Strong

I N T E R E S T I N V E N T O R Y

M A N UA L
S U P P L E M E N T

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Strong
Occupational Scales Update 2012
Nicole A. Herk Richard C. Thompson

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I N T E R E S T I N V E N T O R Y MANUAL SUPPLEMENT

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Mountain View, California

CPP, Inc. 1055 Joaquin Road, 2nd Floor Mountain View, CA 94043 800-624-1765 www.cpp.com Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement Copyright 2012 by CPP, Inc. All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or media or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of CPP, Inc. Reference to the Strong indicates the Strong Interest Inventory assessment, Copyright 1933, 1938, 1945, 1946, 1966, 1968, 1974, 1981, 1985, 1994, 2004, 2012 by CPP, Inc. All rights reserved. Strong Interest Inventory, SkillsOne, and the Strong and CPP logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of CPP, Inc., in the United States and other countries. O*NET is a trademark of the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. Printed in the United States of America. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents
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List of Tables v
CHAPTER 1

Conclusion 45
APPENDIX

Updating the Strong Occupational Scales 1

Data Collection Process 1 Occupational Scale Construction 2 Updates to the Strong Proles and Reports 4
CHAPTER 2

Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles 47

References 121

Characteristics of the Occupational Scales 5

CHAPTER 3

Reliability of the Occupational Scales 15

CHAPTER 4

Validity of the Occupational Scales 21

Correlations Among the Occupational Scales 21 Correlations Between the GOTs and the OSs 22 Correlations Between the BISs and the OSs 25 Correlations Between the PSSs and the OSs 41

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List of Tables
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1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1

New Occupational Scales Added 3 Occupational Scales Updated 3 Occupational Scales Revised 4 Occupational Scales Removed 4 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales 6 Comparison of the Occupational Scales by Gender 11 OS Test-Retest Reliability Statistics 16 OS Correlations Overall and Within Theme for Women and Men in the GRS 21 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Realistic Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 22 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Investigative Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 23 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Artistic Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 23 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Social Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 24 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Enterprising Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 24 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Conventional Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 25

4.8

Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Mechanics & Construction BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 26 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Computer Hardware & Electronics BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 26

4.9

2.2 3.1 4.1 4.2

4.10 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Military BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 27 4.11 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Protective Services BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 27 4.12 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Nature & Agriculture BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 28 4.13 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Athletics BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 28 4.14 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Science BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 29 4.15 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Research BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 29 4.16 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Medical Science BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 30 4.17 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Mathematics BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 30 4.18 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Visual Arts & Design BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 31

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

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4.19 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Performing Arts BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 31 4.20 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Writing & Mass Communication BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 32 4.21 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Culinary Arts BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 32 4.22 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Counseling & Helping BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 33 4.23 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Teaching & Education BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 33 4.24 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Human Resources & Training BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 34 4.25 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Social Sciences BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 34 4.26 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Religion & Spirituality BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 35 4.27 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Healthcare Services BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 35 4.28 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Marketing & Advertising BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 36 4.29 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Sales BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 36 4.30 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Management BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 37 4.31 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Entrepreneurship BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 37 4.32 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Politics & Public Speaking BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 38 4.33 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Law BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 38 4.34 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Ofce Management BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 39 4.35 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Taxes & Accounting BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 39 4.36 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Programming & Information Systems BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 40 4.37 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Finance & Investing BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 40 4.38 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Work Style PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 41 4.39 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Learning Environment PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 42 4.40 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Leadership Style PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 42 4.41 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Risk Taking PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 43 4.42 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Team Orientation PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS 43

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C H A P T E R

Updating the Strong Occupational Scales

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n order to maintain the relevance and utility of the Strong Interest Inventory (Strong ) assessment, the

instrument is periodically revised to reect changes in the occupational world and in society. While the Strong has been in use since 1927, the scores received by individuals taking the assessment compare their interests with those of people who are working in occupations relevant to todays workforce. As such, the Strong remains steadfast in measuring contemporary career interests. In 2004, the content of the Strong assessment was revised, which resulted in changes to all four types of Strong scalesGeneral Occupational Themes, Basic Interest Scales, Occupational Scales, and Personal Style Scalesas well as to the administrative indexes, generated from the instrument. Chapters 17 of the Strong Interest Inventory Manual (Donnay, Morris, Schaubhut, & Thompson, 2005) discuss the 2004 revision process and the resulting changes in the Strong measures. Soon after the publication of the 2004 Strong, efforts began on the next update to the assessment. This update focused solely on the Occupational Scales (OSs); the goal was to update the OSs to keep them as current as possible. New scales were added, a number of older scales were removed, various scales were updated by developing an OS from a new sample, and

in other cases samples were bolstered with additional members of the occupation. This supplement describes the overall update of the Occupational Scales and provides information surrounding the new set of 260 OSs (130 female scales and 130 male scales) that are now integrated into the Strong family of reports. The data collection process and construction, characteristics, reliability, and validity of the scales are also discussed. Career professionals may refer to both the manual and this supplement as they use the Strong Interest Inventory assessment with clients. It should be noted that no changes were made to the instrument itself with this update, including the item content, response options, and interpretation of results. Additionally, the General Occupational Themes, Basic Interest Scales, Personal Style Scales, and administrative indexes all remain the same. Only the Occupational Scales have been affected by this update.

Data Collection Process

As in prior versions of the Strong, data for the current OS update were collected from the population of employed adults in the United States. Within this population, a number of OSs were initially targeted (e.g., OSs with samples obtained for the 1994 revision or earlier). New occupations that were not included in the 2004 OS list were targeted as well. Several of these

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occupations were based on popular press articles and online reports featuring best jobs and hot career elds, such as those found in U.S. News and World Report, Fast Company, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and CNN Money. As data collection has become more challenging in these times of increased security protecting personal information, efforts to collect data for the current OSs also relied on the following methods: Working with market research companies and mailing list providers to target individuals employed in specic occupations Requesting the participation of alumni in targeted occupations through career counseling departments or alumni associations from various colleges and universities Requesting the participation of members afliated with associations and organizations representative of targeted occupations Placing advertisements on Internet search engines inviting people to take the Strong Utilizing data made available through CPPs commercial administration platform, the SkillsOne Web site In return for their participation, those individuals obtained through membership associations and Internet search engines were given personalized career reports highlighting their general interest patterns and occupations related to their interests. Participants obtained through career counseling departments or alumni associations were also given the personalized career report, and a donation from CPP was made to the school or department of which they were a member. Finally, individuals who were obtained through market research companies were given a monetary reward directly from the research rm. Participants completed either the research form of the Stronga 297-item version hosted on CPPs research Web siteor the 291-item commercial form. The research form included six items pertaining to a participants preferences in the world of work in addition to the original 291 items that compose the current Strong assessment. Both the research and commercial forms contained a comprehensive set of demographic, or biographic, items developed to enable a description and understanding of participants. In order for participants responses to be included in the construction of an OS, it was required that they meet the following criteria used in previous revisions of the Strong: They could not indicate any degree of dissatisfaction with their work. They must have had at least three years of experience on the job. They must have been at least 18 years of age. If respondents did not meet all the criteria, they were considered ineligible and were not included in an occupational sample. For more information on these criteria, please refer to chapter 5 of the Strong manual (Donnay et al., 2005).

Occupational Scale Construction

Occupational Scales were constructed using the same method employed in previous versions of the Strong assessment. The basic procedure, as outlined in the Strong manual, consists of comparing responses of the members of each occupation with those of a general sample of employed adults to determine which items differentiate the two samples. Please refer to pages 114119 of the Strong manual for a detailed discussion of the construction and norming of Occupational Scales.

New Occupational Scales

Applying the criteria listed above to the larger sample of participants, we were able to build and add 46 new OSs to the Strong instrument (see Table 1.1). Examples include Auditor, Career Counselor, and Middle School Teacher.

Updated and Revised Occupational Scales

In addition to adding new OSs to the Strong instrument, we also updated and revised existing scales. Updated scales refers to OSs that were included in the 2004 Strong assessment but whose samples from which they were built were completely updated with new data. As these scales were built from entirely new occupational samples, different items and scoring weights were used in computing the updated scales. Thus, these OSs have updated scoring and may have

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Table 1.1 New Occupational Scales Added
New Scale Gender

Updating the Strong Occupational Scales

Table 1.2 Occupational Scales Updated

Updated Scale Gender

Arts/Entertainment Manager Arts/Entertainment Manager Auditor Auditor Bartender Bartender Business/Finance Supervisor Business/Finance Supervisor Career Counselor Career Counselor Computer Programmer Computer Programmer Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer/Mathematics Manager Customer Service Representative Customer Service Representative Human Resources Specialist Human Resources Specialist Instructional Coordinator Instructional Coordinator Loan Ofcer/Counselor Loan Ofcer/Counselor Management Analyst Management Analyst Mental Health Counselor Mental Health Counselor Middle School Teacher Middle School Teacher Personal Financial Advisor Personal Financial Advisor Religious/Spiritual Leader Religious/Spiritual Leader Secondary School Teacher Secondary School Teacher Securities Sales Agent Securities Sales Agent Top Executive, Business/Finance Top Executive, Business/Finance Training & Development Specialist Training & Development Specialist University Administrator University Administrator University Faculty Member University Faculty Member Wholesale Sales Representative Wholesale Sales Representative

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Accountant Accountant Attorney Attorney Community Service Director Computer & IS Manager Computer Systems Analyst Elementary School Teacher Elementary School Teacher Engineer Engineer Financial Analyst Financial Manager Financial Manager Graphic Designer Human Resources Manager Human Resources Manager Marketing Manager Marketing Manager Operations Manager Operations Manager Psychologist Psychologist Realtor Registered Nurse Sales Manager Sales Manager Social Worker Social Worker Software Developer Software Developer Special Education Teacher Technical Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Technical Support Specialist Technical Support Specialist

Female Male Female Male Male Male Male Female Male Female Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Female Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male

a different Theme code as well. For details on how Theme codes are assigned to OSs, please refer to page 120 of the Strong manual. Table 1.2 lists the 36 OSs that have been updated. Revised scales also refers to OSs that were included in the 2004 Strong assessment. For these scales, however, rather than completely updating the samples

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Table 1.3 Occupational Scales Revised
Revised Scale Gender

Table 1.4 Occupational Scales Removed

Removed Scale Gender Year Data Collected

Administrative Assistant Administrative Assistant Editor Editor Network Administrator Network Administrator Rehabilitation Counselor Rehabilitation Counselor

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

from which they were built, we supplemented them with new data. As we were not able to gather sufcient data to completely update the scales, the addition of the new data to the existing samples was a logical alternative. Table 1.3 lists the eight OSs that were revised. Examples of revised scales include Editor and Administrative Assistant. Please note that the scoring for all scales listed in Table 1.3 has also been revised.

Removed Occupational Scales

Finally, Table 1.4 lists all scales that have been removed and are not in the current list of OSs. Scales were removed due to redundancy of an existing OS with a new scale, an outdated sample used to create the OS (and no new data to replace the sample), and so on. A total of 30 OSs were removed from the Strong instrument. Please note that 170 of the existing Strong Occupational Scales were unchanged in this OS update.

