6.

OOPS
(B) What is Object Oriented Programming ?
It is a problem solving technique to develop software systems.Its a technique to think real world in terms of objects.Object maps the software model to real world concept.These objects have responsibilities and provide services to application or other objects.

(B) Whats a Class ?

A class describes all the attributes of objects , as well as the methods that implement the behavior of member objects.Its a comprehensive data type which represent a blue print of objects.Its a template of object.

(B) Whats a Object ?

Its a basic unit of a system.An object is an entity that has attributes, behavior, and identity. Objects are members of a class.Attributes and behavior of an object are defined by the class definition.

(A) Whats the relation between Classes and Objects ?

They look very much same but are not same.Class is a definition , while object is a instance of the class created.Class is a blue print while objects are actual objects existing in real world.Example we have class CAR which has attributes and methods like Speed,Brakes,Type of Car etc.Class CAR is just a prototype , now we can create real time objects which can be used to provide functionality . Example we can create a Maruti car object with 100 km speed and urgent brakes.

(B) What are different properties provided by Objectoriented systems ?

Twist :- Can you explain different properties of Object Oriented Systems? Note:- Difference between abstraction and encapsulation is one of the favorite interview question and quiet confusing as both the terminology look alike.Best is if you can brainstorm with your friends or do a little reading. Following are characteristics of Object Oriented Systems :-

Abstraction It allows complex real world to be represented in simplified manner.Example color is abstracted to RGB.By just making the combination of these three colors we can achieve any color in world.Its a model of real world or concept. Encapsulation
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The process of hiding all the internal details of an object from the outside world. Communication using messages When application wants to achieve certain task it can only be done using combination of objects.A single object can not do all the task.Example if we want to make order processing form. We will use Customer object , Order object , Product object and Payment object to achieve this functionality.In short these objects should communicate with each other.This is achieved when objects send messages to each other. Object lifetime All objects have life time.Objects are created , initialized , necessary functionalities are done and later the object is destroyed.Every object have there own state and identity , which differ from instance to instance. Class hierarchies (Inheritance and aggregation) Twist :- Whats difference between Association , Aggregation and Inheritance relationships? In object oriented world objects have relation and hierarchies in between them.There are basically three kind of relationship in Object Oriented world :-

Association
This is the simplest relationship between objects.Example every customer has sales.So Customer object and sales object have a association relation between them.

Aggregation
This is also called as composition model.Example in order to make a Accounts class it has use other objects example Voucher,Journal and Cash objects.So accounts class is aggregation of these three objects.

Inheritance
Hierarchy is used to define more specialized classes based on a preexisting generalized class.Example we have VEHICLE class and we can inherit this class make more specialized class like CAR, which will add new attributes and use some existing qualities of the parent class.Its shows more of a parent-child relationship .This kind of hierarchy is called inheritance. Polymorphism When inheritance is used to extend a generalized class to a more specialized class,it includes behavior of the top clas(Generalized class).The inheriting class often implement a behavior that can be somewhat different than the generalized class, but the name of the behavior can be same.It is important that a given instance of an object use the correct behavior, and the property of polymorphism allows this to happen automatically.
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(B) How can we acheive inheritance in VB.NET ?

Note:- The following explanation is for VB.NET Inheritance is achieved by using Inherits keyword in VB.NET (For C# it is :).Simple Sample is provided in CD for understanding inheritance in folder WindowsApplicationInheritance.There are two classes one is the parent ClsParent and second is the child ClsChild.Parent class has a string which has to parsed for junk data @ and /.ClsParen t has the functionality which parses only cleans up @.ClsChild then inherits from parent and adds extra functionality by parsing /.
Public Class ClsParent Protected strData As String = jksdhkj@dadad///ajkdhsjakd Public Function Parse() As String Dim PstrData As String PstrData = strData PstrData = Replace(PstrData, @, ) Return PstrData End Function Public Function GetActualString() As String Return strData End Function End Class

Above is the source which parses only @ of strData variable.

