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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

This document contains 5 problems related to probability and random variables: 1. Defines a joint PDF and asks to evaluate a constant, find a marginal PDF, and determine an expected value. 2. Describes a scenario where a person gambles daily and defines related random variables, asking to find a joint PDF, a probability, and expected value. 3. Defines a joint PDF and asks if variables are independent, to plot marginal densities, evaluate an expected value, and find a CDF. 4. Defines a communication system and asks to determine error probabilities for two encoding schemes. 5. Defines a joint PDF over a region and asks about independence, marginal densities, and expected value and variance

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658 views4 pages

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

This document contains 5 problems related to probability and random variables: 1. Defines a joint PDF and asks to evaluate a constant, find a marginal PDF, and determine an expected value. 2. Describes a scenario where a person gambles daily and defines related random variables, asking to find a joint PDF, a probability, and expected value. 3. Defines a joint PDF and asks if variables are independent, to plot marginal densities, evaluate an expected value, and find a CDF. 4. Defines a communication system and asks to determine error probabilities for two encoding schemes. 5. Defines a joint PDF over a region and asks about independence, marginal densities, and expected value and variance

Uploaded by

Ramanujam O S
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 6.041/6.431: Probabilistic Systems Analysis (Fall 2010)
Problem Set 5 Due October 18, 2010 1. Random variables X and Y are distributed according to the joint PDF ax, if 1 x y 2, fX,Y (x, y ) = 0, otherwise. (a) Evaluate the constant a. (b) Determine the marginal PDF fY (y ). (c) Determine the expected value of
1 X, 3 given that Y = 2 .

2. Paul is vacationing in Monte Carlo. The amount X (in dollars) he takes to the casino each evening is a random variable with the PDF shown in the gure. At the end of each night, the amount Y that he has on leaving the casino is uniformly distributed between zero and twice the amount he took in.
fX(x )

x (dollars) 40

(a) Determine the joint PDF fX,Y (x, y ). Be sure to indicate what the sample space is. (b) What is the probability that on any given night Paul makes a positive prot at the casino? Justify your reasoning. (c) Find and sketch the probability density function of Pauls prot on any particular night, Z = Y X . What is E[Z ]? Please label all axes on your sketch.

Page 1 of 3

Massachusetts Institute of Technology


Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 6.041/6.431: Probabilistic Systems Analysis (Fall 2010)
3. X and Y are continuous random variables. X takes on values between 0 and 2 while Y takes on values between 0 and 1. Their joint pdf is indicated below.
1 0.8 0.6
1 2

fX,Y (x, y) =

fX,Y (x, y) =

3 2

y
0.4 0.2 0 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Are X and Y independent? Present a convincing argument for your answer. Prepare neat, fully labelled plots for fX (x), fY |X (y | 0.5), and fX |Y (x | 0.5). Let R = XY and let A be the event X < 0.5. Evaluate E[R | A]. Let W = Y X and determine the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of W .

4. Signal Classication: Consider the communication of binary-valued messages over some transmission medium. Specically, any message transmitted between locations is one of two possible symbols, 0 or 1. Each symbol occurs with equal probability. It is also known that any numerical value sent over this wire is subject to distortion; namely, if the value X is transmitted, the value Y received at the other end is described by Y = X + N where the random variable N represents additive noise that is independent of X . The noise N is normally distributed with mean = 0 and variance 2 = 4. (a) Suppose the transmitter encodes the symbol 0 with the value X = 2 and the symbol 1 with the value X = 2. At the other end, the received message is decoded according to the following rules: If Y 0, then conclude the symbol 1 was sent. If Y < 0. then conclude the symbol 0 was sent. Determine the probability of error for this encoding/decoding scheme. Reduce your calcu lations to a single numerical value. (b) In an eort to reduce the probability of error, the following modications are made. The transmitter encodes the symbols with a repeated scheme. The symbol 0 is encoded with the vector X = [2, 2, 2] and the symbol 1 is encoded with the vector X = [2, 2, 2] . The vector Y = [Y1 , Y2 , Y3 ] received at the other end is described by Y = X + N . The vector N = [N1 , N2 , N3 ] represents the noise vector where each Ni is a random variable assumed to be normally distributed with mean = 0 and variance 2 = 4. Assume each Ni is independent of each other and independent of the Xi s. Each component value of Y is decoded with the same rule as in part (a). The receiver then uses a majority rule to determine which symbol was sent. The receivers decoding rules are: If 2 or more components of Y are greater than 0, then conclude the symbol 1 was sent. If 2 or more components of Y are less than 0, then conclude the symbol 0 was sent. Determine the probability of error for this modied encoding/decoding scheme. Reduce your calculations to a single numerical value. Page 2 of 3

Massachusetts Institute of Technology


Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 6.041/6.431: Probabilistic Systems Analysis (Fall 2010)
5. The random variables X and Y are described by a joint PDF which is constant within the unit area quadrilateral with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), and (1, 1).
y

(a) Are X and Y independent? (b) Find the marginal PDFs of X and Y . (c) Find the expected value of X + Y . (d) Find the variance of X + Y . 6. A defective coin minting machine produces coins whose probability of heads is a random variable P with PDF 1 + sin(2p), if p [0, 1], fP (p) = 0, otherwise. In essence, a specic coin produced by this machine will have a xed probability P = p of giving heads, but you do not know initially what that probability is. A coin produced by this machine is selected and tossed repeatedly, with successive tosses assumed independent. (a) Find the probability that the rst coin toss results in heads. (b) Given that the rst coin toss resulted in heads, nd the conditional PDF of P . (c) Given that the rst coin toss resulted in heads, nd the conditional probability of heads on the second toss. G1 . Let C be the circle {(x, y ) | x2 + y 2 1}. A point a is chosen randomly on the boundary of C and another point b is chosen randomly from the interior of C (these points are chosen independently and uniformly over their domains). Let R be the rectangle with sides parallel to the x- and y -axes with diagonal ab. What is the probability that no point of R lies outside of C ?

Required

for 6.431; optional for 6.041

Page 3 of 3

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

6.041 / 6.431 Probabilistic Systems Analysis and Applied Probability


Fall 2010

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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