BUILDING SERVICES II

UNIT I ELECTRICAL SERVICES 1. Write short notes on conversion of AC to DC.

Question bank

Alternating current has the advantage of being convertible to high voltages by transformers. High voltages are desired for longdistance transmission. For these reasons, utilities produce and sell alternating current. However, many applications requiring accurate speed control need direct-current motors, for example, building elevators and railroad motors, including subways. In buildings, ac may be converted to dc by use of an ac motor to drive a dc generator, which, in turn, provides the power for a dc motor. The ac motor and dc generator are called a motor-generator set. Another device used to convert ac to dc is a rectifier. This device allows current to flow in one direction but cuts off the sine wave in the opposite direction. The current obtained from the motor-generator set described previously is a similar unidirectional current of varying instantaneous value. The only truly non varying direct current is obtained from batteries. However, output filters can be added to rectifiers to reduce the amount of voltage variation to nearly zero. In most cases this is acceptable, and using a rectifier as a dc source eliminates the weight, cost,and hazards involved with large storage batteries.

2. Explain Single-Phase and Multi-Phase systems.

Single-Phase and Multi-Phase Systems. A single-phase ac circuit requires twowires, just like a dc circuit. One wire is the live wire, and the other is the neutral,so called because it is usually grounded A voltage commonly used in the United States is 240 V, single-phase, two-wire,which is obtained from the two terminals of the secondary coil of transformers fed from utility high-voltage lines. If a third wire is connected to the midpoint of the secondary coil as a neutral, the voltage between either of the two terminal wires and the neutral will be 120 V . This voltage, 120/240 V, single-phase,three-wire, is the voltage used for most residential electrical services. The currents in the two terminal wires are 180_ apart in phase. The neutral current from each is also 180_ apart. These two currents, traveling in the same neutral wire, offset each other because of the phase difference. If the load currents in the two terminal wires are equal, the currents in the neutral will become zero. Though there is a phase difference between the two live wires, this is still considered

as a single-phase system, designated as single-phase, three-wire. An outdated voltage system that may be encountered in renovation work is the two-phase system in which the live wires are 90_ apart in phase. There are actually two types of two-phase systems, two-phase three-wire and two-phase five-wire. In a similar way, three-phase electric service can be obtained directly from the utility company with three live wires and a grounded neutral . The currents in the three live wires, as well as their respective return flows in the neutral, are 120_ apart in phase. If the currents are equal in the three live wires, the current in the neutral will be zero. In many two-phase or three-phase systems, it is necessary therefore to balance the single-phase loads on each wire as much as possible. When the current in the neutral is zero, there is no voltage drop in the return circuit. Any voltage drop in the neutral subtracts from the voltage on the single-phase wires and affects the loads on these circuits. The voltage drop times the current flowing in the neutral times the cosine of the phase angle is the power consumed in the neutral wire, and this adds to the total metered power on the utility bill.

3. List the different types of electrical loads.

Electric services in a building may be provided for several different kinds of loads: lighting, motors, communications equipment. These loads may vary in voltage and times of service, as for example, continuous lighting or intermittent elevator motors. Motors have high instantaneous starting currents, which can be four to six times the running current, but which lasts only a brief time. It is highly improbable that all of the intermittent loads will occur at once. To determine the probable maximum load, demand factors and coincidence factors (diversity factors) must be applied to the total connected load . Lighting Loads. The minimum, and often the maximum, watts per square foot of floor area to be used in design are specified by building codes for various uses of the floor area. Maximum wattages are set to conserve energy and should be followed wherever possible. Electrical engineers, however, may exceed the minimum wattages if the proposed use requires more. Power Loads. In industrial buildings, the process equipment is normally the largest electrical power load. In residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, the

power loads are mainly air-conditioning equipment and elevators. Some commercial and institutional buildings, though, contain significant computer and communication equipment loads, and special attention is required to properly serve these electronic equipment loads. Electronic Equipment Loads. The electric power from the utility company is contaminated with electrical noise and spikes and is subject to sags, surges, and other power-line disturbances. The sensitivity of electronic equipment requires that the electrical system include equipment that will reduce the effect of these disturbances. Selection of this protection equipment should be based on the functions to be performed by the electronic equipment and a consideration of the consequences disturbance might cause, such as disruption of service lost data equipment damage and attendant costs. Most manufacturers specify the power quality needed for satisfactory operation of their electronic equipment. In fact, manufacturers of many computer systems furnish specific site-preparation instructions that address not only electrical power, but also lighting, air conditioning, grounding, and room finishes. For protection purposes, for a personal computer or workstation, it may be only necessary to provide a good-quality plug-in strip with a transient-voltage surge suppressor (TVSS). A medical imaging system, such as a CAT-scan machine, may require a power conditioner that combines a voltage regulator, to eliminate sags and surges, with a shielded isolation transformer, to block spikes and noise. In critical installations, though, where equipment failure or an outage can have serious effects, more extensive steps must be taken.

4. What are the services that require emergency power?

Emergency systems, including emergency and egress (exit) lighting, essential ventilation systems, fire detection and alarm systems, elevators, fire pumps, public safety communications systems, and industrial processes where interruption could cause life safety risk. Power must be restored to these loads in not less than 10 s (or less, depending on local codes). Legally-required standby systems, including heating and refrigeration systems, communications systems, ventilation and smoke removal systems, sewage disposal, lighting systems, and industrial processes, where interruption could create hazards or hamper rescue or fire-fighting operations. Power must be restored to these loads in not less than 60 s (or less, depending on local codes). Small facilities may only need emergency power for emergency and egress lighting,

in which case, fixtures with self-contained battery backup may be adequate. Larger facilities generally require an engine generator to provide emergency power. Emergency loads are connected to a dedicated panelboard or switchboard fed through an automatic transfer switch (ATS) that will detect loss of utility power, signal the generator to start, and transfer the emergency loads onto the generator, all in 10 s or less. After utility power returns, the ATS will retransfer the emergency loads back to utility power and then stop the generator. To prevent equipment damage and voltage surges, an ATS should be provided with an in-phase monitor that waits until the generator drifts into synchronism with the utility source before allowing retransfer. Though normally used only for emergency power, the generator, if large enough, may be used to reduce electric bills through demand peak shaving or as a co generator. Opportunities for these possibilities should be reviewed with the utility company. Where acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, a second utility service may be used to provide emergency power. This approach should be evaluated carefully to ensure that the separate service is designed to minimize the possibility of simultaneous interruption of both services.

5. Briefly explain the term electrical conductors and raceways.

Conductors may be solid round wire, stranded wire, or bus bars of rectangular cross section. Usually, conductors are wrapped in insulation of a type that prevents electric shock to persons in contact with it. The type of insulation also depends on the immediate environment surrounding the wire in its proposed use; dry or moist air, wetness, buried in earth, temperature, and exposure to mechanical or rodent damage. Each size of commercial wire with a particular insulation is given by building codes a safe current-carrying capacity in amperes, called the ampacity of that wire. The code ampacity is based on the maximum heating effect that would be permitted before damage to the insulation. The codes also require that wires installed in a building be protected from mechanical damage by encasement in pipes, called conduits, or other metal and nonmetallic enclosures, termed raceways. A raceway is a general term used to describe the supports or enclosures of wires. For most power distribution systems in buildings, rigid conduit or tubing is used. The dimensions of such conduit or tubing and the number of wires of each size permitted is fixed by tables in the National Electrical Code. Three or more conductors

may not occupy more than 40% of the interior area, with some exceptions for lead-sheathed cable. All metallic raceways must be continuously grounded.

6. Explain under floor race ways.

Under floor raceways are ducts placed under a new floor in office spaces where desks and other equipment are frequently moved. Laid in parallel runs 6 to 8 ft apart, with separate ducts for power, signal, and telephone wires,these raceways may have flat-plate outlet covers spaced 4 to 6 ft along each run. Large retail stores also find these installations a great convenience. The alternative is feeder runs above the hung ceiling of the story below, with firerated, poke-through construction to reach new outlets above the floor. Underfloor raceways may be singlelevel or two-level.In steel-frame buildings, with cellular steel decking, single-level raceways may be included in the structure of the floor itself. A concrete header across the cellular runs provides the means of entering from the finished floor. A similar arrangement can be used in cellular precast-concrete decks, with metal headers for connections. Wireways to carry large numbers of conductors carrying lightcurrent signal or control circuits are commercially available in fixed lengths.

