Organizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 1 What Is Organizational Behavior?

1) Which of the following is not a reason why business schools have begun to include classes on organizational behavior? A) to increase manager effectiveness in organizations B) to help organizations attract top quality employees C) to e pand organizations! consulting needs ") to improve retention of quality wor#ers $) to help increase organizations! profits Answer% C $ planation% &nderstanding human behavior plays an important role in determining a manager!s effectiveness' "eveloping managers! interpersonal s#ills helps organizations attract and #eep high(performing employees' )ositive social relationships are associated with lower stress at wor# and lower turnover' *inally+ companies with reputations as good places to wor# have been found to generate superior financial performance' $ panding a company!s consulting needs is not a positive reason to teach organizational behavior' "iff% , )age -ef% . /opic% 0mportance of 0nterpersonal 1#ills 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0nterpersonal 1#ills 4uest' Category% Application 52% 1 ,) Which of the following is most li#ely to be a belief held by a successful manager? A) /echnical #nowledge is all that is needed for success' B) 0t is not essential to have sound interpersonal s#ills' C) /echnical s#ills are necessary+ but insufficient alone for success' ") $ffectiveness is not impacted by human behavior' $) /echnical s#ills do not influence efficiency' Answer% C $ planation% &nderstanding human behavior plays an important role in determining a manager!s effectiveness' "eveloping managers! interpersonal s#ills helps organizations attract and #eep high(performing employees+ and create a positive wor# environment' "iff% , )age -ef% . /opic% 0mportance of 0nterpersonal 1#ills 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0nterpersonal 1#ills 4uest' Category% Application 52% 1

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8) Which of the following would not be considered an organization? A) a church B) a university C) a military unit ") all adults in a given community $) an elementary school Answer% " $ planation% An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit+ composed of two or more people+ that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals' /he adults in a community are not representative of an organization' "iff% , )age -ef% 9 /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2rganization 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , .) Which of the following is least li#ely to be considered a manager? A) an administrator in charge of fund(raising activities in a non(profit organization B) a lieutenant leading an infantry platoon C) a doctor who acts as head of the physiotherapy department at a public hospital ") the mayor of a large city $) an 0/ technician who enables communication between all of a company!s employees Answer% $ $ planation% :anagers get things done through other people' /hey ma#e decisions+ allocate resources+ and direct the activities of others to attain goals' An 0/ technician is not using other people to get his 3ob done+ and therefore is not a manager' "iff% , )age -ef% 9 /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagers 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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9) Which of the following is not one of the four primary management functions? A) controlling B) planning C) staffing ") organizing $) leading Answer% C $ planation% /oday+ managers are considered to perform four primary functions% planning+ organizing+ leading+ and controlling' Although staffing can be a management duty+ it would fall under the function of organizing' "iff% , )age -ef% 9(< /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , <) Which of a manager!s primary functions requires the manager to define an organization!s goals+ establish an overall strategy for achieving these goals and develop a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities? A) controlling B) planning C) staffing ") coordinating $) leading Answer% B $ planation% /he planning function encompasses defining an organization!s goals+ establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals+ and developing a comprehensive set of plans to integrate and coordinate those activities' $vidence indicates this function increases the most as managers move from lower(level to mid(level management' "iff% , )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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=) "esigning an organization!s structure+ such as who reports to whom+ defines the >>>>>>>> function' A) planning B) leading C) controlling ") organizing $) contemplating Answer% " $ planation% :anagers are also responsible for designing an organization!s structure+ or organizing' 2rganizing includes determining what tas#s are to be done+ who is to do them+ how the tas#s are to be grouped+ who reports to whom+ and where decisions are to be made' "iff% , )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , ?) As a manager+ one of @oe!s duties is to present awards to outstanding employees within his department' Which :intzberg managerial role is @oe acting in when he does this? A) leadership role B) liaison role C) monitor role ") figurehead role $) spo#esperson role Answer% " $ planation% :anagers are required to perform duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature' When a factory supervisor gives a group of high school students a tour of the plant+ he or she is acting in a figurehead role' /he same figurehead role is played by @oe in handing out awards' "iff% , )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0nterpersonal -oles 4uest' Category% Application 52% ,

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A) Which of the following is not an interpersonal role of management according to :intzberg? A) a high school principal handing out graduation diplomas B) a department head relocating the department after a fire C) a manager interviewing potential employees ") a shift foreman reprimanding a wor#er that arrived late $) a pro3ect manager listening to a team presentation Answer% B $ planation% /a#ing corrective action in response to unforeseen problems+ such as moving the department after a fire+ is considered by :intzberg to be a decisional role in which the manager handles a disturbance' All of the other activities are considered interpersonal roles of a manager' "iff% , )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0nterpersonal -oles 4uest' Category% Application 52% , 17) According to :intzberg+ when a manager searches the organization and its environment for opportunities and initiates pro3ects to bring about change+ the manager is acting in which role? A) negotiator B) entrepreneur C) monitor ") resource allocator $) reflective analyst Answer% B $ planation% :intzberg identified four roles that require ma#ing choices' /hese are called decisional roles' 0n the entrepreneur role+ managers initiate and oversee new pro3ects that will improve their organization!s performance' "iff% , )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% "ecisional -oles 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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11) :anagers need to have three essential s#ills in order to reach their goals' What are these s#ills? A) technical+ decisional and interpersonal B) technical+ human+ and conceptual C) interpersonal+ informational and decisional ") conceptual+ communication and networ#ing $) human+ informational and communication Answer% B $ planation% -esearchers have identified a number of s#ills that differentiate effective from ineffective managers' /echnical s#ills encompass the ability to apply specialized #nowledge or e pertise' Buman s#ills are the ability to understand+ communicate with+ motivate+ and support other people' Conceptual s#ills are the mental ability of a manager to analyze and diagnose comple situations' "iff% , )age -ef% =(? /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement 1#ills 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , 1,) @ill is valued by her colleagues for her ability to perform effective brea#(even analysis on upcoming ventures' 0n this case+ her colleagues value her for competencies that fall within which essential management s#ills categories? A) technical B) communication C) human ") conceptual $) education Answer% A $ planation% /echnical s#ills encompass the ability to apply specialized #nowledge or e pertise' 1#ills of professionals such as civil engineers or oral surgeons+ are technical s#ills learned usually through e tensive formal education' @ill is applying her technical s#ills' "iff% , )age -ef% =(? /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /echnical 1#ills 4uest' Category% Application 52% ,