Banker Banker Bookkeeper Bookkeeper College Instructor College Instructor Corporate Trainer Corporate Trainer Foreign Language Teacher Foreign Language Teacher Investments Manager Investments Manager Licensed Practical Nurse Licensed Practical Nurse Minister Minister Physical Education Teacher Physical Education Teacher Retail Sales Manager Retail Sales Manager Retail Sales Representative Retail Sales Representative Social Science Teacher Social Science Teacher Top Executive Top Executive Travel Consultant Travel Consultant University Professor University Professor

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

1992 1992 1993 1993 2003 2003 1993 1993 1978 1979 1982 1982 1983 1983 1977 1982 1979 1979 1984 1984 2003 2003 1983 1983 2003 2003 1983 1983 1972 1983

Updates to the Strong Profiles and Reports

The Strong Proles and reports were updated to reect the new set of 260 Occupational Scales. Also, hyperlinks were added to the electronic version of each Prole and report that contains a top 10 list of occupations. This list shows the respondent the 10 Occupational Scales for his or her gender that have the highest scores. When the respondent clicks on the name of an occupation in the list, a browser window opens and the O*NET description of the occupation appears. O*NET is the U.S. Department of Labors job classication database.

For OSs with more than one relevant O*NET code, the hyperlink will lead to a page displaying several occupations related to the scale, or simply the occupation from which the Strong sample was primarily derived. As an example, for the University Faculty Member occupation O*NET has descriptions for distinct specialties among college and university professors. The hyperlink featured on the Strong report leads to the O*NET page listing all postsecondary teaching occupations. Hyperlinks to O*NET data are meant to help respondents use their Occupational Scale results to launch further research and self-reection as they evaluate possible careers.

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C H A P T E R

Characteristics of the Occupational Scales

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n interpreting a clients results on the Occupational Scales, a standard score of 40 or higher on a scale

Strong manual (pp. 103105) for details on explaining OS results. Table 2.1 shows the minimum and maximum possible scores on the 260 OSs. Please note that Table 2.1 is a replacement for Table 5.1 in the Strong manual. The minimum and maximum scores were computed for the 2004 General Representative Sample (GRS). This sample includes 1,125 women and 1,125 men selected to reect the racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. workforce. For a demographic prole of this sample, please refer to pages 68 of the Strong manual.

indicates that the client has some degree of similarity to people employed in the occupation and that the occupation is thus worth noting as an area to explore. A score of 50 on an OS is average for respondents employed in a given occupation; therefore a score of 50 or higher should command considerable attention. Clients who score low on an OS may still want to research the occupation, however. See chapter 5 of the

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Table 2.1 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales
New, Existing, Minimum Updated, or Possible Gender Revised Score Maximum Possible Score Number Minimum Tilton of % % Cohens Tiltons Items Difference Overlap d Q

Occupational Scale

Accountant Actuary Administrative Assistant Advertising Account Manager Architect Art Teacher Artist Arts/Entertainment Manager Athletic Trainer Attorney Auditor Automobile Mechanic Bartender Biologist Broadcast Journalist Business Education Teacher Business/Finance Supervisor Buyer Career Counselor Carpenter Chef Chemist Chiropractor Community Service Director Computer & IS Manager

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Updated Updated Existing Existing Revised Revised Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New Existing Existing Updated Updated New New Existing Existing New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New Existing Existing New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Existing Updated

15 6 3 18 18 24 27 16 39 35 61 45 27 32 7 10 42 26 13 22 9 2 0 3 2 22 25 26 9 16 8 4 4 2 7 11 20 15 20 8 30 22 18 36 2 7 4 0 5 8

72 71 79 74 76 78 68 72 71 76 77 74 66 67 65 67 79 78 68 68 74 76 76 70 80 76 73 69 68 69 69 74 72 74 71 80 67 73 73 84 75 78 72 71 76 79 76 65 78 66

25 38 30 28 25 25 36 42 28 28 39 32 39 35 30 34 36 30 41 39 33 39 26 34 43 39 29 39 31 25 30 33 34 39 32 23 35 35 33 32 20 19 32 31 34 41 27 29 15 32

16 17 16 16 12 19 19 19 19 16 18 26 24 30 19 20 20 18 24 27 18 17 26 26 17 25 24 16 20 22 22 20 15 21 18 16 23 24 24 16 15 16 20 18 26 20 16 28 12 17

49 51 44 47 67 55 47 44 35 32 19 18 36 24 61 58 17 26 35 30 52 52 23 33 45 32 38 51 45 38 33 40 56 51 40 31 41 38 29 36 42 27 39 43 39 35 57 40 61 60

1.38 1.33 1.53 1.40 0.86 1.19 1.44 1.55 1.81 1.95 2.52 2.57 1.80 2.32 1.01 1.10 2.64 2.23 1.84 2.00 1.28 1.28 2.42 1.94 1.49 1.94 1.71 1.52 1.51 1.72 1.94 1.70 1.16 1.30 1.66 2.00 1.62 1.72 2.11 1.83 1.58 2.17 1.67 1.54 1.71 1.86 1.14 1.66 1.03 1.04

1.38 1.33 1.55 1.44 0.86 1.20 1.45 1.56 1.88 1.99 2.62 2.67 1.83 2.37 1.02 1.11 2.72 2.27 1.87 2.06 1.28 1.30 2.42 1.95 1.49 1.97 1.75 1.54 1.52 1.75 1.95 1.70 1.17 1.31 1.68 2.04 1.65 1.75 2.13 1.84 1.61 2.21 1.72 1.60 1.73 1.87 1.14 1.68 1.03 1.04

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Table 2.1 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales (continued)
New, Existing, Minimum Updated, or Possible Gender Revised Score Maximum Possible Score Number Minimum Tilton of % % Cohens Tiltons Items Difference Overlap d Q

Characteristics of the Occupational Scales

Occupational Scale

Computer Programmer Computer Scientist Computer Systems Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager Cosmetologist Credit Manager Customer Service Representative Dentist Dietitian Editor Elected Public Ofcial Electrician Elementary School Teacher Emergency Medical Technician Engineer Engineering Technician English Teacher ESL Instructor Facilities Manager* Farmer/Rancher Financial Analyst Financial Manager Fireghter Flight Attendant Florist

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

New New Existing Existing Existing Updated New New Existing Existing Existing Existing New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Revised Revised Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated Existing Existing Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing

21 4 5 21 6 17 11 1 3 1 17 8 18 18 13 16 18 5 14 12 14 14 9 1 2 6 3 3 12 4 16 10 38 25 9 14 9 9 7 5 6 1 10 2 9 11 6 4 2 6

69 72 78 74 77 67 72 65 74 75 77 74 77 75 68 80 75 79 65 66 69 66 72 74 65 74 84 78 70 67 70 79 65 64 62 69 91 84 78 63 75 71 64 67 72 60 76 77 71 77

36 35 40 40 12 23 30 31 14 24 16 24 27 32 21 28 18 22 32 33 37 26 26 23 19 36 29 35 39 35 39 35 23 24 44 41 32 13 35 31 28 36 15 20 45 45 24 30 14 21

23 19 26 23 13 16 22 21 16 20 16 16 15 19 16 16 14 16 23 24 16 20 24 20 25 23 16 16 23 18 25 18 24 26 25 28 18 18 24 31 18 17 25 25 33 21 18 18 16 16

50 52 28 36 57 65 51 53 37 35 61 62 61 56 45 43 47 41 40 37 41 39 29 45 44 40 34 39 37 56 40 46 36 29 41 30 57 62 35 41 50 53 47 43 19 37 54 48 41 41

1.34 1.29 2.15 1.81 1.16 0.90 1.29 1.24 1.47 1.86 1.01 0.99 1.03 1.17 1.49 1.55 1.44 1.66 1.61 1.75 1.63 1.68 2.11 1.51 1.53 1.68 1.90 1.72 1.80 1.17 1.68 1.48 1.76 2.02 1.63 2.06 1.15 1.19 1.86 1.65 1.37 1.25 1.42 1.54 2.60 1.77 1.24 1.40 1.61 1.64

1.34 1.30 2.19 1.86 1.16 0.90 1.33 1.25 1.48 1.86 1.02 1.00 1.03 1.17 1.52 1.57 1.45 1.67 1.67 1.80 1.66 1.71 2.11 1.52 1.55 1.68 1.90 1.72 1.80 1.18 1.68 1.50 1.84 2.10 1.67 2.09 1.15 1.20 1.86 1.65 1.37 1.26 1.43 1.57 2.63 1.79 1.24 1.41 1.64 1.64

*The Facilities Manager scales, formerly Housekeeping/Maintenance Manager scales, were renamed to better reflect current usage.

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Table 2.1 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales (continued)
New, Existing, Minimum Updated, or Possible Gender Revised Score Maximum Possible Score Number Minimum Tilton of % % Cohens Tiltons Items Difference Overlap d Q

Occupational Scale

Food Service Manager Forester Geographer Geologist Graphic Designer Health Information Specialist Horticulturist Human Resources Manager Human Resources Specialist Instructional Coordinator Interior Designer Landscape/Grounds Manager Law Enforcement Ofcer Librarian Life Insurance Agent Loan Ofcer/Counselor Management Analyst Marketing Manager Mathematician Mathematics Teacher Medical Illustrator Medical Technician Medical Technologist Mental Health Counselor Middle School Teacher

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated New New New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New New New Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New New New

8 4 4 10 31 29 19 14 8 19 8 10 11 8 14 10 4 5 2 15 45 14 4 1 3 5 10 3 7 9 1 4 1 1 17 8 33 36 10 15 56 51 5 14 5 4 37 20 9 1

75 67 77 75 73 74 72 70 72 66 82 80 74 80 64 67 67 69 67 65 71 65 85 80 77 81 72 76 77 76 76 70 70 70 69 70 77 70 77 77 76 71 77 79 76 73 65 68 69 69

23 17 20 20 42 40 30 27 29 26 22 18 20 26 36 39 30 34 31 33 25 26 20 19 28 28 22 26 22 17 32 35 27 31 35 40 37 37 38 35 37 28 28 28 27 33 37 39 25 30

16 16 19 16 29 28 24 24 19 26 15 13 16 16 22 25 16 21 18 23 24 30 13 16 18 17 15 18 19 20 17 24 19 18 21 20 24 26 16 16 24 26 20 16 18 16 22 29 21 22

50 46 50 48 21 27 35 36 43 30 56 61 43 47 46 40 60 46 60 55 31 26 54 54 41 42 60 50 47 45 52 42 56 56 44 48 25 22 31 29 24 17 39 38 43 43 35 25 42 42

1.35 1.46 1.35 1.39 2.45 2.20 1.81 1.79 1.55 2.07 1.18 1.02 1.56 1.42 1.46 1.66 1.04 1.46 1.05 1.19 1.97 2.24 1.22 1.21 1.66 1.59 1.04 1.33 1.43 1.51 1.28 1.58 1.18 1.18 1.54 1.40 2.23 2.41 2.03 2.12 2.25 2.63 1.73 1.75 1.56 1.56 1.82 2.26 1.60 1.59

1.35 1.47 1.37 1.41 2.51 2.24 1.86 1.82 1.58 2.09 1.18 1.02 1.57 1.43 1.48 1.68 1.05 1.48 1.06 1.19 2.02 2.25 1.22 1.22 1.66 1.60 1.05 1.34 1.44 1.52 1.28 1.60 1.18 1.19 1.56 1.42 2.32 2.46 2.05 2.13 2.34 2.74 1.74 1.77 1.59 1.58 1.88 2.28 1.62 1.61

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Table 2.1 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales (continued)
New, Existing, Minimum Updated, or Possible Gender Revised Score Maximum Possible Score Number Minimum Tilton of % % Cohens Tiltons Items Difference Overlap d Q

Characteristics of the Occupational Scales

Occupational Scale

Military Enlisted Military Ofcer Musician Network Administrator Nursing Home Administrator Occupational Therapist Operations Manager Optician Optometrist Paralegal Parks & Recreation Manager Personal Financial Advisor Pharmacist Photographer Physical Therapist Physician Physicist Production Worker Psychologist Public Administrator Public Relations Director Purchasing Agent R&D Manager Radiologic Technologist Realtor