7. What are panel boards?

Panelboards These are distribution centers that are fed from the service switches and switchgear. A panelboard is a single panel or a group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel in which are included buses and perhaps switches and automatic overcurrent protective devices for control of light, heat, or power circuits of small capacity. It is designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall or partition and accessible only from the front. In general, panelboards are similar to but smaller than switchboards. A panelboard consists of a set of copper mains from which the individual circuits are tapped through overload protective devices or switching units. Panelboards are designed for dead-front construction, with no live parts exposed when the door of the panelboard is opened. Panelboards also are designed for flush, semiflush, or surface mounting. They fall into two general classifications, those designed for medium loads, usually required for lighting systems, and those for

heavy-duty industrial-power-distribution loads. Panelboards are designed with mains for distribution systems consisting of: 1. Three-wire, single-phase 240/120-V, solid-neutral, alternating current 2. Three-wire, 240/120-V, solid-neutral, direct current 3. Four-wire, three-phase, 208/120-V, solid-neutral, alternating current 4. Four-wire, three-phase, 480/277-V, solid-neutral, alternating current

8. List the various methods of lighting.

The following lighting methods may be used alone or in combination: General Lighting. This provides uniform and, often, diffuse illumination throughout a space. This type of lighting is useful for performing ordinary activities and for reducing the relative luminance of surroundings when local lighting is applied to a work area. Local or Functional Lighting. This provides a high level of illumination on the relatively small area in which a task is to be performed, such as reading, writing, or operation of tools. Accent Lighting. This actually is a form of local lighting, but it has the objective of creating focal points for observers, to emphasize objects on display. Decorative Lighting. This employs color or patterns of light and shadow to attract attention, hold interest, produce visual excitement or a restful atmosphere, or create esthetic effects.

9. List the different types of lamps available in the market.

Types of Lamps Lamps that are commonly used may be generally classified as incandescent, fluorescent, or high-intensity-discharge (HID). HID lamps include mercury-vapor, metal-halide, low-pressure sodium, and high-pressure sodium lamps. Incandescent Lamps. These lamps generate light by heating thin tungsten wires until they glow. The filaments are enclosed in a sealed glass bulb from which air is evacuated or that is filled with an inert gas, to prevent the heated tungsten from evaporating. In a tungsten-halogen incandescent lamp, for prolonged life, the filler gas contains halogens (iodine, chlorine, fluorine, and bromine), which restores to the filaments any metal that may evaporate. Fluorescent Lamps. These lamps are sealed glass tubes coated on the inside surface with phosphors, chemicals that glow when bombarded by ultraviolet light. The tubes are filled with an inert gas, such as argon, and low-pressure mercury vapor.

Passage of an electric arc through the mercury vapor causes it to emit the ultraviolet rays that activate the phosphors to radiate visible light. The electric arc is started and maintained by cathodes at the ends of the glass tubes.

High-Intensity-Discharge (HID) Lamps. These lamps generate light by passage of an electric arc through a metallic vapor, which is contained in a sealed glass or ceramic tube. The lamps operate at pressures and electrical current densities sufficient to produce desired quantities of light within the arc. Three types of HID lamps are generally available: mercury vapor, metal-halide, and high-pressure sodium. Major differences between them include the material and type of construction used for the tube and the type of metallic vapor. In performance, the lamps differ in efficacy, starting characteristics, color rendering, lumen depreciation, price, and life.

10. Write a short note on Illumination.

Interior lighting may be accomplished with natural or artificial illumination, or both. Natural illumination is provided by daylight. Artificial illumination usually is produced by consumption of electric power in various types of lamps and sometimes by burning candles or oil or gas in lamps. Usually, electric lighting for building spaces is produced by lighting devices called luminaires, which consist of one or more lamps, a fixture in which the lamps are held, lenses for distributing the light, and parts for supplying electricity. Fixtures may be portable or permanently set in or on ceilings or walls. Illumination may be classified as indirect, semi indirect, diffuse or direct-indirect, Semi direct, or direct. For indirect lighting, about 90 to 100% of the illumination provided in a space is directed at the ceiling and upper walls, and nearly all of the light reaches the task by reflection from them. The resulting illumination is, therefore, diffuse and uniform, with little or no glare. For semi indirect lighting, about 60 to 90% of the illumination is directed at the ceiling and upper walls, the remaining percentage in generally downward directions. When overhead luminaires are used, the downward components should be dispersed by passage through a diffusing or diffracting lens to reduce direct glare. The resultant illumination on a task is diffuse and nearly glare free. General diffuse or direct-indirect lighting is designed to provide nearly equal distribution of light upward and downward. General-diffuse luminaires enclose the light source in a translucent material to diffuse the light and produce light in all

directions. Direct-indirect luminaires give little light near the horizontal. Quality of For semidirect lighting, about 60 to 90% of the illumination is directed downward, the remaining percentage upward. Depending on the eye adaptation level, as determined by overall room luminance, the upward component may reduce glare. Diffuseness of the lighting depends on reflectance of room enclosures and furnishings. For direct lighting, almost all the illumination is directed downward. If such luminaires are spread out, reflections from room enclosures and furnishings may diffuse the light sufficiently that it can be used for general lighting, for example, in large offices. A concentrated layout of these luminaires is suitable for accent, decorative, or local lighting. Because direct lighting provides little illumination on vertical surfaces, provision of supplementary perimeter lighting often is desirable.

Unit-II
1. What are the considerations in high rise residential building with respective to electrical services See the pdf attached 2. Explain in detail the design considerations for an office complex for wiring and lay out of meters. 3. Write a note on the different types of lighting and explain briefly the considerations for choosing a lighting system for a restaurant with neat sketches. For indirect lighting, about 90 to 100% of the illumination provided in a space is directed at the ceiling and upper walls, and nearly all of the light reaches the task by reflection from them. The resulting illumination is, therefore, diffuse and uniform, with little or no glare. For semiindirect lighting, about 60 to 90% of the illumination is directed at the ceiling and upper walls, the remaining percentage in generally downward directions. When overhead luminaires are used, the downward components should be dispersed by passage through a diffusing or diffracting lens to reduce direct glare. The resultant illumination on a task is diffuse and nearly glarefree. General diffuse or direct-indirect lighting is designed to provide nearly equal distribution of light upward and downward. General-diffuse luminaires enclose the light source in a translucent material to diffuse the light and produce light in all directions. Direct-indirect luminaires give little light near the horizontal. Quality of Examples of recessed fixtures: (a) for direct widespread lighting; (b) for direct, narrow-beam lighting; (c) for asymmetrical direct lighting; (d ) for direct diffuse lighting. the resulting illumination from either type depends on the type of task and the layout of the luminaires. For semidirect lighting, about 60 to 90% of the illumination is directed downward, the remaining percentage upward. Depending on the eye adaptation level, as determined by overall room luminance, the upward component may reduce glare. Diffuseness of the lighting depends on reflectance of room enclosures and furnishings. For direct lighting, almost all the illumination is directed downward. If such luminaires are spread out, reflections from room enclosures and furnishings may

diffuse the light sufficiently that it can be used for general lighting, for example, in large offices. A concentrated layout of these luminaires is suitable for accent, decorative, or local lighting. Because direct lighting provides little illumination on vertical surfaces, provision of supplementary perimeter lighting often is desirable. Lighting Used for Restaurants (Latest LED Lights) Replacement for conventional fluorescent tubes 1. Hotels 2. Conference / Meeting rooms 3. Factories & Offices 4. Commercial Complexes 5. Residential / Institution Buildings 6. Schools, Colleges & Universities 7. Hospitals Hotel rooms The guestrooms should radiate atmosphere and comfort. Good hotel room lighting should be glare-free and cast little shadow. Ideally, guests should be able to adjust the lighting to suit their needs. HALOSTAR lamps from OSRAM perform brilliantly as miniature reading lights subtle yet effective. Recessed ceiling downlights with DECOSTAR ECO lamps provide bright light for working at tables. These lamps also produce concentrated light, contrast on the walls and bright in front of mirrors. HALOSTAR ECO lamps from OSRAM are also suitable for mirror lighting.

