in the CRT. PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA DATA SEGMENT DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV DS, AX MOV AX, DATA MOV AH, 09H INT 21H INT 21H CODE ENDS END START RESULT: A message is displayed on the CRT screen of a microcomputer using DOS calls

MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, GOOD MORNING , ODH, OAH, $

MOV DX, OFFSET MSG

MOV AH, 4CH

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

m
67

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

12. BIOS/DOS CALLS FILE MANIPULATION

AIM: To open a file using DOS calls. ALGORITHM: 1. Initialize the data segment, file name and the message to be displayed. 2. Set the file attribute to create a file using a DOS call. 3. If the file is unable t o create a file display the message PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA FILENAME DB SAMPLE.DAT, $ DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV CX, 00H INT 21H DATA SEGMENT

MOV AH, 3CH JNC LOOP1

LOOP1 CODE ENDS END START RESULT:

.e

MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV DX, OFFSET MSG MOV AH, 09H INT 21H MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H

ee

ex

A file is opened using DOS calls.

cl u

si

ve

MOV DX, OFFSET FILENAME

.b l

og

sp ot

MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, FILE NOT CREATED, ODH, OAH, $

.c o

m
68

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

13. BIOS/DOS CALLS DISK INFORMATION

AIM: To display the disk information. ALGORITHM: 1. Initialize the data segment and the message to be displayed. 2. Set function value for disk information. 3. Point to the message and run the interrupt to display the message in the CRT. PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA DATA SEGMENT DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV AH, 36H

CODE ENDS END START RESULT: The disk information is displayed.

MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H

INT 21H

.e

MOV DX, OFFSET MSG

ee

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, GOOD MORNING , ODH, OAH, $

og

sp ot

.c o

m
69

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

1.8086 STRING MANIPULATION SEARCH A WORD

AIM: To search a word from a string. ALGORITHM: 1. Load the source and destination index register with starting and the ending address respectively. 3. Clear the direction flag for auto incrementing mode of transfer. search a word from string. display 00 in destination address. RESULT:

.e

ee

ex

cl u

si

A word is searched and the count of number of appearances is displayed.

ve

.b l

og

5. If a match is found (z=1), display 01 in destination address. Otherwise,

sp ot

4. Use the string manipulation instruction SCASW with the prefix REP to

.c o

2. Initialize the counter with the total number of words to be copied.

70

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA DATA SEGMENT LIST DW 53H, 15H, 19H, 02H DEST EQU 3000H COUNT EQU 05H DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV AX, 15H MOV SI, OFFSET LIST MOV DI, DEST MOV CX, COUNT MOV AX, 00 CLD REP SCASW JZ LOOP LOOP MOV AX, 01

END START INPUT: LIST: 53H, 15H, 19H, 02H OUTPUT: 3000 01

CODE ENDS

.e

MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H

ee

MOV [DI], AX

ex

cl u

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

m
71

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

2.8086 STRING MANIPULATION FIND AND REPLACE A WORD

AIM: To find and replace a word from a string. ALGORITHM: 1. Load the source and destination index register with starting and the ending address respectively. 2. Initialize the counter with the total number of words to be copied. 4. Use the string manipulation instruction SCASW with the prefix REP to search a word from string. 5. If a match is found (z=1), replace the old word with the current word in destination address. Otherwise, stop. RESULT: 3. Clear the direction flag for auto incrementing mode of transfer.

.e

ee

ex

cl u

A word is found and replaced from a string.

si

ve

.b l

og

sp ot

.c o

72

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA DATA SEGMENT LIST DW 53H, 15H, 19H, 02H REPLACE EQU 30H COUNT EQU 05H DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV AX, 15H MOV SI, OFFSET LIST MOV CX, COUNT MOV AX, 00 CLD REP SCASW JNZ LOOP

MOV DI, LABEL LIST MOV [DI], REPLACE INT 21H

INPUT: LIST: 53H, 15H, 19H, 02H OUTPUT: LIST: 53H, 30H, 19H, 02H

END START

CODE ENDS

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ee

LOOP

MOV AH, 4CH

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

3. 8086 STRING MANIPULATION COPY A STRING

AIM: To copy a string of data words from one location to the other. ALGORITHM: 6. Load the source and destination index register with starting and the ending address respectively. 8. Clear the direction flag for auto incrementing mode of transfer. 9. Use the string manipulation instruction MOVSW with the prefix REP to copy a string from source to destination. RESULT: 7. Initialize the counter with the total number of words to be copied.

