*Senior Manager (Civil & Structural)

Institute for Steel Development & Growth (INSDAG)Ispat Niketan

52/1A Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, Tel: (033) 2486 0855 / 58 / 59; 2461 4045 / 47; Fax: (033) 2461 4048 / 2486 1013
E-mai: insdag@cal2.vsnl.net.in; Web site: www.steel-insdag.org
1
Steel Intensive Multi-storeyed Bus Terminal Building
Goutam Chakraborty*

Introduction

The use of steel in Multi-Storeyed Buildings in various forms is a rare practice in India. In fact, very recently a surge in
upward trend of use of steel in building has been observed in India. Earlier, steel as a building material was used in
Industrial structures like Power Plant, Chemical / Petro-chemical Plants, Workshop Building etc. Institute for Steel
Development & Growth (INSDAG) is playing a pivotal role not only in enhancement of use of steel in Residential as well as
Commercial Buildings, but also involved in setting examples by implementing some of the key projects recently being
executed in India. Interstate Bus Terminal (ISBT) complex at Sarai Kale Khan, New Delhi is one such project where a
blend of various sections with appropriate use has been tried.

Abroad, steel is used in abundance to give not only more strength and durability of the building system, but also it adds to
the aesthetics of the same, which enhances the owners pride. The Terminal building complex is essentially accommodating
the buses plying between states and local area and private vehicles including taxis and scooters. The building is having
four distinctly marked levels viz. Basement, Ground Floor, Mezzanine Floor and First Floor levels. Further, the basement
is stepped up to two levels, the half portion of the total plan area having a clear height of 5.0M to accommodate local buses
and the other half having a clear height of 3.0M to accommodate taxis, scooters and private vehicles. For easy
maneuvering of buses, the concept of long span structure has been introduced. The spans of primary beams have been kept
as 18.0M starting from basement level up to first floor level. The roof has been conceptualized as a folded plate roof
consisting of articulated plane trusses connected three dimensionally to generate the folded plate configuration.

Hence, it is desired from an architect / structural engineers point of view to use various steel sections in building
construction to propose stronger, more durable, open planning coupled with aesthetically elegant, and cost effective
solution of the structural system which is otherwise almost impossible to develop in conventional method of construction.

Key Words

Basement, Beams, Building, Bus, Columns, Covered area, Elegant, Folded Plate Roof, Foundation, Framing system,
Ground Floor, Inter-state, Mezzanine Floor, Piles, Pile cap, Primary Beams, Retaining Wall, Secondary Beams, Steel-
concrete Composite, Tension Piles, Terminal, Water proofing, Yield Strength

Structural Scheme for the Terminal Building

a) Basement and Foundation

The geometric shape of the building in plan resembles a part of an ellipse. The longitudinal distance (approximately 180.00
M in length) representing the part of major axis of the ellipse whereas the minor axis represents the maximum dimension of
width (80.00 M in length) of the building. Figure 1.0 shows the plan at Basement level. The total covered area per floor is
around 17,000 Sq. M. Out of which 9,000 Sq. M has been kept for parking of local buses and 8,000 Sq. M area for parking
of Taxis, Scooters and other Private Vehicles at basement level. The entire basement has been conceived as an underground
RCC structure which can withstand water pressure from bottom as well as vehicular loading. The basement floor slab
(panel dimension 18.0 M x 6.575 M) has been subdivided into 6.0 M x 6.575 M panels for optimum design of floor slab by
introducing Tension Piles to cater for uplift due to huge water pressure at foundation level. The basement is supported on
Pile cap and group of piles under each structural column spaced apart by 18.0 M. Intermittent pile caps were introduced for
transferring loads through Tension piles. Since the basement level is much below the Formed Ground Level, a retaining
wall has been conceived surrounding the building periphery. The peripheral wall of basement has been designed to
withstand outer soil pressure along with horizontal water pressure. The peripheral basement wall is situated away from the
peripheral column line so as to impart natural ventilation and lighting to the basement level. Tie beams have been provided
predominantly to tie the pile caps in both the directions. These beams are also acting monolithically with the basement floor
slab to take appropriate share of load. The entire basement slab has been treated for water proofing by suitable water-
proofing material and the locations of pile caps are pressure grouted to prevent ingress of water from underneath.

2
Since the soil condition at this site location is very poor, every structural element is recommended to be supported over pile
foundation system. Thus, the peripheral basement wall (retaining wall) has been considered as a counter fort retaining wall
having intermittent supports over a group of piles

To cater for vertical up-thrust of water and upward reaction of secondary beams due to vertical up-thrust of water, tension
piles have been introduced at the locations of junction of secondary beams and primary beams at basement level. The
primary beams are spanning between pile caps.