Restaurants and bars

The two essential ingredients for perfect restaurant lighting are atmosphere and zoning. Overall, the lighting should be subtle but walkways, service zones and such areas should be more brightly lit. Tables and other seating areas call for a relaxing atmosphere. The light should be bright enough for food and drink to be seen in their best light, but subdued enough to create a sense of privacy. With their brilliant accent light, HALOPAR lamps provide an unmistakable boost. Niches, alcoves, projections and recesses in walls and ceilings can be given greater prominence with HALOSPOT lamps. Lighting at restaurant tables should be down from the ceiling, completely glare-free and dimmed. DECOSTAR 51 ALU or HALOGEN ECO SPOT R50/63 lamps provide directional light for particularly appetising presentation of food, drink and decorative accessories. POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY SAVING Lighting accounts on average for about 30% of total electricity used in Hotels. Recent developments in lighting technology combined with planned lighting control strategies can result in very significant cost savings, typically in the range of a third to a half of the electricity traditionally used for lighting. There can be additional savings in energy consumption where the hotel is air conditioned, as the new energy saving lighting produces less heat. In new installations energy efficient lighting costs little more to provide than the older less efficient kind. In retrofit situations, pay-back periods generally of

between 1 and 5 years can be anticipated. LAMPS & LUMINAIRES 26mm diameter fluorescent tubes with high frequency control gear are 25% more energy efficient than the older 38mm diameter fluorescent tubes with electromagnetic control gear. In addition, this technology can allow dimming of the fluorescent lamps, which in turn permits the matching of illumination levels to task requirements; i.e. efficient lighting. (Application:- multi-function rooms) High Pressure Discharge Lamps are up to 35% more energy efficient than the 38mm diameter fluorescent tubes. (Application:indoor sport halls/swimming pools) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) used in place of tungsten filament lamps achieve an energy reduction of 75% and an 8-10 fold increase in lamp life. They have particular application where lamps are required to operate constantly e.g. corridors, reception area, stairwells, toilets. A style of base should be chosen to make the lamps less likely to be misappropriated. 12V or 24V tungsten halogen lamps used in place of tungsten or parabolic aluminised reflector (PAR) lamps achieve an energy reduction of 50-70% and a 2-3 fold increase in lamp life. Metal halide lamps used in place of linear tungsten halogen lamps for displays achieve an energy reduction of 60-70% and a 3-5 fold increase in lamp life. Modern lamp/luminaire technology, in addition to being more energy efficient, also delivers longer lamp life (up to 50%) with resulting lower maintenance costs. Optical Fibre lighting allows a number of lighting points to be serviced by a single light source. This source can be a high efficiency, long life lamp. This technique is particularly suited to decorative lighting effects and the control gear and lamp can be located at an easily accessible location for maintenance. Luminaires which utilise energy efficient lamps and control gear also produce less heat. This means that less mechanical cooling is required to maintain working conditions. SPACE CONFIGURATION Maximise the use of daylight to reduce the need for electric lighting.

 Paint the surfaces of the rooms (including the ceiling) with matt colours of high reflectance to maximise the effectiveness of the light output. Light/bright colours can reflect up to 80% of incident light, dark/deep colours can reflect less than 10% of incident light. CONTROL STRATEGIES Lighting control systems are available which automate or group the operation of luminaires in a space. They switch on or off, or dim particular lighting circuits, to match the event taking place in the room, or the time of day. Such systems select the correct lighting level, thus minimising energy wastage. The provision of localised lighting (e.g. table and standard lamps) combined with individual switching can achieve up to 20% savings, with a 3 year pay-back. Wherever possible use CFLs. Where tungsten or tungsten halogen lamps (mains, 12V or 24V ) need to be used, installing a device to regulate their supply voltage and reducing it by 3% will double the life of these lamps. Room management systems have the capacity to link with the lighting controls. This will allow lighting circuits (and other energy consuming devices) in guests rooms to be energised only in accordance with a predetermined programme; e.g. the lighting circuits are not activated until either the guest uses his/her room key or a pre-determined booking-in time is reached. 4. Write short notes on i. MCB and ELCB A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Types of circuit breaker

Low voltage circuit breakers
Magnetic circuit breaker Thermal magnetic circuit breaker Common trip breakers Medium voltage breaker High voltage circuit breaker Sf6 high voltage circuit breaker
An Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) (now referred to as residual current circuit breaker) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high earth impedance to prevent shock.

Purpose
The main purpose of earth leakage protectors is to prevent injury to humans and animals due to electric shock. [ ELCB manufacturers include: Legrand, Havells, ABB, Siemens AG, Areva T&D, Telemecanique, Orion Italia, Crabtree, MEM. [edit]Types There are two types of ELCB: voltage operated and, current operated.

Voltage-operated ELCBs were introduced in the early 20th century, and provided a major advance in safety for mains electrical supplies with inadequate earth impedance. V-ELCBs have been in widespread use since then, and many are still in operation. Current-operated ELCBs are generally known today as RCDs (residual current device). These also protect against earth leakage, though the details and method of operation are different. When the term ELCB is used it usually means a voltage-operated device. Similar devices that are current operated are called residual-current devices. However, some company's (Cutler-Hammer) use the term ELCB to distinguish high sensitivity current operated 3 phase devices that trip in the milliamp range from traditional 3 phase ground fault devices that operate at much higher currents (traditional gf devices are insensitive due to the error inherently associated with the summation of currents from multiple current transformers).

Advantages
ELCBs have one advantage over RCDs: they are less sensitive to fault conditions, and therefore have fewer nuisance trips. (This does not mean they always do, as practical performance depends on installation details and the discrimination enhancing filtering in the ELCB.) Therefore by electrically separating cable armour from cable CPC, an ELCB can be arranged to protect against cable damage only, and not trip on faults in downline installations

ii. ii.

Neutral and Earth wiring 3 phase distribution system

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating currentelectric power generation, transmission, and distribution.[1] It is a type ofpolyphase system and is the most common method used by gridsworldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other large loads. A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent singlephase or two-phase systems at the same voltage.[2]The three-phase system was introduced and patented by Nikola Tesla in the years from 1887 to 1888. In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one conductor as the reference, the other two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one cycle of the electric current. This delay between phases has the effect of giving constant power transfer over each cycle of the current and also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor.

Three-phase systems may have a neutral wire. A neutral wire allows the three-phase system to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower-voltage single-phase appliances. In high-voltage distribution situations, it is common not to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be connected between phases (phase-phase connection).

UNIT II FIRE SAFETY 1. Write a short note on Automatic fire alarm systems. An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems have two main
purposes, in the event of a fire: to provide a warning to the occupants of a building. and to initiate the emergency plan for the premises which can include evacuation.

When properly installed and maintained, these systems can be a significant factor in reducing the risk to life and limiting damage to your property in the event of a fire. These systems can help us to respond very quickly to genuine emergencies. Unfortunately, these systems can also produce 'unwanted' fire alarm signals, for example, when the signals are triggered by mistake and not because of a fire or a test. The subsequent evacuation can cause unnecessary business disruption and they also mean that we are sending fire appliances unnecessarily. Unwanted fire alarm signals are a widespread problem and all fire services are trying to reduce the number of false alarms caused by automatic fire detection systems. The following advice will help you to avoid unwanted alarms, release the Fire Service for more essential duties and they may also save you from the permanent loss of business so frequently associated with a major fire.

2. What are the four distinct operations in fire protection scheme? 3. Write short notes on potential source of fire hazards.

Fire in the workplace poses a hazard to health, property and safety. If a fire is not detected and put out immediately, it can easily become uncontrollable, threatening the lives of anyone on the premises and

destroying an entire workplace. Therefore, the time to deal with a fire is long before it starts by identifying and removing all potential fire hazards.

Heat Sources

Whether they produce heat using electricity, gas, oil or some other fuel, heat sources are a frequent cause of fire in the workplace. The heat sources themselves might malfunction, or they might be operating too close to flammable materials due to human error. Ovens, stove burners, baseboard heating elements and portable heaters that run on electricity, propane and kerosene all present potential fire hazards if they are not used with caution.

Electricity

Electricity may cause fires if electrical systems have not been properly installed, if wiring is worn or damaged or if circuits are repeatedly overloaded. A well-built electrical system has integral safety measures such as breakers or fuses that prevent fires. If these measures have been neglected or are improperly installed and a circuit has too great a load on it, a fire can result. Construction sites are at an increased risk for electrical fires because the electricity is often being worked on. During the time that the system is in transition, both workers and property are at greatest risk.