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18) /echnical s#ills encompass the ability to >>>>>>>>' A) analyze and diagnose comple situations B) e change information and control comple situations C) apply specialized #nowledge or e pertise ") initiate and oversee comple pro3ects $) communicate effectively with others Answer% C $ planation% /echnical s#ills encompass the ability to apply specialized #nowledge or e pertise' 1#ills of professionals such as civil engineers or oral surgeons+ are technical s#ills learned usually through e tensive formal education' "iff% , )age -ef% =(? /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /echnical 1#ills 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , 1.) Which one of the following would not be considered a human s#ill of a manager? A) decision ma#ing' B) communicating C) resolving conflicts ") wor#ing as part of a team $) listening to others Answer% A $ planation% "ecision ma#ing requires managers to identify problems+ develop alternative solutions to correct those problems+ evaluate those alternative solutions+ and select the best one' /herefore+ decision ma#ing is considered a conceptual s#ill+ not a human s#ill' /he other answer choices are human s#ills' "iff% , )age -ef% ? /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Buman 1#ills 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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19) *red 5uthans wanted to loo# at management from a different perspective' Be wanted to see what management qualities are needed >>>>>>>>' A) to produce quality wor# B) to attain quality employees C) to attain high pay ") to be quic#ly promoted $) to show economic returns Answer% " $ planation% *red 5uthans and his associates as#ed+ C"o managers who move up the quic#est in an organization do the same activities and with the same emphasis as managers who do the best 3ob?C /hey wanted to #now what it ta#es for a manager to quic#ly rise in the corporate ran#s' "iff% , )age -ef% ? /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1uccessful :anagerial Activities 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , 1<) According to 5uthans! research+ successful managers+ meaning those that were quic#ly promoted+ spent more of their time on >>>>>>>> than on any other activity' A) traditional management B) human resource management C) networ#ing ") communicating $) hiring and firing Answer% C $ planation% Among managers who were successful Ddefined in terms of speed of promotion within their organization)+ networ#ing made the largest relative contribution to success' "iff% , )age -ef% ? /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Eetwor#ing 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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1=) >>>>>>>> is the study of the impact that individuals+ groups+ and structure have on behavior within organizations' A) Conceptual s#ills B) 5eadership C) Buman s#ills ") "ecisional roles $) 2rganizational behavior Answer% $ $ planation% 2rganizational behavior+ or Cpeople s#ills+C is the field of study that investigates the impact that individuals+ groups+ and structure have on behavior within organizations+ for the purpose of applying such #nowledge toward improving an organization!s effectiveness' "iff% , )age -ef% A /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Communication 2b3ective% 2rganizational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 8 1?) Which of the following is not a topic or concern related to 2B? A) turnover B) leader behavior C) productivity ") management $) family behavior Answer% $ $ planation% 2B is concerned specifically with employment(related situations such as 3obs+ wor#+ absenteeism+ employment turnover+ productivity+ human performance+ and management' 2B includes the core topics of motivation+ leader behavior and power+ interpersonal communication+ group structure and processes+ learning+ attitude development and perception+ change processes+ conflict+ wor# design+ and wor# stress' "iff% , )age -ef% 17 /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Communication 2b3ective% 2rganizational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 8

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1A) 2n which of the following problems would an 2B study be least li#ely to focus ? A) an increase in absenteeism at a certain company B) a fall in productivity in one shift of a manufacturing plant C) a decrease in sales due to growing foreign competition ") an increase in theft by employees at a retail store $) e cessive turnover in volunteer wor#ers at a non(profit organization Answer% C $ planation% 2B is concerned specifically with employment(related situations such as 3obs+ wor#+ absenteeism+ employment turnover+ productivity+ human performance+ and management' A study of foreign competition would not enter into an 2B research pro3ect' "iff% , )age -ef% A(17 /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2rganizational Behavior 4uest' Category% Application 52% 8 ,7) What are the three primary behavior determinants of organizational behavior? A) profit structure+ organizational comple ity+ 3ob satisfaction B) individuals+ profit structure+ and 3ob satisfaction C) individuals+ groups+ and 3ob satisfaction ") groups+ structure+ and profit structure $) individuals+ groups+ and structure Answer% $ $ planation% 2B investigates the impact that individuals+ groups+ and structure have on behavior within organizations' "iff% , )age -ef% A /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2rganizational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 8

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,1) Which of the following is not a core topic of organizational behavior? A) motivation B) attitude development C) conflict ") resource allocation $) wor# design Answer% " $ planation% 2B includes the core topics of motivation+ leader behavior and power+ interpersonal communication+ group structure and processes+ learning+ attitude development and perception+ change processes+ conflict+ wor# design+ and wor# stress' 0t does not include resource allocation' "iff% , )age -ef% 17 /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2rganizational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 8 ,,) 0n order to predict human behavior+ it is best to supplement your intuitive opinions with information derived in what fashion? A) common sense B) direct observation C) systematic study ") speculation $) organizational theory Answer% C $ planation% /o ma#e good 2B decisions it is important to use evidence as much as possible to inform intuition and e perience' $vidence should come through systematic study+ which is loo#ing at relationships+ attempting to attribute causes and effects+ and basing conclusions on scientific evidence+ that is+ on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner' "iff% , )age -ef% 11 /opic% Complementing 0ntuition with 1ystematic 1tudy 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ystematic 1tudy 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% .

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,8) @anet needs to assign a very important advertising account to one of her writers' *irst she reviewed each writers wor# load+ then she studied the sales data of the products for the last three campaigns of each writer+ then she reviewed each writer!s annual review to familiarize herself with their goals' *inally+ she gave the account to )aula+ a very creative+ efficient+ writer who has had high sales results with her last three clients! products' @anet!s management style is based on >>>>>>>>' A) intuition or Cgut feelingC B) organizational behavioral studies C) substantive evidence approach ") preconceived notions $) systematic study Answer% $ $ planation% 1ystematic study means loo#ing at relationships+ attempting to attribute causes and effects+ and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence+ that is+ on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner' "iff% , )age -ef% 17(11 /opic% Complementing 0ntuition with 1ystematic 1tudy 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% $vidence Based :anagement 4uest' Category% Application 52% . ,.) Basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence is called >>>>>>>>' A) intuition B) systematic study C) organizational behavior ") evidence(based management $) conceptual management Answer% " $ planation% $vidence(based management D$B:) complements systematic study Dwhich includes loo#ing at relationships+ not merely studying scientific evidence)+ by basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence' "iff% , )age -ef% 11 /opic% Complementing 0ntuition with 1ystematic 1tudy 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ystematic 1tudy 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% .

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,9) Analyzing relationships+ determining causes and effects+ and basing conclusions on scientific evidence all constitute aspects of >>>>>>>> study' A) organizational B) intuitive C) theoretical ") systematic $) case(based Answer% " $ planation% 1ystematic study means loo#ing at relationships+ attempting to attribute causes and effects+ and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence+ that is+ on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner' "iff% , )age -ef% 11 /opic% Complementing 0ntuition with 1ystematic 1tudy 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ystematic 1tudy 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% . ,<) What do the authors of the te tboo# advise? A) "isregard your intuition because it!s usually wrong and will lead to incorrect assumptions ' B) &se evidence as much as possible to inform your intuition and e perience ' C) -ely on research since it is almost always right and researchers don!t ma#e mista#es ' ") :a#e predictions of individuals! behaviors based on others! actions ' $) "on!t trust preconceived notions unless you have substantive evidence to bac# them up ' Answer% B $ planation% /he authors do not advise against intuition+ or business press' Eor do they argue that research is always right' Bowever+ they advise managers to use evidence as much as possible to inform intuition and e perience+ which is the foundation of 2B' "iff% , )age -ef% 1, /opic% Complementing 0ntuition with 1ystematic 1tudy 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ystematic 1tudy 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% .

