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Fajril Ar Rahman 100401014

This document contains the solutions to multiple thermodynamics calculation problems involving Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles. It includes calculations of temperatures, pressures, efficiencies, and other values at each state of the cycles. For a four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging and an air-standard cycle, the temperatures, pressures, work values, and indicated thermal efficiency are calculated. For a Diesel cycle problem, the same values are found along with the combustion temperature and exhaust heat loss. Finally, calculations are shown to determine the maximum and minimum possible indicated thermal efficiencies for a Dual cycle engine given structural limitations on pressure.

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213 views4 pages

Fajril Ar Rahman 100401014

This document contains the solutions to multiple thermodynamics calculation problems involving Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles. It includes calculations of temperatures, pressures, efficiencies, and other values at each state of the cycles. For a four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging and an air-standard cycle, the temperatures, pressures, work values, and indicated thermal efficiency are calculated. For a Diesel cycle problem, the same values are found along with the combustion temperature and exhaust heat loss. Finally, calculations are shown to determine the maximum and minimum possible indicated thermal efficiencies for a Dual cycle engine given structural limitations on pressure.

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Fajril Ar-rahman
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAMA

: FAJRIL AR RAHMAN

NIM

: 100401014

KLS

:B

1. An Otto cycle SI engine with a compression ratio of rc = 9 has peak cycle temperature
and pressure of 2800 K and 9000 kPa. Cylinder pressure when the exhaust valve
opens is 460 kPa, and exhaust manifold pressure is 100 kPa.
Calculate:
(a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke. [OC]
(b) Exhaust residual after each cycle. [%]
(c) Velocity out of the exhaust valve when the valve first opens. [mlsec]
(d) Theoretical momentary maximum temperature in the exhaust. [0C]
a. Tex = T7 = T3(P7/P3)(k-1)/k = (2800 K)(100/9000)(1,35-1)/1,35 = 872 K ( 599 oC )
b. T4 = T3(P4/P3)(k-1)/k = (2800 K)(460/9000)(1,35-1)/1,35 = 1295 K
xr = (1/rc)(T4/Tex)(Pex/P4) = (1/9)(1295/875)(100/60) = 0,036 = 3,6%
c. Vel = c = [kRT]1/2 = [ (1,35)(287 J/kg.K)(1295 K) ]1/2 = 708 m/s
d. V2/2gc = h = cpT
(708 m/s)2/[(2)(1 kg.m/Ns2)] = (1,108 kJ/kg.K)T
T = 226 K
Tmax = T7 +T = 872 + 226 = 1098 K = 825 oC
2. An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging.
Air-fuel enters the cylinders at 70C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals
qin = 1800 kJ/kg. Compression ratio rc = 8 and exhaust pressure Fex = 100 kPa.
Calculate:
(a) Temperature at each state of the cycle. [oC]
(b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa]
(c) Work produced during expansion stroke. [kJ/kg]
(d) Work of compression stroke. [kJ/kg]
(e) Net pumping work. [kJ/kg]
(f) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]

a. T1 = 70 oC = 343 K ; P1 = 140 kPa


T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (343 K)(8)0,35 = 710 K = 437 oC
P2 = P1(rc)k = (140 kPa)(8)1,35 = 2319 kPa
Qin = cv(T3/T2) = (2319 kPa)(2902/710) = 9479 kPa
T4 = T3(1/rc)k-1 = (2902 K)(1/8)0,35 = 1402 K = 1129 oC
P4 = P3(1/rc)k = (9479 kPa)(1/8)1,35 = 572 kPa
b. P2 = 2319 kPa ; P4 = 572 kPa
c. w3-4 = R(T4 T3)/(1-k) = [(0,287 kL/kg.K)(1402 2902)K]/(1 1,35)
= +1230 kJ/kg
d. w1-2 = R(T2 T1)/(1-k) = [(0,287 kL/kg.K)(710 343)K]/(1 1,35) = -301 kJ/kg
e. v1 = RT1/P1 = (0,287)(343)/(140) = 0,7032 m3/kg
v2 = RT2/P2 = (0,287)(710)/(2319) = 0,0879 m3/kg
wpump = (P1 Pex)(v1 - v2) = [(140 100)kPa][(0,7032 0,0879)m3/kg]
= 24,6 kJ/kg
f. wnet = (-301) + (+1230) + (+24,6) = 953,6 kJ/kg
t = wnet/qin = 1023/1800 = 0,568 = 56,8 %