A string of data words is copied from one location to other.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA DATA SEGMENT SOURCE EQU 2000H DEST EQU 3000H COUNT EQU 05H DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV ES, AX MOV SI, SOURCE MOV DI, DEST MOV CX, COUNT CLD REP MOVSW MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H CODE ENDS END START INPUT: 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

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48

ex

cl u

84 67 90 21

si

OUTPUT: 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 48 84 67 90 21

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4.8086 STRING MANIPULATION SORTING

AIM: To sort a group of data bytes. ALGORITHM: Place all the elements of an array named list (in the consecutive memory locations). the array. Initialize two counters DX & CX with the total number of elements in Do the following steps until the counter B reaches 0. o Load the first element in the accumulator

Stop the execution. RESULT:

A group of data bytes are arranged in ascending order.

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ex

1. Compare the accumulator content with the next element present in the next memory location. If the accumulator content is smaller go to next step; otherwise, swap the content of accumulator with the content of memory location. 2. Increment the memory pointer to point to the next element. 3. Decrement the counter C by 1.

cl u

si

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o Do the following steps until the counter C reaches 0.

sp ot

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA DATA SEGMENT LIST DW 53H, 25H, 19H, 02H COUNT EQU 04H DATA ENDS CODE SEGMENT START: MOV AX, DATA MOV DS, AX MOV DX, COUNT-1 LOOP2: AGAIN: MOV CX, DX MOV SI, OFFSET LIST MOV AX, [SI] CMP AX, [SI+2] JC LOOP1 XCHG [SI +2], AX XCHG [SI], AX LOOP1: ADD SI, 02 LOOP AGAIN JNZ LOOP2 MOV AH, 4CH INT 21H

CODE ENDS END START INPUT: LIST: 53H, 25H, 19H, 02H OUTPUT: LIST: 02H, 19H, 25H, 53H

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DEC DX

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4. INTERFACING 8255 WITH 8085 AIM:

To interface programmable peripheral interface 8255 with 8085 and study its characteristics in mode0,mode1 and BSR mode. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8085 p kit, 8255Interface board, DC regulated power supply, VXT parallel bus I/O MODES:

MODE 0 SIMPLE I/O MODE: This mode provides simple I/O operations for each of the three ports and is suitable for synchronous data transfer. In this mode all the ports can be configured either as input or output port. Let us initialize port A as input port and port B as output port

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Control Word:

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS 4100 START: MVI A, 90 Initialize port A as Input and Port 4101 B as output. 4102 OUT C6 Send Mode Control word 4103 4104 IN C0 Read from Port A 4105 4106 OUT C2 Display the data in port B 4107 4108 STA 4200 Store the data read from Port A 4109 in 4200 410A 410B HLT Stop the program.

MAIN PROGRAM:

ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS 4100 START: MVI A, B4 Initialize port A as Input port in 4101 mode 1. 4102 OUT C6 Send Mode Control word 4103 4104 MVI A,09 Set the PC4 bit for INTE A 4105 4106 OUT C6 Display the data in port B 4107 EI 4108 MVI A,08 Enable RST5.5 4109 410A SIM

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cl u

In this mode, port A and port B are used as data ports and port C is used as control signals for strobed I/O data transfer. Let us initialize port A as input port in mode1

si

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MODE1 STROBED I/O MODE:

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

410B ISR (Interrupt Service Routine)

EI HLT

Stop the program.

ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS 4200 START: IN C0 Read from port A 4201 4202 STA 4500 Store in 4500. 4203 4204 4205 HLT Stop the program. Sub program:

BSR MODE (Bit Set Reset mode)

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ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS OPERAND COMMENTS 405E JMP 4200 Go to 4200 405F 4060

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: ADDRESS OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS 4100 START: MVI 4101 4102 OUT 4103 4104 MVI 4105 4106 OUT 4107 OPERAND COMMENTS A, 01 Set PC0 C6 A,07 C6 Send Mode Control word Set PC3 Send Mode Control word 81

Any lines of port c can be set or reset individually without affecting other lines using this mode. Let us set PC0 and PC3 bits using this mode.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4109 RESULT:

HLT

Stop the program.