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,=) 2rganizational behavior is constructed from all of the following disciplines e cept >>>>>>>>' A) physics B) psychology C) anthropology ") sociology $) social psychology Answer% A $ planation% 2rganizational behavior is an applied behavioral science built on contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines+ mainly psychology and social psychology+ sociology+ and anthropology' )hysics does not form a part of 2B studies' "iff% , )age -ef% 1, /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Behavioral 1ciences 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9 ,?) )sychology!s ma3or contributions to the field of organizational behavior have been primarily at what level of analysis? A) the level of the group B) the level of the individual C) the level of the organization ") the level of the culture $) the level of interacting groups Answer% B $ planation% /he unit of analysis through which psychologists determine their findings is the individual' /hrough study of the individual they contribute and add to the #nowledge of 2B' "iff% , )age -ef% 18 /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )sychology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9

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,A) /he science that see#s to measure+ e plain+ and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals is #nown as >>>>>>>>' A) psychiatry B) psychology C) sociology ") political science $) organizational behavior Answer% B $ planation% )sychology is defined as the science that see#s to measure+ e plain+ and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals through study of the individual' Contributions include learning+ perception+ personality+ emotions+ training+ leadership effectiveness+ and more' "iff% , )age -ef% 1, /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )sychology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9 87) >>>>>>>> blends concepts from psychology and sociology and focuses on the influence people have on one another' A) Corporate strategy B) Anthropology C) )olitical science ") 1ocial psychology $) Archaeology Answer% " $ planation% 1ocial psychology+ generally considered a branch of psychology+ blends concepts from both psychology and sociology to focus on peoples! influence on one another' 2ne ma3or study area is change+ how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance' "iff% , )age -ef% 1, /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ocial )sychology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9

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81) Austin is a graduate student helping to organize a study about individual 3ob satisfaction' /he study focuses on the top five reasons that a person is satisfied or dissatisfied in his current 3ob' Bis department is surveying ,77 individuals in 177 different types of organizations' Austin is most li#ely a graduate student in the department of >>>>>>>>' A) psychology B) anthropology C) political science ") social psychology $) archaeology Answer% A $ planation% Because Austin!s study focuses on wor# conditions of the individual+ he is most li#ely conducting the study through the department of sociology+ which see#s to e plain individual human behavior' "iff% , )age -ef% 1, /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )sychology 4uest' Category% Application 52% 9 8,) Froup behavior+ power+ and conflict are central areas of study for >>>>>>>>' A) archaeologists B) sociologists C) anthropologists ") social psychologists $) operations analysts Answer% " $ planation% By identifying behavioral change and other factors+ social psychologists have made important contributions to the study of group behavior+ power+ and conflict' "iff% , )age -ef% 18 /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ocial )sychology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9

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88) >>>>>>>> focuses on the study of people in relation to their social environment' A) )sychology B) 1ociology C) Corporate strategy ") )olitical science $) 2perations management Answer% B $ planation% 1ociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture' 1ociologists have contributed to 2B through their study of group behavior in organizations+ particularly formal and comple organizations' "iff% , )age -ef% 18 /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ociology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9 8.) Which field of study has contributed to 2B through its research on organizational culture and formal organization theory and structure? A) psychology B) operations management C) corporate strategy ") political science $) sociology Answer% $ $ planation% )erhaps most important to the field of sociology is the study of organizational culture+ formal organization theory and structure+ organizational technology+ communications+ power+ and conflict+ which all contribute widely to 2B' "iff% , )age -ef% 18(1. /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ociology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9

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89) Which of the following fields has most helped us understand differences in fundamental values+ attitudes+ and behavior among people in different countries? A) anthropology B) psychology C) political science ") operations research $) psycholinguistics Answer% A $ planation% Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities' Anthropologists! wor# on cultures and environments has helped us understand differences in fundamental values+ attitudes+ and behavior between people in different countries and within different organizations' "iff% , )age -ef% 1. /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Anthropology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9 8<) :yriam is analyzing the gender roles of men and women in management in the &nited 1tates compared to those of management in @apan' 1he is surveying fifty men and fifty women managers in each country to compare their daily behavior' :yriam!s study e emplifies how >>>>>>>> contributes to 2B' A) anthropology B) psychology C) social psychology ") political science $) corporate strategy Answer% A $ planation% :yriam is an anthropologist' :uch of our current understanding of organizational culture+ organizational environments+ and differences among national cultures is a result of the wor# of anthropologists or those using their methods' "iff% , )age -ef% 1. /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Anthropology 4uest' Category% Application 52% 9

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8=) Which of the following statements best describes contingency variables? A) /hey are scientific factors based on universal truths' B) /hey are factors that moderate the relationship between two or more events or situations' C) /here is general consensus among 2B researchers that they can be controlled' ") /hey are the cause(effect principles that tend to apply to all situations that have been discovered' $) /hey are simple and universal principles that e plain organizational behavior' Answer% B $ planation% Contingency variables are variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables' *or e ample+ an 2B study can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. Because humans are somewhat unpredictable+ all 2B studies must have contingency variables' "iff% , )age -ef% 1. /opic% /here are *ew Absolutes in 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Contingency Gariables 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% < 8?) /here are >>>>>>>> simple and universal principles that e plain organizational behavior' A) an infinity of B) absolutely no C) a confusing array of ") fourteen $) few if any Answer% $ $ planation% Buman beings are comple + and few+ if any+ simple and universal principles e plain organizational behavior' Because we are not ali#e+ our ability to ma#e simple+ accurate+ and sweeping generalizations is limited' "iff% , )age -ef% 1. /opic% /here are *ew Absolutes in 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2bservational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% <

