CHAPTER 9

REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING

YEAR 2012

ONE MARK

Common Data For Q.1 and Q.2

A refrigerator operates between 120 kPa and 800 kPa in an ideal vapour compression cycle with R-134a as the refrigerant. The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapour and leaves the condenser as saturated liquid. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.2 kg/s. Properties for R134a are as follows : Saturated R-134a p(kPa) 120 800 T (cC) 22.32 31.31 h f (kJ/kg) 22.5 95.5 h g (kJ/kg) 237 267.3 s f (kJ/kgK) 0.093 0.354 s g (kJ/kgK) 0.95 0.918

Superheated R-134a p(kPa) 800

MCQ 9.1

T (cC) 40

h (kJ/kg) 276.45

s (kJ/kgK) 0.95

The rate at which heat is extracted, in kJ/s from the refrigerated space is (A) 28.3 (B) 42.9 (C) 34.4 (D) 14.6

YEAR 2012 MCQ 9.2

TWO MARKS

The power required for the compressor in kW is (A) 5.94 (B) 1.83 (C) 7.9 (D) 39.5

YEAR 2011 MCQ 9.3

ONE MARK

If a mass of moist air in an airtight vessel is heated to a higher temperature, then GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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CHAP 9

(A) specific humidity of the air increases (B) specific humidity of the air decreases (C) relative humidity of the air increases (D) relative humidity of the air decreases

YEAR 2010 MCQ 9.4

ONE MARK

A moist air sample has dry bulb temperature of 30c C and specific humidity of 11.5 g water vapour per kg dry air. Assume molecular weight of air as 28.93. If the saturation vapour pressure of water at 30c C is 4.24 kPa and the total pressure is 90 kPa, then the relative humidity (in %) of air sample is (A) 50.5 (B) 38.5 (C) 56.5 (D) 68.5

YEAR 2009 MCQ 9.5

ONE MARK

In an ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle, the specific enthalpy of refrigerant (in kJ/kg) at the following states is given as: Inlet of condenser :283 Exit of condenser :116 Exit of evaporator :232 The COP of this cycle is (A) 2.27 (B) 2.75 (C) 3.27 (D) 3.75

YEAR 2008 MCQ 9.6

TWO MARKS

Moist air at a pressure of 100 kPa is compressed to 500 kPa and then cooled to 35c C in an aftercooler. The air at the entry to the aftercooler is unsaturated and becomes just saturated at the exit of the aftercooler. The saturation pressure of water at 35c C is 5.628 kPa. The partial pressure of water vapour (in kPa) in the moist air entering the compressor is closest to (A) 0.57 (B) 1.13 (C) 2.26 (D) 4.52

MCQ 9.7

Air (at atmospheric pressure) at a dry bulb temperature of 40c C and wet bulb temperature of 20c C is humidified in an air washer operating with continuous water recirculation. The wet bulb depression (i.e. the difference between the dry and wet bulb temperature) at the exit is 25% of that at the GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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inlet. The dry bulb temperature at the exit of the air washer is closest to (B) 20c C (A) 10c C (C) 25c C
YEAR 2007 MCQ 9.8

(D) 30c C
TWO MARKS

A building has to be maintained at 21c C (dry bulb) and 14.5c C (wet bulb). The dew point temperature under these conditions is 10.17c C . The outside temperature is 23cC (dry bulb) and the internal and external surface heat transfer coefficients are 8 W/m2 K and 23 W/m2 K respectively. If the building wall has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m K, the minimum thickness (in m) of the wall required to prevent condensation is (A) 0.471 (B) 0.407 (C) 0.321 (D) 0.125

MCQ 9.9

Atmospheric air at a flow rate of 3 kg/s (on dry basis) enters a cooling and dehumidifying coil with an enthalpy of 85 kJ/ kg of dry air and a humidity ratio of19 grams/kg of dry air. The air leaves the coil with an enthalpy of 43 kJ/kg of dry air and a humidity ratio of 8 grams/kg of dry air. If the condensate water leaves the coil with an enthalpy of 67 kJ/kg, the required cooling capacity of the coil in kW is (A) 75.0 (B) 123.8 (C) 128.2 (D) 159.0