Flammable Materials

Wood, paper, cardboard and fabric are examples of flammable materials that need to be kept well away from heat sources and electricity. These materials can act as kindling that could burn undetected long enough to set the building itself fire. Also, fire needs oxygen to continue burning. Therefore, a flammable material such as paper that is tossed around or in loose piles, allowing more oxygen between pages, creates a greater fire hazard than a pile that is neatly stacked. The risk of fire is greater in a workplace that is full of loose papers, both because they are more likely to be put somewhere dangerous accidentally and because they will burn much more quickly if a fire does start.

Arson

Even when you follow all the recommendations to avoid workplace fires, there may be someone else who wants to start the same thing that you want to stop. Arson is not a common cause of workplace conflagration, but it does happen. It can be the result of a disgruntled employee, a crooked owner looking for an insurance payout or a random pyromaniac. The best way to protect yourself against arson is to keep your building secured with locks, alarms and possibly night guards. Following the usual fire safety precautions regarding flammable materials will make arson less likely to succeed even when it is attempted.

4. Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of Sprinkler systems for commercial buildings.
Normally an wet pipe automatic fire sprinkler system, is fully charged with water coming from a known reliable water supply. The installation is pressurised with the alarm valve secured in the open position. When a fire sprinkler is exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) it releases, allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. Additional fire sprinklers may also operate if they too are exposed to sufficient heat. When this occurs water from the water supply will pass through the alarm valve to the affected fire sprinkler and also past the alarm bell. The resultant pressure drop will also activate the alarm pressure switch, which in turn will activate an alarm calling the fire brigade. A flow switch will also operate in the affected section of the fire sprinkler system, indicating the location of the water flow. (In the case of a multi-storey building there is typically one flow switch per floor). The flow switch will indicate its location a fire indicator panel (but may not call the fire brigade). The water supply may be isolated (stopping the flow of water to the affected fire sprinklers) by closing the stop valve.

5. What are the general considerations to be made while placing fire detectors? Refer pdf 6. Write short notes on fire hydrants. 7. What is stairwell pressurization?
Smoke can only flow from a higher pressure to a lower pressure. The fire creates its own pressure and PPV fans, when configured correctly create a slightly higher pressure to control or stop the flow of smoke. This tactic is meant to keep smoke out of the stairwell to provide a safe egress path for occupants and provide a safer environment for crews operating in the structure. When dealing with high-rise buildings fans at least 24 are recommended because of the large volumes being pressurized. Fans should be placed at the base of the stairwell to maximize impact. The control of open doors is important, doors opening and closing is not a major concern but doors should not be left open in the stairwell. An open door below the fire floor could limit the impact of the fan. CO generation by the fans is minimal compared to the CO created by the fire. The taller the building the more fans that may be needed. One fan at the base of a stairwell can create enough pressure to stop smoke spread from a well developed fire in a 10-story building. Taller buildings require fan placed in the building. Placing the fan 2 floors below the fire floor in larger structures is a good rule of thumb. Fans used inside the building should be configured just as if they are positioned at an outside doorway. There are many considerations that exist for high-rise ventilation, visit the simulation forum and discuss them.

8. Write short notes on smoke detectors.

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible and/or visual alarmfrom the detector itself. Smoke detectors are typically housed in a disk-shaped plastic enclosure about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but the shape can vary by manufacturer or product line. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), while others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned such as toilets and schools. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. However, in many single family detached and smaller multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is often powered only by a single disposable battery. Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings[8]

Type Detector

of

Obscuration Level

Ionization

2.65.0% obs/m (0.81.5% obs/ft)

Photoelectric

6.513.0% obs/m (24% obs/ft)

Beam

3% obs/m (0.9% obs/ft)[citation needed]

Aspirating

0.00520.5% obs/m (0.00156.25% obs/ft)

Laser

0.066.41% obs/m (0.022.0% obs/ft)[9]

9. Write a note on the types of fire extinguishers. aussie

Type Pre-1997 Current Suitable for use on Fire Classes (brackets denote sometimes applicable)

Water

Solid red

Solid red

Foam

Solid blue

Red with a blue A band

Dry chemical (powder)

Red with a white Red with a white A band band

Carbon dioxide

Red with a black Red with a black (A) band band

Vaporising liquid (non-halon Not yet in use clean agents)

Red with a yellow A band

Halon

Solid yellow

No longer produced A

Wet chemical

Solid oatmeal

Red with an oatmeal A band

u.k
Type Old code BS EN 3 colour code Suitable for use on fire classes (brackets denote sometimes applicable)[11]

Water

Signal red

Signal red

Foam

Cream

Red with a cream panel above the operating A instructions

Dry powder

French blue

Red with a blue panel above the operating instructions (A)

Carbon CO2

dioxide

Black

Red with a black panel above the operating instructions

Wet chemical

Not yet in use

Red with a canary yellow panel above the operating A instructions

(B)

Class D powder

French blue

Red with a blue panel above the operating instructions

Halon 1211/BCF

Emerald Green

No longer in general use

WaterFireExtinguishers: The cheapest and most widely used fire extinguishers. Used for Class A fires. Not suitable for Class B (Liquid) fires, or where electricity is involved. FoamFireExtinguishers: More expensive than water, but more versatile. Used for Classes A & B fires. Foam spray extinguishers are not recommended for fires involving electricity, but are safer than water if inadvertently sprayed onto live electrical apparatus. DryPowderFireExtinguishers: Often termed the multi-purpose extinguisher, as it can be used on classes A, B & C fires. Best for running liquid fires (Class B). Will efficiently extinguish Class C gas fires, BUT BEWARE, IT CAN BE DANGEROUS TO EXTINGUISH A GAS FIRE WITHOUT FIRST ISOLATING THE GAS SUPPLY. Special powders are available for class D metal fires CO2FireExtinguishers: Carbon Dioxide is ideal for fires involving electrical apparatus, and will also extinguish class B liquid fires, but has NO POST FIRE SECURITY and the fire could re-ignite. Wet Specialist extinguisher for class F fires. chemical

For Metal Fires: A specialist fire extinguisher for use on Class D fires - metal fires such as sodium, lithium, manganese and aluminium when in the form of swarf or turnings.

10. Write a note on the codes of fire safety.

Refer pdf UNIT II FIRE SAFETY 1. What are the points listed out for checking fire protection systems in multi-storied building? 2. Classify fire and explain in detail the compartmentation of building to contain fire? 3. Explain with neat sketches the fire detection and alarm systems 4. Write short notes on i) Wet risers

Wet Riser System

The wet riser system described below is a typical installation in a high-rise building. It is used to supply water from the wet riser water tank, through wet riser pipes, distributed to each floor, and ending at the canvas hoses and hose reels. The pipes supplying water to the hoses are pressurized all the time. Three pumps supply the water from the tank to the hoses. The pumps are the duty pump, the stand-by pump, and the jockey pump. Pressure switches along the pipe control the starting of each pump. The wet riser canvas hoses are located at each lift lobby. Each canvas hose has a diameter of 65 mm and a length of 30 m. When the hoses are in use, the pressure at each floor is controlled by landing valves that return excess pressurized water back to the wet riser tank through drain pipes. The hose reels are also located at each lift lobby. Each hose reel has a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 30 m. Pressure reducers are installed at the end of each wet riser pipe to supply a lower pressured water to hose reels. When the valves of the hoses are opened, pressurized water will shoot out through the nozzles of the hoses. The pressure in the piping will drop. The pressure switches at the pump room will sense the drop in pressure and the pumps will start to pressurize the pipe again. A typical system for a high-rise building is described below. The pressures are monitored at the pump room to control the pumps. Jockey Pump The first pump to start will be the jockey pump. The controlling pressure switch is set to start the pump at a pressure of 150 psi and stop it when the pressure reaches 230 psi. If a small leak exist in the wet riser piping - either on the wet riser or hose reel - the pump will start in order to compensate for the leak. Duty Pump If the pressure drops below 125 psi, this means a wet riser landing valve or a hose reel gate valve has been opened. The pressure switch that senses this set pressure activates and starts the duty pump. Stand-by Pump If for any reason the pressure continues to drop below 125 psi, it means either the duty pump has not started or is not available (under repair...etc.). The stand-by pump then takes over the function that is not performed by the duty pump. The stand-by pump is set to cut-in at 95 psi. Once the water flow is not needed any more the pressure builds up in the piping network. The duty or stand-by pumps stops after the cutout pressure is reached at 220 psi. The jockey pump continues to run until the system pressure reaches its cutout pressure of 230 psi. For a low building, the system will be less complicated. However, the purpose of supplying water to the fire fighting hoses is maintained.

ii) Public address system iii) Passive fire prevention.