Thus 8255 is interfaced and its characteristics in mode0,mode1 and BSR mode is studied.

AIM: To interface 8253 Interface board to 8085 p and verify the operation of 8253in six different modes.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8085 p kit, 8253 Interface board, DC regulated power supply, VXT parallel bus, CRO.

Interfacing 8253 Programmable Interval Timer with 8085 p

6. INTERFACING 8253 TIMER WITH 8085

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count: The output will be initially low after mode set operations. After loading the counter, the output will be remaining low while counting and on terminal count; the output will become high, until reloaded again.

Let us set the channel 0 in mode 0. Connect the CLK 0 to the debounce circuit by changing the jumper J3 and then execute the following program. Program: Address Opcodes 4100 4102 4104 4106 4108 410A 410C Label Mnemonic Operands START: MVI A, 30 OUT CE MVI A, 05 OUT C8 MVI A, 00 OUT C8 HLT Comments Channel 0 in mode 0 Send Mode Control word LSB of count Write count to register MSB of count Write count to register

Example: The following program initializes channel 0 of 8253 in Mode 1 and also initiates triggering of Gate 0. OUT 0 goes low, as clock pulse after triggering the goes back to high level after 5 clock pulses. Execute the program, give clock pulses through the debounce logic and verify using CRO. Address Opcodes 4100 4102 4104 4106 4108 410A 410C 4100

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Mode 1 Programmable ONE-SHOT: After loading the counter, the output will remain low following the rising edge of the gate input. The output will go high on the terminal count. It is retriggerable; hence the output will remain low for the full count, after any rising edge of the gate input.

Label Mnemonic Operands START: MVI A, 32 OUT CE MVI A, 05 OUT C8 MVI A, 00 OUT C8 OUT D0 HLT

ex

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It is observed in CRO that the output of Channel 0 is initially LOW. After giving six clock pulses, the output goes HIGH.

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Comments Channel 0 in mode 1 Send Mode Control word LSB of count Write count to register MSB of count Write count to register Trigger Gate0

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

Mode 2 Rate Generator: It is a simple divide by N counter. The output will be low for one period of the input clock. The period from one output pulse to the next equals the number of input counts in the count register. If the count register is reloaded between output pulses the present period will not be affected but the subsequent period will reflect the new value.

and go low for the other half for even number count. If the count is odd, the output will be high for (count + 1)/2 counts. This mode is used of generating Baud rate for 8251A (USART).

Example: We utilize Mode 0 to generate a square wave of frequency 150 KHz at channel 0. Address Opcodes Label Mnemonic Operands Comments 4100 3E 36 START: MVI A, 36 Channel 0 in mode 3 4102 D3 CE OUT CE Send Mode Control word 84

Mode 3 Square wave generator: It is similar to Mode 2 except that the output will remain high until one half of count

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Address Opcodes Label Mnemonic Operands Comments 4100 3E 74 START: MVI A, 74 Channel 1 in mode 2 4102 D3 CE OUT CE Send Mode Control word 4104 3E 0A MVI A, 0A LSB of count 4106 D3 CA OUT CA Write count to register 4108 3E 00 MVI A, 00 MSB of count 410A D3 CA OUT CA Write count to register 410C 76 HLT In CRO observe simultaneously the input clock to channel 1 and the output at Out1.

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CLK1 to PCLK.