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Revised Revised Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Existing

9 2 18 2 16 10 19 3 8 7 18 13 2 4 3 5 4 6 8 2 5 7 0 19 1 4 12 19 22 22 13 21 47 67 14 14 27 30 19 9 46 35 1 0 21 11 4 10 11 2

87 83 70 75 73 71 68 68 84 88 77 78 66 66 82 83 74 71 82 72 72 65 68 69 80 80 69 77 72 67 70 67 75 68 64 80 71 70 69 64 70 70 76 68 77 72 85 83 67 69

25 31 12 23 32 26 34 33 21 12 24 28 36 36 19 20 25 18 14 16 23 25 31 37 27 24 32 30 21 20 30 23 34 34 42 23 36 38 22 28 37 34 22 20 37 29 23 27 34 24

16 16 14 16 16 20 20 16 16 16 17 17 18 22 16 16 15 14 13 16 16 14 25 27 16 15 16 16 16 16 20 24 27 24 12 15 23 26 20 20 22 21 16 16 16 18 16 15 21 16

44 49 45 53 44 42 46 53 61 62 48 47 59 52 49 47 61 59 60 60 54 62 42 31 51 56 52 41 46 52 42 36 24 33 45 55 31 30 44 52 37 40 53 55 39 41 45 48 48 52

1.53 1.37 1.50 1.25 1.53 1.60 1.47 1.24 1.02 1.07 1.41 1.44 1.09 1.27 1.38 1.43 1.00 1.07 1.05 1.04 1.23 1.00 1.62 1.98 1.29 1.15 1.28 1.63 1.44 1.24 1.60 1.82 2.22 1.81 1.51 1.20 2.01 2.02 1.52 1.28 1.73 1.61 1.25 1.19 1.67 1.61 1.50 1.40 1.42 1.28

1.54 1.37 1.50 1.25 1.54 1.61 1.47 1.26 1.02 1.07 1.42 1.45 1.09 1.29 1.39 1.43 1.01 1.09 1.05 1.05 1.23 1.01 1.62 2.03 1.31 1.16 1.28 1.64 1.47 1.28 1.63 1.85 2.35 1.93 1.51 1.20 2.03 2.07 1.56 1.30 1.80 1.68 1.27 1.20 1.71 1.65 1.50 1.40 1.42 1.29

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Table 2.1 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales (continued)
New, Existing, Minimum Updated, or Possible Gender Revised Score Maximum Possible Score Number Minimum Tilton of % % Cohens Tiltons Items Difference Overlap d Q

Occupational Scale

Recreation Therapist Registered Nurse Rehabilitation Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader Reporter Respiratory Therapist Restaurant Manager Sales Manager School Administrator School Counselor Science Teacher Secondary School Teacher Securities Sales Agent Social Worker Sociologist Software Developer Special Education Teacher Speech Pathologist Technical Sales Representative Technical Support Specialist Technical Writer Top Executive, Business/Finance Training & Development Specialist Translator University Administrator

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Existing Existing Updated Existing Revised Revised New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New New New Updated Updated Existing Existing Updated Updated Updated Existing Existing Existing Updated Updated Updated Updated Existing Existing New New New New Existing Existing New New

4 14 3 11 11 4 53 28 28 31 5 6 3 14 5 14 11 20 5 3 11 14 11 1 4 26 12 12 39 25 17 3 11 7 14 8 8 1 18 5 21 27 1 19 9 6 18 1 10 8

70 69 69 74 66 70 66 65 69 71 78 75 77 85 68 65 68 75 69 69 69 73 68 68 64 65 66 74 72 72 68 66 71 78 76 79 71 68 75 69 66 83 68 64 64 67 74 77 67 69

39 42 30 17 31 35 35 37 26 22 17 24 22 36 39 38 32 43 36 35 33 36 34 38 36 33 31 39 26 23 36 36 36 21 22 25 38 36 37 26 27 44 41 34 31 32 23 32 35 37

21 23 20 16 21 20 27 26 20 24 16 16 16 16 24 28 18 17 16 16 16 16 20 22 29 28 23 25 24 24 26 18 20 16 15 18 21 20 17 16 16 16 23 26 22 23 17 18 23 24

44 30 42 50 45 42 21 28 37 31 45 50 56 41 39 35 51 47 48 45 39 38 44 42 33 30 43 28 29 33 43 53 35 52 55 49 46 47 53 53 54 45 44 43 47 46 52 46 45 38

1.53 2.07 1.59 1.33 1.48 1.59 2.36 2.07 1.73 1.95 1.48 1.34 1.15 1.64 1.70 1.83 1.32 1.41 1.40 1.50 1.69 1.74 1.53 1.57 1.94 1.97 1.55 2.15 2.07 1.91 1.56 1.24 1.86 1.28 1.19 1.37 1.49 1.44 1.27 1.25 1.21 1.50 1.53 1.53 1.41 1.46 1.28 1.47 1.49 1.72

1.53 2.09 1.61 1.35 1.50 1.61 2.53 2.17 1.79 2.04 1.50 1.35 1.17 1.65 1.72 1.88 1.34 1.43 1.41 1.51 1.72 1.77 1.55 1.60 1.95 2.07 1.57 2.16 2.13 1.96 1.56 1.25 1.88 1.29 1.19 1.37 1.49 1.45 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.53 1.53 1.59 1.43 1.48 1.30 1.47 1.52 1.74

...............................................................................................
Table 2.1 Scale Characteristics, Concurrent Validities (Percent Overlap), and Minimum and Maximum Possible Standard Scores for the Occupational Scales (continued)
New, Existing, Minimum Updated, or Possible Gender Revised Score Maximum Possible Score Number Minimum Tilton of % % Cohens Tiltons Items Difference Overlap d Q

Characteristics of the Occupational Scales

11

Occupational Scale

University Faculty Member Urban & Regional Planner Veterinarian Vocational Agriculture Teacher Wholesale Sales Representative

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

New New Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing Existing New New

3 24 11 7 26 28 21 9 0 2

68 72 62 62 83 82 76 70 67 67

34 37 45 41 38 26 21 29 27 34

24 27 23 22 17 16 16 20 23 21

36 29 39 47 37 42 34 38 42 46

1.84 2.08 1.70 1.46 1.75 1.56 1.89 1.77 1.60 1.48

1.84 2.11 1.74 1.46 1.80 1.61 1.91 1.77 1.61 1.50

Note: The size of each occupational sample can be found in the appendix.

The OS formulas and scoring are developed separately for women and men. A question typically arises regarding how similar each OS is for women and men in terms of the scale content and the scores for each gender. In other words, if a woman received a score of 55 on a particular OS, what score would a man with the same pattern of responses receive? To examine this, the means of female and male scales for the same occu-

pations were compared for women and men in the GRS. The results of this analysis are presented in Table 2.2. Please note that Table 2.2 is a replacement for Table 5.2 in the Strong manual. As illustrated, opposite-gender scores were relatively similar to the corresponding same-gender scores. These ndings suggest that for the vast majority of the OSs, an individuals female and male OS scores will tend to be very similar.

Table 2.2 Comparison of the Occupational Scales by Gender

Women in the GRS
Correlation Mean Score for Combined on Female GRS Scale Mean Score on Male Scale Mean Difference Mean Score on Male Scale

Men in the GRS

Mean Score on Female Scale Mean Difference

Occupational Scale

Accountant Actuary Administrative Assistant Advertising Account Manager Architect Art Teacher Artist Arts/Entertainment Manager Athletic Trainer Attorney Auditor Automobile Mechanic Bartender Biologist Broadcast Journalist Business Education Teacher Business/Finance Supervisor Buyer Career Counselor Carpenter Chef

.82 .92 .78 .87 .87 .90 .89 .92 .76 .95 .93 .77 .67 .74 .90 .85 .95 .92 .97 .65 .66

35.52 26.29 41.22 36.67 15.87 13.70 32.25 38.61 8.72 27.05 36.70 23.71 34.52 21.39 35.60 30.93 37.25 37.94 29.90 20.04 32.90

32.20 18.01 47.99 38.03 21.73 23.68 29.95 42.35 16.91 24.07 29.83 25.11 33.20 30.07 32.52 38.77 33.95 36.43 37.43 24.34 35.11

3.32 8.28 6.77 1.35 5.87 9.98 2.30 3.74 8.19 2.97 6.88 1.39 1.32 8.68 3.08 7.83 3.30 1.51 7.53 4.30 2.21

35.62 28.79 39.26 30.36 24.60 11.80 24.03 37.87 20.22 22.44 34.54 31.91 25.51 31.39 29.34 33.37 35.01 27.25 28.17 31.17 27.31

38.70 36.28 37.08 30.01 25.94 7.33 31.93 37.79 13.74 28.95 39.48 34.81 33.47 29.94 29.02 27.66 38.35 28.95 22.76 31.95 25.64

3.08 7.49 2.18 0.35 1.34 4.46 7.89 0.08 6.48 6.51 4.94 2.90 7.97 1.45 0.32 5.71 3.34 1.70 5.41 0.77 1.67

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men).

12 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Table 2.2 Comparison of the Occupational Scales by Gender (continued)
Women in the GRS
Correlation Mean Score for Combined on Female GRS Scale Mean Score on Male Scale Mean Difference Mean Score on Male Scale

Men in the GRS

Mean Score on Female Scale Mean Difference

Occupational Scale

Chemist Chiropractor Community Service Director Computer & IS Manager Computer Programmer Computer Scientist Computer Systems Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager Cosmetologist Credit Manager Customer Service Representative Dentist Dietitian Editor Elected Public Ofcial Electrician Elementary School Teacher Emergency Medical Technician Engineer Engineering Technician English Teacher ESL Instructor Facilities Manager Farmer/Rancher Financial Analyst Financial Manager Fireghter Flight Attendant Florist Food Service Manager Forester Geographer Geologist Graphic Designer Health Information Specialist Horticulturist Human Resources Manager Human Resources Specialist Instructional Coordinator Interior Designer Landscape/Grounds Manager Law Enforcement Ofcer Librarian Life Insurance Agent Loan Ofcer/Counselor Management Analyst Marketing Manager Mathematician Mathematics Teacher Medical Illustrator Medical Technician Medical Technologist Mental Health Counselor Middle School Teacher Military Enlisted Military Ofcer

.97 .85 .52 .53 .96 .93 .53 .90 .48 .65 .83 .92 .61 .98 .96 .53 .92 .80 .98 .79 .98 .84 .71 .79 .26 .89 .85 .85 .87 .40 .78 .86 .88 .55 .58 .88 .95 .89 .94 .74 .59 .63 .87 .91 .84 .90 .94 .80 .89 .76 .73 .92 .96 .87 .65 .81

20.50 29.91 38.20 37.05 36.68 23.38 37.16 30.64 34.58 38.86 39.40 24.66 29.20 26.43 23.61 20.71 31.32 30.40 31.38 32.92 15.28 29.10 40.35 35.26 40.06 33.66 18.60 38.60 34.10 36.04 26.96 17.70 18.47 30.31 39.59 31.29 31.79 38.90 37.67 25.81 32.87 32.44 35.90 34.91 37.24 36.77 31.10 9.53 19.96 15.46 32.14 25.29 25.36 30.74 34.08 31.40

