Jeffrey Dixon 300174797

15.3 Many chronic misspellers do not have the time or motivation to master spelling rules. They may rely on spelling checkers and dictionaries to catch misspellings. Most dictionaries list words under their correct spellings. One kind of dictionary is designed for chronic misspellers. It lists each word under its common misspelling, provides the correct spelling, and also provides the definition. Henry Hudson was an English explorer who captained ships for the Dutch East India Company. On a voyage in 1610 he passed by Greenland and sailed into a great bay in todays northern Canada. He thought he and his sailors could winter there, but the cold was terrible, and food ran out. The sailors mutinied and cast Hudson and eight others adrift in a small boat. Hudson and his companions perished. 16.1 1 The ancient Greeks celebrated four athletic contests: the Olympic Games at Olympia, the Isthmian games near Corinth, the Pythian Games at Delphi, and the Nemean Games at Cleone. 2 Each day the games consisted of either athletic events or sacrilegious ceremonies . 3 Competitors ran sprints, participated in spectacular chariot and horse races, and ran long distances while wearing full armor. 4 The purpose of such events was to develop physical strength, demonstrate skill and endurance, and sharpen the skills needed for war. 5 The athletes competed less to achieve great wealth than to gain honor for both themselves and their cities. 6 Of course, exceptional athletes received financial support from patrons, poems and statues by admiring artists, and lavish living quarters from their sponsoring cities. 7 With the medal counts and flag ceremonies, todays Olympians sometimes seem to be proving their countries superiority more than demonstrating their individual talent. 16.2 1. People can develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after experiencing a dangerous situation and fearing for their survival. 2. The disorder can be triggered by a wide variety of events, such as combat, a natural disaster, or a hostage situation. 3. PTSD can occur immediately after the stressful incident or not until many years later. 4. Sometimes people with PTSD will act irrationally and angrily. 5. Other symptoms include dreaming that one is reliving the experience, hallucinating that one is back in the terrifying place, and imagining that strangers are actually ones former torturers. 39.1 1. Gerrymandering means redrawing the lines of a voting district to benefit a particular party or ethnic group. 2. The name refers to Elbridge Gerry, who as governor of Massachusetts in 1812 redrew voting districts in Essex County.

Jeffrey Dixon 300174797

3. On the map one new district looked like a salamander. 4. Upon seeing the map, a critic of Governor Gerry's administration cried out, "Gerrymander!" 5. Now a political group may try to change a district's voting pattern by gerrymandering to exclude rival groups' supporters. 39.2 1. The arguments for bestowing the mothers surname on children are often strong and convincing, but they are not universally accepted. 2. Some parents have combined their last names into a new surname, and they have given that name to their children. 3. Critics sometimes question the effects of unusual surnames on children, or they wonder how confusing or fleeting the new surnames will be. 4. Children with surnames different from their parents may suffer embarrassment or identity problems, for giving children their fathers surname is still very much the norm. 5. Hyphenated names are awkward and difficult to pass on, so some observers think they will die out in the next generation or before. 39.8 1 Photographers who take pictures of flowers need to pay special attention to lighting, composition, and focal point. 2 Many photographers prefer to shoot in the early morning, when the air is calm, the dew is still on the flowers, and the light is soft. 3 Some even like to photograph in light rain because water helps flowers to look fresh, colorful, and especially lively. 4 In composing a picture, the photographer can choose to show several flowers, just one flower, or even a small part of a flower. 5 One effective composition leads the viewers eye in from an edge of the photo, devotes a large amount of the photo to the primary subject, and then leads the eye out of the photo. 6 The focus changes as the eye moves away from the subject: the primary subject is in sharp focus, elements near the primary subject are in sharp focus, and elements in the background are deliberately out of focus. 39.9 1 Most people have seen a blind person being aided by a patient, observant guide dog. 2 What is not commonly known is how normal, untrained dogs become these special, highly skilled dogs. 3 An organization called the Seeing Eye breeds dogs to perform this specific guide job. 4 Enthusiastic, affectionate volunteers raise the dogs until they are about seventeen months old. 5 Each dog then undergoes a thorough health examination. 6 Dogs who pass the health exam go through a rigorous four-month training program. 7 The trained dog is then matched with a blind person, and the two of them undergo their own intensive communication training before graduating to their life together. 39.10

Jeffrey Dixon 300174797

1 Shoes with high heels were originally designed to protect the wearers feet from mud, garbage, and animal waste in the streets. 2 The first high heels worn strictly for fashion, however, appeared in the sixteenth century. 3 They were made popular when the short, powerful King Louis XIV of France began wearing them. 4 At first, high heels were worn by men and were made of colorful silk fabrics, soft suedes, or smooth leathers. 5 But Louiss influence was so strong that men and women of the court, priests and cardinals, and even household servants wore high heels. 6 By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, only wealthy, fashionable French women wore high heels. 7 At that time, French culture represented the one true standard of elegance and refinement. 8 High-heeled shoes for women spread to other courts of Europe, among the Europeans of North America, and to all social classes. 9 Now high heels are common, though depending on the fashion they range from short, squat, thick heels to tall, skinny spikes. 10 A New York boutique recently showed a pair of purple satin pumps with tiny jeweled bows and four-inch stiletto heels. 36.1 1. Money has a long history that goes back at least as far as the earliest records. 2. Many of the earliest records concern financial transactions; indeed, early history must often be inferred from commercial activity. 3. Every known society has had a system of money, though the objects serving as money have varied widely. [No comma splice] 4. Sometimes the objects had actual value for the society; examples include cattle and fermented beverages. 5. Today, in contrast, money may be made of worthless paper, or it may even consist of a bit of data in a computers memory. [No comma splice] 6. We think of money as valuable, but only our common faith in it makes it valuable. 7. That faith is sometimes fragile; consequently, currencies themselves are fragile. 8. Economic crises often shake the belief in money; indeed, such weakened faith helped cause the Great Depression of the 1930s.