YEAR 2006 MCQ 9.10

ONE MARK

Dew point temperature is the temperature at which condensation begins when the air is cooled at constant (A) volume (B) entropy (C) pressure (D) enthalpy

YEAR 2006 MCQ 9.11

TWO MARKS

The statements concern psychrometric chart. 1. Constant relative humidity lines are uphill straight lines to the right 2. 3. 4. Constant wet bulb temperature lines are downhill straight lines to the right Constant specific volume lines are downhill straight lines to the right Constant enthalpy lines are coincident with constant wet bulb temperature lines

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CHAP 9

Which of the statements are correct ? (A) 2 and 3 (C) 1 and 3

(B) 1 and 2 (D) 2 and 4

YEAR 2005 MCQ 9.12

ONE MARK

For a typical sample of ambient air (at 35c C , 75% relative humidity and standard atmosphere pressure), the amount of moisture in kg per kg of dry air will be approximately (A) 0.002 (B) 0.027 (C) 0.25 (D) 0.75

MCQ 9.13

Water at 42c C is sprayed into a stream of air at atmospheric pressure, dry bulb temperature of 40c C and a wet bulb temperature of 20c C . The air leaving the spray humidifier is not saturated. Which of the following statements is true ? (A) Air gets cooled and humidified (B) Air gets heated and humidified (C) Air gets heated and dehumidified (D) Air gets cooled and dehumidified

YEAR 2005 MCQ 9.14

TWO MARKS

The vapour compression refrigeration cycle is represented as shown in the figure below, with state 1 being the exit of the evaporator. The coordinate system used in this figure is

(A) p -h (C) p -s
MCQ 9.15

(B) T -s (D) T -h

Various psychometric processes are shown in the figure below.

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CHAP 9

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PAGE 411

Process in Figure P. Q. R. S. T. 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 (i).

Name of the process Chemical dehumidification (ii). Sensible heating (iii). Cooling and dehumidification (iv). Humidification with steam injection (v). Humidification with water injection

The matching pairs are (A) P-(i), Q-(ii), R-(iii), S-(iv), T-(v) (B) P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iii), S-(v), T-(iv) (C) P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iii), S-(iv), T-(v) (D) P-(iii), Q-(iv), R-(v), S-(i), T-(ii)
MCQ 9.16

A vapour absorption refrigeration system is a heat pump with three thermal reservoirs as shown in the figure. A refrigeration effect of 100 W is required at 250 K when the heat source available is at 400 K. Heat rejection occurs at 300 K. The minimum value of heat required (in W) is

(A) 167 (C) 80

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(B) 100 (D) 20

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CHAP 9

YEAR 2004 MCQ 9.17

ONE MARK

In the window air conditioner, the expansion device used is (A) capillary tube (B) thermostatic expansion valve (C) automatic expansion valve (D) float valve

MCQ 9.18

During the chemical dehumidification process of air (A) dry bulb temperature and specific humidity decreases (B) dry bulb temperature increases and specific humidity decreases (C) dry bulb temperature decreases and specific humidity increases (D) dry bulb temperature and specific humidity increases

MCQ 9.19

Environment friendly refrigerant R134 is used in the new generation domestic refrigerators. Its chemical formula is (B) C 2 Cl 3 F3 (A) CHClF2 (C) C 2 Cl 2 F4
YEAR 2004

(D) C 2 H 2 F4
TWO MARKS

MCQ 9.20

A heat engine having an efficiency of 70% is used to drive a refrigerator having a coefficient of performance of 5. The energy absorbed from low temperature reservoir by the refrigerator for each kJ of energy absorbed from high temperature source by the engine is (A) 0.14 kJ (B) 0.71 kJ (C) 3.5 kJ (D) 7.1 kJ

MCQ 9.21

Dew point temperature of air at one atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar) is 18c C . The air dry bulb temperature is 30c C . The saturation pressure of water at 18c C and 30c C are 0.02062 bar and 0.04241 bar respectively. The specific heat of air and water vapour respectively are 1.005 and 1.88 kJ/kg K and the latent heat of vaporization of water at 0c C is 2500 kJ/kg. The specific humidity (kg/kg of dry air) and enthalpy (kJ/kg or dry air) of this moist air respectively, are (A) 0.01051, 52.64 (B) 0.01291, 63.15 (C) 0.01481, 78.60 (D) 0.01532, 81.40