11.47 29.18 35.57 31.55 28.57 16.28 33.29 27.23 42.10 34.44 44.83 21.84 36.67 30.29 22.88 24.46 36.71 29.73 25.50 20.16 20.65 34.95 39.19 31.24 30.53 24.39 20.72 44.66 41.05 38.68 23.66 23.82 22.36 33.93 39.77 32.90 33.92 37.63 40.72 40.03 34.03 31.13 42.08 32.76 28.84 34.06 31.21 15.95 18.09 17.26 21.74 23.46 33.47 32.67 30.13 22.92

9.03 0.73 2.63 5.50 8.11 7.10 3.87 3.41 7.52 4.42 5.43 2.82 7.47 3.86 0.74 3.75 5.38 0.67 5.88 12.75 5.37 5.86 1.16 4.02 9.53 9.26 2.12 6.07 6.95 2.64 3.30 6.11 3.89 3.62 0.18 1.61 2.14 1.27 3.04 14.22 1.16 1.31 6.18 2.15 8.40 2.71 0.11 6.43 1.87 1.81 10.40 1.83 8.11 1.94 3.94 8.48

25.33 28.79 30.39 38.85 35.22 25.48 40.25 35.18 30.38 37.76 38.90 26.91 29.60 26.05 24.82 34.00 32.04 34.01 36.03 31.90 15.18 24.66 38.91 34.26 35.39 30.51 29.57 36.58 34.46 33.45 31.67 22.90 30.00 28.21 37.62 33.01 30.18 32.99 38.16 28.36 37.30 36.65 33.21 33.27 31.26 36.70 32.63 19.39 25.54 10.22 26.04 28.02 23.02 30.36 38.21 34.23

33.66 34.75 35.48 46.28 44.32 36.63 40.36 38.42 26.20 37.10 34.74 29.34 26.14 23.60 25.75 32.67 26.31 30.17 40.70 42.44 10.14 26.67 36.57 33.82 41.69 37.05 30.24 33.22 26.71 32.38 37.97 23.26 32.17 31.70 35.83 27.84 31.60 38.53 36.00 21.50 40.73 40.77 31.93 34.72 36.94 40.97 31.49 23.73 27.58 18.09 30.15 30.65 15.21 25.21 35.27 39.95

8.33 5.96 5.09 7.43 9.10 11.15 0.11 3.24 4.18 0.66 4.16 2.43 3.46 2.45 0.92 1.33 5.73 3.84 4.68 10.54 5.04 2.01 2.35 0.44 6.30 6.54 0.68 3.36 7.75 1.07 6.30 0.36 2.17 3.49 1.79 5.18 1.42 5.54 2.16 6.86 3.43 4.12 1.28 1.45 5.68 4.27 1.14 4.33 2.04 7.87 4.11 2.63 7.81 5.15 2.94 5.72

...............................................................................................
Table 2.2 Comparison of the Occupational Scales by Gender (continued)
Women in the GRS
Correlation Mean Score for Combined on Female GRS Scale Mean Score on Male Scale Mean Difference Mean Score on Male Scale

Characteristics of the Occupational Scales

13

Men in the GRS

Mean Score on Female Scale Mean Difference

Occupational Scale

Musician Network Administrator Nursing Home Administrator Occupational Therapist Operations Manager Optician Optometrist Paralegal Parks & Recreation Manager Personal Financial Advisor Pharmacist Photographer Physical Therapist Physician Physicist Production Worker Psychologist Public Administrator Public Relations Director Purchasing Agent R&D Manager Radiologic Technologist Realtor Recreation Therapist Registered Nurse Rehabilitation Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader Reporter Respiratory Therapist Restaurant Manager Sales Manager School Administrator School Counselor Science Teacher Secondary School Teacher Securities Sales Agent Social Worker Sociologist Software Developer Special Education Teacher Speech Pathologist Technical Sales Representative Technical Support Specialist Technical Writer Top Executive, Business/Finance Training & Development Specialist Translator University Administrator University Faculty Member Urban & Regional Planner Veterinarian Vocational Agriculture Teacher Wholesale Sales Representative

.91 .97 .87 .87 .96 .79 .95 .71 .88 .85 .87 .83 .95 .93 .97 .50 .90 .88 .95 .84 .91 .88 .93 .82 .84 .96 .96 .88 .69 .67 .98 .95 .98 .94 .91 .95 .83 .86 .97 .86 .85 .92 .94 .92 .96 .88 .81 .92 .91 .75 .93 .72 .95

32.42 34.99 40.08 32.92 37.73 37.76 29.47 42.74 34.55 32.52 30.96 38.05 23.31 25.14 4.37 40.21 25.72 23.38 22.32 33.16 21.31 37.60 36.56 34.14 30.92 31.92 9.14 24.51 31.01 34.03 29.51 30.49 31.25 18.11 31.33 28.52 31.17 14.82 33.66 27.54 39.39 34.78 37.02 28.78 32.91 33.49 33.11 31.68 31.29 28.17 20.58 22.52 31.73

40.56 23.55 40.95 36.77 30.68 36.86 24.00 40.33 38.27 17.92 34.00 35.70 22.03 18.44 0.93 35.48 24.27 26.70 27.51 30.99 14.58 38.27 29.50 29.92 33.48 38.24 23.58 25.17 25.31 38.54 19.64 25.49 33.31 19.26 34.03 14.65 36.47 19.81 25.63 42.05 43.48 33.12 30.22 33.93 24.62 35.37 41.44 35.35 28.17 36.12 17.11 23.02 31.96

8.13 11.44 0.87 3.85 7.05 0.91 5.47 2.41 3.72 14.61 3.03 2.35 1.29 6.70 5.30 4.73 1.45 3.31 5.20 2.17 6.74 0.67 7.06 4.22 2.56 6.32 14.44 0.66 5.70 4.50 9.87 5.01 2.06 1.14 2.71 13.87 5.30 5.00 8.04 14.51 4.09 1.66 6.81 5.16 8.29 1.89 8.33 3.67 3.13 7.94 3.48 0.50 0.23

33.47 34.34 37.75 30.53 34.14 36.30 30.37 38.68 39.20 23.32 34.44 33.77 26.22 23.70 15.84 42.19 23.33 28.72 23.06 32.72 26.41 38.26 32.61 26.05 28.57 31.88 18.64 17.49 27.78 34.82 25.38 29.59 29.53 24.23 30.94 19.74 26.55 19.07 35.10 32.58 33.71 33.75 35.52 27.90 28.08 32.31 33.93 29.12 24.37 33.56 22.94 29.07 32.91

25.41 44.50 36.49 26.28 40.18 32.04 35.30 39.83 36.71 35.33 34.30 34.15 24.86 30.53 22.85 39.69 27.34 30.24 19.89 31.13 33.63 33.84 38.12 35.96 29.62 26.62 4.88 23.00 25.71 31.32 33.87 34.15 27.79 23.64 25.59 30.55 22.90 21.59 41.71 20.45 27.59 38.01 43.29 25.62 38.03 34.05 27.10 29.57 31.84 35.71 28.08 27.90 33.91

8.06 10.16 1.25 4.25 6.04 4.26 4.93 1.15 2.49 12.01 0.14 0.37 1.36 6.82 7.01 2.50 4.01 1.52 3.16 1.59 7.22 4.42 5.51 9.91 1.05 5.26 13.76 5.51 2.08 3.50 8.48 4.57 1.74 0.59 5.35 10.81 3.66 2.52 6.60 12.13 6.12 4.26 7.77 2.28 9.95 1.74 6.82 0.45 7.48 2.14 5.13 1.17 1.00

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men).

....................................................................................................................
C H A P T E R

Reliability of the Occupational Scales

....................................................................................................................

est-retest reliability statistics were computed for each of the OSs and are reported in Table 3.1. As

new, updated, and revised OSs were computed from existing Strong items, the test-retest sample from 2004 (Donnay et al., 2005) could be used for the current reliability analysis. The length of time between administrations for this sample ranged from 2 to 23 months. The median test-

retest reliability for the updated OSs was .86, which is regarded as a moderate to high level of reliability (Murphy & Davidshofer, 2005). This was also the median reliability reported for the 2004 OSs (Donnay et al., 2005). Similarly, the range for the updated OSs was .71 to .93; this is the same range reported for the 2004 OSs (Donnay et al., 2005) as well. Please note that Table 3.1 is a replacement for Table 5.4 in the Strong manual.

15

16 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Table 3.1 OS Test-Retest Reliability Statistics
Test-Retest Correlation

Test
Mean SD Mean

Retest
SD

Occupational Scale

Gender

Accountant Actuary Administrative Assistant Advertising Account Manager Architect Art Teacher Artist Arts/Entertainment Manager Athletic Trainer Attorney Auditor Automobile Mechanic Bartender Biologist Broadcast Journalist Business Education Teacher Business/Finance Supervisor Buyer Career Counselor Carpenter Chef Chemist Chiropractor Community Service Director Computer & IS Manager Computer Programmer

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

.85 .83 .89 .88 .78 .87 .88 .91 .84 .83 .83 .85 .82 .86 .85 .84 .85 .91 .91 .87 .80 .85 .90 .91 .85 .79 .89 .88 .92 .93 .84 .84 .79 .86 .90 .87 .85 .86 .89 .85 .81 .77 .92 .91 .85 .84 .86 .78 .80 .87 .87 .91

37.11 34.61 31.57 26.47 38.92 42.12 32.32 36.24 24.34 26.41 13.33 22.32 33.32 30.40 40.77 42.87 8.41 14.49 31.32 27.27 37.90 34.08 24.98 23.26 32.55 27.19 30.46 33.94 33.71 34.50 28.16 35.07 35.85 33.48 30.81 27.68 30.81 33.15 25.16 25.56 29.93 29.22 29.66 22.49 33.30 28.41 34.17 36.10 40.25 41.01 39.57 38.80

10.82 10.93 14.48 16.27 10.34 7.91 14.17 14.21 17.88 16.09 18.63 19.05 12.50 14.16 12.00 11.38 15.43 14.67 14.76 14.94 10.08 12.73 12.85 12.07 10.92 13.15 17.33 14.75 13.21 14.29 10.35 10.51 11.45 12.65 14.10 16.30 14.16 14.67 13.26 11.35 14.42 13.86 18.36 20.47 12.64 12.36 13.67 11.63 13.65 10.74 10.59 11.87

37.76 34.97 32.08 25.91 40.63 42.01 31.87 36.68 25.63 28.05 14.50 23.56 32.76 29.58 42.64 41.75 10.15 15.17 32.17 27.08 39.11 34.20 26.15 23.28 32.79 27.45 29.79 33.42 33.75 34.40 28.47 35.91 36.87 33.81 30.26 27.43 31.68 32.09 25.52 26.68 30.70 29.83 29.48 21.79 34.81 30.16 34.55 34.65 39.88 40.30 40.79 37.37

11.17 10.87 14.58 16.72 9.99 8.12 13.56 14.19 18.22 15.97 19.09 19.68 12.59 14.87 11.20 11.34 15.53 15.09 14.70 14.77 10.34 13.05 13.70 12.98 11.14 12.89 17.27 14.78 13.37 14.57 10.64 10.45 11.91 12.89 14.00 16.51 14.93 13.65 13.70 12.16 14.17 13.76 17.57 19.88 12.89 12.84 13.28 11.49 14.11 11.09 10.70 11.43

...............................................................................................
Table 3.1 OS Test-Retest Reliability Statistics (continued)
Test-Retest Correlation

Reliability of the Occupational Scales

17

Test
Mean SD Mean

Retest
SD

Occupational Scale

Gender

Computer Scientist Computer Systems Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager Cosmetologist Credit Manager Customer Service Representative Dentist Dietitian Editor Elected Public Ofcial Electrician Elementary School Teacher Emergency Medical Technician Engineer Engineering Technician English Teacher ESL Instructor Facilities Manager Farmer/Rancher Financial Analyst Financial Manager Fireghter Flight Attendant Florist Food Service Manager Forester

