Sealed Radiation Sources

The company
POLATOM Sp. z o.o. is an enterprise focused on production and trade activity in the field of isotope application. Our production range includes radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine, radiochemicals, standard solutions and reference sources for R&D, and sealed radiation sources for industrial applications. POLATOM Sp. z o.o. is present in the market of radioisotope products for over 50 years, until the end of 2004 in the structure of Radioisotope Centre POLATOM and since then as a company Ltd. The company is located in vicinity of the Nuclear Reactor in Otwock-wierk, near Warsaw.

Reliable supplier of sealed radiation sources

The quality sealed source for gamma radiography should have active part sizes as small as possible. POLATOM cares for the quality of your radiographic images and supplies high activity Ir-192 sources with the smallest active part available in the market. We have experience, qualifications and facilities to provide the highest level of service in handling radioactive materials and various types of gamma radiography equipment. We can offer you reloading of sealed source in your projector or holder in our facility, including disposal of the spent source, and send back the projector ready to work. In case you require a source dispatched in our container we use containers type A or the following B(U) containers: UKI 4x135; ZKI 4x150; UK12S; UK50S.

The overall sizes, weight and maximum activity for typical containers are specified below:
Container type/ Height Diameter Weight [mm] [mm] [kg] UKI 4x135* 270 146 41 ZKI 4x150* 298 150 65 UK 12S 330 280 100 UK 50S 420 325 185 * Maximum activity in each of four channels Ir-192 [TBq] 4.99 5.55 44 185 maximum activity for nuclide Co-60 Se-75 Yb-169 [GBq] [TBq] [TBq] 3.36 37 74 3.73 41.15 82.30 29.60 370 74.00 1630 -

Standards, quality control and safety

POLATOM Sp. z o.o. implemented Quality Assurance System according to PN-EN-ISO 9001: 2001 in desing, production, sales isotopic products and radiopharmaceuticals, services of isotopic equipment, transport and dispatching of radioactive materials. And also follows the standards for International Control System of radioactive materials. ISO 2919 this international standard establishes a system of classification of sealed radioactive sources based on tests and specifies general requirements, performance tests, production tests, marking and certification. It provides a set of tests by which manufacturer can evaluate the safety of his products in use. And also specifies the sealed sources classification (performance) requirements for typical use.

Classification of sealed source performance:

Test / Class 1 Temperature No test 2 -40C (20min) +80C (1h) 3 -40C (20min) +180C (1h) 4 -40C (20min) +400C (1h) and thermal shock 400C to 20C 25kPa absolute to 7 MPa absolute 2kg from 1m 3x30 min 25Hz to 80Hz 1.5mm amplitude peak to peak and 80Hz to 2000Hz at 20gn peak 5 6 -40C (20min) -40C (20min) +600C (1h) +800C (1h) and thermal and thermal shock 600C shock 800C to 20C to 20C 25kPa 25kPa absolute to absolute to 70 MPa 170 MPa absolute absolute 5kg from 1m 20kg from 1m

External pressure

No test

Impact Vibrations

No test No test

25kPa absolute to atmospheric pressure 50g from 1m 3x10 min at 25Hz to 50Hz at 5gn peak amplitude

Puncture

No test

1g from 1m

25kPa absolute to 2 MPa absolute 200g from 1m 3x10 min at 25Hz to 50Hz 5gn peak amplitude and 50Hz to 90Hz at 0.635mm amplitude peak to peak and 90Hz to 500Hz at 10gn 10g from 1m

50g from 1m

300g from 1m 1kg from 1m

Quality control
Testing for leakage and contamination - ISO 9978. Wipe test - with a swab or tissue, moistened with ethanol or water, the removed activity is measured. Acceptance limit: 200 Bq (5 nCi). Immersion test - in water or other solvent at 50C for 4 hours and then the activity in the solvent is measured. Acceptance limit: 200 Bq (5 nCi).

Safety
International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation, personal measurements, measurements of containers, holders, projectors etc. are applied to all our sources. Our priority is to ensure safety to the user and anyone handling the transport. The special form sources according to IAEA Special Form - requires tests for sealed sources given in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material 2005 Edition No. TS-R-1. This is to determine the acceptable maximum activity for various transport containers. After each required test the source must be subjected to immersion testing.