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8A) -aymond is completing a study on discrimination in which he has noted that saleswomen who wear s#irt suits ma#e more sales than saleswomen who only wear pant suits ' Bowever+ -aymond determined that his findings only pertained to those industries in which the purchasing decision ma#er is traditionally masculine' *or e ample+ the sales results were the same for all women selling to medical office managers+ a female dominated field' -aymond used >>>>>>>> variables to more accurately e plain his results' A) global B) general C) dependent ") non(reactive $) contingency Answer% $ $ planation% Contingency variables are variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables' *or e ample+ an 2B study can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. Because humans are somewhat unpredictable+ all 2B studies must have contingency variables' By limiting his results to only male(oriented industries+ -aymond is able to ma#e a generalization' "iff% , )age -ef% 1. /opic% /here are *ew Absolutes in 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Contingency Gariables 4uest' Category% Application 52% < .7) Which of the following is not a reason why 2B is e tremely relevant today? A) an aging wor#force B) a diverse wor#force C) changing employee practices ") globalization $) global warming Answer% $ $ planation% /he dramatic changes in organizations such as aging employeesH more women and people of color in the wor#placeH corporate downsizing and the heavy use of temporary wor#ers severing the bonds of company loyaltyH and global competition all ma#e 2B relevant' Flobal warming does not figure into 2B studies' "iff% , )age -ef% 1.(19 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2rganizational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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.1) >>>>>>>> is an effect of increasing globalization' A) :ore e pensive consumer goods B) An increase in manufacturing 3obs in developed nations C) An ever increasingly homogeneous wor#force ") 1hared economic values among all cultures $) @obs moving to nations with low(cost labor Answer% $ $ planation% 0n a global economy+ 3obs tend to flow where lower costs give businesses a comparative advantage' Because of this consumer goods remain affordable+ but manufacturing 3obs flow to less developed nations and the wor#force is increasingly diverse physically and psychologically' "iff% , )age -ef% 1= /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% -esponding to Flobalization 4uest' Category% Application 52% = .,) >>>>>>>> is a measure of how organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender+ race+ and ethnicity' A) Flobalization B) Wor#force diversity C) Affirmative action ") 2rganizational culture $) 2perational homogeneity Answer% B $ planation% Wor#force diversity ac#nowledges a wor#force of women and menH many racial and ethnic groupsH individuals with a variety of physical or psychological abilitiesH and people who differ in age and se ual orientation' "iff% , )age -ef% 1=(1? /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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.8) Which of the following statements is not true about wor#force diversity? A) Wor#force diversity is a global concern' B) :anaging wor#force diversity presents many challenges' C) Wor#force diversity focuses on differences within a country' ") 1e ual orientation is a part of wor#force diversity' $) Wor#force diversity is a concern only in the &'1' Answer% $ $ planation% :anaging wor#force diversity is a global concern' :ost $uropean countries have e perienced dramatic growth in immigration from the :iddle $astH Argentina and Genezuela host a significant number of migrants from other 1outh American countriesH and nations from 0ndia to 0raq to 0ndonesia find great cultural diversity within their borders' "iff% , )age -ef% 1=(1? /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = ..) What was the most significant change in the &'1' labor force during the last half of the twentieth century? A) substantial decreases in the number of wor#ers who are under 99 B) increases in the percentage of &'1' citizens of Bispanic origin C) increasing numbers of African(Americans at all levels within the wor#force ") the steady increase in the percentage of wor#ers that are men $) the rapid increase in the percentage of wor#ers that are women Answer% $ $ planation% /he most significant change in the &'1' labor force during the last half of the twentieth century was the rapid increase in the number of female wor#ers' 0n 1A97+ for instance+ only ,A'< percent of the wor#force was female' By ,77?+ it was .<'9 percent' "iff% , )age -ef% 1= /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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.9) Which of the following statements is not an implication of increased wor#place diversity? A) :anagers should recognize differences between wor#ers' B) "iversity training should be provided' C) $mployee benefits should be revamped to accommodate the different needs of different employees' ") 0t is critical that all wor#ers be treated ali#e' $) 0nnovation and creativity in organizations is li#ely to increase' Answer% " $ planation% Because of wor#force diversity it will be important that managers learn to adapt to the different needs of the wor#force' "iff% , )age -ef% 1=(1? /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% Application 52% = .<) $ighty percent of the &'1' wor#force today is made up of >>>>>>>> 3obs' A) te tile B) technology C) automobile ") restaurant $) service Answer% $ $ planation% /oday+ the ma3ority of employees in developed countries wor# in service 3obs+ including ?7 percent in the &nited 1tates' "iff% , )age -ef% 1? /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Customer 1ervice 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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.=) Appro imately >>>>>>>> I of the &'1' labor force is employed in service industries' A) 17 B) ,9 C) .7 ") <7 $) ?7 Answer% $ $ planation% /oday+ the ma3ority of employees in developed countries wor# in service 3obs+ including ?7 percent in the &nited 1tates' "iff% , )age -ef% ,1 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Customer 1ervice 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = .?) 1ervice industry 3obs include all of the following e cept >>>>>>>>' A) fast good counter wor#er B) sales cler# C) waiter ") nurse $) production line wor#er Answer% $ $ planation% 1ervice 3obs include technical support representatives+ fast(food counter wor#ers+ sales cler#s+ waiters and waitresses+ nurses+ automobile repair technicians+ and flight attendants' /he common characteristic of these 3obs is substantial interaction with an organization!s customers' "iff% , )age -ef% 1? /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Customer 1ervice 4uest' Category% Application 52% =

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.A) Which of the following factors ma#es it imperative that organizations be fast and fle ible? A) temporariness B) corporate e cess C) truncated capacity ") advances in corporate strategy $) globalization Answer% $ $ planation% Flobalization+ e panded capacity+ and advances in technology have required organizations to be fast and fle ible if they are to survive' /he result is that most managers and employees today wor# in a climate best characterized as Ctemporary'C "iff% , )age -ef% 1A(,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /emporariness 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = 97) Fiven the climate of CtemporarinessC in modern organizations+ employees must >>>>>>>>' A) continually update their #nowledge and s#ills B) be prepared to stay in the same position for longer periods of time C) ma#e closer connections to their peers ") foster friendship within the wor# environment $) limit their mobility if they hope to compete Answer% A $ planation% Wor#ers must continually update their #nowledge and s#ills to perform new 3ob requirements' Wor#place predictability has been replaced by temporary wor# groups+ with members from different departments+ and the increased use of employee rotation to fill constantly changing wor# assignments' /herefore+ employees must be able to cope with increasing #nowledge demands' "iff% , )age -ef% ,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /emporariness 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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91) Which of the following is the ma3or challenge to managers in a fully networ#ed organization? A) eliminating the need for paper communication by relying entirely on e(mail+ file transfers and the li#e B) retaining team members who can easily move to another employer when demand for their services changes C) managing contract and temporary wor#ers ") maintaining a Cvirtual officeC through the use of computers+ interoffice networ#s and the 0nternet $) managing people who wor# together but are geographically separated Answer% $ $ planation% Eetwor#ed organizations allow people to communicate and wor# together even though they may be thousands of miles apart' :otivating and managing people online requires different techniques than when individuals are physically present in a single location' "iff% , )age -ef% ,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Eetwor#ed 2rganizations 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = 9,) >>>>>>>> allowDs) people to communicate and wor# together even though they may be thousands of miles apart' A) *le ible cubicles B) 1tratified wor# environments C) Cyber(empowerment machines ") Widespread use of computers $) Eetwor#ed organizations Answer% $ $ planation% Eetwor#ed organizations allow people to communicate and wor# together even though they may be thousands of miles apart' :otivating and managing people online requires different techniques than when individuals are physically present in a single location' "iff% , )age -ef% ,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Eetwor#ed 2rganizations 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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98) Which of the following has not contributed to blurring the lines between employees! wor# life and personal life? A) the creation of global organizations B) communications technology allowing employees to wor# any time and from any place C) organizations as#ing employees to put in longer hours ") creation of fle ible teams $) the increase in dual career households Answer% " $ planation% Wor#(life conflicts are created for the following reasons% first+ the creation of global organizations means the world never sleepsH second+ communication technology allows many technical and professional employees to do their wor# at homeH third+ organizations are as#ing employees to put in longer hoursH finally+ the rise of the dual(career couple ma#es it difficult for married employees to find time to fulfill commitments to home+ spouse+ children+ parents+ and friends' "iff% , )age -ef% ,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Balance Wor#(5ife Conflicts 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = 9.) What growth area in 2B research concerns how organizations develop human strengths+ foster vitality and resilience+ and unloc# potential? A) positive organizational scholarship B) ethical behavioral research C) balancing wor#(life conflict ") networ#ed organizational research $) temporariness studies Answer% A $ planation% )ositive organizational scholarship is an area of 2B research that studies how organizations develop human growth and strength+ create and foster vitality and resilience+ and unloc# potential' "iff% , )age -ef% ,1(,, /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )ositive 2rganizational 1cholarship 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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99) 1ituations where an individual is required to define right and wrong conduct are termed >>>>>>>>' A) diversity issues B) human resource problems C) ethical dilemmas ") loyalty situations $) social puzzles Answer% C $ planation% $thical dilemmas and ethical choices are situations in which individuals are required to define right and wrong conduct' *or e ample+ if an employee has to decide to uncover illegal activities in the company+ even if it means losing his 3ob+ he has an ethical dilemma' "iff% , )age -ef% ,,(,8 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% $thical "ilemma 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = 9<) A model is aDn) >>>>>>>>' A) abstraction of reality B) someone held in high esteem C) independent variable ") real(world scenario $) dependent variable Answer% A $ planation% A model is an abstraction of reality+ or a simplified representation of some real( world phenomenon' "iff% , )age -ef% ,8(,. /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :odel 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ?