Passive fire protection, which includes compartmentalisation of the overall building through the use of fireresistance rated walls and floors. Organization into smaller fire compartments, consisting of one or more rooms or floors, prevents or slows the spread of fire from the room of fire origin to other building spaces, limiting building

damage and providing more time to the building occupants for emergency evacuation or to reach an area of refuge. Fire prevention includes minimizing ignition sources, as well as educating the occupants and operators of the facility, ship or structure concerning operation and maintenance of fire-related systems for correct function, and emergency procedures including notification for fire service response and emergency evacuation..

Unit iii Building services Question bank 1. What are the civil infrastructures required for large scale construction?
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project architect. The civil infrastructure required for a large scale construction are A network of convenient roads for easy movement Quality plumbing and Water supply system Efficient electrical system Sewage and waste disposal system Fire safety system. Rain water harvesting system Storm water drainage system For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding, etc

2.How is dewatering done in any proposed site?

Dewatering description Dewatering is the removal of ground or surface water from a construction site to allow construction to be done "in the dry" (as opposed to under wet conditions). Water is usually removed using well points and power driven pumps. Dewatering of cofferdams and trenches is a common practice during the construction of bridges, culverts and public utilities .The other term used to describe dewatering is Pumping. Pollutants Controlled and Impacts Proper dewatering techniques will filter water of sediment, oils, and other chemicals, thus preventing these pollutants from entering the surface waters. Application Land Use Transportation (highway construction), urban (utility construction, and commercial development), and construction sites. Soil/Topography/Climate Dewatering is important in areas that have high ground water tables, or which do not have adequate drainage. When to Apply

Apply at the beginning of and during construction when it is necessary to lower the ground water table. Pumping needs to be maintained to keep utility ditches and cofferdams dry until all underground work is completed.
Where to Apply Apply on construction sites, where appropriate, or anywhere else dewatering is done. Dewatering is often implemented in conjunction with Watercourse Crossings. Sediment Basins and Filters should be considered to help filter the dewatered water before it is discharged to a surface water. Specifications Dewatering must be done so that the velocity of the discharged water doesn't cause scouring of the receiving area. If the receiving area is a structural BMP (i.e. basin or sump), the design of the BMP should be based on the anticipated flow from the dewatered area. 2. Sediment-laden water from cofferdams, trenches and other areas which need to be dewatered, should be pumped through a geotextile material before the water is discharged to a watercourse. See the Filters BMP. The filter bag should be disposed of by the contractor at an upland site. 3. If the dewatered water is discharged through a filter to a county or inter county drain, permission must be obtained from the drain commissioner or drain board. Maintenance The dewatering site should be inspected several times daily to ensure that the pumping procedure is adequately controlling the excess water, to ensure the filter bag is not clogged, and that the vegetative filter, where used, is still retaining sediment. If the filter bag becomes clogged, replace with a new one. If sediment basins are used, be sure to follow maintenance procedures included in the Sediment Basin BMP

3.Write short notes on road networks and its importance in material movement?
Road transport is still the dominant mode of transportation - both for moving goods and passengers. India has a huge network of roads comprising of National Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads and Village and other roads Out of total length of national highways , 27 % is single lane/intermediate lane; whereas 59 % is double-lane standard; and the rest 14 % is four-lane/ six-lane/ eight lane standard.

National Highways
These are main highways running through the length and breadth of the country connecting major ports, state capitals, large industrial and tourist centres, etc. National Highways in India are designated as NH followed by the highway number. The National Highways represent only 2% of the total network length, and they handle about 40% of the total road traffic. The National Highways are further classified based on the width of carriageway of the Highway. Generally, in case of a single lane, the lane width is of 3.75 meters, while in case of multi-lane National Highways, each of the lanes have a width of 3.5 meters. As of February 2008, out of the total length, 14% have four or more lanes and about 59% have 2-lanes or are double-laned, while the rest (27%) of the National Highway network has single or intermediate lane.

Expressways
The Expressways of India make up approximately 200 km (120 mi), of the Indian National Highway System. Indian Expressways are access controlled, feature a divider in the center and have at least six-lanes along with a shoulder on either side.[citation needed] Usually no two-wheelers, three-wheelers or tractor vehicles are allowed on these roads.[citation needed] Speeds of 120 km/h (75 mph) can be maintained on these roads due to separate merging lanes and the lack of speed breakers] so as to ensure smooth travel. Most of the existing expressways in India are toll roads The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is the authority responsible for the development, maintenance and management of National Highways entrusted to it. The NHAI is currently undertaking the developmental activities under National Highways Development Project (NHDP) in phases. In addition to implementation of NHDP, the NHAI is also responsible for implementing other projects on National Highways, primarily road connectivity to major ports in India.

State Highways
The State Highways provide linkages with the National Highways, district headquarters, important towns, tourist centres and minor ports and carry the traffic along major centers within the state. These arterial routes provides connectivity to important towns and cities within the state with National Highways or State Highways of the neighboring states. Their total length is about 137,711 km. The Ministry of State for Surface Transport in India administers the national highway system, and state highways and other state roads are maintained by state public works departments. The central and state governments share responsibilities for road building and maintaining Indian roads. [12]

District road
These are important roads within a district connecting areas of production with markets and connecting these with each other or with the State Highways & National Highways. It also connects Taluk headquarters and rural areas to District headquarters within the state. The road network is assuming a pivotal role in the movement of goods and passengers. There has been a substantial shift in the mode of transportation from Railways towards the road sector. While the Railways handle only 40% of the freight and 20% of the passengers load, 60% of the goods and 80% of passenger's movement takes place through roads. It is anticipated that the function of the road network will further increase in the foreseeable future.

4. Explain how water supply systems are laid in an upcoming project? 5.Explain the principle of rain water harvesting.
WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING : Rain water harvesting is essential because :Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished. As you read this guide, seriously consider conserving water by harvesting and managing this natural resource by artificially recharging the system. The examples covering several dozen installations successfully operating in India constructed and maintained by CGWB, provide an excellent snapshot of current systems. RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES : There are two main techniques of rain water harvesting. Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.

Recharge to ground water. The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc. Recharge to ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting and the structures generally used are :Pits :- Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. These are constructed 1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. deep which are back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand. Trenches:- These are constructed when the permeable stram is available at shallow depth. Trench may be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m. deep and 10 to 20 m. long depending up availability of water. These are back filled with filter. materials. Dug wells:- Existing dug wells may be utilised as recharge structure and water should pass through filter media before putting into dug well. Hand pumps :- The existing hand pumps may be used for recharging the shallow/deep aquifers, if the availability of water is limited. Water should pass through filter media before diverting it into hand pumps. Recharge wells :- Recharge wells of 100 to 300 mm. diameter are generally constructed for recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed through filter media to avoid choking of recharge wells. Recharge Shafts :- For recharging the shallow aquifer which are located below clayey surface, recharge shafts of 0.5 to 3 m. diameter and 10 to 15 m. deep are constructed and back filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand. Lateral shafts with bore wells :- For recharging the upper as well as deeper aquifers lateral shafts of 1.5 to 2 m. wide & 10 to 30 m. long depending upon availability of water with one or two bore wells are constructed. The lateral shafts is back filled with boulders, gravels & coarse sand. Spreading techniques :- When permeable strata starts from top then this technique is used. Spread the water in streams/Nalas by making check dams, nala bunds, cement plugs, gabion structures or a percolation pond may be constructed. Induced recharge from surface water bodies. Computation of artificial recharge from Roof top rainwater collection :

Factors taken for computation : Roof top area 100 sq.m. for individual house and 500 sq.m. for multi-storied building. Average annual monsoon rainfall - 780 mm. Effective annual rainfall contributing to recharge 70% - 550 mm.