3. A CI engine operating on the air-standard Diesel cycle has cylinder conditions at the
start of compression of 65C and 130 kPa. Light diesel fuel is used at an equivalence
ratio of if> = 0.8 with a combustion efficiency Tic = 0.98. Compression ratio is rc =
19.
Calculate:
(a) Temperature at each state of the cycle. [0C]
(b) Pressure at each state of the cycle. [kPa]
(c) Cutoff ratio.
(d) Indicated thermal efficiency. [%]
(e) Heat lost in exhaust. [kJ/kg]
a.T1 = 65 oC = 338 K ; P1 = 130 kPa
T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (338 K)(19)0,35 = 947 K = 674 oC
P2 = P1(rc)k = (130 kPa)(19)1,35 = 6922 kPa

AF = (AF)stolch/ = ( 14,5)/(0,8) = 18,125


QHVc = (AF + 1)cp(T3 T2)
(42500 kJ/kg)(0,98) = (18,125 + 1)(1,108 kJ/kg.K)(T3 947)K
T3 = 2913 K = 2640 oC
P3 = P2 = 6922 kPa
v4 = v1 = RT1/P1 = (0,287)(338)/(130) = 0,7462 m3/kg
v3 = RT3/P3 = (0,287)(2913)/(6922) = 0,1208 m3/kg
T4 = T3(v3/v4)k-1 = (2913 K)(0,1208/0,7462)0,35 = 1540 K = 1267 oC
P4 = P3(v3/v4)k = (6922 kPa)(0,1208/0,7462)1,35 = 592 kPa
b. P3 = P2 = 6922 kPa ; P4 = 592 kPa
c. = T3/T2 = 2913/947 = 3,08
d. (t)DIESEL = 1 (1/rc)k-1[(k 1)/{k( 1)}]
t = 1 (1/19)0,35[{(3,08)1,35 1}/{(1,35)(3,08 1)}] = 0,547 = 54,7 %
e. qin = cp(T3 T2) = (1,108 kJ/kg.K)(2913 947)K = 2178 kJ/kg
wnet = qint = (2178 kJ/kg)(0,547) = 1191 kJ/kg
qex = qout = qin wnet = 2178 1191 = 987 kJ/kg
4. A compression ignition engine for a small truck is to operate on an air-standard Dual
cycle with a compression ratio of rc = 18. Due to structural limitations, maximum
allowable pressure in the cycle will be 9000 kPa. Light diesel fuel is used at a fuel-air
ratio of FA = 0.054. Combustion efficiency can be considered 100%. Cylinder
conditions at the start of compression are 50C and 98 kPa. Calculate:
(a) Maximum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%]
(b) Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (a). [oC]
(c) Minimum indicated thermal efficiency possible with these conditions. [%]
(d) Peak cycle temperature under conditions of part (c). [oC]
T1 = 50 oC = 323 K ;3 P1 = 98 kPa
T2 = T1(rc)k-1 = (323 K)(18)0,35 = 888 K = 615 oC

P2 = P1(rc)k = (98 kPa)(18)1,35 = 4851 kPa


P3 = Pmax = 9000kPa = Px
a. Tx = T2(P3/P2) = (888 K)(9000/4851) = 1647 K
(AF) = 1/(FA) = 1/0,054 = 18,52
Qin total = QHVc
QHV = (AF + 1)cv(Tx T2) + (AF + 1)cp(T3 T2)
42500 kJ/kg = 19,52(0,821)(1647 888) + (19,52)(1,108)(T3 1647)
T3 = 3050 K
= Px/P2 = 9000/4851 = 1,855
= T3/Tx = 3050/1647 = 1,852
t dual = 1 (1/rc)k-1[{k 1}/{k( 1)+ 1}]
= 1 (1/18)0,35[{1,855(1,852)1,35 1}/{(1,35)(1,852 1) + 1,855 1}] = 0,603
= 60,3 %
b. Tpeak = T3 = 3050 K = 2777 oC
c. QHVc = (AF + 1)cp(T3 T2)
(42500 kJ/kg)(1) = (18,52 + 1)(1,108kJ/kg.K)(T3 888 K)
T3 = 2853 K
= T3/T2 = 2853/888 = 3,213
t diesel = 1 (1/rc)k-1[(k 1)/{k( 1)}]
= 1 (1/18)0,35[{(3,213)1,35 1}/{1,35(3,213 1)}] = 0,533 = 53,3 %
d. Tpeak = T3 =2853 K =2580 oC

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