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9=) Which of the following has only recently been considered a primary dependent variable in organizational behavior? A) productivity B) absenteeism C) turnover ") 3ob satisfaction $) organizational citizenship behavior Answer% $ $ planation% A dependent variable is the #ey factor used to e plain or predict' 0t is affected by some other factor' *or e ample+ scholars have emphasized productivity+ absenteeism+ turnover+ and 3ob satisfaction' :ore recently+ deviant wor#place behavior and organizational citizenship behavior have been added' "iff% , )age -ef% ,. /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% "ependent Gariables 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? 9?) At its root+ productivity involves concern for both >>>>>>>>' A) dependence and independence B) diversity and homogeneity C) motivation and distraction ") absenteeism and motivation $) effectiveness and efficiency Answer% $ $ planation% An organization is productive if it achieves its goals by transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost' /hus+ productivity requires both effectiveness and efficiency' "iff% , )age -ef% ,. /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )roductivity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ?

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9A) Which of the following is an e ample of being an efficient company? A) operating at the lowest possible cost while yielding a higher output B) creating the highest customer satisfaction ratings C) meeting the production schedule ") obtaining the highest mar#et share $) ma imizing diversity at high cost Answer% A $ planation% $fficiency describes the ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it' /herefore+ a company operating at the lowest possible cost while still ma#ing a high profit+ is considered efficient' "iff% , )age -ef% ,.(,9 /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )roductivity 4uest' Category% Application 52% ? <7) What term is used to describe voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization? A) absenteeism B) turnover C) downsizing ") truancy $) social atrophy Answer% B $ planation% /urnover is defined as voluntary or involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization' Basically+ employees quitting their 3obs or being fired from their 3obs to never return results as the company!s turnover' "iff% , )age -ef% ,9 /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /urnover 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ?

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<1) >>>>>>>> is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee!s formal 3ob requirement+ but that promotes the effective functioning of the organization' A) )roductivity B) :otivation C) 2rganizational citizenship ") 2rganizational behavior $) Corporate strategy Answer% C $ planation% $mployees who engage in Cgood citizenshipC behaviors+ such as helping others on their team+ volunteering for e tra wor#+ avoiding unnecessary conflicts+ respecting the spirit as well as the letter of rules and regulations+ and gracefully tolerating occasional wor#(related impositions and nuisances are demonstrating organizational citizenship+ which isn!t a formal 3ob requirement' "iff% , )age -ef% ,<(,= /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2rganizational Citizenship 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? <,) 0ndividual(level independent variables include all of the following e cept >>>>>>>>' A) leadership B) learning C) perception ") motivation $) decision(ma#ing Answer% A $ planation% 0ndividual(level independent variables are personal or biographical characteristics such as ability+ values+ attitudes+ personality+ emotions+ perception+ individual decision ma#ing+ learning+ and motivation' 5eadership is not considered an individual(level independent variable' "iff% , )age -ef% ,? /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0ndividual(5evel Gariables 4uest' Category% Application 52% ?

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<8) /he si #ey dependent variables relevant to 2B on the contingency model to help e plain the comple ities of organizational behavior are >>>>>>>>' A) productivity+ absence+ turnover+ deviant wor#place behavior+ citizenship+ and satisfaction B) human resources+ turnover+ structure+ culture+ leadership+ and trust C) decision ma#ing+ stress+ citizenship+ conflict+ teams+ and politics ") biography+ personality+ emotions+ perception+ motivation+ and ability $) input+ values+ emotions+ perception+ attitude+ and decision(ma#ing Answer% A $ planation% Although there are many variables on the contingency model+ the si #ey dependent variables remain consistent% productivity+ absence+ turnover+ deviant wor#place behavior+ citizenship+ and satisfaction' "iff% , )age -ef% ,. /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Contingency :odels 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? <.) Although managers must be technically competent+ technical #nowledge is often not enough for success' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% :anagers may get by on their technical and quantitative s#ills the first couple of years out of school' But soon+ leadership and communication s#ills become important to success' "iff% 1 )age -ef% . /opic% 0mportance of 0nterpersonal 1#ills 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0nterpersonal 1#ills 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 1 <9) :anagers get things done through other people' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% A manager is an individual who achieves goals through other people' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 9 /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagers 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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<<) :odern theorists have condensed *ayol!s five management functions down to four% planning+ organizing+ commanding+ and controlling' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% /he management functions have been condensed to four% planning+ organizing+ leading+ and controlling' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 9(< /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , <=) :onitoring+ comparing+ and correcting activities are all included in the controlling function' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% /o ensure things are going as they should+ management must monitor the organization!s performance and compare it with previously set goals' 0f there are any significant deviations+ it is management!s 3ob to get the organization bac# on trac#' /his monitoring+ comparing+ and potential correcting is the controlling function' "iff% 1 )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , <?) When managers initiate and oversee new pro3ects that will improve their organization!s performance+ they are acting in the capacity of an entrepreneur+ which is an e ample of an informational role' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% When managers initiate and oversee new pro3ects that will improve their organization!s performance+ they are acting in the capacity of an entrepreneur+ which is an e ample of a decisional role' "iff% 1 )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% "ecisional -oles 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ,

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<A) -esearch conducted by 5uthans supports the belief that promotions are based on performance' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% A study of .17 &'1' managers indicates those who see# information from colleagues and employees+ even if itJs negative+ and who e plain their decisions+ are the most successful' /his illustrates the importance of networ#ing and political s#ills in getting ahead in organizations' "iff% , )age -ef% ?(A /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1uccessful :anagerial Activities 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% , =7) :any people!s views on human behavior are based on intuition' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% 0ntuition is a gut feeling not necessarily supported by research' :any people rely on intuition' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 11(1, /opic% Complementing 0ntuition with 1ystematic 1tudy 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0ntuition 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% . =1) Conflict and power have been ma3or topics of concern to social psychologists' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% 1ocial psychologists have made important contributions to our study of group behavior+ power+ and conflict' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 1,(18 /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ocial )sychology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9

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=,) Anthropology has helped us understand differences in values and attitudes between people in different countries' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities' Anthropologists! wor# on cultures and environments has helped us understand differences in fundamental values+ attitudes+ and behavior between people in different countries and within different organizations' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 1. /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Anthropology 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% 9 =8) 2B researchers cannot offer reasonably accurate e planations of human behavior since people act very differently in similar situations' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% /o give accurate e planations 2B concepts must reflect situational+ or contingency+ conditions' We can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z+ the contingency variables' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 1. /opic% /here are *ew Absolutes in 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2bservational Behavior 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% < =.) Wor#force diversity is a topic dealing with how organizations are becoming more homogeneous in terms of gender+ race+ and ethnicity' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% Wor#force diversity ac#nowledges a wor#force of women and menH many racial and ethnic groupsH individuals with a variety of physical or psychological abilitiesH and people who differ in age and se ual orientation' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 1= /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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=9) *orty percent of the &'1' labor force is female' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% /he most significant change in the &'1' labor force during the last half of the twentieth century was the rapid increase in the number of female wor#ers' By ,77?+ it was .<'9 percent' "iff% 1 )age -ef% 1= /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = =<) /oday!s managers and employees must learn to cope with temporarinessH learning to live with fle ibility+ spontaneity+ and unpredictability' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% Flobalization+ e panded capacity+ and advances in technology have required organizations to be fast and fle ible if they are to survive' /he result is that most managers and employees today wor# in a climate best characterized as Ctemporary'C "iff% , )age -ef% 1A(,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /emporariness 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% = ==) /here!s an increasing blurring between the wor# and nonwor# time' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% $mployees are increasingly complaining that the line between wor# and nonwor# time has become blurred+ creating personal conflicts and stress' "iff% 1 )age -ef% ,7 /opic% Challenges and 2pportunities for 2B 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Balance Wor#(5ife Conflicts 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% =