Individual Houses Roof top area 100 sq. m.

Multistoried building 500 sq. m. 275 cu. m.

Total quantity available 55 cu. m forrecharge per annum Water available for 5 member 100 days Family

500 days

Benefits of Artificial Recharge in Urban Areas :

Improvement in infiltration and reduction in run-off. Improvement in groundwater levels and yields. Reduces strain on Special Village Panchayats/ Municipal / Municipal Corporation water supply Improvement in groundwater quality Estimated quantity of additional recharge from 100 sq. m. roof top area is 55.000 liters.

2. What are the various road and storm water drainage methods?
A storm drain, storm sewer is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms.

inlet
There are two main types of stormwater drain (sewer) inlets; side inlets and grated inlets. Side inlets are located adjacent to the curb (kerb) and rely on the ability of the opening under the backstone or lintel to

capture flow. They are usually depressed at the invert of the channel to improve capture capacity. [1] Grated inlets have gratings or grids to prevent large objects and debris from falling into the sewer system. However, their bars are fairly widely spaced so that the flow of water is not impeded. Consequently, many small objects can fall through. Many of these small objects are caught by the catchbasin, or sump, which lies immediately below the grating. Water from the top of the catchbasin drains into the sewer proper. The catchbasin serves much the same function as the "trap" in household wastewater plumbing in trapping objects. Most catchbasins will contain stagnant water during the drier parts of the year and can be used by mosquitoes for breeding. The performance of catchbasins at removing sediment and other pollutants depends on the design of the catchbasin (e.g., the size of the sump), and routine maintenance to retain the storage available in the sump to capture sediment. Municipalities typically have large vacuum trucks that perform this task. Catchbasins act as pretreatment for other treatment practices, such as retention basins, by capturing large sediments.

Piping
Pipes can come in many different shapes (rectangular, square, bread loaf shaped, oval and, more commonly, circular) and have many different features (including waterfalls, stairways, balconies and pits for catching rubbish or Gross Pollutant Traps (GPTs). Several different materials can also be used, such as brick, concrete, metal and even plastic in some cases.

Outlet
Most drains have a single large exit at their point of discharge (often covered by a grating) into a canal, river, lake, reservoir, sea or ocean. Other than catchbasins, typically there are no treatment facilities in the piping system. Small storm drains may discharge into individual dry wells. Storm drains may be interconnected using slotted pipe, to make a larger dry well system. Storm drains may discharge into man-made excavations known as recharge basins or retention ponds.

Reducing stormwater flows

Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems (UK term) or low impact development practices (U.S. term) into municipal plans. To reduce stormwater from rooftops, flows from eaves troughs (rain gutters and downspouts) may be infiltrated into adjacent soil, rather than discharged into the storm sewer system. Storm water runoff from paved surfaces can be directed to unlined ditches (sometimes called swales or bioswales) before flowing into the storm sewers, again to allow the runoff to soak into the ground. Permeable paving materials can be used in building sidewalks, driveways and in some cases, parking lots, to infiltrate a portion of the stormwater volume.[4]

PART A
UNIT IV SERVICE INTEGRATION 1. Explain briefly about perimeter protection.

Outdoor Perimeter Security Gunnebos offer includes crash rated gates, wedge barriers, bollards, roadblockers, electro-fencing as well as boom barriers, turnstiles, sliding- and swing gates in aluminum and steel. . Gunnebo is one of Europes leading suppliers of outdoor perimeter security solutions. Our target groups are embassies, military installations and other sites in need of security solutions. 1. Boom Barriers 2. Electromechanical Boom Barrier 3. Hydraulic Barrier 4. Manual Boom Barrier 2. What are the various methods of achieving access control in a corporate building? ACCESS CONTROL AND INTRUDER ALARMS Access control system shall be integrated with building automation, lighting controls and other security systems using the Building Operating System (BOS) as the integration platform. Access control shall be implemented with proximity readers, control nodes, electronic keys and electronic locks. Users can be classified so that they have access only to the spaces they are allowed to enter according to programmed time schedules. The access control system is connected to BOS for full control and reporting, and integrated into the central user interface. Intruder alarm system shall include perimeter protection and indoor surveillance. Monitored doors and windows shall be equipped with magnetic contacts. Movement detectors used in indoor surveillance shall be sensitive enough for presence detection of a single person, so that they can also be used for lighting controls and air-conditioning controls. Intruder alarms are seamlessly integrated on software level to access control, CCTV/DVR/NVR, lighting control and building automation. Granted access disarms the alarm zones automatically. In case of burglary the system gives an alarm, which is relayed through BOS to Service Center and/or to specified mobile phones.

Access Control Identification

As a leader in the field of identification and authentication, Gunnebo offers a large range of multi-technology readers, smart cards and controllers to regulate, manage and control movements of people and accessibility to particular areas By drawing on its security technologies and others derived from very close partnerships with leading market players, Gunnebo is able to offer a full and diverse range of secure pre-coded cards and biometric, magnetic, hands-free or long-distance readers that combine quality expertise in the main technologies on the market. Cards From simple read-only proximity cards to contactless read-write smart cards, Gunnebo supplies solutions for identifying people and vehicles which meet all the requirements of international standards: Multi-technology: magnetic, contact (Dallas key), contactless, biometrics. Multi-application : single multi-function cards providing several services (access control, companies restaurant, time and attendance). To complete its product offering, Gunnebo provides card personalization services for visual customization Readers

As a manufacturer, Gunnebo offers a products portfolio of readers built on its strong expertise and others derived from technology partnerhips with the leading players:

PASS readers (3.25 MHz contactless technology) Smart readers (13.56 MHz contactless technology) Biometrics Entrance Control Gunnebo is the worlds leading specialist in entrance control solutions and we manufacture indoor and outdoor turnstiles, interlocking doors and high performance doors, windows and partitions for a wide range of applications. From simple Tripod Turnstiles, Entrance Gates, Full-Height Turnstiles to advanced Speed Gates, Security Revolving Doors; Interlocks ranging from classic access control up to certified equipments with burglary, blast and bullet resistance; and Performance Doors, Windows and Partitions offering high-performance physical protection to resist burglar, ballistic and explosive attack. Our entrance control product range is designed to create a secure environment, whether it involves entering a company lobby, a shop, an entertainment area, an industrial zone and a metro station without restricting the freedom of movement or operating within sites with higher security level requirements such as airports, embassies, nuclear power plants and prisons. Interlocks & Automation Interlocks and Door Automation Systems developed by Gunnebo offer the right protection for your premises since required security levels vary not only from site to site, but also at different points within each site. Our Interlocks prevent piggybacking and tailgating and create a very secure solution for protecting the people and assets within a building. They are the solution in any building where sensitive areas need protection from intrusion, economic intelligence, theft or sabotage. Our Security Airlocks, Security Portals and Semi-Portals provide protection against manual attacks and the level of security can be increased through the use of approved burglary, bullet and blast resistant parts. Our complete range of Interlocks can be programmed to provide the required type of system by adding single passage detection, an intercom, remote mountings, video cameras or biometric identifications. In short, Interlocks and Door Automation Systems designed by Gunnebo are fully customisable to meet security requirements. Automatic Doors Automatic Door SliSec by Gunnebo is the solid and reliable sliding or telescopic door solution which can be fitted to most Gunnebo interlocking doors.

3. Write short notes on CCTV surveillance system. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. Videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool, is often so called.[1][2]

In industrial plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, utilizing Digital Video Recorders (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detection and email alerts). More recently, decentralized IP-based CCTV cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to network-attached storage devices, or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation. Surveillance of the public using CCTV is particularly common in the UK, where there are reportedly more cameras per person than in any other country in the world. [3] There and elsewhere, its increasing use has triggered a debate about security versus privacy. 4. Briefly explain biometric readers Biometric Technologies Although the biometric technologies are segmented in the technologies they analyze, each end product operates essentially in the same way. The first crucial step in building any biometric system is to obtain a sample of the biometric characteristic during an enrollment process, [4.]. This step is crucial in the effectiveness of the system, because this is when the initial characteristics of a user are determined. During the enrollment process, each user, beginning with the administrator who controls the system, provides samples of that systems specific biometric characteristic, . This is accomplished by interacting with the scanning hardware that the system provides . The unique features of the sample are then extracted and converted by the system into a mathematical code and the sample is then stored as the biometric template for that person, . The biometric template that is stored may reside in the biometric system itself, or in any other form of memory storage, such as a computer database, a smart card, or a bar-code,. All biometric systems use a procedure that consists of four stages: capture, extraction, comparison, and matching. The only difference is the methods and techniques that each biometric system uses to deal with the human characteristic involved. The capture stage refers to the physical or behavioral sample that is captured during the enrollment process, .The extraction stage refers to the extraction of unique data from the captured sample and then used in the creation of a template. The comparison stage refers to the comparing of a new sample with that of the original sample imprinted on the template. Finally, the matching stage refers to the process in which the biometric system will determine whether the new sample accurately matches the original sample or not.