MCQ 9.22

A R-12 refrigerant reciprocating compressor operates between the condensing temperature of 30c C and evaporator temperature of 20c C . The clearance volume ratio of the compressor is 0.03. Specific heat ratio of the vapour is 1.15 and the specific volume at the suction is 0.1089 m3 /kg . Other properties at various states are given in the figure. To realize 2 tons of refrigeration, the actual volume displacement rate considering the effect of clearance is GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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CHAP 9

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PAGE 413

(A) 6.35 # 103 m3 /s (C) 635 # 103 m3 /s

(B) 63.5 # 103 m3 /s (D) 4.88 # 103 m3 /s

YEAR 2003 MCQ 9.23

ONE MARK

An industrial heat pump operates between the temperatures of 27c C and 13c C . The rates of heat addition and heat rejection are 750 W and 1000 W, respectively. The COP for the heat pump is (A) 7.5 (B) 6.5 (C) 4.0 (D) 3.0

MCQ 9.24

For air with a relative humidity of 80% (A) the dry bulb temperature is less than the wet bulb temperature (B) the dew point temperature is less than wet bulb temperature (C) the dew point and wet bulb temperature are equal (D) the dry bulb and dew point temperature are equal

YEAR 2003

TWO MARKS

Common Data For Q.25 and Q.26

A refrigerator based on ideal vapour compression cycle operates between the temperature limits of 20c C and 40c C . The refrigerant enters the condenser as saturated vapour and leaves as saturated liquid. The enthalpy and entropy values for saturated liquid and vapour at these temperatures are given in the table below.

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CHAP 9

T (c C) 20 40
MCQ 9.25

h f (kJ/kg) 20 80

hg (kJ/kg) 180 200

s f (kJ/kg K) sg (kJ/kg K) 0.07 0.3 0.7366 0.67

If refrigerant circulation rate is 0.025 kg/s, the refrigeration effect is equal to (A) 2.1 kW (B) 2.5 kW (C) 3.0 kW (D) 4.0 kW

MCQ 9.26

The COP of the refrigerator is (A) 2.0 (C) 5.0

(B) 2.33 (D) 6.0

**********

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CHAP 9

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PAGE 415

SOLUTION
SOL 9.1

Option (A) is correct.

T -s diagram for given Refrigeration cycle is given above Since Heat is extracted in evaporation process. o (h1 h 4) So rate of heat extracted = m From above diagram (h 3 = h 4) for throttling process, so o (h1 h 3) Heat extracted = m From given table h1 = hg at 120 kPa, hg = 237 kJ/kg h 3 = h f at 120 kPa, h f = 95.5 kJ/kg o (hg h f ) = 0.2 # (237 95.5) = 28.3 kJ/s Hence Heat extracted = m
SOL 9.2

Option (C) is correct. Since power is required for compressor in refrigeration is in compression cycle (1-2) o (h2 h1) = m o (h2 h f ) Hence, Power required = m Since for isentropic compression process. s1 = s2 from figure. = 0.95 For entropy s = 0.95 the enthalpy h = 276.45 kJ/kg h = h2 = 276.45 (From table) Hence Power = 0.2 (276.45 237) = 7.89 - 7.9 kW Option (D) is correct. From the given curve, we easily see that relative humidity of air decreases, when temperature of moist air in an airtight vessel increases. So, option (C) is correct. Specific humidity remain constant with temperature increase, so option a & b are incorrect. GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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SOL 9.3

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CHAP 9

SOL 9.4

Option (B) is correct. Given : tDBT = 30c C , W = 11.5 g water vapour/kg dry air ps = 4.24 kPa , p = 90 kPa pv Specific humidity, W = 0.622 b p pv l Substitute the values, we get pv 11.5 # 103 = 0.622 b 90 pv l pv 18.489 # 103 = 90 pv (90 # 18.489 18.489pv) # 103 = pv & pv = 1.634 kPa p Relative humidity = v = 1.634 ps 4.24 = 0.3853 = 38.53% - 38.5%

