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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 1


Name of the Student: Branch:

Unit I (Fourier Series)

1) Dirichlets Conditions:

Any function ( ) f x can be expanded as a Fourier
series
0
1 1
cos sin
2
n n
n n
a
a nx b nx

= =
+ +

where
0
, ,
n n
a a b are constants provided the
following conditions are true.
( ) f x is periodic, single valued and finite.
( ) f x has a finite number of discontinuities in any one period.
( ) f x has at the most a finite number of maxima and minima.

2) The Fourier Series in the interval (0,2):
0
1 1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n n
a
f x a nx b nx

= =
= + +


Where
2
0
0
1
( ) a f x dx
t
t
=
}
,
2
0
1
( )cos
n
a f x nxdx
t
t
=
}
,
2
0
1
( )sin
n
b f x nxdx
t
t
=
}


3) The Fourier Series in the interval (-,):
0
1 1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n n
a
f x a nx b nx

= =
= + +


Where
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx
t
t
=
}
,
0
2
( )cos
n
a f x nxdx
t
t
=
}
,
0
2
( )sin
n
b f x nxdx
t
t
=
}

In this interval, we have to verify the function is either odd function or
even function. If it is even function then find only
0
and
n
a a ( 0
n
b = ). If it is odd
function then find only
n
b (
0
0
n
a a = = ).
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SUBJECT NAME : Transforms and Partial Differential Equation
SUBJECT CODE : MA2211
MATERIAL NAME : FormulaMaterial
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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 2

If the function is neither odd nor even then you should find
0
, and
n n
a a b by using the following formulas
0
1
( ) a f x dx
t
t
t

=
}
,
1
( )cos
n
a f x nxdx
t
t
t

=
}
,
1
( )sin
n
b f x nxdx
t
t
t

=
}
.

4) The half range Fourier Series in the interval (0,):
The half range Cosine Series in the interval (0,):
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a
f x a nx

=
= +

Where
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx
t
t
=
}
,
0
2
( )cos
n
a f x nxdx
t
t
=
}

The half range Sine Series in the interval (0,):
1
( ) sin
n
n
f x b nx

=
=


Where
0
2
( )sin
n
b f x nxdx
t
t
=
}

5) The Parsevals Identity in the interval (0,2):
2 2
2 2 2 0
1
0
1
[ ( )] [ ]
4
n n
n
a
f x dx a b
t
t

=
= + +

}

6) The Parsevals Identity in the interval (-,):
2
2 2 2 0
1
0
2
[ ( )] [ ]
4
n n
n
a
f x dx a b
t
t

=
= + +

}

7) The Parsevals Identity for half range cosine series in the interval (0,):
2
2 2 0
1
0
2
[ ( )]
4
n
n
a
f x dx a
t
t

=
= +

}

8) The Parsevals Identity for half range sine series in the interval (0,):
2 2
1
0
2
[ ( )]
n
n
f x dx b
t
t

=
=

}


Change of interval:

9) The Fourier Series in the interval (0,2):
0
1 1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n n
a n x n x
f x a b
t t

= =
= + +


Where
2
0
0
1
( ) a f x dx =
}
,
2
0
1
( )cos
n
n x
a f x dx
t
=
}
,
2
0
1
( )sin
n
n x
b f x dx
t
=
}


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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 3

10) The Fourier Series in the interval (-, ):
0
1 1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n n
a n x n x
f x a b
t t

= =
= + +


Where
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx =
}
,
0
2
( )cos
n
n x
a f x dx
t
=
}
,
0
2
( )sin
n
n x
b f x dx
t
=
}

In this interval, you have to verify the function is either odd function or even
function. If it is even function then find only
0
and
n
a a ( 0
n
b = ). If it is odd
function then find only
n
b (
0
0
n
a a = = ).


11) The half range Fourier Series in the interval (0, ):

The half range Cosine Series in the interval (0, ):
0
1
( ) cos
2
n
n
a n x
f x a
t

=
= +

Where
0
0
2
( ) a f x dx =
}
,
0
2
( )cos
n
n x
a f x dx
t
=
}


The half range Sine Series in the interval (0, ):
1
( ) sin
n
n
n x
f x b
t

=
=


Where
0
2
( )sin
n
n x
b f x dx
t
=
}


12) The Parsevals Identity in the interval (0,2):
2 2
2 2 2 0
1
0
1
[ ( )] [ ]
4
n n
n
a
f x dx a b

=
= + +

}

13) The Parsevals Identity in the interval (-,):
2
2 2 2 0
1
0
2
[ ( )] [ ]
4
n n
n
a
f x dx a b

=
= + +

}

14) The Parsevals Identity for half range cosine series in the interval (0,):
2
2 2 0
1
0
2
[ ( )]
4
n
n
a
f x dx a

=
= +

}

15) The Parsevals Identity for half range sine series in the interval (0,):
2 2
1
0
2
[ ( )]
n
n
f x dx b

=
=

}



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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 4

16) Harmonic Analysis:

The method of calculation of Fourier constants by means of numerical
calculation is called as Harmonic analysis.