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

.90 .92 .71 .85 .77 .83 .76 .84 .81 .84 .81 .87 .80 .82 .79 .78 .88 .92 .89 .88 .87 .91 .83 .88 .87 .92 .85 .90 .90 .90 .89 .90 .87 .92 .81 .84 .88 .91 .85 .89 .83 .87 .90 .92 .83 .85 .79 .80 .79 .82 .89 .87

32.13 24.11 39.27 42.95 30.45 36.72 26.98 35.65 37.06 33.46 36.92 40.75 27.29 25.76 28.43 34.17 33.19 34.72 26.46 25.56 25.47 23.52 30.27 35.27 25.85 27.34 34.71 38.29 37.87 24.21 20.58 25.95 34.80 37.82 35.83 34.97 31.34 27.60 38.88 33.88 34.45 27.62 22.31 21.68 33.19 40.29 25.65 35.00 33.19 35.48 32.92 25.35

16.29 17.14 13.63 10.90 14.49 11.60 12.01 12.49 9.91 11.72 10.25 8.27 15.59 15.25 11.72 10.94 17.68 16.90 14.63 15.52 12.49 13.21 14.23 11.31 12.16 12.22 11.59 13.10 11.97 14.22 22.17 20.05 14.21 14.29 10.47 12.33 9.25 11.64 9.98 12.97 11.85 14.91 15.58 13.31 11.99 11.72 13.73 11.45 8.95 11.65 15.36 14.23

32.48 23.99 37.47 41.63 31.67 36.11 28.05 36.92 37.69 34.38 38.80 40.73 29.52 27.32 29.33 35.05 35.71 33.28 26.23 25.35 26.66 24.38 32.00 34.54 27.40 27.84 36.16 37.40 39.11 25.36 21.82 26.89 35.43 38.11 37.02 36.09 30.90 27.07 38.11 33.50 34.89 27.91 23.61 22.54 33.99 41.05 26.80 35.54 33.83 36.59 33.06 25.80

15.75 16.68 13.55 11.52 14.45 11.89 11.97 12.50 10.12 12.01 10.03 8.63 16.08 16.21 11.85 11.57 17.22 17.47 14.31 15.03 13.25 13.37 14.05 10.15 12.41 12.62 11.67 12.86 12.03 14.29 21.84 19.90 13.96 14.39 10.93 12.85 8.69 11.33 10.17 13.69 12.31 15.28 15.93 13.75 11.76 11.78 14.12 11.44 9.18 11.51 14.85 13.03

18 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Table 3.1 OS Test-Retest Reliability Statistics (continued)
Test-Retest Correlation

Test
Mean SD Mean

Retest
SD

Occupational Scale

Gender

Geographer Geologist Graphic Designer Health Information Specialist Horticulturist Human Resources Manager Human Resources Specialist Instructional Coordinator Interior Designer Landscape/Grounds Manager Law Enforcement Ofcer Librarian Life Insurance Agent Loan Ofcer/Counselor Management Analyst Marketing Manager Mathematician Mathematics Teacher Medical Illustrator Medical Technician Medical Technologist Mental Health Counselor Middle School Teacher Military Enlisted Military Ofcer Musician

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

.89 .91 .93 .89 .84 .85 .83 .72 .78 .80 .84 .84 .76 .86 .82 .80 .77 .89 .87 .81 .89 .90 .91 .93 .85 .81 .80 .92 .75 .83 .83 .89 .91 .92 .86 .87 .83 .82 .88 .86 .87 .85 .90 .91 .82 .84 .84 .93 .83 .90 .89 .89

28.06 31.83 27.51 27.80 31.86 33.75 37.18 39.19 27.33 28.87 31.17 33.19 37.99 35.60 39.20 42.09 23.43 35.53 33.73 29.56 33.19 27.86 40.77 44.94 31.67 29.00 36.42 28.32 38.46 38.38 29.06 33.74 20.82 24.23 24.78 21.99 18.14 17.63 28.30 21.02 29.20 27.08 26.61 26.27 30.96 33.36 30.89 28.51 34.36 27.26 34.26 41.51

16.55 14.79 17.50 15.40 14.83 12.69 10.18 10.38 12.05 11.83 14.57 13.05 10.97 12.63 12.57 9.39 15.13 12.57 12.95 12.20 11.39 12.88 14.76 14.00 14.33 14.21 10.17 14.29 10.89 11.69 14.49 14.25 19.71 17.48 12.68 12.49 16.68 18.16 12.99 14.24 14.36 12.78 16.74 14.17 14.70 13.69 10.30 12.98 10.13 12.34 13.95 12.45

27.80 31.53 27.05 27.02 35.06 33.31 37.68 40.41 27.62 29.91 32.81 32.25 39.36 34.92 41.17 41.09 23.64 35.86 34.34 30.57 33.70 28.33 40.53 44.00 31.36 28.94 36.96 28.42 39.77 37.91 30.33 33.61 20.76 23.25 25.25 22.61 19.26 19.22 28.40 21.89 30.35 27.81 26.74 25.80 31.96 32.53 31.99 28.36 35.02 28.05 34.01 40.95

16.79 15.11 16.72 14.73 13.97 13.22 10.26 10.55 11.42 11.48 14.43 11.81 11.19 11.79 12.48 8.78 15.57 12.94 12.99 12.27 11.60 12.91 14.83 14.81 13.24 13.34 10.79 13.75 12.30 11.63 14.60 13.95 18.76 16.96 12.58 12.91 17.12 18.64 13.08 15.46 14.24 13.24 17.24 13.28 14.22 11.83 10.70 13.18 10.76 12.33 13.99 12.62

...............................................................................................
Table 3.1 OS Test-Retest Reliability Statistics (continued)
Test-Retest Correlation

Reliability of the Occupational Scales

19

Test
Mean SD Mean

Retest
SD

Occupational Scale

Gender

Network Administrator Nursing Home Administrator Occupational Therapist Operations Manager Optician Optometrist Paralegal Parks & Recreation Manager Personal Financial Advisor Pharmacist Photographer Physical Therapist Physician Physicist Production Worker Psychologist Public Administrator Public Relations Director Purchasing Agent R&D Manager Radiologic Technologist Realtor Recreation Therapist Registered Nurse Rehabilitation Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

.88 .88 .79 .78 .83 .79 .81 .90 .77 .83 .87 .85 .76 .84 .82 .87 .79 .92 .83 .78 .90 .85 .82 .83 .88 .86 .91 .90 .89 .86 .89 .86 .88 .89 .89 .89 .88 .85 .90 .90 .85 .89 .83 .87 .84 .85 .83 .81 .81 .85 .85 .84

37.98 36.91 36.93 37.56 30.22 35.23 35.66 32.79 31.09 32.27 34.21 28.91 41.43 40.81 33.12 36.10 31.05 20.33 32.46 32.74 38.19 36.73 22.65 22.39 29.99 24.29 18.24 13.12 35.58 32.79 33.07 31.86 30.98 32.40 23.95 29.01 29.30 30.39 29.89 23.12 32.01 34.53 32.94 28.58 34.64 28.59 31.74 33.31 33.44 36.87 11.42 25.50

10.99 13.51 11.21 12.41 14.26 13.39 12.33 14.71 11.72 11.21 12.48 15.52 10.05 11.93 12.51 10.94 11.42 16.46 13.68 12.56 11.72 11.62 18.04 19.02 14.64 16.04 23.56 25.75 10.06 11.66 13.58 15.81 15.92 15.17 18.93 18.21 15.15 13.34 16.61 16.63 11.60 11.35 11.09 13.69 11.14 13.35 13.24 15.66 13.63 12.48 20.45 16.47

39.48 35.52 37.81 38.65 31.49 36.54 36.87 32.67 31.76 32.31 35.28 29.83 41.19 40.55 33.33 36.24 31.32 20.22 33.89 34.87 38.23 37.46 25.11 24.13 29.90 24.35 17.83 12.98 35.20 33.87 34.36 29.54 30.30 32.58 24.35 29.34 29.98 31.20 29.76 23.04 32.90 35.08 33.82 29.09 35.53 29.45 34.39 35.01 34.80 35.65 14.15 22.79

11.25 13.76 11.24 12.35 14.03 13.31 12.59 14.47 11.21 11.27 12.40 15.63 10.87 12.68 12.45 11.11 11.65 15.92 14.54 12.76 12.10 12.46 18.50 19.07 14.61 15.98 23.04 24.72 9.84 11.92 13.59 16.04 15.57 14.74 18.31 17.75 15.26 13.85 16.30 16.04 12.17 11.26 10.81 12.76 10.80 13.04 13.08 16.70 14.12 12.01 21.05 15.52

20 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 3.1 OS Test-Retest Reliability Statistics (continued)
Test-Retest Correlation

Test
Mean SD Mean

Retest
SD

Occupational Scale

Gender

Reporter Respiratory Therapist Restaurant Manager Sales Manager School Administrator School Counselor Science Teacher Secondary School Teacher Securities Sales Agent Social Worker Sociologist Software Developer Special Education Teacher Speech Pathologist Technical Sales Representative Technical Support Specialist Technical Writer Top Executive, Business/Finance Training & Development Specialist Translator University Administrator University Faculty Member Urban & Regional Planner Veterinarian Vocational Agriculture Teacher Wholesale Sales Representative

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

.91 .91 .85 .82 .88 .90 .81 .92 .86 .83 .86 .86 .83 .82 .85 .84 .80 .92 .84 .90 .86 .87 .88 .88 .85 .83 .83 .86 .78 .93 .86 .85 .88 .91 .83 .88 .81 .87 .89 .92 .84 .85 .86 .89 .88 .84 .82 .90 .87 .89 .82 .91

28.41 30.34 28.21 27.88 30.41 31.75 27.52 23.08 33.16 27.87 31.51 34.41 24.06 24.12 32.10 36.72 26.25 17.62 31.31 30.76 26.16 30.06 37.00 38.31 27.21 38.44 34.74 40.76 33.58 32.60 38.16 39.21 34.90 38.94 31.81 27.59 33.13 37.32 37.31 43.80 33.43 34.88 37.04 33.06 25.57 19.58 22.66 21.80 35.90 40.68 28.96 31.03

16.71 19.79 14.14 13.66 14.89 14.11 14.24 17.30 14.45 13.97 13.10 12.80 14.12 13.77 14.20 12.92 12.14 20.69 13.83 12.43 17.56 17.95 11.50 12.78 14.13 15.36 13.01 12.09 10.40 12.44 10.99 11.01 17.19 16.29 12.14 17.36 12.64 12.98 14.36 11.63 13.68 12.41 11.04 14.41 16.89 17.81 12.78 10.91 14.10 11.20 13.31 13.15

28.80 30.84 29.03 30.01 30.70 31.51 28.60 22.81 34.07 28.56 31.53 34.41 24.82 25.01 33.37 35.12 27.09 16.82 32.79 29.81 26.01 30.39 38.19 37.05 28.60 39.30 35.22 41.12 34.85 32.39 40.03 38.16 35.57 39.09 33.15 27.24 34.02 35.77 37.37 43.31 34.67 33.57 38.47 31.01 27.26 21.24 23.79 22.37 36.87 41.18 30.28 30.92

17.87 20.08 14.81 14.39 14.44 13.81 13.83 16.65 13.30 13.57 13.20 13.43 14.32 13.54 14.66 12.58 12.30 19.97 13.97 11.92 17.21 18.01 11.79 12.76 13.89 15.19 13.43 12.21 10.54 11.99 10.50 11.72 16.66 15.89 12.11 16.99 12.32 12.60 14.84 12.11 13.71 12.07 10.56 14.08 16.93 18.60 12.62 11.44 13.81 11.59 13.10 12.80

Note: Results are from the overall test-retest sample, N = 174 (109 women and 65 men). A description of this sample is provided on page 10 of the Strong manual.