SOL 9.5

Option (A) is correct. p h curve for vapour compression refrigeration cycle is as follows

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CHAP 9

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PAGE 417

The given specific enthalpies are Inlet of condenser h2 = 283 kJ/kg Exit of condenser h 3 = 116 kJ/kg = h 4 Exit of evaporator h1 = 232 kJ/kg Refrigerating effect Now, COP = = h1 h 4 Work done h 2 h1 Substitute the values, we get COP = 232 116 = 116 = 2.27 283 232 51
SOL 9.6

From p h curve

Option (B) is correct. Given : p1 = 100 kPa , p2 = 500 kPa , pv1 = ? pv2 = 5.628 kPa (Saturated pressure at 35cC ) We know that, pv Specific humidity W = 0.622 b p pv l For case II : W = 0.622 b 5.628 = 7.08 # 103 kg/kg of dry air 500 5.628 l

For saturated air specific humidity remains same. So, for case (I) : pv1 W = 0.622 b p1 pv1 l On substituting the values, we get p v1 7.08 # 103 = 0.622 b 100 pv1 l 11.38 # 103 (100 pv1) = pv1 1.138 = 1.01138pv1 pv1 = 1.125 kPa - 1.13 kPa
SOL 9.7

Option (C) is correct. Given : At inlet tDBT = 40cC , tWBT = 20cC We know that, wet bulb depression = tDBT tWBT = 40 20 = 20cC And given wet bulb depression at the exit = 25% of wet bulb depression at inlet This process becomes adiabatic saturation and for this process, So, tWBT (inlet) = tWBT (outlet) tDBT (exit) 20 = 0.25 # 20 tDBT (exit) = 20 + 5 = 25cC

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REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING

CHAP 9

SOL 9.8

Option (B) is correct.

Let h1 & h2 be the internal and external surface heat transfer coefficients respectively and building wall has thermal conductivity k . Given : h1 = 8 W/m2 K , h2 = 23 W/m2 K , k = 1.2 W/m K , TDPT = 10.17c C Now to prevent condensation, temperature of inner wall should be more than or equal to the dew point temperature. It is the limiting condition to prevent condensation So, Ts1 = 10.17c C Here Ts1 & Ts2 are internal & external wall surface temperature of building. Hence, heat flux per unit area inside the building, Q qi = = h1 (TDBT1 Ts1) A qi = 8 (21 10.17) = 8 # 10.83 = 86.64 W/m2 & Heat flux per unit area outside the building is ...(i)

...(ii) q 0 = h2 (Ts2 TDBT2) = 23 (Ts2 + 23) Heat flow will be same at inside & outside the building. So from equation (i) & (ii) qi = q 0 86.64 = 23 (Ts2 + 23) Ts2 + 23 = 3.767 Ts2 = 3.767 23 = 19.23c C For minimum thickness of the wall, use the fouriers law of conduction for the building. Heat flux through wall, k (Ts1 Ts2) 1.2 # (10.17 + 19.23) q = = x x Substitute the value of qi from equation (i), we get 86.64 = 1.2 # 29.4 x x = 35.28 = 0.407 m 86.64 Note :- Same result is obtained with the value of qo

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PAGE 419

SOL 9.9

Option (C) is correct. oa = 3 kg/sec, Given : m Using subscript 1 and 2 for the inlet and outlet of the coil respectively. h1 = 85 kJ/kg of dry air, W1 = 19 grams/kg of dry air = 19 # 103 kg/kg of dry air h2 = 43 kJ/kg of dry air, W2 = 8 grams/kg of dry air = 8 # 103 kg/kg of dry air h 3 = 67 kJ/kg Mass flow rate of water vapour at the inlet of the coil is, ov oa o v1 = W1 # m W=m m oa m o v1 = 19 # 103 # 3 = 57 # 103 kg/ sec m And mass flow rate of water vapour at the outlet of coil is, o v2 = W2 # m oa m = 8 # 103 # 3 = 24 # 103 kg/ sec So, mass of water vapour condensed in the coil is, o v1 m o v2 ov = m m = (57 24) # 103 = 33 # 103 kg/ sec Therefore, required cooling capacity of the coil = change in enthalpy of dry air + change in enthalpy of condensed water = (85 43) # 3 + 67 # 33 # 103 = 128.211 kW

SOL 9.10

Option (C) is correct.