.c o

Example: Using Mode 2, Let us divide the clock present at Channel 1 by 10. Connect the

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

4104 3E 0A MVI A, 0A LSB of count 4106 D3 C8 OUT C8 Write count to register 4108 3E 00 MVI A, 00 MSB of count 410A D3 C8 OUT C8 Write count to register 410C 76 HLT Set the jumper, so that the clock 0 of 8253 is given a square wave of frequency 1.5 MHz. This program divides this PCLK by 10 and thus the output at channel 0 is 150 KHz. Vary the frequency by varying the count. Here the maximum count is FFFF H. So, the square wave will remain high for 7FFF H counts and remain low for 7FFF H counts. Thus with the input clock frequency of 1.5 MHz, which corresponds to a period of 0.067 microseconds, the resulting square wave has an ON time of 0.02184 microseconds and an OFF time of 0.02184 microseconds. To increase the time period of square wave, set the jumpers such that CLK2 of 8253 is connected to OUT 0. Using the above-mentioned program, output a square wave of frequency 150 KHz at channel 0. Now this is the clock to channel 2. Mode 4: Software Triggered Strobe: The output is high after mode is set and also during counting. On terminal count, the output will go low for one clock period and becomes high again. This mode can be used for interrupt generation. The following program initializes channel 2 of 8253 in mode 4. Example: Connect OUT 0 to CLK 2 (jumper J1). Execute the program and observe the output OUT 2. Counter 2 will generate a pulse after 1 second. Address Opcodes 4100 4102 4104 4106 4108 410A 410C 410E 4110 4112 4114 4116 4118 Label Mnemonic Operands START: MVI A, 36 OUT CE MVI A, 0A OUT C8 MVI A, 00 OUT C8 MVI A, B8 OUT CE MVI A, 98 OUT CC MVI A, 3A OUT CC HLT

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Mode 5 Hardware triggered strobe:

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Comments Channel 0 in mode 0 Send Mode Control word LSB of count Write count to register MSB of count Write count to register Channel 2 in Mode 4 Send Mode control Word LSB of Count Write Count to register MSB of Count Write Count to register

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

Counter starts counting after rising edge of trigger input and output goes low for one clock period when terminal count is reached. The counter is retriggerable. Example: The program that follows initializes channel 0 in mode 5 and also triggers Gate 0. Connect CLK 0 to debounce circuit. Execute the program. After giving Six clock pulses, you can see using CRO, the initially HIGH output goes LOW. The output ( OUT 0 pin) goes high on the next clock pulse. Address Opcodes 4100 4102 4104 4106 4108 410A 410C Label Mnemonic Operands START: MVI A, 1A OUT CE MVI A, 05 OUT C8 MVI A, 00 OUT D0 HLT Comments Channel 0 in mode 5 Send Mode Control word LSB of count Write count to register MSB of count Trigger Gate 0

.e

AIM:

To interface 8279 Interface board to 8085 p and verify the operation of 8279. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8085 p kit, 8253 Interface board, DC regulated power supply. INTERFACING DIAGRAM

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7.INTERFACING 8279 WITH 8085

cl u

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Result: Thus the 8253 has been interfaced to 8085 p and six different modes of 8253 have been studied.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

Step 2: Find program clock command word

Step 3: Find Read FIFO RAM command word.

Step 4: Find Write FIFO RAM command word.

Source Program and Interrupt Service Routine

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Step 1: Find keyboard/display command word.

ve

The four steps needed to write the software are:

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHARTS

SOURCE PROGRAM: MVI A, 00H OUT 81H MVI A, 34H OUT 81H : Initialize prescaler count 88 : Initialize keyboard/display in encoded : scan keyboard 2 key lockout mode

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

MVI A, 0BH SIM EI HERE: JMP HERE

: Load mask pattern to enable RST 7.5 : mask other interrupts : Enable Interrupt : Wait for the interrupt

INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE MVI A, 40H OUT 81H IN 80H MVI H, 62H MOV L, A MVI A, 80H OUT 81H MOV A, M OUT 80H EI RET RESULT: verified. : Get keycode : Initialize memory pointer to point : 7-Segment code : Initialize 8279 in read FIFO RAM mode

: Initialize 8279 in write display RAM mode : Get the 7 segment code

: Write 7-segment code in display RAM : Return to main program

AIM: To interface 8251A Interface board to 8085 p and verify the operation of 8251A. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 8085 p kit, 8251A Interface board, DC regulated power supply, RS232 cable.