....................................................................................................................
C H A P T E R

Validity of the Occupational Scales

....................................................................................................................

number of analyses were computed to examine the validity of the OSs. Concurrent validity was

examined using the correlations among the OSs specically, correlations determine whether OSs with the same Theme code are more similar to each other than to OSs in general. Correlations between the OSs and the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs) were also computed. By comparing the scores of people who are currently employed in different occupations, correlations between the OSs and other Strong instrument scales can speak to the validity of each scale. If the scales are working as they should, people will score high on scales relevant to their own occupation.

than OSs overall. In addition, the low overall median correlation shows that in general the OSs are measuring the unique interests of people in these occupations; that is, each OS provides a measure of unique qualities. These ndings provide support for the discriminant validity of the OSs. Please note that Table 4.1 is a replacement for Table 5.6 in the Strong manual. It should be noted that the correlational patterns here are somewhat different from those reported in the Strong manual, as the median correlations for women ranged from .39 for Conventional, Realistic, and Social to .57 for Artistic, while the median correlations reported for men ranged from .27 for Conventional to .58 for Investigative. Nevertheless, the overall ndings remain the same; OSs within each Theme are more similar than are OSs across all Themes.
Table 4.1 OS Correlations Overall and Within Theme for Women and Men in the GRS
OS Correlation Theme Women r Men r

Correlations Among the Occupational Scales

Discriminant validity can be evaluated by examining the correlations among the OSs, where OSs within Themes are expected to be more strongly related than OSs overall. As shown in Table 4.1, the median correlations within Theme for women ranged from .34 for Conventional to .61 for Investigative. The median correlations for men ranged from .45 for Realistic to .57 for Artistic. These results show that the OSs that share the same Theme tend to be related to a greater extent

Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional Overall

.39 .61 .54 .50 .46 .34 .15

.45 .55 .57 .52 .51 .51 .16

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men).

21

22 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Correlations Between the GOTs and the OSs

Tables 4.24.7 illustrate the relationship between each of the six General Occupational Themes (GOTs) and the new, updated, and revised OSs. The tables show the 10 highest-correlating and 10 lowest-correlating OSsseparately for women and menfor each GOT.

These correlations can help provide a better understanding of each of the GOTs and can help conrm the constructs underlying each Theme. For example, strong positive relationships exist between the Artistic GOT and OSs such as Arts/Entertainment Manager and Editor. These relationships provide a powerful demonstration of the validity of the GOTs. Please refer to the Strong manual (Figures 3.23.7) for correlations with existing OSs.

Table 4.2 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Realistic Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Engineer Network Administrator Technical Support Specialist Computer Programmer Software Developer Graphic Designer Registered Nurse Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Sales Representative Management Analyst Training & Development Specialist Bartender Secondary School Teacher Loan Ofcer/Counselor Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Social Worker Special Education Teacher Career Counselor Mental Health Counselor

.70 .68 .67 .64 .61 .51 .49 .45 .43 .38 .13 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .01 .01 .03 .23

Engineer Computer & IS Manager Network Administrator Software Developer Technical Support Specialist Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer Systems Analyst Computer Programmer Accountant Auditor Human Resources Manager Attorney Training & Development Specialist Editor University Faculty Member Human Resources Specialist University Administrator Career Counselor Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.69 .65 .64 .62 .59 .58 .57 .54 .37 .36 .08 .08 .07 .07 .07 .04 .03 .04 .20 .26

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.3 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Investigative Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

23

Engineer Registered Nurse Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer University Faculty Member Psychologist Technical Support Specialist Management Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager Social Worker Elementary School Teacher Marketing Manager Middle School Teacher Administrative Assistant Career Counselor Special Education Teacher Loan Ofcer/Counselor Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.84 .76 .73 .71 .70 .68 .60 .56 .44 .42 .12 .11 .10 .10 .09 .08 .06 .06 .03 .10

Engineer Software Developer Computer Programmer Network Administrator Psychologist Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Computer & IS Manager University Faculty Member Marketing Manager Securities Sales Agent Career Counselor Human Resources Specialist Wholesale Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Loan Ofcer/Counselor Social Worker Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.84 .79 .76 .74 .72 .66 .61 .60 .59 .59 .15 .15 .12 .10 .10 .08 .04 .03 .06 .21

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.4 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Artistic Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Editor Arts/Entertainment Manager Graphic Designer Instructional Coordinator Attorney Psychologist Religious/Spiritual Leader University Faculty Member University Administrator Rehabilitation Counselor Technical Support Specialist Computer Programmer Bartender Loan Ofcer/Counselor Auditor Business/Finance Supervisor Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative Financial Manager Accountant

.92 .88 .79 .68 .65 .61 .59 .57 .53 .51 .22 .21 .20 .18 .12 .08 .01 .00 .00 .12

Arts/Entertainment Manager Editor Instructional Coordinator Bartender Secondary School Teacher Attorney University Faculty Member Psychologist Community Service Director Rehabilitation Counselor Accountant Engineer Computer/Mathematics Manager Operations Manager Financial Analyst Computer Programmer Business/Finance Supervisor Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator Financial Manager

.93 .90 .66 .64 .64 .62 .61 .59 .59 .58 .18 .17 .17 .17 .17 .16 .15 .13 .13 .08

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

24 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.5 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Social Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Elementary School Teacher Rehabilitation Counselor Secondary School Teacher Social Worker Special Education Teacher Middle School Teacher Religious/Spiritual Leader Career Counselor University Administrator Instructional Coordinator Psychologist Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Engineer Financial Manager Accountant Software Developer Computer Programmer Graphic Designer Network Administrator

.87 .86 .85 .84 .82 .81 .79 .75 .72 .69 .34 .33 .26 .21 .19 .16 .13 .11 .11 .10

Elementary School Teacher Community Service Director Rehabilitation Counselor Secondary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Religious/Spiritual Leader Instructional Coordinator University Administrator Career Counselor Customer Service Representative Editor Financial Manager Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer & IS Manager Computer Programmer Engineer Computer Systems Analyst Software Developer Network Administrator

.89 .89 .88 .87 .87 .86 .85 .80 .80 .78 .40 .35 .34 .34 .32 .20 .20 .20 .20 .13

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.6 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Enterprising Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Realtor Wholesale Sales Representative Sales Manager Securities Sales Agent Technical Sales Representative Personal Financial Advisor Marketing Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Operations Manager Human Resources Manager Middle School Teacher Software Developer Graphic Designer Special Education Teacher Registered Nurse Computer Programmer Network Administrator University Faculty Member Psychologist Mental Health Counselor

.93 .91 .88 .88 .87 .82 .82 .80 .78 .74 .21 .20 .20 .18 .17 .16 .16 .13 .11 .09

Wholesale Sales Representative Securities Sales Agent Sales Manager Technical Sales Representative Operations Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Loan Ofcer/Counselor Marketing Manager Personal Financial Advisor Business/Finance Supervisor Engineer Computer Systems Analyst Software Developer Mental Health Counselor University Faculty Member Psychologist Editor Network Administrator Computer Programmer Social Worker

.93 .91 .89 .88 .87 .87 .86 .85 .82 .78 .19 .17 .13 .13 .12 .12 .11 .08 .07 .08

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.7 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Conventional Theme and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

25

Accountant Auditor Financial Manager Technical Support Specialist Administrative Assistant Software Developer Business/Finance Supervisor Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer Programmer Customer Service Representative Graphic Designer Secondary School Teacher Career Counselor Social Worker Attorney Middle School Teacher Psychologist Special Education Teacher Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.80 .76 .75 .75 .70 .69 .68 .66 .66 .64 .03 .02 .02 .02 .06 .08 .09 .11 .17 .51

Accountant Auditor Financial Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer Systems Analyst Financial Analyst Computer & IS Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer Programmer Rehabilitation Counselor Elementary School Teacher University Administrator Attorney Arts/Entertainment Manager Career Counselor Editor Bartender Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.77 .76 .75 .73 .71 .68 .67 .66 .63 .61 .24 .23 .19 .18 .18 .11 .05 .02 .28 .34

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Correlations Between the BISs and the OSs

Tables 4.84.37 illustrate the relationship between each of the Basic Interest Scales (BISs) and the new, updated, and revised OSs. The tables show the BISs and the 10 highest-correlating and 10 lowest-correlating

OSs, separately for women and men. These correlations can help us examine the validity and provide an overview of the occupational meaning of each BIS. For example, as we might expect, there is a strong positive relationship between Rehabilitation Counselor and the Counseling BIS. Please refer to the Strong manual (Figures 4.14.30) for correlations with existing OSs.

26 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.8 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Mechanics & Construction BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Engineer Network Administrator Computer Programmer Technical Support Specialist Software Developer Graphic Designer Computer/Mathematics Manager Management Analyst Arts/Entertainment Manager Registered Nurse Administrative Assistant Loan Ofcer/Counselor Secondary School Teacher Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Social Worker Bartender Career Counselor Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor

.77 .75 .71 .69 .68 .60 .43 .43 .41 .41 .10 .08 .03 .00 .03 .05 .06 .06 .09 .28

Engineer Network Administrator Computer & IS Manager Software Developer Computer Programmer Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer Systems Analyst Technical Support Specialist Auditor Accountant Elementary School Teacher Human Resources Manager Training & Development Specialist Attorney Bartender Human Resources Specialist University Administrator Career Counselor Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.80 .70 .69 .68 .63 .62 .61 .60 .34 .31 .03 .02 .01 .00 .02 .03 .09 .11 .29 .36

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.9 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Computer Hardware & Electronics BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Technical Support Specialist Computer Programmer Network Administrator Software Developer Computer/Mathematics Manager Engineer Accountant Financial Manager Auditor Management Analyst Marketing Manager Elementary School Teacher Attorney Secondary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Social Worker Special Education Teacher Career Counselor Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.89 .85 .84 .83 .67 .64 .50 .47 .44 .44 .06 .06 .12 .16 .20 .21 .23 .23 .43 .61

Technical Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator Computer & IS Manager Software Developer Computer Programmer Computer/Mathematics Manager Engineer Auditor Accountant Marketing Manager Human Resources Manager Loan Ofcer/Counselor Human Resources Specialist University Administrator Attorney Bartender Career Counselor Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.89 .89 .87 .87 .83 .79 .78 .69 .31 .28 .07 .09 .12 .13 .19 .21 .25 .25 .41 .57

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.10 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Military BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

27

Registered Nurse Engineer Technical Support Specialist Network Administrator Computer Programmer Software Developer Technical Sales Representative Computer/Mathematics Manager Sales Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Secondary School Teacher Marketing Manager Graphic Designer Editor Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Social Worker Special Education Teacher Career Counselor Mental Health Counselor

.39 .39 .38 .35 .33 .31 .31 .31 .27 .27 .14 .13 .12 .12 .11 .11 .09 .08 .07 .08

Engineer Computer & IS Manager Computer/Mathematics Manager Software Developer Network Administrator Technical Support Specialist Auditor Computer Systems Analyst Operations Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Training & Development Specialist Human Resources Specialist Arts/Entertainment Manager Bartender University Administrator University Faculty Member Career Counselor Editor Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.40 .38 .36 .34 .34 .32 .30 .30 .29 .29 .16 .16 .12 .11 .11 .09 .08 .04 .02 .05