It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when the moisture (water vapour) present in it begins to condense. If a sample of unsaturated air, containing superheated water vapour, is cooled at constant pressure, the partial pressure (pv) of each constituent remains constant until the water vapour reaches the saturated state as shown by point B. At this point B the first drop of dew will be formed and hence the temperature at point B is called dew point temperature. GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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CHAP 9

SOL 9.11

Option (A) is correct.

Hence, the statement 2 & 3 are correct.

SOL 9.12

Option (B) is correct. From steam table, saturated air pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature of 35c C is ps = 0.05628 bar . Relative humidity, p = v = 0.75 ps pv = 0.75 # ps = 0.75 # 0.05628 = 0.04221 bar Now the amount of moisture in kg/kg of dry air, (Specific Humidity) is W = 0.622 # pv pb pv 0.04221 = 0.622 # 1.01 0.04221 = 0.622 # 0.04362 = 0.0271 kg/kg of dry air pb = patm = 1.01 bar

SOL 9.13

Option (B) is correct. Given : tsp = 42c C , tdb = 40c C , twb = 20c C Here we see that tsp > tdb Hence air gets heated, Also water is added to it, so it gets humidified. Option (A) is correct. Given curve is the theoretical p -h curve for vapour compression refrigeration cycle.

SOL 9.14

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PAGE 421

SOL 9.15

Option (B) is correct.

Process 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5

Process Name Sensible Heating Chemical dehumidification Cooling and dehumidification Humidification with water injection Humidification with steam injection

tDBT Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Increase

W Constant Decrease Decrease Increase Increase

Hence, curve given in question is a ideal p h curve for vapour compression refrigeration cycle.
SOL 9.16

Option (C) is correct. Refrigeration Effect = T1 T2 T1 Work done 100 = 250 300 250 W W = 100 # 50 = 20 Watt 250 For supply this work, heat is taken from reservoir 3 & rejected to sink 2. So efficiency, It works as a heat engine. = W = T3 T2 T3 Q3 (COP) ref. = GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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CHAP 9

20 = 400 300 400 Q3

SOL 9.17

& Q 3 = 80 Watt

Option (A) is correct. Air conditioner mounted in a window or through the wall are self-contained units of small capacity of 1 TR to 3 TR. The capillary tube is used as an expansion device in small capacity refrigeration units. Option (B) is correct.

SOL 9.18

In the process of chemical dehumidification of air , the air is passed over chemicals which have an affinity for moisture and the moisture of air gets condensed out and gives up its latent heat. Due to the condensation, the specific humidity decreases and the heat of condensation supplies sensible heat for heating the air and thus increasing its dry bulb temperature. So chemical dehumidification increase dry bulb temperature & decreases specific humidity.
SOL 9.19

Option (D) is correct. If a refrigerant is written in the from of Rabc . The first digit on the right (c) is the number of fluorine (F) atoms, the second digit from the right (b) is one more than the number of hydrogen (H) atoms required & third digit from the right (a) is one less than the Number of carbon (C) atoms in the refrigerant. So, For R134 First digit from the Right = 4 = Number of Fluorine atoms Second digit from the right = 3 1 = 2 = Number of hydrogen atoms Third digit from the right = 1 + 1 = 2 = Number of carbon atoms Hence, Chemical formula is C 2 H 2 F4

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PAGE 423

SOL 9.20

Option (C) is correct.