0
1 1
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n n
a
f x a nx b nx

= =
= + +


where
0 1 2 3
2 2 2 2
, cos , cos 2 , cos 3 , ... a y a y x a y x a y x
n n n n
= = = =


1 2 3
2 2 2
sin , b sin2 , b sin3 , ... b y x y x y x
n n n
= = =


When the values of x is given as numbers the u is calculated by
2 x
T
t
u = .
Where T is period, n is the number of values given. If the first and last y values
are same we can omit one of them.

Complex form of Fourier Series:

17) The Complex form of Fourier Series in the interval (0,2):
( )
inx
n
n
f x c e

=
=

where
2
0
1
( )
2
inx
n
c f x e dx
t
t

=
}

18) The Complex form of Fourier Series in the interval (-,):
( )
inx
n
n
f x c e

=
=

where
1
( )
2
inx
n
c f x e dx
t
t
t

=
}

19) The Complex form of Fourier Series in the interval (0,2):
( )
in x
n
n
f x c e
t
=
=

where
2
0
1
( )
2
in x
n
c f x e dx
t
=
}

20) The Complex form of Fourier Series in the interval (-,):
( )
in x
n
n
f x c e
t
=
=

where
1
( )
2
in x
n
c f x e dx
t

=
}


Unit II (Fourier Transforms)
1) Fourier Integral theorem
The Fourier integral theorem of ( ) f x in the interval ( ) , is
0
1
( ) ( )cos ( ) f x f x t dxd
t

=
} }


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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 5

2) Convolution Theorem

If [ ] F s and [ ] G s are the Fourier transform of the functions ( ) f x and
( ) g x respectively, then
| | | | [ ( )* ( )] . F f x g x F s G s =
3) The Fourier Transform of a function ( ) f x is given by [ ( )] F f x is denoted by
[ ] F s .
4) Fourier Transform
1
[ ] [ ( )] ( )
2
isx
F s F f x f x e dx
t

= =
}

5) Inverse Fourier Transform
1
( ) [ ]
2
isx
f x F s e ds
t

=
}

6) The Fourier transforms and Inverse Fourier transforms are called Fourier
transforms pairs.
7) Fourier Sine Transform
0
2
[ ] [ ( )] ( )sin
s s
F s F f x f x sx dx
t

= =
}

8) Fourier Cosine Transform
0
2
[ ] [ ( )] ( )cos
c c
F s F f x f x sx dx
t

= =
}

9) If ( )
ax
f x e

= then the Fourier Cosine and Sine transforms as follows

a)
2 2
2
[ ( )]
c
a
F f x
a s t
=
+

b)
2 2
2
[ ( )]
s
s
F f x
a s t
=
+

10) Property
a) [ ( )] [ ( )]
s c
d
F xf x F f x
ds
=
b) [ ( )] [ ( )]
c s
d
F xf x F f x
ds
=
11) Parsevals Identity
a)
2 2
( ) ( ) F s ds f x dx


=
} }

b)
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c c
F s G s ds f x g x dx

=
} }
(Or)
2 2
0 0
( ) ( )
c
F s ds f x dx

=
} }


12) Condition for Self reciprocal [ ( )] ( ) F f x f s =





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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 6

Unit III (Partial Differential Equation)
1) Lagranges Linear equation
The equation of the form Pp Qq R + =
then the subsidiary equation is
dx dy dz
P Q R
= =
2) Homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equation of higher order with constant
coefficients:
The equation of the form
2 2 2
2 2
( , )
z z z
a b c f x y
x x y y
c c c
+ + =
c c c c

The above equation can be written as
( )
2 2
( , ) aD bDD cD z f x y ' ' + + = .. (1)
where
2
2
2
, D D
x x
c c
= =
c c
and
2
2
2
, D D
y y
c c
' ' = =
c c