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=?) 2rganizational behavior models generally assume 3ob satisfaction to be an independent variable' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% A dependent variable is the #ey factor that you want to e plain or predict and that is affected by some other factor' /he dependent variables in 2B are productivity+ absenteeism+ turnover+ and 3ob satisfaction' "iff% , )age -ef% ,. /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 2B :odel 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? =A) An organization that is productive must be both effective and efficient' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% An organization is productive if it achieves its goals by transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost' /hus+ productivity requires both effectiveness and efficiency' "iff% , )age -ef% ,. /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% "ependent Gariables 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? ?7) An organization is productive if it achieves its goals and does so by transferring inputs to outputs at the lowest cost' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% )roductivity is a performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency' An organization is productive if it achieves its goals by transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost' "iff% 1 )age -ef% ,.(,9 /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )roductivity 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ?

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?1) -easonable levels of employee(initiated turnover facilitate organizational fle ibility and employee independence' Answer% /-&$ $ planation% 0n today!s changing world of wor#+ reasonable levels of employee(initiated turnover improve organizational fle ibility and employee independence+ and they can lessen the need for management(initiated layoffs' "iff% 1 )age -ef% ,< /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /urnover 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? ?,) /he difference between the amount of rewards wor#ers receive and the amount they believe they should receive is termed 3ob satisfaction' Answer% *A51$ $ planation% @ob satisfaction is defined as a positive feeling about one!s 3ob resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics' "iff% 1 )age -ef% ,= /opic% Coming Attractions% "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% @ob 1atisfaction 4uest' Category% Concept;"efinitional 52% ? 0magine that Kristen :cKay is a manager at a company specializing in bread and bread(ba#ing paraphernalia' Kristen performs all the normal management functions outlined in your te tboo#' Answer the following questions based on Benri *ayol!s wor#' ?8) When :s' :cKay develops a strategy for achieving her department!s goals+ she is performing the >>>>>>>> function of management' A) planning "iff% , )age -ef% 9(< /opic% Application of What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Application 52% ,

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?.) When :s' :cKay determines which employees will do what tas#s+ she is performing the >>>>>>>> function of management' A) planning B) organizing C) leading ") controlling $) reacting Answer% B $ planation% *rench industrialist Benri *ayol wrote that all managers perform five management functions% planning+ organizing+ commanding+ coordinating+ and controlling' Bere :s' :cKay is performing the organizing function' When managers are also responsible for designing an organization!s structure it is called organizing' "iff% , )age -ef% 9(< /opic% Application of What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Application 52% , ?9) When :s' :cKay motivates her employees and attempts to resolve conflicts among department members+ she is performing the >>>>>>>> function of management' A) planning B) organizing C) leading ") controlling $) reacting Answer% C $ planation% *rench industrialist Benri *ayol wrote that all managers perform five management functions% planning+ organizing+ commanding+ coordinating+ and controlling' Bere :s' :cKay is performing the leading function' "irecting and coordinating people is the leading function' "iff% , )age -ef% 9(< /opic% Application of What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Application 52% ,

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?<) When :s' :cKay compares pro3ected sales to actual sales in her department+ she is performing the >>>>>>>> function of management' A) planning B) organizing C) leading ") controlling $) reacting Answer% " $ planation% *rench industrialist Benri *ayol wrote that all managers perform five management functions% planning+ organizing+ commanding+ coordinating+ and controlling' Bere :s' :cKay is performing the controlling function' :onitoring+ comparing+ and potential correcting is the controlling function' "iff% , )age -ef% 9(< /opic% Application of What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Application 52% , @osef Eobles has been a manager at :ountain Chemicals for five years' Bired for his e pertise in pro3ect accounting+ he rose quic#ly through the ran#s and is now the head of the accounting and finance department' @osef is viewed as the rising star in the organization by his superiors' ?=) According to Katz+ the s#ills that :r' Eobles was hired for were what type of s#ill? A) human B) conceptual C) technical ") controlling $) directing Answer% C $ planation% :r' Eobles was hired for his e pertise in pro3ect accounting+ a technical s#ill' /echnical s#ills are defined as the ability to offer and apply specialized #nowledge or e pertise' "iff% , )age -ef% =(? /opic% Application of :anagement 1#ills L $ffective versus 1uccessful :anagerial Activities 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /echnical 1#ills 4uest' Category% Application 52% ,

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??) Fiven the information we have+ :r' Eobles would probably be categorized by 5uthans as what type of manager? A) effective B) efficient C) successful ") productive $) type A Answer% C $ planation% According to 5uthans+ managers who were successful were those that were rapidly promoted within their organization' "iff% , )age -ef% ? /opic% Application of :anagement 1#ills L $ffective versus 1uccessful :anagerial Activities 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1uccessful :anagerial Activities 4uest' Category% Application 52% , Mou are bringing together faculty from different behavioral disciplines to author a new te tboo# in organizational behavior' -epresented are professors from psychology+ sociology+ social psychology+ anthropology+ political science+ and industrial engineering' ?A) /he faculty member from >>>>>>>> should furnish information about personality+ learning+ and motivation' A) sociology B) psychology C) anthropology ") political science $) industrial engineering Answer% B $ planation% )sychology see#s to measure+ e plain+ and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals' )sychology!s focus on the individual has led to contributions including learning+ personality+ emotions+ motivational forces+ and more' "iff% , )age -ef% 1, /opic% Application of Contributing "isciplines to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )sychology 4uest' Category% Application 52% 9

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A7) Which professor out of this group would you e pect to address issues of communication? A) the psychologist B) the anthropologist C) the political scientist ") the social psychologist $) the industrial engineer Answer% " $ planation% 1ocial psychology focus on peoples! influence on one another' 1ocial psychologists contribute to identifying communication patterns and more' "iff% , )age -ef% 1,(18 /opic% Application of Contributing "isciplines to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ocial )sychology 4uest' Category% Application 52% 9 A1) Mou should e pect that the faculty member from >>>>>>>> will probably contribute information about large(scale group behavior' A) sociology B) psychology C) social psychology ") anthropology $) industrial engineering Answer% A $ planation% 1ociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture' 1ociologists have contributed to 2B through their study of group behavior in organizations' "iff% , )age -ef% 18(1. /opic% Application of Contributing "isciplines to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ociology 4uest' Category% Application 52% 9 /he manager at a construction site observes that he is spending a great deal of time interviewing prospective employees' /his is due to the large amount of absenteeism and turnover among his s#illed wor#ers' 2n questioning e iting employees he discovers that many of them quit because they feel the wor# place is too dangerous' 0n particular+ several foremen have stated that the need to get the 3ob done quic#ly is more important than a few rules+ and have gone as far as to moc# the courage of wor#ers who question this attitude'