.e

Thus the 8279 has been interfaced to 8085 p and the operation of 8279 is

ee

8. INTERFACING 8251 WITH 8085

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: Enable interrupt

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

INTERFACING DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTING THE DATA:

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

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FLOWCHART

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

SOURCE PROGRAM: LXI H, 2200H MVI C, 32H MVI A, 00H OUT FFH OUT FFH OUT FFH MVI A, 40H OUT FFH MVI A, CAH OUT FFH MVI A, 11H OUT FFH CHECK: IN FFH ANI 0lH JZ CHECK MOV A, M OUT FEH INX H DCR C JNZ CHECK HLT : Check TxRDY : Reset command word : Reset 8251A : Mode word initialization : Command word initialization : Dummy mode word : Initialize memory pointer to pointer the message : Initialize counter to send 50 characters

: Get the character in accumulator : Send character to the transmitter

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: Increment memory pointer

: Decrement counter

: if not zero, send next character : Stop program execution

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: Is TxRDY I? if not, check again

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

RECEIVING THE DATA

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

FLOWCHART

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

SOURCE PROGRAM: LXI H, 2300 H MVI C, FFH MVI A, 00H OUT FFH OUT FFH OUT FFH MVI A, 40H OUT FFH MVI A, CAH OUT FFH MVI A, 14 H OUT FFH CHECK: IN FFH ANI 02 H JZ CHECK IN FEH MOV M, A INX H DCR C OUT FEH HLT JNZ CHECK : Check RxRDY : Reset command word : Reset 8251 A : Mode word initialization : Command word initialization : Dummy mode word : Initialize memory pointer : Initialize counter to accept 25 characters

: Get the character

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Note: Reading of status word is necessary for checking the status of RxD line of 8085 that whether receiver is ready to give data or not.
RESULT: Thus the 8251A has been interfaced to 8085 p and the operation of 8251A is verified.

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: save the character : Increment memory pointer : Decrement memory pointer

: Send character to the transmitter : If not zero, accept next character : Stop program execution

cl u

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: Is RxRDY ? If not, check again

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

9. 8051 - SUM OF ELEMENTS IN AN ARRAY

AIM: To find the sum of elements in an array. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. pointer. 5. 6. 7. RESULT: Load the array in the consecutive memory location and initialize the memory pointer with the starting address. Load the total number of elements in a separate register as a counter. Load the other register with the value of the memory Add the register with the accumulator. Check for carry, if exist, increment the carry register by 1. otherwise, continue Decrement the counter and if it reaches 0, stop. Otherwise Clear the accumulator.

The sum of elements in an array is calculated.

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increment the memory pointer by 1 and go to step 4.

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

PROGRAM: MOV DPTR, #4200 MOVX A, @DPTR MOV R0, A MOV B, #00 MOV R1, B INC DPTR LOOP2: CLR C MOVX A, @DPTR ADD A, B MOV B, A JNC LOOP INC R1 LOOP: INC DPTR DJNZ R0, LOOP2 MOV DPTR, #4500 MOV A, R1 INC DPTR MOV A, B HLT: MOVX @DPTR, A

MOVX @DPTR, A SJMP HLT

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INPUT 4200 4201 4201 4202 4203 04 05 06 03 02

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OUTPUT: 4500 4501 0F 00

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

10(A).8051 - HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

AIM: To perform hexadecimal to decimal conversion. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. Load the number to be converted into the accumulator. If the number is less than 100 (64H), go to next step;

3.

If the number is less than 10 (0AH), go to next step;

otherwise, subtract 10 (0AH) repeatedly until the remainder is less than 10 4. 5. 6. RESULT The accumulator now has the units. Store the result and carry in the specified memory location.

The given hexadecimal number is converted into decimal number.

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Multiply the tens value by 10 and add it with the units.

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(0AH). Have the count(tens value) in separate register.

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(64H). Have the count(100s value) in separate register which is the carry.

otherwise, subtract 100 (64H) repeatedly until the remainder is less than 100

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PROGRAM: MOV DPTR, #4500 MOVX A, @DPTR MOV B, #64 DIV A, B MOV DPTR, #4501 MOVX @DPTR, A MOV A, B MOV B, #0A DIV A, B INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A INC DPTR MOV A, B HLT: INPUT 4500 D7 SJMP HLT MOVX @DPTR, A

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OUTPUT: 4501 4502 15 02

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

10(B).8051 - DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

AIM: To perform decimal to hexadecimal conversion ALGORITHM: Load the number to be converted in the accumulator. Separate the higher order digit from lower order. Multiply the higher order digit by 10 and add it with the lower order digit. Store the result in the specified memory location. RESULT: PROGRAM: MOV DPTR, #4500 MOVX A, @DPTR MOV B, #0A MUL A, B MOV B, A

1.

