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PWM Techniques

The document discusses various pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques used in power electronics. It begins with an overview of basic PWM principles like the equal-area theorem and how it enables generating different waveform shapes. It then describes several specific PWM methods like triangular-wave sampling, selective harmonics elimination, and hysteretic control. Application of these techniques to devices like inverters and rectifiers is covered along with ways to reduce harmonics and improve voltage utilization. Feedback control integration with PWM is also reviewed.

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Danny Chu
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517 views

PWM Techniques

The document discusses various pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques used in power electronics. It begins with an overview of basic PWM principles like the equal-area theorem and how it enables generating different waveform shapes. It then describes several specific PWM methods like triangular-wave sampling, selective harmonics elimination, and hysteretic control. Application of these techniques to devices like inverters and rectifiers is covered along with ways to reduce harmonics and improve voltage utilization. Feedback control integration with PWM is also reviewed.

Uploaded by

Danny Chu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Electronics

Chapter 6 PWM Techniques

The most widely used control technique in power electronics

Power Electronics

DC/DC

AC/AC

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) (Chopping control)

DC/AC

AC/DC
2

Power Electronics

Outline
6.1 Basic principles 6.2 Some major PWM techniques in DC/AC inverters 6.3 PWM techniques with feedback control 6.4 PWM rectifiers

Power Electronics

6.1 Basic principles of PWM


Similar response to different shape of impulse input

The equal-area theorem: Responses tend to be identical when input signals have same area and time durations of input impulses become very small.
4

Power Electronics

Basic principles of PWM


Application of the equal-area theorem This is sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) The equal-area theorem can be applied to realize any shape of waveforms

Power Electronics

A list of PWM techniques


Triangular-wave sampling
Natural sampling Uniform sampling

Calculation
Calculation based on equal-area criterion Selective harmonics elimination

Hysteric control Space Vector Modulation (SVM, or SVPWM) Random PWM

Power Electronics

6.2 Some major PWM techniques


Natural sampling Uniform sampling Selective harmonics elimination Some practical issues
Synchronous modulation and asynchronous modulation Harmonics in the PWM inverter output voltages Ways to improve DC input voltage utilization and reduce switching frequency Connection of multiple PWM inverters

Power Electronics

Triangular-wave natural sampling


Uni-polar PWM in single-phase VSI
V1 Ud + V2 VD2
Control signal Carrier

VD1 R uo

V3 L V4

VD3

VD4

ur uc
Mudulation Carrier

Uni-polar sampling is used to realize uni-polar PWM.

Triangular-wave natural sampling

Power Electronics

Bi-polar PWM in single-phase VSI


V1 Ud + V2 VD2
Control signal Carrier

VD1 R uo

V3 L V4

VD3

VD4

ur uc
Mudulation Carrier

Bi-polar sampling is used to realize bi-polar PWM.

Triangular-wave natural sampling

Power Electronics

In 3-phase VSI

Three-phase bridge inverter can only realize bi-bolar PWM therefore should be controlled by bipolar sampling.
10

Power Electronics

Triangular-wave uniform sampling


Easier to realize by computercontrol

Modulation factor

11

Power Electronics

Selective harmonics elimination PWM (SHEPWM)

12

Power Electronics

Frequency relationship between triangularwave carrier and control signal


Asynchronous Modulation Synchronous Modulation

13

Power Electronics

Harmonics in the PWM inverter output voltages


Spectrum of 1-phase bridge PWM inverter output voltage No lower order harmonics The lowest frequency harmonics is wc and adjacent harmonics. wc has the highest harmonic content.
Magnitude(%) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 k 1 n 0 0 + -5 0 + -2 + -2 + -4 0 + -1 + -3 + -4 1 2 3 (nc +kr ) a=1.0 a=0.8 a=0.5 a=0

14

Power Electronics

Harmonics in the PWM inverter output voltages


Spectrum of 3-phase bridge PWM inverter output voltage No lower order harmonics No harmonics at c. The lowest frequency and highest content harmonics are c2r and 2cr.
1.2 1.0 Magnitude(%) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 k 1 n 0 0 + -2 + -4 0 + -1 + -3 + -5 0 + -2 + -4 1 2 3 (nc +kr ) a=1.0 a=0.8 a=0.5 a=0

15

Power Electronics

Ways to improve utilization of DC input voltage and reduce switching frequency


Use trapezoidal waveform as modulating signal instead of sinusoidal

16

Power Electronics

Ways to improve utilization of DC input voltage and reduce switching frequency


Use 3k order harmonics bias in the modulating signal
u ur1 ur3 O ur1 u ur uc
u 1 O -1 uP O -0.5 u 1 O -1 uUN'
Ud 2

urU1

urV1

urW1

uc

t urU urV urW uc

O
Ud 2

uVN' O uWN'

O uUV Ud O -U d

17

Power Electronics

Connection of multiple PWM inverters

Purposes
Expand output power rating Reduce harmonics
18

Power Electronics

6.3 PWM techniques with feedback control


Current hysteric control Voltage hysteric control Triangular-wave comparison (sampling) with feedback control

19

Power Electronics

Current hysteretic control


In Single-phase VSI

20

Power Electronics

Current hysteretic control


In 3-phase VSI

21

Power Electronics

Voltage hysteretic control

Ud 2 Ud 2

Filter

+ u* u

22

Power Electronics

Triangular-wave comparison (sampling) with feedback control

23

Power Electronics

6.4 PWM rectifiers


Operation Principles

a) Rectification mode

b) Inversion mode

c) Reactive power compensation mode

d) Current leading by

24

Power Electronics

PWM rectifiers
Three-phase circuit

25

Power Electronics

PWM rectifiers
Indirect current control
Triangular-wave u*d + ud

PI

id

uR + + R - uA,B,C sin(t+2k/3) (k=0,1,2) uL XL cos(t+2k/3) (k=0,1,2)

R ud + Load

L ua,ub,uc

26

Power Electronics

PWM rectifiers
Direct current control

27

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