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A,) What is not a dependent variable that the manager wishes to resolve in this case? A) turnover B) absenteeism C) productivity ") 3ob satisfaction $) the s#ill level of his wor#ers Answer% $ $ planation% /he si #ey dependent variables remain consistent% productivity+ absence+ turnover+ deviant wor#place behavior+ citizenship+ and satisfaction' /he manager is ta#ing proactive steps to resolve his turnover+ absenteeism+ productivity and 3ob satisfaction' "iff% , )age -ef% ,. /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% "ependent Gariables 4uest' Category% Application 52% ? A8) What is the best way for the manager to control the deviant behavior of the foremen? A) ordering the foremen to conform with the required safety standards B) finding out why the foremen place a greater importance on finishing the 3ob than in safety C) firing the foremen and promoting new foremen from the current pool of wor#ers ") ta#ing over the wor# of the foremen himself $) instituting training classes for the foremen on the importance of safety Answer% B $ planation% :anagers need to understand the source of wor#place deviance so they can avoid a chaotic wor# environment+ and wor#place deviance can also have a considerable financial impact' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ,< /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% "eviant Wor#place Behavior 4uest' Category% Application 52% ?

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A.) Which of the following is an independent variable which is li#ely to be the root cause of the wor#place deviant behavior the manager has observed? A) *oremen are paid significant bonuses if the wor#ers they supervise complete their tas#s quic#ly' B) Absenteeism is found to rise on those days when particularly hazardous wor# is being performed' C) 1everal of the foremen are close personal friends who have very similar attitudes toward wor# and safety' ") /he structure of the organization does not involve all wor#ers in the decision ma#ing process' $) )enalties for ignoring safety standards are not heavy+ amounting to the equivalent of only several hours! pay' Answer% A $ planation% $arning more money is an independent variable that could act as a motivator to the foremen' 0ndependent variables are the presumed cause of some change in a dependent variable+ which in this case is productivity' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ,<+ ,A /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 0ndependent Gariables 4uest' Category% Application 52% ? Allison and Fail both are studying for a final e am' Both have a goal of attaining a grade of A1 or better' Fail studied < hours and made a grade of A,' Allison studied for A hours and also made a grade of A,' A9) Which of the students was effective? A) only Fail B) only Allison C) neither Fail nor Allison ") both Fail and Allison $) insufficient information to 3udge Answer% " $ planation% $ffectiveness is the achievement of goals' Both girls made high scores on the e am so they were both effective' "iff% , )age -ef% ,.(,9 /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% $ffectiveness 4uest' Category% Application 52% ?

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A<) Which of the following statements is true? A) Fail is more efficient than Allison' B) Allison is more efficient than Fail' C) Fail is more effective than Allison' ") Allison is more effective than Fail' $) Fail and Allison are equally efficient' Answer% A $ planation% $fficiency describes the ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve a goal' 1ince Fail wor#ed fewer hours to reach the same goal+ she is more efficient than Allison' "iff% , )age -ef% ,.(,9 /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% $ffectiveness and $fficiency 4uest' Category% Application 52% ? A=) Which of the students was more productive? A) Fail B) Allison C) Eeither Fail nor Allison were productive' ") 0t is impossible to tell from the information given' $) /hey were equally productive' Answer% A $ planation% )roductivity is defined as achieving goals by transforming inputs into outputs at the lowest cost' Because Fail was more efficient+ her cost was lower+ and she was more productive' "iff% , )age -ef% ,.(,9 /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% )roductivity 4uest' Category% Application 52% ?

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A?) "efine and provide a wor#place e ample for each of the four management functions described by Benri *ayol' Answer% /he four management functions as described by Benri *ayol are planning+ organizing+ leading+ and controlling' /he planning function encompasses defining an organization!s goals+ establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals+ and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities' Writing sales goals and quotas for a team of salespeople would be a wor#place e ample of management planning' 2rganizing includes the determination of what tas#s are to be done+ who is to do them+ how the tas#s are to be grouped+ who reports to whom+ and where decisions are to be made' Assigning pro3ects and pro3ect team leaders is an e ample of organizing' /he leading function involves motivating employees+ directing the activities of others+ selecting the most effective communication channels+ and resolving conflicts among members' 5eading wee#ly sales meetings on informational topics to motivate a sales team is an e ample of leading' *inally+ controlling involves monitoring+ comparing+ and potential correcting to get the organization bac# on trac#' -eprimanding an employee who consistently arrives to wor# late is an e ample of controlling' "iff% 8 )age -ef% < /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement *unctions 4uest' Category% Critical /hin#ing 52% , AA) "escribe the three essential management s#ills that differentiate effective managers from ineffective ones' )rovide a wor#place e ample of how these s#ills could be used when dealing with the challenge of a wor#place recession' Answer% /he three essential management s#ills identified by researchers are technical+ human+ and conceptual' /echnical s#ills are defined by the ability to apply specialized #nowledge or e pertise' Buman s#ills are defined by the ability to wor# with+ understand+ and motivate other people' *inally+ conceptual s#ills are defined by the ability to analyze and diagnose comple situations' 0n a time of recession human s#ills are essential to motivate fearful employees and to create a positive wor# environment' /hey would also be necessary in the event of wor#place staff reduction' /echnical s#ills could be applied in the area of e pertise to raise production and+ combined with conceptual s#ills+ can be used to loo# for small mar#et niches and ways to analyze the industry to continue to ma#e a profit until times are better' "iff% 8 )age -ef% =(?+ 1?(,, /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anagement 1#ills 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% ,+ =

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177) $ plain how *red 5uthans differentiates between successful and effective managers' Answer% 5uthans defined successful managers in terms of the speed of their promotions' $ffective managers were defined in terms of the quantity and quality of their performance and the satisfaction and commitment of their employees' "ifferent s#ills were associated with each group' 1uccessful managers used more networ#ing s#ills+ whereas effective managers used more communication s#ills' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ?(A /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% $ffective Gersus 1uccessful :anagers 4uest' Category% Critical /hin#ing 52% , 171) "escribe how one of the sciences that contributes to organizational behavior could be used in $B:' "efine the science+ some of the science!s contributions to 2B+ and describe a wor#place e ample of how it could be used in $B:' Answer% $vidence(based management D$B:) complements systematic study by basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence' "octors need to ma#e decisions about patient care based on the latest available evidence+ and $B: argues that managers should do the same+ becoming more scientific in how they thin# about management problems' *or e ample+ a manager that is struggling with high turnover in his company could loo# toward social psychology to help solve the problem' 1ocial psychology+ generally considered a branch of psychology+ blends concepts from both psychology and sociology to focus on people!s influence on one another' 2ne ma3or study area is change+ how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance' A manager could loo# at a social psychology study on 3ob satisfaction to determine what changes he might ma#e to be able to better retain employees' "iff% 8 )age -ef% 11(18 /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% :anager!s @ob 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% .+ 9