Sealed Sources for Radiography

The following sources are used for approximate steel working thickness:
Source Ytterbium Yb-169 Selenium Se-75 Iridium Ir-192 Cobalt Co-60 Yb-169 for Al and Ti Se-75 for Al and Ti Class A 1 - 15 mm 10 - 40 mm 20 - 100 mm 40 - 200 mm 10 - 70 mm 35-120 mm Class B 2 - 12 mm 14 - 40 mm 20 - 90 mm 60 - 150 mm 25 - 55 mm

Steel thickness may be reduced to 10mm for Ir-192 end to 5 mm for Se-75

Exposure rate at 1 meter

Nuclide Yb-169 Se-75 Ir-192 Co-60 Equivalent activity 37GBq (1 Ci) 37GBq (1 Ci) 37GBq (1 Ci) 37GBq (1 Ci) Exposure rate 0.125 R/h 0.203 R/h 0.48 R/h 1.30 R/h Air KERMA rate 1.1 mGy/h 1.8 mGy/h 4.2 mGy/h 11 mGy/h

Ytterbium-169
Main application: Gamma Radiography Half-life: 32 days Recommended working life: 6 months Radiation energies E [MeV]:
0.063 (43.9%) 0.094 (2.6%) 0.110 (17.6%) 0.118 (1.9%) 0.131 (11.2%) 0.177 (21.5%) 0.198 (35.1%) 0.261 (1.7%) 0.308 (10.8%)

Radioactive decay:
Yb-169
Days from date of measurement

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.52 0.42 0.34 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.14

2 0.96 0.77 0.62 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.26 0.21 0.17 0.14

4 0.92 0.74 0.59 0.48 0.39 0.31 0.25 0.20 0.16 0.13

6 0.88 0.71 0.57 0.46 0.37 0.30 0.24 0.19 0.15 0.13

8 0.84 0.68 0.55 0.44 0.35 0.29 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.12

Description: Capsules: Identification:

Code YB1YA YB2YA YB3YA capsule type YA YA YA

Double titanium capsule argon arc welded, containing the isotope as pressed ytterbium oxide. YA by serial number
Active part [mm] x h [mm] 1x1 1.4x1.6 1(spherical) Maximum Activity [GBq] [Ci] 166.5 4.5 444 12* 259 7*

* activity depends on enrichment of target material

Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing

Code YB1YAT Capsule type YA External dimensions [mm] x h [mm] 5x8 Capsule material titanium ISO classification C 64445

YA Capsule

Selenium-75
Main application: Gamma Radiography Half-life: 120 days Recommended working life: 2 years Radiation energies E [MeV]:
0.066 (1.1%) 0.097 (3.5%) 0.121 (17.3%) 0.136 (59.0%) 0.199 (1.5%) 0.265 (59.1%) 0.280 (25.2%) 0.305 (1.4%) 0.401 (11.6%) and others

Radioactive decay:
Se-75
Days from date of measurement

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

0 1.0000 0.8907 0.7934 0.7067 0.6295 0.5607 0.4994 0.4448 0.3962 0.3529 0.3144 0.2800 0.2494 0.2222 0.1979 0.1763 0.1570 0.1398

4 0.9771 0.8703 0.7752 0.6905 0.6151 0.5479 0.4880 0.4347 0.3872 0.3449 0.3072 0.2736 0.2437 0.2171 0.1934 0.1722 0.1534 0.1366

8 0.9548 0.8504 0.7575 0.6747 0.6010 0.5353 0.4768 0.4247 0.3783 0.3370 0.3002 0.2674 0.2381 0.2121 0.1889 0.1683 0.1499 0.1335

12 0.9329 0.8310 0.7402 0.6593 0.5873 0.5231 0.4659 0.4150 0.3697 0.3293 0.2933 0.2612 0.2327 0.2073 0.1846 0.1644 0.1465 0.1305

16 0.9116 0.8120 0.7232 0.6442 0.5738 0.5111 0.4553 0.4055 0.3612 0.3217 0.2866 0.2553 0.2274 0.2025 0.1804 0.1608 0.1431 0.1275

Description: Capsules: Identification:

Code GS75M12.111 GS75M12.311 GS75M12.711 GS75M12.112 GS75M12.412

Double capsule containing the isotope as pressed selenium powder. Internal titanium capsule laser welded, external stainless steel capsule argon arc welded. M12 by serial number
capsule type M12 Active part [mm] x h [mm] 1x1 1.5x1.5 2x2 2.5x2.5 3x3 Maximum Activity [GBq] 111 296 740 1480 2960 [Ci] 3 8 20 40 80

Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing

Code GS75M12 Capsule type M12 External dimensions [mm] x h [mm] 6 x 20 Capsule material Titanium/steel ISO classification C 63545

M12 Capsule

Iridium-192
Main application: Gamma Radiography Half-life: 74 days Recommended working life: 1 year Radiation energies E [MeV]: 0.206 (3.4%) 0.308 (30.7%) 0.296 (29.6%) 0.316 (82.7%)

0.468 (47.0%) 0.484 (2.9%)

0.589 (4.4%) 0.604 (8.2%)

0.612 (5.3%)

Radioactive decay:
Ir-192
Days from date of measurement

Radioactive decay:
Ir-192
Days from date

0 10 20 30 40 50

0 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.75 0.69 0.63

5 0.95 0.87 0.79 0.72 0.66 0.60

of measurement

60 70 80 90 100 110

0 0.57 0.52 0.47 0.43 0.39 0.36

5 0.54 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34

Description: Capsules: Identification:

Stainless steel capsule argon arc welded, containing iridium pellets. HA, HB, YA by serial number

Code

capsule type

Active part [mm] x h [mm]

Maximum Activity [GBq]

[Ci]

IR1HA

HA

IR1HB

HB

IR1YA

YA

1.0x0.4 1.0x0.6 1.0x1.0 1.5x1.0 1.5x1.2 1.5x1.6 2.0x1.0 2.0x1.2 2.0x1.6 2.0x2.0 3.0x2.0 3.0x2.2 3.0x2.4 3.0x3.0 3.0x4.0

148 222 370 666 777 1110 1184 1460 1850 2294 3700 4255 4440 6475 8140

4 6 10 18 21 30 32 38 50 62 100 115 120 175 220

Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing

Code Capsule type External dimensions [mm] x h [mm] Capsule material ISO classification

IR1HA IR1HB IR1YA

HA HB YA

4x5 4x6 5x8

Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel

(1H18N9T) (1H18N9T) (1H18N9T)

C 64344 C 64344 C 64344 7

HA Capsule HB Capsule

YA Capsule

Cobalt-60
Application: Gamma radiography and process control, point or linear sources. Half-life: 5.27 years Recommended working life: 10 years Radiation energies E [MeV]: 1.17 (100%) 1.33 (100%)

Radioactive decay Cobalt-60:

Co-60
Months from date of measurement

0 10 20 30 40 50

0 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.58

2 0.98 0.88 0.79 0.70 0.63 0.57

4 0.96 0.86 0.77 0.69 0.62 0.55

6 0.94 0.84 0.75 0.67 0.60 0.54

8 0.92 0.82 0.74 0.66 0.59 0.53

Point sources in capsules: HB, YA, HB/HK

Description: Identification: Nickel plated disks of cobalt are sealed in stainless steel capsule welded in argon arc. Alternatively in double stainless steel capsule. by serial number

Code CO1HB CO1YA CO1HK

capsule type HB YA HB/HK

Active part [mm] x h [mm] 3x3 3x3 3x3

Maximum Activity [GBq] 37 37 370

[Ci] 1 1 10

Capsule dimensions and safety performance testing

Code CO1HB CO1YA CO1HK Capsule type HB YA HB/HK External dimensions [mm] x h [mm] 4x6 5x8 5x10 Capsule material Stainless steel (1H18N9T) Stainless steel Stainless steel ISO classification C 64344 C 64344 C 64344

HB Capsule

YA Capsule

HB/HK Capsule

Linear Sources in capsules: LA - LG

Description: Identification:
Code CO1LA CO1LB CO1LC CO1LD CO1LE CO1LF CO1LG

Nickel plated rods 40mm long, diameter 1mm. The active rods of cobalt are sealed in aluminium and stainless steel capsules welded in argon arc. by serial number
Capsule type LA LB LC LD LE LF LG External dimensions [mm] x h [mm] 8x50-490 8x500 8x600 8x750 8x900 8x1100 8x1300 Active part [mm] x h [mm] 1x40-480 1x490 1x590 1x740 1x890 1x1090 1x1290 Maximum [GBq] Activity [mCi]

1.85

50

Container for linear sources

Source loading services

The sources may be loaded to various types of projector holders

Gammamat holder

Sentinel holder

10

SI Units
The following units are recommended for radioactivity and absorbed dose. The equivalence between the SI units and traditional units is specified in the table below.

Physical quantity Radioactivity Absorbed dose

SI unit becquerel [Bq] gray [Gy]

Traditional unit curie [Ci] rad

Relationship 1 Ci = 3.7x1010Bq 1Bq = 2.7x10-11Ci 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 Gy = 100 rad

Changing the units Curies to Becquerels 0.1 mCi 0.2 mCi 0.5 mCi 1 mCi 2 mCi 5 mCi 10 mCi 20 mCi 50 mCi 100 mCi 200 mCi 500 mCi 1 Ci 2 Ci 5 Ci 10 Ci 100 Ci 3.7 7.4 18.5 37 74 185 370 740 1.85 3.7 7.4 18.5 37 74 185 370 3.7
MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq TBq

Becquerels to Curies 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 1

MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq MBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq GBq TBq

0.027 0.054 0.135 0.270 0.540 1.350 2.703 5.405 13.50 27.03 54.04 135.0 270.3 540.5 1.350 2.703 27.03

mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi mCi Ci Ci Ci

11

2007
POLATOM Sp. z o.o. 05-400 Otwock-wierk, POLAND phone: (+48 22) 718 07 37; 718 07 64; 718 07 54, fax: (+48 22) 779 73 81 e-mail: polatom@polatom.pl, www.polatom.pl