Public Class ClsChild Inherits ClsParent this is child and a special parse function is added which will also parse / Public Function ParseBackSlash() Dim PstrData As String PstrData = Me.Parse() PstrData = Replace(PstrData, /, ) Return PstrData End Function End Class

Above is the source code for ClsChild which does the remaining work.It adds extra functionality by parsing / junk characters of the data. Note:- Strdata was accessible only because it was defined as protected in the parent class.

Figure :- 6.1 Inheritance in action

(I) What are abstract classes ?

Following are features of a abstract class : You can not create a object of abstract class

Abstract class is designed to act as a base class (to be inherited by other classes). Abstract class is a design concept in program development and provides a base upon which other classes are built. Abstract classes are similar to interfaces. After declaring an abstract class, it cannot be instantiated on it's own, it must be inherited. In VB.NET abstract classes are created using MustInherit keyword.In C# we have Abstract keyword. Abstract classes can have implementation or pure abstract methods which should be implemented in the child class. Note:- In order to understand the concept simple sample of add and multiply functionality is implemented in W indowsAbstract folder in CD.

From interview point of view just saying using MustInherit keyword is more than enough to convince that you have used abstract classes.But to clear simple fundamental lets try to understand the sample code.There are two classes one is ClsAbstract class and other is ClsChild class.ClsAbstract class is a abstract class as you can see the mustinherit keyword.It has one implemented method Add and other is abstract method which has to be implemented by child class MultiplyNumber.In the child class we inherit the abstract class and implement the multiplynumber function. Definitely this sample does not take out actually how things are implemented in live projects.Basically you put all your common functionalities or half implemented functionality in parent abstract class and later let child class define the full functionality
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of the abstract class.Example i always use abstract class with all my SET GET properties of object in abstract class and later make specialize classes for insert,update,delete for the corresponding entity object.
Public MustInherit Class ClsAbstract use the mustinherit class to declare the class as abstract Public Function Add(ByVal intnum1 As Integer, ByVal intnum2 As Integer) As Integer Return intnum1 + intnum2 End Function left this seconf function to be completed by the inheriting class Public MustOverride Function MultiplyNumber(ByVal intnum1 As Integer, ByVal intnum2 As Integer) As Integer End Class

Public Class ClsChild Inherits ClsAbstract class child overrides the Multiplynumber function Public Overrides Function MultiplyNumber(ByVal intnum1 As Integer, ByVal intnum2 As Integer) As Integer Return intnum1 * intnum2 End Function End Class

Figure :- 6.2 Abstract classes in action

My attitude towards abstract class has been that i put all my common functionality in abstract class.

(B) Whats a Interface ?

Interface is a contract that defines the signature of the functionality.So if a class is implementing a interface it says to the outer world , that it provides specific behavior . Example if a class is implementing Idisposable interface that means it has a functionality to release unmanaged resources . Now external objects using this class knows that it has contract by which it can dispose unused unmanaged objects.
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Single Class can implement multiple interfaces.

If a class implements a interface then it has to provide implementation to all its methods. In sample there are two files.One has the interface definition and other class implements the interface.Below is the source code IInterface is the interface and ClsDosomething implements the IInterface.This sample just displays a simple message box.
Public Interface IInterFace Sub DoSomething() End Interface Public Class ClsDoSomething Implements IInterFace Public Sub DoSomething() Implements WindowsInterFace.IInterFace.DoSomething MsgBox(Interface implemented) End Sub End Class

Figure:- 6.3 Interface in action

(A) What is difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Following are the differences between abstract and interfaces : Abstract classes can have concrete methods while interfaces have no methods implemented.
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Interfaces do not come in inheriting chain , while abstract classes come in inheritance.

(B) What is a delegate ?