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.11 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Protective Services BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Registered Nurse Engineer Technical Sales Representative Technical Support Specialist Network Administrator Computer Programmer Software Developer Customer Service Representative Realtor Bartender Editor Social Worker Religious/Spiritual Leader Accountant Special Education Teacher Training & Development Specialist Financial Manager Loan Ofcer/Counselor Career Counselor Mental Health Counselor

.53 .39 .38 .37 .33 .31 .29 .28 .28 .27 .15 .15 .14 .14 .14 .13 .13 .12 .10 .01

Computer & IS Manager Engineer Technical Support Specialist Network Administrator Computer/Mathematics Manager Software Developer Customer Service Representative Middle School Teacher Technical Sales Representative Computer Systems Analyst Arts/Entertainment Manager Marketing Manager Training & Development Specialist Human Resources Specialist Career Counselor University Administrator University Faculty Member Editor Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.37 .37 .36 .35 .34 .32 .31 .31 .31 .30 .19 .18 .17 .17 .14 .13 .06 .05 .05 .02

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

28 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.12 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Nature & Agriculture BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Graphic Designer Registered Nurse Engineer Editor Arts/Entertainment Manager Network Administrator Technical Support Specialist University Faculty Member Psychologist Computer Programmer Human Resources Specialist Personal Financial Advisor Financial Manager Auditor Accountant Mental Health Counselor Customer Service Representative Business/Finance Supervisor Administrative Assistant Loan Ofcer/Counselor

.54 .47 .45 .40 .39 .37 .37 .36 .34 .33 .08 .08 .06 .06 .04 .04 .04 .03 .00 .00

Engineer Arts/Entertainment Manager Computer & IS Manager Rehabilitation Counselor Software Developer Network Administrator Psychologist Technical Support Specialist Community Service Director Computer/Mathematics Manager Career Counselor Operations Manager Human Resources Manager University Administrator Top Executive, Business/Finance Marketing Manager Financial Manager Human Resources Specialist Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.41 .33 .32 .32 .31 .31 .30 .30 .29 .28 .17 .17 .16 .16 .16 .16 .15 .14 .09 .05

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.13 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Athletics BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Bartender Technical Sales Representative Realtor Wholesale Sales Representative Registered Nurse Sales Manager Middle School Teacher Engineer Secondary School Teacher Securities Sales Agent Administrative Assistant Career Counselor Computer Programmer University Faculty Member Psychologist Financial Manager Graphic Designer Editor Accountant Mental Health Counselor

.57 .50 .42 .40 .36 .36 .35 .35 .34 .33 .20 .20 .20 .18 .18 .17 .15 .15 .15 .07

Middle School Teacher Personal Financial Advisor Technical Sales Representative Financial Analyst Loan Ofcer/Counselor Accountant Wholesale Sales Representative Elementary School Teacher Bartender Sales Manager Psychologist Computer & IS Manager Engineer Technical Support Specialist Software Developer University Faculty Member Computer Systems Analyst Editor Computer Programmer Network Administrator

.61 .60 .57 .55 .51 .49 .49 .48 .45 .43 .09 .09 .07 .05 .04 .04 .03 .01 .01 .00

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.14 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Science BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

29

Engineer Registered Nurse Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer University Faculty Member Psychologist Technical Support Specialist Graphic Designer Editor Marketing Manager Middle School Teacher Social Worker Elementary School Teacher Administrative Assistant Special Education Teacher Career Counselor Loan Ofcer/Counselor Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.76 .70 .68 .64 .63 .59 .52 .51 .42 .36 .07 .06 .06 .06 .06 .03 .02 .00 .01 .10

Engineer Software Developer Network Administrator Computer Programmer Psychologist Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Computer & IS Manager University Faculty Member Marketing Manager Human Resources Manager Career Counselor Wholesale Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Human Resources Specialist Loan Ofcer/Counselor Social Worker Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.78 .72 .71 .69 .64 .59 .55 .54 .53 .50 .09 .08 .05 .05 .04 .04 .00 .04 .05 .20

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.15 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Research BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Engineer University Faculty Member Management Analyst Computer Programmer Software Developer Network Administrator Psychologist Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Auditor Career Counselor Secondary School Teacher Social Worker Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor Bartender

.75 .73 .70 .66 .66 .65 .63 .59 .56 .53 .25 .24 .19 .19 .16 .12 .06 .03 .09 .09

Psychologist Engineer Software Developer Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer Programmer University Faculty Member Network Administrator Auditor Management Analyst Computer Systems Analyst Wholesale Sales Representative Administrative Assistant Middle School Teacher Technical Sales Representative Loan Ofcer/Counselor Career Counselor Elementary School Teacher Bartender Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.74 .73 .71 .70 .70 .69 .65 .64 .64 .63 .31 .31 .26 .24 .23 .23 .22 .00 .10 .18

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

30 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.16 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Medical Science BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Registered Nurse Engineer University Faculty Member Network Administrator Software Developer Psychologist Computer Programmer Technical Support Specialist Rehabilitation Counselor Technical Sales Representative Human Resources Manager University Administrator Business/Finance Supervisor Human Resources Specialist Personal Financial Advisor Career Counselor Training & Development Specialist Marketing Manager Loan Ofcer/Counselor Mental Health Counselor

.84 .51 .45 .42 .41 .41 .41 .39 .37 .35 .17 .16 .14 .14 .13 .12 .10 .10 .04 .03

Psychologist Engineer Software Developer Computer/Mathematics Manager Network Administrator Rehabilitation Counselor Computer Programmer Technical Support Specialist Computer & IS Manager University Faculty Member Top Executive, Business/Finance Technical Sales Representative Career Counselor Wholesale Sales Representative Marketing Manager Human Resources Specialist Loan Ofcer/Counselor Bartender Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.57 .57 .52 .51 .50 .49 .49 .46 .45 .44 .28 .27 .25 .25 .24 .24 .23 .19 .13 .01

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.17 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Mathematics BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Engineer Software Developer Accountant Computer Programmer Network Administrator Financial Manager Auditor Management Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Marketing Manager Attorney Secondary School Teacher Elementary School Teacher Social Worker Career Counselor Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.78 .75 .74 .73 .70 .69 .62 .51 .49 .49 .08 .07 .01 .00 .04 .05 .05 .10 .13 .35

Computer Programmer Engineer Software Developer Auditor Computer/Mathematics Manager Network Administrator Computer Systems Analyst Accountant Computer & IS Manager Financial Manager Rehabilitation Counselor Arts/Entertainment Manager Elementary School Teacher Technical Sales Representative Human Resources Specialist University Administrator Career Counselor Social Worker Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.75 .74 .70 .65 .62 .58 .56 .52 .51 .50 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06 .04 .04 .23 .28 .44

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.18 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Visual Arts & Design BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

31

Graphic Designer Arts/Entertainment Manager Editor Instructional Coordinator Psychologist University Faculty Member Attorney Engineer Technical Sales Representative Religious/Spiritual Leader Auditor Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor Loan Ofcer/Counselor Bartender Business/Finance Supervisor Financial Manager Accountant Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative

.90 .82 .79 .50 .48 .46 .43 .42 .42 .39 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .06 .05 .03 .03 .03

Arts/Entertainment Manager Editor Bartender Instructional Coordinator University Faculty Member Psychologist Secondary School Teacher Community Service Director Rehabilitation Counselor Administrative Assistant Sales Manager Auditor Accountant Personal Financial Advisor Social Worker Loan Ofcer/Counselor Financial Analyst Operations Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Financial Manager

.83 .74 .49 .48 .47 .46 .44 .43 .42 .41 .17 .17 .17 .16 .16 .14 .14 .12 .12 .08

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.19 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Performing Arts BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Editor Arts/Entertainment Manager Instructional Coordinator Religious/Spiritual Leader Attorney Graphic Designer Psychologist Technical Sales Representative University Administrator University Faculty Member Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer Technical Support Specialist Auditor Business/Finance Supervisor Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative Financial Manager Accountant

.71 .70 .59 .57 .55 .54 .52 .48 .48 .46 .17 .14 .12 .12 .11 .10 .05 .03 .01 .10

Arts/Entertainment Manager Editor Bartender Instructional Coordinator Secondary School Teacher Community Service Director Training & Development Specialist Rehabilitation Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader Attorney Financial Analyst Accountant Operations Manager Computer/Mathematics Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Computer Programmer Engineer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator Financial Manager

.80 .74 .63 .60 .60 .53 .52 .51 .50 .50 .17 .17 .17 .16 .14 .14 .13 .12 .11 .08

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

32 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.20 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Writing & Mass Communication BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Editor Attorney Arts/Entertainment Manager Instructional Coordinator Psychologist University Administrator University Faculty Member Religious/Spiritual Leader Rehabilitation Counselor Training & Development Specialist Technical Support Specialist Business/Finance Supervisor Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer Bartender Administrative Assistant Financial Manager Customer Service Representative Accountant

.85 .76 .74 .70 .60 .59 .59 .57 .56 .51 .20 .20 .19 .19 .18 .10 .10 .08 .06 .05

Editor Attorney Arts/Entertainment Manager University Faculty Member Training & Development Specialist Psychologist Secondary School Teacher Instructional Coordinator University Administrator Rehabilitation Counselor Business/Finance Supervisor Financial Manager Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer & IS Manager Software Developer Computer Programmer Engineer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator

.84 .78 .72 .71 .70 .69 .66 .63 .60 .58 .26 .21 .19 .16 .15 .15 .13 .13 .12 .08

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.21 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Culinary Arts BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Marketing Manager Arts/Entertainment Manager Instructional Coordinator Technical Sales Representative Wholesale Sales Representative Graphic Designer Editor Religious/Spiritual Leader Realtor Bartender University Faculty Member Customer Service Representative Administrative Assistant Auditor Technical Support Specialist Network Administrator Computer Programmer Software Developer Financial Manager Accountant

.40 .39 .37 .36 .34 .34 .33 .33 .33 .33 .15 .11 .11 .10 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .02

Bartender Technical Sales Representative Arts/Entertainment Manager Wholesale Sales Representative Securities Sales Agent Customer Service Representative Instructional Coordinator Marketing Manager Community Service Director Top Executive, Business/Finance Psychologist Financial Manager Mental Health Counselor University Faculty Member Engineer Social Worker Software Developer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator Computer Programmer

.58 .49 .45 .38 .37 .37 .36 .36 .34 .34 .17 .16 .16 .14 .13 .11 .11 .10 .09 .06

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.22 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Counseling & Helping BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

33

Rehabilitation Counselor Social Worker Religious/Spiritual Leader Secondary School Teacher Special Education Teacher Elementary School Teacher Career Counselor Middle School Teacher University Administrator Instructional Coordinator Computer/Mathematics Manager Bartender Technical Support Specialist Engineer Financial Manager Software Developer Computer Programmer Network Administrator Accountant Graphic Designer

.80 .79 .75 .74 .73 .72 .70 .66 .62 .60 .27 .24 .20 .14 .11 .08 .07 .07 .06 .06

Rehabilitation Counselor Community Service Director Religious/Spiritual Leader Secondary School Teacher Career Counselor Instructional Coordinator Elementary School Teacher University Administrator Middle School Teacher Customer Service Representative Financial Analyst Technical Support Specialist Computer/Mathematics Manager Financial Manager Computer & IS Manager Software Developer Computer Programmer Engineer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator

.86 .84 .82 .79 .77 .77 .76 .75 .71 .71 .33 .28 .27 .26 .25 .17 .16 .16 .15 .10

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.23 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Teaching & Education BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Secondary School Teacher Social Worker Rehabilitation Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader University Administrator Instructional Coordinator Career Counselor Bartender Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Engineer Graphic Designer Software Developer Computer Programmer Financial Manager Network Administrator Accountant