BACK GROUND AND OBJECTIVES Biometrics such as fingerprints, irises, and faces are increasingly prevalent in authentication, encryption and access control. Biometrics are slightly different each time they are measured. Therefore they cannot be stored in encrypted form as passwords are because the encrypted form of the original biometric and the encrypted form of a later measurement of the same biometric would not match. At the same time the authentication method needs to be robust to the natural measurement variation of the biometric. 5. Explain the working principles of intruder alarms.
What is a burglar alarm? Basically, the burglar alarm is a device that monitors the designated area or areas to detect the presence of suspicious elements. The system takes the help of the sensor to detect such elements. Once found, the system sends emergency signals to the user or to the monitor station if the user so intends.

The components of Burglar Alarm

The security alarm system generally consists of a number of elements that work together to enhance the security of a place. The basic components of a burglar alarm system are: Control panel Keypad Sensor Siren Flashing light Motion detector

How the entire system works?

The work of the home security system begins with the sensors and motion detectors. These devices are installed in different places that they monitor in their own ways. However, they send emergency signals to the control panel once they detect something that surpasses their tolerance level. The control panel of the system works like the brain and decide the next step of action. Basically, there are two different things that the control panel performs. It can set off an alarm located near the house to alert the homeowner and the neighbors. However, if the system is monitored from a centralized station , the control panel will send signals there without setting off any audible alarm. In the basic models, the control panel uses the standard telephone line to send the security message. However, some of the latest models do use the GSM and internet to dispatch signals. So, they don't need any wires. The keyboard provided with the home security system enables the users to arm, disarm and program the security system according to their wish. Most of the time, users are given multiple keyboards so that they don't have to rush from one place to another to find the keyboard in emergency.

Sensors of the Burglar Alarm

There are different types of sensors used in the burglar alarm system. Some of them are used outdoors while others are suitable for indoors.

Indoor sensors:
PIR: The Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors are very commonly found in most burglar alarm systems. It is passive in the sense that it captures the heat emitted from the objects. Therefore, it needs a clear sight of vision. As human body emits more heat, the sensor can detect the presence of intruders.

Ultrasonic detectors: These sensors send ultrasonic sound waves and receive them as they bounce back from the fixed objects in the room. So, if any object moves the wave length changes and the sensor detects moving object. Microwave detectors: This type of sensor emits microwaves and detects discrepancies in the signals through the receiver. Photoelectric beam systems: These sensors also emit infrared light beams. However, they observe whether there is any obstruction in its way.

Outdoor sensors:
Vibration sensors: These sensors are mounted on walls or other structures. They detect any vibration that occurs when that structure is attacked. Passive magnetic field detection: These sensors can be buried and it monitors the area with the help of electromagnetic field. E-field: These sensors too, work in a similar fashion; however they are more programmable and can provide vigilance up to 4 meters of height.

Conclusion
There are different other types of sensors available for the burglar alarm systems. However, the users must consider their pros and cons to find out the sensor appropriate for their specific needs.

6. How is fire fighting systems controlled by BMS?

in case of a fire in large and open spaces, properties that lie nearby are most threaten; usually owners are not there, the Local Fire Dept is not notified soon enough or the already installed irrigation system of the house is just not enough to withstand the fire front coming towards the house. The DCSIs Fire Detection, Alarm & Extinguish system covers the need for efficient response to fires threatening a house perimeter. With a multiple system of overlapping sensors and water canons, all controlled by a main control installed in the house and utilization of the existing piping and watering installation, the property is going to hold for as long as it takes the Fire Fighting Forces to reach the place. The system can take the following tasks : Communicate with the owner via phone line. The owner can be notified of any possible alarm of the system. Communicate with local Fire Dept or other authorities and transmit a distress message with the exact location of the house, in case of a Master Alarm ( Fire Alarm in one zone or a number of zones). The systems sensors are configured to detect a small flame source from a distance of approximately 100m . Depending on the intense of the flame, the system decides whereas to predicatively engage the water canons or wait for more data from the sensing device. Alternatively, the user of the system can manually operate the canons in any selected zone. Depending on the installation, the system can be customized to cover part or all of the house perimeter as well as interior areas most vulnerable to fire danger. Each flame detector has a nominal angular sensitivity as appearing on the following sketch:

100 m (subject to clear view)

Covering at least 110 degrees on a level perpendicularly to the sensors body and a 110 degrees on a level parallel to the sensors body. However when trying to define the position and number of sensors for each area an examination of the area and a case specific study is required. General Principle of installation follows the example pattern appearing below

Slight Overlapping is observed in almost all areas of the perimeter The blue area indicates the spectrum of detection for each sensor, having in mind that there are no physical obstacles and other interferences. Different subdivision refers to subdivision in water zones. Depending on the design capacity (flow: lt/min) and the required flow required for each fire-fighting nozzle, we divide the property in zones requiring about the same lt/min water flow. It is vital not too many nozzles to be placed on a single zone. Maximum consumption of water by simultaneous operation of nozzles shall not exceed the design capacity. The process of selecting the number of nozzles required for a specific area as well as their location follows the frame of economy (minimum number of nozzles, minimum piping required and fewer control valves) and efficiency. The concept requires complete coverage and overlapping of the surrounding area. Nozzles have a range of 30 35 mtrs when installed properly and in clear locations on a piping system under pressure of 5 bar . Proper arrangement of nozzles is considered of primary importance to the efficiency of the system. Practically may be easily accomplished by following these simple guidelines. Fire Fighting Nozzles shall be placed in a way such as that the distance between two nozzles is of no more than 25mtrs. This spacing will allow the spaying to overlap and to assure water coverage of all the desirable area. The nozzles have an arc of coverage of 360 degrees. Sometimes it is consider essential to install a nozzle on about the center of an area defined by surrounding nozzles.

Follow related sketches as relative examples.

Subdivision into water Zones: Seven different water Zones corresponding to 7 control valves and to a maximum number of two (2) water nozzles per water zone Residential controllers A 220V electrical outlet is required . shall be installed indoors.

7. What are the control points for electrical systems in high rise buildings?
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distributionsystem, where voltage is transformed from high to low, or the reverse, or many other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one power station where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

Automation
Main article: Power system automation

Early electrical substations required manual switching or adjustment of equipment, and manual collection of data for load, energy consumption, and abnormal events. As the complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to automate supervision and control of substations from a centrally-attended

point, to allow overall coordination in case of emegencies and to reduce operating costs. Early efforts to remote control substations used dedicated communication wires, often run along side power circuits. Powerline carrier, microwave radio, fiber optic cables as well as dedicated wired remote control circuits have all been applied to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for substations. The development of the microprocessor made for an exponential increase in the number of points that could be economically controlled and monitored. Today, standardized communication protocols such as DNP3, IEC 61850 andModbus, to list a few, are used to allow multiple intelligent electronic devices to communicate with each other and supervisory control centers. Distributed automatic control at substations is one element of the so-called smart grid.

Automated lighting control

Building automation and lighting control solutions are now available to help reduce energy usage and cost by eliminating over-illumination. These solutions provide centralized control of all lighting within a home or commercial building, allowing easy implementation of scheduling, occupancy control, daylight harvesting and more. Many systems also support Demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of DR incentives and cost savings. Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).[21] In response to daylighting technology, daylight-linked automated response systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this distrub occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb occupants as much. [1][22] Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. [23][24]

PART B
UNIT IV SERVICE INTEGRATION

1. Name the different security systems available for a multi-storied building and explain the salient features of the systems. 2. Write short notes on

i) Biometric readers ii) CCTV surveillance iii) Infrared motion detectors 3. Explain in detail the functioning and response of IBMS to fire in a building.