2.

3.

The given decimal number is converted to hexadecimal number.

INC DPTR

HLT: INPUT 4500 23

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MOVX A, @DPTR ADD A, B INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A SJMP HLT OUTPUT 4501 17

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CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

13. STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051

AIM: To interface a stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller and operate it. THEORY: A motor in which the rotor is able to assume only discrete stationary angular position is a stepper motor. The rotary motion occurs in a step-wise manner from one equilibrium position to the next. Stepper Motors are used very wisely in position control systems like printers, disk drives, process control machine tools, etc. The basic two-phase stepper motor consists of two pairs of stator poles. Each of the four poles has its own winding. The excitation of any one winding generates a North Pole. A South Pole gets induced at the diametrically opposite side. The rotor magnetic system has two end faces. It is a permanent magnet with one face as South Pole and the other as North Pole. The Stepper Motor windings A1, A2, B1, B2 are cyclically excited with a DC current to run the motor in clockwise direction. By reversing the phase sequence as A1, B2, A2, B1, anticlockwise stepping can be obtained. 2-PHASE SWITCHING SCHEME: In this scheme, any two adjacent stator windings are energized. The switching scheme is shown in the table given below. This scheme produces more torque.
ANTICLOCKWISE STEP A1 A2 B1

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ADDRESS DECODING LOGIC: The 74138 chip is used for generating the address decoding logic to generate the device select pulses, CS1 & CS2 for selecting the IC 74175.The 74175 latches the data bus to the stepper motor driving circuitry. Stepper Motor requires logic signals of relatively high power. Therefore, the interface circuitry that generates the driving pulses use silicon darlington pair transistors. The inputs for the interface circuit are TTL pulses generated under software control using the Microcontroller Kit. The TTL levels of pulse sequence from the data bus is translated to high voltage output pulses using a buffer 7407 with open collector.

1 2 3 4

1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1

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B2

DATA

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CLOCKWISE STEP A1 A2

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B1

m
1 1 0 0

B2

DATA

1 1 0 0

9h 5h 6h Ah

1 2 3 4

1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1

Ah 6h 5h 9h

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PROGRAM : Address
OPCODES

Label

Comments ORG 4100h DPTR, #TABLE Load the start address of switching scheme data TABLE into Data Pointer (DPTR) Load the count in R0 Load the number in TABLE into A Push DPTR value to Stack Load the Motor port address into DPTR Send the value in A to stepper Motor port address Delay loop to cause a specific amount of time delay before next data item is sent to the Motor POP back DPTR value from Stack Increment DPTR to point to next item in the table Decrement R0, if not zero repeat the loop Short jump to Start of the program to make the motor rotate continuously Values as per twophase switching scheme

4100

START:

MOV

411D

411B

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4114 4116 4118 411A

cl u

4112

DELAY : DELAY 1:

DJNZ DJNZ POP POP INC DJNZ SJMP

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411F

TABLE:

DB

PROCEDURE: Enter the above program starting from location 4100.and execute the same. The stepper motor rotates. Varying the count at R4 and R5 can vary the speed. Entering the data in the look-up TABLE in the reverse order can vary direction of rotation. 103

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410E 4110

MOV MOV

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R4, #0FFh R5, #0FFh R5, DELAY1 R4, DELAY DPL DPH DPTR R0, LOOP START

09 05 06 0Ah

og

410D

MOVX

@DPTR, A

sp ot

4106 4108 410A

PUSH PUSH MOV

DPH DPL DPTR, #0FFC0h

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4103 4105

LOOP:

MOV MOVX

R0, #04 A, @DPTR

CS2259Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Lab

RESULT: Thus a stepper motor was interfaced with 8051 and run in forward and reverse directions at various speeds.

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