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17,) Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behavior within organizations? Answer% 0t is important to complement intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behavior within organizations in order to help uncover important facts and relationships' /his will provide a base from which more accurate predictions of behavior can be made' /hat is+ we can improve our predictive ability by complementing intuitive opinions with a more systematic approach' 1ystematic studies loo#s at relationships+ attempting to attribute causes and effects+ and base conclusions on scientific evidence' /his process helps us to e plain and predict behavior' "iff% 8 )age -ef% 11(1, /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% 1ystematic 1tudy 4uest' Category% Critical /hin#ing 52% . 178) Bow have the fields of psychology and sociology contributed to our understanding of organizational behavior? Answer% )sychology see#s to measure+ e plain+ and change the behavior of humans' Contributions have been made by learning theorists+ personality theorists+ counseling psychologists+ and industrial and organizational psychologists' Contributions have been made in learning+ perception+ personality+ emotions+ training+ leadership effectiveness+ needs and motivational forces+ 3ob satisfaction+ decision(ma#ing processes+ performance appraisals+ attitude measurement+ employee(selection techniques+ wor# design+ and 3ob stress' 1ociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture' /he greatest contributions by sociologists have been in the study of group behavior in organizations+ organizational culture+ formal organization theory and structure+ organizational technology+ communications+ power+ and conflict' "iff% 8 )age -ef% 1,(1. /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Behavioral 1ciences 4uest' Category% Critical /hin#ing 52% 9

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17.) Compare and contrast the fields of psychology+ social psychology+ and sociology' Answer% /hese fields all deal with the human condition' While psychology focuses on the individual+ sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture' 1ocial psychology blends concepts from both psychology and sociology+ though it is generally considered a branch of psychology' 0t focuses on people!s influence on one another' /hus+ it could be said that social psychology falls between the e tremes of the individual focus of psychology and the large group focus of sociology' "iff% 8 )age -ef% 1,(1. /opic% "isciplines /hat Contribute to the 2B *ield 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Behavioral 1ciences 4uest' Category% Critical /hin#ing 52% 9 179) "escribe how globalization affects a manager!s people s#ills+ and what human s#ills will be called upon to be effective' Answer% Buman 1#ills+ or people s#ills+ are the ability to understand+ communicate with+ motivate+ and support other people+ both individually and in groups' Flobalization affects a manager!s people s#ills in at least two ways' *irst+ managers are increasingly li#ely to find themselves on foreign assignments' 2nce there+ they may be managing a wor# force that is defined by very different needs+ aspirations+ and attitudes from the wor#force bac# at home' 1econd+ managers are going to find themselves wor#ing with superiors+ peers+ and employees who were born and raised in a different culture' /o wor# effectively with these people+ managers will need to understand their culture+ how it has shaped them+ and how to adapt a management style to these differences' 0n order to deal with these challenges+ and effective manager should be a proficient listener+ see# to understand the needs of others+ and learn to manage conflicts' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ?+ 1<(1= /opic% What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#illsH :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Flobalization 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% ,+ = 17<) $ plain Cwor#force diversity'C $ plain what #ey managerial s#ill you thin# is most important when dealing with wor#force diversity' Answer% Wor#force diversity is a term used to describe how organizations are becoming more heterogeneous with regard to gender+ race+ and ethnicity' 0t also includes disabilities+ se ual orientation+ and age' Buman s#ills are defined by the ability to wor# with+ understand+ and motivate other people and would be important to manage a diverse wor#force because of the different individual variables that the manager would be wor#ing with' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ?+ 1=(1? /opic% Wor#force "iversity 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#illsH :ulticultural and "iversity 2b3ective% Wor#force "iversity 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% 8+ = 17=) What dependent and independent variables are usually identified for construction of an 2B
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model? Answer% A dependent variable is the #ey factor that you want to e plain or predict and that is affected by some other factor' 2B 1cholars have historically emphasized productivity+ absenteeism+ turnover+ and 3ob satisfaction' /oday+ deviant wor#place behavior and organizational citizenship have been added to this list' An independent variable is the presumed cause of some change in the dependent variable' /he independent variables are divided into individual(level+ group(level+ and organization systems level variables' /he individual(level variables include biographical characteristics+ ability+ values+ attitudes+ personality+ and emotions+ perception+ individual decision ma#ing+ learning+ and motivation' Froup(level variables include communication+ leadership+ power+ and politics' 2rganization systems level variables include the design of the formal organizationH the organization!s internal cultureH and the organization!s human resource policies and practices' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ,8(87 /opic% Application of "eveloping an 2B :odel 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Contingency :odels 4uest' Category% Critical /hin#ing 52% ? 17?) "escribe two contingency variables that a manager could use in evaluating 3ob satisfaction in her organization' Answer% Contingency variables are situational factors that moderate the relationship between two or more variables' A manager must outline contingency variables in order to be able to predict 3ob satisfaction because not all humans want the same out of a career+ or anything else for that matter' *or e ample+ the manager could determine that flex time leads to job satisfaction, but only under conditions specified in z. Z is the contingency variable' 0n this e ample N could be employees under the age of 87+ or female employees' N is the contingency variable because some employees might prefer to wor# a regular schedule' "iff% 8 )age -ef% 1.+ ,=(,? /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% Contingency Gariables 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% <+ =

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17A) Bow would you compare an ethical dilemma to organizational citizenship behavior? Bow are they similar or different? Answer% An ethical dilemma is a situation in which employees are required to define right and wrong conduct' "ilemmas include whether to blow the whistle+ whether they should follow orders with which they don!t personally agree+ whether they should give an inflated performance evaluation to an employee whom they li#e+ #nowing that such an evaluation could save that employee!s 3ob+ or whether they should allow themselves to play politics in the organization if it will help their career advancement' /hese ethical dilemmas result from the blurring of the line differentiating right from wrong' 2rganizational citizenship behavior D2CB) is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee!s formal 3ob requirements but nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization' 1uccessful organizations need employees who will do more than their usual 3ob duties+ who will provide performance beyond e pectations' By fostering 2CB as a dependable variable in the wor#place+ ethical dilemmas should be reduced' An employee would almost always choose what is CrightC if he feels a citizenship alliance toward the employer' $thical dilemmas in which employees ma#e the wrong choices are more li#ely to occur in environments where employees are dissatisfied and disgruntled' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ,,(,8+ ,<(,? /opic% "efining 2rganizational Behavior 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#illsH $thical -easoning 2b3ective% $thical "ilemma 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% =+ ? 117) What conclusions can you draw about turnover if an employer strives to find balance in wor#(life conflicts? Bow can the employer find this balance and still have productive employees? Answer% Because wor# is constantly infringing on people!s lives+ some employers ma#e efforts to find balance in the wor#(life conflict' *or e ample+ if a 3ob requires a lot of travel time away from the family+ when the travel assignment is done+ the employer could allow the employee to wor# from home several days to be able to spend more time with the family' Allowing fle ible schedules and complimentary time off for overtime wor#ed+ gives an employee time to recuperate what was lost to wor#+ thus increasing 3ob satisfaction and most li#ely decreasing turnover' /urnover is the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization' A high turnover rate results in increased recruiting+ selection+ and training costsOwhich are quite significant' Although it might appear that the employer is losing productivity by allowing fle ible time and balance in wor#(life conflicts+ he is actually increasing productivity because he isn!t training new employees due to reduced turnover+ and employees with high 3ob satisfaction are more productive' "iff% 8 )age -ef% ,1(,,+ ,9(,< /opic% Application of What :anagers "o 1#ill% AAC1B% Analytic 1#ills 2b3ective% /urnover 4uest' Category% 1ynthesis 52% =+ ?

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