The solution of above equation is z = C.F + P.I
Complementary Function (C.F) :
To find C.F consider the auxiliary equation by replacing D by m and D' by
1.The equation (1) implies that
2
0 am bm c + + = , solving this equation
we get two values of m. The following table gives C.F of the above
equation.
Sl.No. Nature of m Complementary Function
1
1 2
m m =
1 1 2 2
C.F = ( ) ( ) f y mx f y mx + + +
2
1 2
m m =
1 2
C.F = ( ) ( ) f y mx xf y mx + + +
3
1 2 3
m m m = =
1 1 2 2 3 3
C.F = ( ) ( ) ( ) f y mx f y mx f y mx + + + + +
4
1 2 3
m m m = =
2
1 2 3
C.F = ( ) ( ) ( ) f y mx xf y mx x f y mx + + + + +
5
1 2 3
, is different m m m =
1 2 3 3
C.F = ( ) ( ) ( ) f y mx xf y mx f y mx + + + + +

Particular Integral (P.I) :
To find P.I consider
2 2
( , ) D D aD bDD cD | ' ' ' = + + .

Type: 1 If ( , ) 0 f x y = , then P.I 0 = .
Type: 2 If ( , )
ax by
f x y e
+
=
1
.
( , )
ax by
P I e
D D |
+
=
'

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 7

Replace D by a and D' by b. If ( , ) 0 D D | ' = , then it is P.I.
If ( , ) 0 D D | ' = , then diff. denominator w.r.t D and multiply x in
numerator. Again replace D by a and D' by b. If again
denominator equal to zero then continue the same procedure.

Type: 3 If ( , ) sin( ) (o ) cos( ) f x y ax by r ax by = + +
1
. sin( ) (o ) cos( )
( , )
P I ax by r ax by
D D |
= + +
'

Here replace
2
D by
2
a ,
2
D' by
2
b and DD' by ab . Do not
replace for and D D' . If the denominator equal to zero, then
apply the same producer as in Type: 2.

Type: 4 If ( , )
m n
f x y x y =
1
.
( , )
m n
P I x y
D D |
=
'


1
1 ( , )
m n
x y
g D D
=
' +

( )
1
1 ( , )
m n
g D D x y

' = +
Here we can use Binomial formula as follows:
i) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x

+ = + +
ii) ( )
1
2 3
1 1 ... x x x x

= + + + +
iii) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x

+ = + +
iv) ( )
2
2 3
1 1 2 3 4 ... x x x x

= + + + +
v)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x

+ = + +
vi)
3 2 3
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ... x x x x

= + + + +

Type: 5 If ( , ) V
ax by
f x y e
+
= , where
V=sin( ) (or) cos( ) (or)
m n
ax by ax by x y + +
1
. V
( , )
ax by
P I e
D D |
+
=
'

First operate
ax by
e
+
by replacing D by D a + and D' by D a ' + .
1
. V
( , )
ax by
P I e
D a D b |
+
=
' + +
, Now this will either Type: 3 or
Type: 4.

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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 8

Type: 6 If ( , ) sin (or) cos f x y y ax y ax =
1
. sin
( , )
P I y ax
D D |
=
'

( ) ( )
1 2
1
sin y ax
D mD D mD
=
' '

2
y c mx
( )
( )
2
1
1
sin c mx ax dx
D mD
=
'
}
(Apply Bernouilis method)

3) Solution of Partial Differential Equations:
Standard Type: 1 Equation of the form ( , ) 0 f pq =
Assume that z ax by c = + + be the solution the above
equation.put and p a q b = = in equation (1), we get
( , ) 0 f a b = . Now, solve this, we get ( ) b a | = .
( ) z ax a y c | = + + which is called Complete solution.
Standard Type: 2 Equation of the form ( , ) z px qy f pq = + + (Clairauts form)
The Complete solution is ( , ) z ax by f a b = + + . To find
Singular integral diff. partially w.r.t a&b, equate to zero
and eliminate a and b.
Standard Type: 3 Equation of the form
1 2
( , ) ( , ) f x p f y q =
The solution is z pdx qdy = +
} }
.
Standard Type: 4 Equation of the form ( , , ) 0 f z pq =
In this type put u x ay = + , then ,
dz dz
p q a
du du
= =
Unit IV (Application of Partial Differential Equation)
1) The One dimensional Wave equation:
2 2
2
2 2
y y
a
t x
c c
=
c c