5045
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W2
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LOWER GROUND LEVEL (18 BAYS)
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Fig. 1: Plan showing Layout detail of Basement Floor for Terminal Building

b) Ground Floor Level at El. + 1.50M

The area earmarked at ground floor at an elevation of 1.50M has been allotted for ticket booths and public conveniences
like waiting area, toilets and shops with facility for cars / taxis for convenient entrance and exit to and from the passenger
concourse. Provisions for movement of heavy passenger vehicles have also been considered keeping in mind visits of
Tourist vehicles at this level. The main frame is a 3D framing system with primary girders / beams having span of 18.00m.
The columns are of star shaped steel section built-up from Parallel Flange sections (made from I sections 900 x 320 and
600 x 220) of Jindal make so as to transfer biaxial bending moments along with axial loading on to the foundation system.
Each primary beams are connected by secondary beams at 5 intermittent locations apart from edge beams which are
forming part of 3D framing system. The secondary beams are having average spans of 6.575m. The basis of structural
scheme is to form a 3D rigid framing system with Primary beams spanning between columns width wise and each primary
beams are connected by secondary beams having both ends released. This facilitates optimum use of material by acting
compositely with the floor slab and allowing rotation at support locations for secondary beams.

c) Mezzanine Floor Level at El. + 4.83M

Along the length of the building a portion of Ground Floor has been elevated up to El. + 4.87M as Mezzanine Floor to
provide spaces for a shopping complex on either side of the longitudinal centre line. The upper half of the Mezzanine Floor
has been conceived as hung from the top floor at El. + 9.00M and the lower part is resting on Ground Floor structural
members. Provision for 2.0M wide through corridor has been kept to facilitate movement of general public. At middle
portion, shops at upper floor has been made continuous along with a central walkway which crosses the expansion joints.
The expansion joint separates two halves of the entire building longitudinally symmetrical at the centre. Each shop is
having an area of 4.5M x 3.18M in plan with a common corridor of 2.0M cantilevered from the mezzanine structure. All
members have been conceived as Box Section with ISMC 125. Each shop is braced in all directions, including provisions
of horizontal bracings at mezzanine floor level. The slab has been conceived as 150 mm thick RCC slab being held
compositely with box channel sections.


3
d) First Floor Level at El. + 9.00M

The area earmarked at first floor at an elevation of 9.00M has been allotted for Inter State Bus parking along with
pedestrian concourse and waiting lounge. The buses arriving from different states are entering the first floor through entry
flyovers and going out by exit flyover. At each gable ends, toilets have been provided for general public. The pedestrian
waiting area has been kept 150 mm above than the road surface at first floor level. Some of the pedestrian areas are kept for
installation of mobile kiosks and fast food centres. The design of slabs are done typically for two way continuous slabs with
concentrated moving loads equivalent to Class AA wheeled vehicle as per provisions of IRC 6. The slab panels have also
been checked for Class A loading of IRC separately. While considering loads from vehicles, impact factors are also
considered as per stipulations of IRC 6. The beams are analyzed and designed based on several load combinations apart
from combinations arising out of dead and live loads. Temperature strains and stresses were also considered for the whole
structure to take into account the seasonal variations in temperatures. The main frame is a 3D framing system with primary
girders / beams having span of 18.00m at floor level El. + 9.00M. The star shaped columns at periphery and next to
periphery have been terminated below the floor level at El. + 9.00M. Thus, only the columns placed along the longitudinal
centre line of the building have been extended up to the Monitor Roof level. At floor level, each primary beams are
connected by secondary beams at 5 intermediate locations apart from edge beams which are forming part of 3D framing
system. The secondary beams are having average spans of 6.575m. Wherever mezzanine floors are supported, it is hung
from trusses spanning between two secondary beams. This has been done to avoid complexity of connection detail with
primary beams having large parallel flange beam sections. The basis of structural scheme is to form a 3D rigid framing
system with Primary beams spanning between columns width wise and each primary beams are connected by secondary
beams having both ends released. This facilitates optimum use of material by acting compositely with the floor slab and
allowing rotation at support locations for secondary beams. The roof for this building is unique in its nature.