1. How water supply systems are laid in an High Rise building project :
Finding the source Local water, bore wells, open wells, tankers etc., Locating the Storage tanks UG sumps, Transfer from UG to OHT by pumping systems pneumatic pumps help in pressurizations, Supply to all individuals in all the floor level from OHT by gravity flow - pneumatic pumps help in pressurizations, From Terrace supply thro ring mains and to down by various stack sytems depending upon height of tower. Source Storage UG / tanks stacks sytem of Supply Pumping OHT Gravity / Pump ring mains /

2. The design considerations for an office complex for wiring and layout parameters
To start up with cable and wire management familiarity, knowledge of general construction practices and local and national codes is also required. Before into design to analyse the nature of purpose, what is life expectancy, how large the project, how many distribution control panels to be used, no. of cable extended, will they be expand in future etc., Design includes selection and use of conduits, the overhead wire way/support systems include structural metal cable tray, ladder tray, wire basket cable tray, and runway hanging hardware. Floor delivery systems include cellular decking/trench cable systems, under floor duct systems, raised-floor systems and poke-through devices. Perimeter systems center around surface raceway systems and flush-mount wall boxes. Work area/work surface systems include surface raceways and architectural columns for open space power and communications delivery. When installing twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cable in conduit systems, pay particular attention to the coefficient of friction and pulling tension applied to the new cables. One way to achieve maximum usefulness of a conduit support system and provide flexibility for future changes is to partition the particular conduit before cable is installed by pulling multiple flexible inner ducts into the conduit or purchasing a conduit system with integrated partitions. For example, a 4-inch conduit can contain three 1.25-inch inner ducts. Cables can be run through a single partition, as the need arises, and pulling tension and friction is isolated to that partition. Preparation and design of wiring layout, wiring sizes as per requirements, quality of wires, FR wires,- a list of make of wire will be issued at the time of contracts as advised by consultants, workmanship with a certified/grade contractors/ supervisions, provision for enough junction boxes for wire pulling, dummying on completion, Testing and commissioning , proper earthing as required, preparation of as built layout.

3. The control points for electrical systems in high rise buildings

DBR Design Brief Report to be prepared for the proposed building with all required parameters fulfilling local codes and NBC / standards. Main incomer and panel boards should be located in the electrical room at GF or BF level with easy accessability. Required safety to be taken care with necessary enclousers. Main

incomer ACB or VCB or MCCB etc., for over load current protection and main on/off controls for the total building can be done here. All individual units/blocks may have separate metering cum control boards at designated locations. Transformer -----------Feeder Pillars ------------Main Panel with Metering ----- D.B D.G. Set -------------------

4. Details of planning, design, construction of all the infrastructure development

required for residential complexes Will brief u da. Planning what to be done, requirement, marketing resources, feasibility, viability all input datas towards successive planning, expansions into considerations, phase planning, master planning, landscape planning, blocks planning & infra planning.

5. The process of infrastructure development required for large IT parks.

24 x 7 Power Back up Ample car parking space. State-of-the-art fire detection and fire protection system. Sewage Treatment Plant. Provision for Business Centre, ATM, Food Court, Retail Store and Gymnasium among other facilities.

6. The process of infrastructure development required for a large housing layout.

Well organized approach and internal roads, connectivity, Good water management system domestic and non domestic water supply system, Play ground, parks, community clubs, centres, hosipitals, libraries, schools related life amenities, Well designed electrical system, street lightings, power back up facilities And all other amenities etc.,

7. Details of planning, design, construction of all the infrastructure development in a

satellite township Location, Areas, Populations, Developing authorities approvals, Present status bought, acquisitions etc., Economic status resi, IT, non polluting, etc., Road access connectivity, approach internal etc., Well designed internal roads, Good storm water drainages systems, - re charges arrangements, excellent sewerage systems, re-use systems Source of water supply, internal and external arrangements for portable and non portable supply, - re use connectivitys, Efficient street lightings, open yard lightings, utilities, Electrical - transformer yards, DG connections, Safety and securities, Shops, pharmacy, schools, play areas, pools, water features,

Townships are created at some of the best location in the city, with world class amenities and impeccable facilities management services reflect a sense of originality in conception and execution. Each township is unique in its own way, different from one another in nature, theme and makeup, but there is a similarity of principle that underpins all of them its not mere functionality but a blend of the practical and the aesthetic with the environment where these townships are developed.

Define Township master planner Statistic of township area statements, fsi,etc., Site plan Land use legends parcel descriptions, Landscape legends, Study of traffic flow Block Development Parking study Pre-design guidelines Site planning Building material and products Sustainable use of energy Water and sanitation Solid waste management Indoor environment quality Construction administration Building commissioning, operation and maintenance Background About the site Analysis and site specific guidelines Implementation Conclusion built environment in resource use built environment in pollution emission World Climate Averages The waste management hierarchy

Land use Break up Use Area in ha %age Gross residential Industrial Commercial and Sub Institutional, health and cultural

Major roads Large open spaces and water bodies Proposed regional level urban infrastructures likely to generate employments General hospitals Interstate bus terminus Truck terminal Central Business Districts Convention Centre Open air fair ground Large amusement park Cultural complex/ multiplex Investment potential of New Town

Investigate how planning mechanisms could be used to foster growth of residential and commercial activity in appropriate areas within the township, noting that: development retains the rural flavour of the town development is focused around the town centre, not dispersed, to create a sense of community, improve personal safety and minimise infrastructure costs. Beautify the town centre by: establishing a well-maintained public garden with native flora to attract birdlife and shaded seating maintaining tidy roadsides and buildings Develop a strategy to encourage essential retail services back into the community There are a number of services and community facilities including sports clubs, play group, marae, church, fire brigade. restaurants/food outlets The dairy/post office has recently closed, however, there is a centre where residents can collect their mail as there is no door-to-door delivery. There are several vineyards in the area. The main sectors of employment in the township are horticulture, agriculture and viticulture (increasing rapidly). Some residents work in Resident and commute daily.

KEY POINTS : 1. 2. 3. 4. the entry sign town Attractive streetscapes and well-maintained infrastructure Attractive public gardens with shaded seating. Tidy buildings and roadsides Beautify the town centre with plantings of native flora, particularly those that attract birdlife. to provide plantings and fund their establishment 5. Develop a community notice board Whats Happening in in the centre of town for the purpose of improving community communication and connections. To be managed by Committee and maintained by them 6. Develop the public toilet block and lobby Telecom to have a public telephone installed 7. Develop a strategy to encourage essential retail services back into the community 8. Erect a bus shelter at required spots 9. Excellent public amenities 10. Excellent road infrastructure and drainage

11. Increase overall street lighting in the town to appropriate levels (i.e. design not to interfere with dark sky) 12. Install cameras to find perpetrators of graffiti and vandalism in the town and ensure those responsible for graffiti and vandalism play an active part in repairing damage 13. Investigate possibility for self-sustaining alternative electricity generation for town, including using sewage to generate electricity and using fuel cells to power some facilities e.g. the community hall, 14. Investigate the viability of a family orientated establishment overlooking the sports grounds 15. Regular mowing of long grass on road verges and maintenance of drains 16. Develop a computer library or encourage Computers in Homes programmes 17. Develop a public swimming pool 18. Develop links with Maori Wardens 19. Develop the local school as a central focus for the community 20. Expand the sports and recreation facilities available in the town (basketball hoop, skateboard park, childrens playground, hockey training ground 21. Give youth a voice in community decision-making and responsibility 22. Improve existing sports and recreation facilities in the township including lighting, drainage of rugby fields, drainage of car parks, re-design of the hall car park to prevent skids and improve parking and resurfacing of court surfaces 23. Investigate the viability of extending existing weekend 24. Lobby District Health Board - community clinic and improve emergency services 25. Divert large vehicles around town centre to provide safe walking and cycling 26. Look to investigate the feasibility of reticulation as high water tables and septic systems are creating environmental and health concerns 27. Operational details of the hall and other sport and recreation facilities 28. Lobby Telecom for a public telephone 29. Investigate viability of becoming energy self-sufficient including using sewage and fuel cells to power community facilities. 30. Investigate the feasibility of reticulated sewage and water supply as high water tables create environmental health concerns with existing septic systems