Delegate is a class that can hold a reference to a method or a function.Delegate class has a signature and it can only reference those methods whose signature is compliant with the class.Delegates are type-safe functions pointers or callbacks. Below is a sample code which shows a example of how to implement delegates.
Public Class FrmDelegates Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form Public Delegate Sub DelegateAddString() Private Sub FrmDelegates_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load End Sub Private Sub AddString() lstDelegates.Items.Add( Running AddString() method) End Sub Private Sub cmdDelegates_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdDelegates.Click Dim objDelegateAddString As DelegateAddString objDelegateAddString = AddressOf AddString objDelegateAddString.Invoke() End Sub End Class

In the above there is a method called AddString() which adds a string to a listbox.You can also see a delegate declared as :Public Delegate Sub DelegateAddString() This delegate signature is compatible with the AddString method.When i mean compatibility that means that there return types and passing parameter types are same.Later in command click of the button object of the Delegate is created and the method pointer is received from AddressOf keyword.Then by using the Invoke method the method is invoked.

Figure :- 6.4 Delegate in Action

(B) What are events ?

As compares to delegates events works with source and listener methodology . So listeners who are interested in receiving some events they subscribe to the source.Once this subscription is done the source raises events to all of its listener when needed.One source can have multiple listeners. In example sample given below class ClsWithEvents is a event source class , which has a event EventAddString().Now the listeners who are interested in receiving this events they can subscribe to this event.In class FrmWithEvents you can see the handles clause which is associated with the mobjClsWithEvents objects.
Public Class ClsWithEvents Event EventAddString(ByVal Value As String) Public Sub AddString() RaiseEvent EventAddString(String added by Event) End Sub End Class

Public Class FrmWithEvents Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form Private WithEvents mobjClsWithEvents As New ClsWithEvents() Private Sub FrmWithEvents_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load End Sub Private Sub mobjClsWithEvents_EventAddString(ByVal Value As String) Handles mobjClsWithEvents.EventAddString LstData.Items.Add(Value) End Sub

Private Sub CmdRunEvents_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles CmdRunEvents.Click mobjClsWithEvents.AddString() End Sub End Class

Figure :- 6.5 Events in action

(I) Do events have return type ?

No events do not have return type.

(A) Can events have access modifiers ?

Events are always public as they are meant to serve every one registering to it.But you can access modifiers in events.You can have events with protected keyword which will be accessible only to inherited classes.You can have private events only for object in that class.

(A) Can we have shared events ?

Yes you can have shared events note only shared methods can raise shared events.

(I) What is shadowing ?

When two elements in a program have same name , one of them can hide and shadow the other one.So in such cases the element which shadowed the main element is referenced. Below is a sample code , there are two classes ClsParent and ClsShadowedParent.In ClsParent there is a variable x which is a integer.ClsShadowedParent overrides ClsParent and shadows the x variable to a string.
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Note:- In Sample CD W indowsShadowing is folder which has the sample code.If you run the program you can have two outputs one which shows a integer and other which shows a string.
Public Class ClsParent Public x As Integer End Class Public Class ClsShadowedParent Inherits ClsParent Public Shadows x As String End Class

Figure :- 6.6 Shadowing in Action

(A) Whats difference between Shadowing and Overriding ?

Following are the differences between shadowing and overriding : Overriding redefines only the implementation while shadowing redefines the whole element. In overriding derived classes can refer the parent class element by using ME keyword , but in shadowing you can access it by MYBASE. Actually events use delegates in bottom. But they add an extra layer on the delegates, thus forming the publisher and subscriber model. As delegates are function to pointers they can move across any clients. So any of the clients can add or remove events , which can be pretty confusing. But events give the extra protection by adding the layer and making it a publisher and subscriber model.
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(I) Whats difference between delegate and events?

Just imagine one of your clients doing this c.XyzCallback = null This will reset all your delegates to nothing and you have to keep figuring where the error is.

(B) If we inherit a class do the private variables also get inherited ?

Yes the variables are inherited but can not be accessed directly by the class interface.

(B) What are different accessibility levels defined in .NET ?

Following are the five levels of access modifiers : Private : Only members of class have access. Protected :-All members in current class and in derived classes can access the variables. Friend (internal in C#) :- Only members in current project have access to the elements. Protected friend (protected internal in C#) :- All members in current project and all members in derived class can access the variables. Public :- All members have access in all classes and projects.