DOWN TO
LOBBY LVL
3m wide Rolling
Shutter
3m wide Rolling
Shutter
LVL +9.00M
LVL +9.00M
D1
D2
D2
POLICE
POST
Space for Air
Washers
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11 A12 A13 A14
A32
A31
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A28
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B26
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LOBBY LVL
DOWN TO
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LVL + 3.60M
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V1
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LVL +9.45M D5
D5
CONCRETE
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CONCRETE
JAALI
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JAALI
LVL +9.15M
LVL +9.15M
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FOR FUTURE
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LVL +9.13M
LVL +9.28M
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LVL + 5.70M
LVL + 7.80M
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D5
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Water
D6
A15
C15
INTERSTATE TERMINAL AREA
FIRST FLOOR LEVEL (69 BUS BAYS)
A18
C18
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e` e` e` e`
elC elC elC elC
e`_ e`_ e`_ e`_
)4 )4 )4 )4
e` e` e` e`
e]]- e]]- e]]- e]]-
e` e` e` e`
8
1
0
0
0
6
2
9
4
0
Gents
Ladies
Planter
] -_ ] -_ ] -_ ] -_
e`: e`: e`: e`:
PLATFORM
PLATFORM
PLATFORM
D7
D1
D1 D6
LVL +9.15M
B18 B19
B4
+E)- +E)- +E)- +E)-
e`._ e`._ e`._ e`._
V1
V1
V1
Dri nki ng Water D1
Gents
Ladies
Ladies


Fig. 2: Plan showing Layout detail of First Floor at El. + 9.00M for Terminal Building

e) Folded Plate Roof and Monitor

The Structural elements of Folded Roof consists of 3D space frame like structure which is a conglomerate of inclined plane
tubular trusses connected at a fixed angle by suitable connection devices forming A type of configuration. Each such A
type structures are further connected side by side forming alternately one ridge and one valley spanning along the width of
the building. The Truss segment thus formed is separated at centre line along the length of the building by a Monitor Roof
at raised level. Internally the trusses are supported on the extended steel columns around the centre line along longitudinal
direction of the Terminal Building. At periphery, the trusses are supported on latticed & articulated vertical trusses formed
in another plane.


4
The A type truss modules are tied longitudinally by tubular members and at periphery braced to cater for horizontal loads
coming on to the structure. Each such A type of truss modules are having average span of 36.00m along the width of the
building and the average base dimension of A module is 13.15m. The height of each A module is 4.50m. The gutter
line is matching the valley line at the junction where A modules are connected side by side. The gutters are spanning
along the width of the building at each valley location. At inclined articulated column location water will come out from the
gutters at steep slope baffled by intermittent baffles fitted over articulated columns and the runoff will be collected by a
common outer gutter at the periphery of the building at an elevation of +9.00m. The eaves level is varying from 6.5M at
longitudinal centre location to 5.5M at periphery of the building. To take care of lateral forces / horizontal wind forces, the
eaves level has been tied with separate horizontal bracing system.

The monitor roof has been considered as an elevated structural system having sides covered with coloured glasses to allow
sufficient natural lighting and louvers are provided to allow sufficient ventilation at roof level. The monitor trusses are
having varied spans gradually tapered from centre of the building. The monitor roof is tied with horizontal bracing system
at eaves level to provide stability against lateral forces.



Fig. 3: 3D Elevation showing detail of Folded Plate Roof and the Elevated Monitor Roof for Terminal Building

5
RCC GUTTER
1 5 2 4 3
5
4
3 2 1
LVL +1.55M
SPACEFRAME
INTUMESCENT COATING ON HOLLOW
ROOF MEMBERS.
ALUMINIUM LOUVRES
FOUNDATION AS/STR.
SS SPOUT SS SPOUT
MEZZANINE IN ELEVATION
FOUNDATION AS/STR.
+4800 (210.3)
+1550 (207.05)
0 (205.5)
-2800 (202.7)
-4800 (200.7)
+9000 (214.50) +9000 (214.50)
+4800 (210.3)
+1550 (207.05)
0 (205.5)
-2800 (202.7)
-4800 (200.7)
HOARDINGS
CUT OUT
RCC RET. WALL
1
3
5
7
9
1
3
5
7
9
SPACEFRAME


Fig. 4: Sectional Elevation showing detail of Folded Plate Roof for Terminal Building

Scope of Work for Structural Consultant

As structural consultant, the scope of work or battery limit for INSDAG is as follows:
Analysis, design and detail engineering of all pertinent structures for both temporary ISBT and permanent ISBT

5
To give concurrence for selection of type of foundation optimally, recommendations regarding bearing capacity of
soil, viability of soil investigation report etc.
To submit design calculations, computer output or any other special technical literature to substantiate design
calculation pertaining to all relevant structures
To submit relevant design drawings
To submit bill of quantities for all civil & structural items based on design drawings
To guide the fabricator for preparation of fabrication drawings in all respect
Review and checking of all fabrication drawings
Design Considerations for Terminal Building