The three solutions of the above equation are
i)
( ) ( )
( , )
px px pat pat
y x t Ae Be Ce De

= + +
ii) ( )( ) ( , ) cos sin cos sin y x t A px B px C pat D pat = + +
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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 9

iii) ( )( ) ( , ) y x t Ax B Ct D = + +
But the correct solution is ii),
( )( ) ( , ) cos sin cos sin y x t A px B px C pat D pat = + + .
2) The One dimensional Heat flow equation:
2
2
2
u u
t x
o
c c
=
c c

2
k
c
o

= where
Thermal Conductivity
Density
Specific Heat
k
c

=
=
=

The three solutions of the above equation are
i)
( )
2 2
( , )
px px p t
u x t Ae Be Ce
o
= +
ii) ( )
2 2
( , ) cos sin
p t
u x t A px B px Ce
o
= +
iii) ( ) ( , ) u x t Ax B C = +
But the correct solution is ii), ( )
2 2
( , ) cos sin
p t
u x t A px B px Ce
o
= +

3) The Two dimensional Heat flow equation:
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y
c c
+ =
c c

The three solutions of the above equation are
i)
( ) ( ) ( , ) cos sin
px px
u x y Ae Be C py D py

= + +
(Applicable when given value is parallel to y-axies)
ii) ( )( )
( , ) cos sin
py py
u x y A px B px Ce De

= + +
(Applicable when given value is parallel to x-axies)
iii) ( )( ) ( , ) u x y Ax B Cy D = + + (Not applicable)
Unit V (Z - Transform)

1) Definition of Z-transform:
Let { } ( ) f n be the sequence defined for all the positive integers n such that
| |
0
( ) ( )
n
n
Z f n f n z

=
=





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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 10

2)
Sl.No | | ( ) Z f n [ ] F z
1. | | 1 Z
1
z
z

2. ( 1)
n
Z (


1
z
z+

3.
n
Z a (


z
z a

4. | | Z n
( )
2
1
z
z

5. | | 1 Z n+
( )
2
2
1
z
z

6.
1
Z
n
(
(

log
1
z
z
| |
|

\ .

7. sin
2
n
Z
t (
(


2
1
z
z +

8. cos
2
n
Z
t (
(


2
1
z
z +

3) Statement of Initial value theorem:
If
| | ( ) [ ] Z f n F z = , then
0
[ ] ( )
z n
Lt F z Lt f n

=
4) Statement of Final value theorem:
If
| | ( ) [ ] Z f n F z = , then
1
( ) ( 1) ( )
n z
Lt f n Lt z F z

=
5)
| | ( )
( ) ( )
n
Z a f n Z f n

( =


6) | | | | ( ) ( )
d
Z nf n z Z f n
dz
=

7) Inverse Z-transform
Sl.No | |
1
( ) Z F z

( ) f n
1.
1
1
z
Z
z

| |
|

\ .

1
2.
1
1
z
Z
z

| |
|
+
\ .
( 1)
n

3.
1
z
Z
z a

| |
|

\ .

n
a
a
z
z
2
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Engineering Mathematics Material 2012

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph: 9841168917) Page 11

4.
1
z
Z
z a

| |
|
+
\ .

( )
n
a
5.
( )
1
2
1
z
Z
z

| |
|
|

\ .
n
6.
( )
1
2
z
Z
z a

| |
|
|

\ .

1 n
na


7.
( )
1
2
z
Z
z a

| |
|
|
+
\ .

( )
1 n
n a


8.
2
1
2
1
z
Z
z

| |
|
+
\ .

cos
2
nt


9.
2
1
2 2
z
Z
z a

| |
|
+
\ .

cos
2
n
n
a
t

10.
1
2
1
z
Z
z

| |
|
+
\ .


sin
2
nt


11.
1
2 2
z
Z
z a

| |
|
+
\ .

1
sin
2
n
n
a
t

8) Inverse form of Convolution Theorem
1 1 1
[ ( ). ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] Z F z G z Z F z Z G z

= -
and by the defn. of Convolution of two functions
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
r
f n g n f r g n r
=
- =

9) a) [ ( )] ( ) Z y n F z =
b) [ ( 1)] ( ) (0) Z y n zF z zy + =
c)
2 2
[ ( 2)] ( ) (0) (1) Z y n z F z z y zy + =
d)
3 3 2
[ ( 3)] ( ) (0) (1) (2) Z y n z F z z y z y zy + =


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