(I) Can you prevent a class from overriding ?

If you define a class as Sealed in C# and NotInheritable in VB.NET you can inherit the class any further.

(I) Whats the use of MustInherit keyword in VB.NET ?

If you want to create a abstract class in VB.NET its done by using MustInherit keyword.This acts only as base type and can not be inherited any further.You can not create a object of a class which is marked as MustInherit.

(I) Why can not you specify accessibility modifier in Interface ?

All elements in Interface should be public.So by default all interface elements are public by default.

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(A) What are similarities between Class and structure ?

Following are the similarities between classes and structures : Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants, enumerations, events, and event handlers. Structures and classes can implement interface. Both of them can have constructors without parameter and with parameter. Both can have delegates and events.

(A) Whats the difference between Class and structures ?

Following are the key differences between them : Structure are value types and classes are reference types.So structures use stack and classes use heap. Structures members can not be declared as protected , but class members can be.You can not do inheritance in structures. Structures do not require constructors while classes require. Objects created from classes are terminated using Garbage collector.Structures are not destroyed using GC.

(B) What does virtual keyword mean ?

That method and property can be overridden.

(B) What are shared (VB.NET)/Static(C#) variables?

Static/Shared classes are used when a class provides functionality which is not specific to any instance.In short if you want a object to be shared between multiple instances you will use a static/Shared class. Following are features of Static/Shared classes : They can not be instantiated.By default a object is created on the first method call to that object. Static/Shared classes can not be inherited. Static/Shared classes can have only static members. Static/Shared classes can have only static constructor. Note :- In CD there is a folder WindowsShared which has a sample code for shared variables.Below is a snippet.It has a AddCount function which increments a static intCount variable.In form there are two buttons which creates a new object and displays the count of the
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static variable.Even though the object is created and destroyed , the variable values does not change.It retains its old value.
Public Class ClsShared Shared intCount As Integer Public Function AddCount() As Integer intCount = intCount + 1 Return intCount End Function End Class Public Class FrmSharedClasses Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form Private Sub CmdInstance1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles CmdInstance1.Click Dim pobjClsShared As New ClsShared() MessageBox.Show(The count at this moment is & pobjClsShared.AddCount.ToString()) End Sub Private Sub CmdInstance2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles CmdInstance2.Click Dim pobjClsShared As New ClsShared() MessageBox.Show(The count at this moment is & pobjClsShared.AddCount.ToString()) End Sub End Class

Figure :- 6.7 Shared/Static In Action

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(B) What is Dispose method in .NET ?

.NET provides Finalize method in which we can clean up our resources.But relying on this is not always good so the best is to implement Idisposable interface and implement the Dispose method where you can put your clean up routines.

(B) Whats the use of OverRides and Overridable keywords ?

Overridable is used in parent class to indicate that a method can be overridden.Overrides is used in the child class to indicate that you are overriding a method

(A) Where are all .NET Collection classes located ?

System.Collection namespace has all the collection classes available in .NET.

(A) What is ArrayList ?

Array whose size can increase and decrease dynamically.Arraylist can hold item of different types.As Arraylist can increase and decrease size dynamically you do not have to use the REDIM keyword.You can access any item in array using the INDEX value of the array position.

(A) Whats a HashTable ?

Twist :- Whats difference between HashTable and ArrayList ? You can access array using INDEX value of array , but how many times you know the real value of index.Hashtable provides way of accessing the index using a user identified KEY value , thus removing the INDEX problem.

(A) What are queues and stacks ?

Queue is for first-in, first-out (FIFO) structures. Stack is for last-in, first-out (LIFO) structures.

(B) What is ENUM ?

Its used to define constants.

(A) What is nested Classes ?

Nested classes are classes with in classes.In sample below ClsNested class has a ChildNested class nested inside it.
Public Class ClsNested Public Class ChildNested Public Sub ShowMessage()

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MessageBox.Show(Hi this is nested class) End Sub End Class End Class

This is the way we can instantiate the nested class and make the method call.
Dim pobjChildNested As New ClsNested.ChildNested() pobjChildNested.ShowMessage()

(B)Whats Operator Overloading in .NET?