For the Analysis and Design of the building, the following design parameters have been considered:
Soil data as per the geotechnical investigation report of the proposed site as furnished by Soil Consultant / PWD.
The columns are considered fixed at the top of the foundations.
The connections between columns and primary beams are rigid i.e. moment bearing connections.
RCC work shall be made of suitable Grade of concrete as per stipulations of relevant standards.
High tensile steel sections of grade Fe 540B conforming to IS: 8500 (latest edition) will be considered for major /
load bearing structural elements, and for non-load bearing or other structural elements, combinations of both high
tensile and mild steel sections will be considered for analysis and design.
Steel sections encased with RCC are considered for composite columns.
Nelsons shear studs having yield strength of 385 MPa are considered to ensure anchorage between RCC slab and
steel beam.
The folded plate steel roof shall be made of MS pipes conforming to IS: 1161 covered with a conglomerate of a
composite material made from two steel profiled sheets of suitable grade separated by a layer of glass / rock wool.
For underground peripheral retaining wall structures, horizontal and vertical PVC water stop bars of required
width shall be provided to ensure proper water proofing of retaining wall. Alternatively, pressure grouting along
with admixtures of water proofing compound may be adopted.
To ascertain proper water proofing of folded plate steel roof, suitable water proofing treatment shall be provided at
the locations of lapping of sheets, joints formed with screws, bolts etc.
The following loads are considered for analysis and design:
Surcharge Load over ground around the building 20.0 KN/m2
Superimposed load on floor / roof:
- Finish load 1.25 KN/m2
- Imposed Load As per relevant clauses of IS-875 (Part 2) and IRC 6
- Self-weight and dead load As per actual calculation
- Wall load with bricks 12.0 KN/m
(200 m thick external wall for shops)
- Wall load with hollow bricks 7.5 KN/m
(125 m thick internal partition wall)
Water distribution system & loading of overhead reservoir:

6
- Overhead Reservoir (self-weight + water) As per requirement
- For stair block / cat ladder as per architectural requirements:
Finish load As applicable
Live load 3.0 KN/m2
Height of typical floor as per architectural drawings
Wind load as per IS 875 1987 (Part 3) for :
- Basic Wind Speed 47 metres/second
- K1 factor 1.07
- K2 factor varying with height 1.05
(As per Terrain Category II)
- K3 factor 1.0
Earthquake load as per IS 1893 2002 for Zone IV.
For various load combinations, the combinations shown in Chapter C1 will be considered. However, if required,
any other load combinations may also be considered for the purpose of analysis and / or design check.
Fire Protection of Bare Steel Members for Terminal Building

All the bare steel elements of the building will be protected with the application of vermiculite plaster of suitable
thickness (depending upon requirement of fire rating in hours, in this case the fire rating is 2 hours for both the
roof structures and columns as per IS: 1641, 1642 and 1643). However, intumescent paint has been used for the
roof trusses and vermiculite has been used for columns. Vermiculite is a naturally occurring siliceous volcanic
rock compound and when exfoliated by heat process, it forms flakes containing microscopic air layers which give
optimum insulation properties and makes it a non conductor of electricity and an insulator for both radiant and
conducted heat. Vermiculite plaster when used with special additives and ferro-cement adds to the properties of
perlite i.e. fire resistant and stoppage of transfer of high temperatures through it into RCC, thus reducing the
chances of deformation of structural steel incase of an accidental fire. Further, this will help in reduction of spread
of fire and reduction in large scale expenses due to replacement of structural elements after fire. Combined with
fire resistant paints the application of vermiculite plaster is a must incase of high rise buildings, important
buildings, go-downs of inflammable products etc. The portion of roof structures which are above 6.75M from El.
+ 9.00M are painted with intumescent paints to provide fire resistance to roof members.

Connection and Construction Philosophy for Terminal Building

The structural system of the building is conceived as portal frames in both the orthogonal directions having major
connections as bolted using HSFG and / or welded suiting to site conditions. The primary beams and columns are
connected through predominantly moment bearing connections whereas the secondary beams not being a part of
the framing actions are connected to column/beams with predominantly shear connections. The steel sections shall
be fabricated at shop and assembled and erected at site with proper splicing etc. depending on the available length
of the member and considering minimum wastage of material. The members will be joined together by splice
plates / suitable structural sections with the help of permanent bolts and the plates shall be bolted / welded to the
main members after securing proper erection. All the splices shall be designed for full member strength of the

7
maximum area of section being joined at the connection. Gusset plates, angle cleats etc. shall have minimum
thickness of 8 mm and proper connection methodology (either using HSFG bolts or Welding) shall be adopted at
site for connecting different members with different type of material (either similar or dissimilar type i.e. Mild
Steel to Mild Steel, High Tensile to High Tensile or Mild Steel to High Tensile steel).
All M.S. holding down bolts for base plates shall be designed satisfying the requirement of proper anchorage with
RCC pedestal / foundation system and shall have sufficient reserve strength to cater for the actual design stress
resultant imparted on them.