Given : (COP) refrigerator = 5 , () H.E = 70% = 0.7 Q ...(i) (COP) ref. = 3 = 5 W ...(ii) () H.E. = W = 0.7 Q1 By multiplying equation (i) & (ii), Q Q3 W & 3 = 3.5 = 5 # 0.7 W # Q1 Q1 Hence, Energy absorbed (Q 3) from low temperature reservoir by the refrigerator for each kJ of energy absorbed (Q1) from high temperature source by the engine = 3.5 kJ
SOL 9.21

Option (B) is correct. Given : tdp = 18c C = (273 + 18) K = 291 K , p = patm = 1.013 bar tdb = 30c C = (273 + 30) K = 303 K pv = 0.02062 bar (for water vapour at dew point). cair = 1.005 kJ/kg K , cwater = 1.88 kJ/kg K Latent heat of vaporization of water at 0c C . h fgdp = 2500 kJ/kg 0.622 # pv Specific humidity, W = = 0.622 # 0.02062 1.013 0.02062 p pv = 0.01282 = 0.01291 kg/kg of dry air 0.99238 Enthalpy of moist air is given by, h = 1.022tdb + W (h fgdp + 2.3tdp) kJ/kg = 1.022 # 30 + 0.01291 [2500 + 2.3 # 18] = 30.66 + 0.01291 # 2541.4 = 63.46 kJ/kg - 63.15 kJ/kg

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CHAP 9

SOL 9.22

Option (A) is correct. Given : C = 0.03 , n = 1.15 , Specific volume at suction = 0.1089 m3 /kg 1 TR = 1000 # 335 kJ in 24 hr Net refrigeration effect = 2 ton = 2 # 1000 # 335 = 7.75 kJ/ sec 24 # 60 # 60 o Let net mass flow rate = m o (h1 h 4) Net refrigeration effect = m Substitute the values from equation (i), and from the p h curve, o (176 65) 7.75 = m m = 7.75 = 0.06981 kg/ sec 111 = 0.1089 Specific volume, o m = 0.1089 # 0.06981 = 0.00760 = 7.60 # 103 m3 / sec We know that volumetric efficiency, p 1 v = 1 + C C b 2 ln p1 Where, p1 is the suction pressure and p2 is the discharge pressure. = 1 + 0.03 0.03 # b 7.45 l1.15 1.50 = 1.03 0.12089 = 0.909 Now actual volume displacement rate is, actual = # v = 7.60 # 103 # 0.909 = 6.90 # 103 - 6.35 # 103 m3 / sec
1

SOL 9.23

Option (C) is correct. Given : T1 = 27c C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K , T2 = 13cC = ( 13 + 273) K = 260 K , Q1 = 1000 W , Q2 = 750 W

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PAGE 425

So,

(COP) H.P. =

Q1 1000 = =4 1000 750 Q1 Q 2

Alternate Method : From energy balance Win + Q2 = Q1 Win = Q1 Q2 = 1000 750 = 250 W And
SOL 9.24

Q (COP) H.P. = Desired effect = 1 = 1000 = 4 250 Win Win

Option (B) is correct. We know that for saturated air, the relative humidity is 100% and the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and dew point temperature is same. But when air is not saturated, dew point temperature is always less than the wet bulb temperature. DPT < WBT

SOL 9.25

Option (A) is correct.

o = 0.025 kg/ sec Given : T1 = T4 = 20c C = ( 20 + 273) K = 253 K , m T2 T3 = 40c C = (40 + 273) K = 313 K From the given table, At, T2 = 40c C , h2 = 200 kJ/kg And h 3 = h 4 = 80 kJ/kg From the given T s curve s1 = s 2 s2 = s f + xs fg x = Dryness fraction {s2 is taken 0.67 because s2 at the temperature 40c C & at 2 high temperature GATE Previous Year Solved Paper For Mechanical Engineering
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CHAP 9

and pressure vapour refrigerant exist.} 0.67 = 0.07 + x (0.7366 0.07) 0.67 0.07 = x # 0.6666 0.6 = x # 0.6666 x = 0.6 = 0.90 0.6666 And Enthalpy at point 1 is, h1 = h f + xh fg = h f + x (hg h f ) = 20 + 0.90 (180 20) = 164 kJ/kg Now refrigeration effect is produce in the evaporator. Heat extracted from the evaporator or refrigerating effect, o (h1 h 4) = 0.025 (164 80) = 2.1 kW RE = m
SOL 9.26

s fg = sg s f

Option (B) is correct. Refrigerating effect (COP) refrigerator = h1 h 4 = h 2 h1 Work done = 164 80 = 84 = 2.33 36 200 164 ***********

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