It provides a way to define and use operators such as +, -, and / for user-defined classes or structs. It allows us to define/redefine the way operators work with our classes and structs. This allows programmers to make their custom types look and feel like simple types such as int and string. VB.NET till now does not support operator overloading. Operator overloading is done by using the Operator keyword. Note:- Operator overloading is supported in VB.NET 2005

(I) In below sample code if we create a object of class2 which constructor will fire first ?
Public Class Class1 Sub New() End Sub End Class Public Class class2 Inherits Class1 Sub New() End Sub End Class * I leave this to the readers......

(B)Whats the significance of Finalize method in .NET?

.NET Garbage collector does almost all clean up activity for your objects. But unmanaged resources (ex: - Windows API created objects, File, Database connection objects, COM objects etc) is outside the scope of .NET framework we have to explicitly clean our resources. For these types of objects .NET framework provides Object.Finalize method

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which can be overridden and clean up code for unmanaged resources can be put in this section.

(A)Why is it preferred to not use finalize for clean up?

Problem with finalize is that garbage collection has to make two rounds in order to remove objects which have finalize methods. Below figure will make things clear regarding the two rounds of garbage collection rounds performed for the objects having finalized methods. In this scenario there are three objects Object1, Object2 and Object3. Object2 has the finalize method overridden and remaining objects do not have the finalize method overridden. Now when garbage collector runs for the first time it searches for objects whose memory has to freed. He sees three objects but only cleans the memory for Object1 and Object3. Object2 it pushes to the finalization queue. Now garbage collector runs for the second time. He sees there are no objects to be freed and then checks for the finalization queue and at this moment it clears object2 from the memory. So if you notice that object2 was freed from memory in the second round and not first. Thats why the best practice is not to write clean up Non.NET resources in Finalize method rather use the DISPOSE.

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Figure :- 6.8 Garbage collection in actions

(I)How can we suppress a finalize method?

GC.SuppressFinalize ()

(B)Whats the use of DISPOSE method?

Dispose method belongs to IDisposable interface. We had seen in the previous section how bad it can be to override the finalize method for writing the cleaning of unmanaged resources. So if any object wants to release its unmanaged code best is to implement

IDisposable and override the Dispose method of IDisposable interface. Now once your class has exposed the Dispose method its the responsibility of the client to call the Dispose method to do the cleanup.

(A)How do I force the Dispose method to be called automatically, as clients can forget to call Dispose method?
Note :- I admire this question.
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Call the Dispose method in Finalize method and in Dispose method suppress the finalize method using GC.SuppressFinalize. Below is the sample code of the pattern. This is the best way we do clean our unallocated resources and yes not to forget we do not get the hit of running the Garbage collector twice. Note:- It will suppress the finalize method thus avoiding the two trip. Public Class ClsTesting Implements IDisposable Public Overloads Sub Dispose()Implements IDisposable.Dispose ' write ytour clean up code here GC.SuppressFinalize(Me) End Sub Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() Dispose() End Sub End Class

(I)In what instances you will declare a constructor to be private?

When we create a private constructor, we can not create object of the class directly from a client. So you will use private constructors when you do not want instances of the class to be created by any external client. Example UTILITY functions in project will have no instance and be used with out creating instance, as creating instances of the class would be waste of memory.

(I)Can we have different access modifiers on get/set methods of a property ?

No we can not have different modifiers same property. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors.

(I)If we write a goto or a return statement in try and catch block will the finally block execute ?
The code in the finally always runs even if there are statements like goto or a return statements.
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(A)What is Indexer ?
An indexer is a member that enables an object to be indexed in the same way as an array.

(A)Can we have static indexer in C# ?

No.

(A)In a program there are multiple catch blocks so can it happen that two catch blocks are executed ?
No once the proper catch section is executed the control goes to finally block.So there will not be any scenarios in which multiple catch blocks will be executed.

(A) What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes?

System.String is immutable; System.StringBuilder can have mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.

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