.89 .82 .80 .78 .77 .72 .70 .66 .63 .61 .28 .25 .22 .20 .19 .13 .11 .11 .11 .08

Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Secondary School Teacher Community Service Director Instructional Coordinator Rehabilitation Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader University Administrator Career Counselor Training & Development Specialist Loan Ofcer/Counselor Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer & IS Manager Financial Manager Computer Programmer Engineer Software Developer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator

.86 .86 .82 .78 .77 .74 .73 .68 .66 .65 .32 .30 .30 .28 .27 .21 .20 .20 .18 .14

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

34 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.24 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Human Resources & Training BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Human Resources Specialist Training & Development Specialist Human Resources Manager Operations Manager Personal Financial Advisor University Administrator Instructional Coordinator Business/Finance Supervisor Securities Sales Agent Career Counselor Editor Bartender Technical Support Specialist Registered Nurse Psychologist Engineer Software Developer Computer Programmer Network Administrator Graphic Designer

.85 .82 .82 .79 .77 .76 .75 .74 .72 .71 .26 .24 .23 .21 .20 .18 .14 .12 .10 .00

Human Resources Manager Human Resources Specialist Training & Development Specialist Operations Manager Instructional Coordinator Community Service Director Top Executive, Business/Finance Business/Finance Supervisor Customer Service Representative Religious/Spiritual Leader Mental Health Counselor Psychologist Technical Support Specialist Social Worker Computer Systems Analyst Engineer Software Developer Editor Computer Programmer Network Administrator

.80 .77 .75 .73 .71 .71 .71 .71 .71 .69 .33 .32 .27 .25 .20 .17 .17 .15 .13 .11

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.25 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Social Sciences BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Rehabilitation Counselor University Administrator University Faculty Member Instructional Coordinator Psychologist Religious/Spiritual Leader Arts/Entertainment Manager Career Counselor Secondary School Teacher Human Resources Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Software Developer Network Administrator Computer Programmer Technical Support Specialist Financial Manager Administrative Assistant Accountant Customer Service Representative Bartender

.73 .72 .70 .69 .68 .67 .65 .63 .62 .62 .37 .34 .33 .32 .32 .29 .21 .20 .20 .16

University Administrator Community Service Director Secondary School Teacher Rehabilitation Counselor Instructional Coordinator Training & Development Specialist Attorney Religious/Spiritual Leader Career Counselor Psychologist Financial Manager Bartender Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer & IS Manager Technical Support Specialist Engineer Software Developer Computer Programmer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator

.77 .77 .75 .74 .73 .73 .72 .71 .70 .70 .41 .41 .37 .32 .31 .29 .28 .25 .24 .19

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.26 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Religion & Spirituality BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

35

Religious/Spiritual Leader Special Education Teacher Instructional Coordinator Social Worker Secondary School Teacher Rehabilitation Counselor Elementary School Teacher University Administrator Career Counselor Middle School Teacher Computer/Mathematics Manager Graphic Designer Technical Support Specialist Bartender Engineer Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer Financial Manager Accountant

.74 .48 .47 .46 .46 .45 .44 .43 .43 .41 .20 .14 .14 .13 .13 .08 .08 .07 .06 .02

Religious/Spiritual Leader Elementary School Teacher Rehabilitation Counselor Training & Development Specialist University Administrator Secondary School Teacher Administrative Assistant Community Service Director Instructional Coordinator Career Counselor Loan Ofcer/Counselor Computer/Mathematics Manager Computer Programmer Financial Manager Computer & IS Manager Technical Support Specialist Engineer Software Developer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator

.71 .53 .49 .48 .48 .47 .47 .47 .46 .44 .18 .17 .16 .16 .15 .15 .12 .12 .10 .06

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.27 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Healthcare Services BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Registered Nurse Customer Service Representative Administrative Assistant Bartender Technical Support Specialist Middle School Teacher Rehabilitation Counselor Special Education Teacher Elementary School Teacher Engineer Human Resources Manager Mental Health Counselor Top Executive, Business/Finance Financial Manager Loan Ofcer/Counselor Arts/Entertainment Manager Editor Training & Development Specialist Attorney Marketing Manager

.73 .51 .34 .33 .32 .31 .31 .31 .30 .27 .07 .07 .07 .07 .06 .04 .04 .03 .03 .01

Elementary School Teacher Rehabilitation Counselor Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative Middle School Teacher Community Service Director Secondary School Teacher Instructional Coordinator Technical Support Specialist Psychologist Operations Manager Sales Manager Financial Analyst Securities Sales Agent Top Executive, Business/Finance Loan Ofcer/Counselor Financial Manager Editor Marketing Manager Mental Health Counselor

.53 .53 .52 .51 .50 .48 .47 .42 .41 .39 .25 .25 .25 .24 .23 .23 .21 .19 .19 .18

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

36 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Table 4.28 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Marketing & Advertising BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Realtor Wholesale Sales Representative Sales Manager Technical Sales Representative Marketing Manager Securities Sales Agent Personal Financial Advisor Operations Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Training & Development Specialist Technical Support Specialist Software Developer Middle School Teacher Computer Programmer Network Administrator Special Education Teacher Registered Nurse University Faculty Member Psychologist Mental Health Counselor

.85 .84 .80 .79 .79 .76 .71 .69 .69 .66 .20 .17 .15 .15 .14 .13 .13 .12 .11 .07

Wholesale Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Securities Sales Agent Marketing Manager Sales Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Loan Ofcer/Counselor Operations Manager Personal Financial Advisor Human Resources Specialist Technical Support Specialist Mental Health Counselor University Faculty Member Computer Systems Analyst Psychologist Engineer Software Developer Network Administrator Computer Programmer Social Worker

.86 .82 .82 .80 .79 .77 .76 .76 .71 .71 .17 .16 .15 .14 .13 .12 .09 .05 .04 .06

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.29 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Sales BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Realtor Securities Sales Agent Technical Sales Representative Wholesale Sales Representative Sales Manager Personal Financial Advisor Loan Ofcer/Counselor Top Executive, Business/Finance Operations Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Computer Programmer Middle School Teacher Network Administrator Registered Nurse Special Education Teacher Editor Graphic Designer University Faculty Member Psychologist Mental Health Counselor

.78 .75 .74 .73 .70 .67 .60 .57 .56 .56 .21 .20 .19 .18 .18 .15 .11 .11 .02 .00

Wholesale Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Securities Sales Agent Loan Ofcer/Counselor Sales Manager Personal Financial Advisor Operations Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Marketing Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Engineer Computer Systems Analyst Software Developer Mental Health Counselor Computer Programmer Network Administrator University Faculty Member Psychologist Editor Social Worker

.84 .80 .80 .79 .76 .76 .71 .69 .68 .66 .18 .16 .11 .09 .09 .08 .06 .04 .02 .09

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.30 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Management BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

37

Operations Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Securities Sales Agent Top Executive, Business/Finance Human Resources Specialist Human Resources Manager Personal Financial Advisor Training & Development Specialist Sales Manager Wholesale Sales Representative Computer Programmer Network Administrator Registered Nurse Bartender Special Education Teacher University Faculty Member Editor Psychologist Mental Health Counselor Graphic Designer

.82 .78 .75 .74 .74 .72 .72 .69 .68 .68 .24 .22 .22 .21 .21 .18 .15 .09 .02 .01

Operations Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Top Executive, Business/Finance Sales Manager Securities Sales Agent Wholesale Sales Representative Human Resources Manager Accountant Management Analyst Marketing Manager Computer Systems Analyst Software Developer Arts/Entertainment Manager Network Administrator Psychologist University Faculty Member Computer Programmer Mental Health Counselor Editor Social Worker

.84 .83 .76 .74 .72 .71 .68 .68 .68 .68 .26 .22 .21 .19 .19 .18 .17 .06 .01 .03

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.31 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Entrepreneurship BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Sales Manager Realtor Securities Sales Agent Wholesale Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Operations Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Marketing Manager Management Analyst Personal Financial Advisor Customer Service Representative Social Worker Elementary School Teacher Bartender Registered Nurse Psychologist University Faculty Member Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor

.65 .63 .62 .61 .60 .58 .58 .54 .53 .52 .16 .14 .11 .10 .08 .05 .00 .02 .03 .08

Securities Sales Agent Sales Manager Wholesale Sales Representative Operations Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Marketing Manager Loan Ofcer/Counselor Financial Analyst Personal Financial Advisor Technical Sales Representative Career Counselor Network Administrator Administrative Assistant Computer Programmer Psychologist Elementary School Teacher Editor University Faculty Member Mental Health Counselor Social Worker

.70 .67 .66 .66 .65 .62 .61 .59 .59 .59 .19 .18 .16 .13 .05 .04 .04 .03 .09 .27

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

38 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.32 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Politics & Public Speaking BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Attorney Top Executive, Business/Finance Human Resources Manager Sales Manager Training & Development Specialist University Administrator Marketing Manager Wholesale Sales Representative Instructional Coordinator Technical Sales Representative Bartender Registered Nurse Software Developer Administrative Assistant Network Administrator Computer Programmer Graphic Designer Accountant Technical Support Specialist Customer Service Representative

.81 .74 .71 .69 .68 .68 .67 .66 .66 .65 .24 .22 .17 .17 .16 .14 .14 .13 .13 .11

Marketing Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Attorney Management Analyst Human Resources Manager Sales Manager Human Resources Specialist Training & Development Specialist Operations Manager Securities Sales Agent Administrative Assistant Mental Health Counselor Computer & IS Manager Engineer Social Worker Software Developer Technical Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Computer Programmer Network Administrator

.76 .75 .75 .71 .71 .71 .70 .70 .68 .66 .32 .25 .23 .17 .16 .14 .12 .11 .09 .07

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.33 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Law BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Attorney Top Executive, Business/Finance Human Resources Manager Sales Manager Technical Sales Representative Operations Manager Securities Sales Agent Loan Ofcer/Counselor Auditor Realtor Network Administrator Technical Support Specialist Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Bartender Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor Graphic Designer

.61 .55 .50 .50 .48 .47 .47 .45 .45 .43 .22 .22 .21 .20 .19 .18 .16 .14 .09 .01

Attorney Auditor Sales Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Human Resources Manager Personal Financial Advisor Management Analyst Operations Manager Business/Finance Supervisor Securities Sales Agent Computer & IS Manager Engineer Software Developer Editor Technical Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Computer Programmer Network Administrator Mental Health Counselor Social Worker

.69 .63 .63 .62 .62 .62 .59 .59 .58 .58 .29 .29 .25 .24 .22 .21 .20 .19 .14 .09

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.34 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Office Management BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

39

Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative Business/Finance Supervisor Accountant Auditor Technical Support Specialist Financial Manager Computer/Mathematics Manager Securities Sales Agent Operations Manager Registered Nurse Special Education Teacher Bartender Arts/Entertainment Manager University Faculty Member Editor Graphic Designer Attorney Psychologist Mental Health Counselor

.83 .77 .59 .57 .55 .51 .51 .43 .40 .39 .06 .05 .01 .02 .02 .04 .11 .13 .26 .32

Customer Service Representative Administrative Assistant Business/Finance Supervisor Accountant Auditor Financial Manager Wholesale Sales Representative Management Analyst Operations Manager Financial Analyst University Administrator Career Counselor University Faculty Member Psychologist Arts/Entertainment Manager Attorney Bartender Editor Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.69 .67 .61 .59 .53 .51 .48 .48 .47 .47 .26 .26 .25 .21 .20 .18 .13 .06 .02 .06

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.35 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Taxes & Accounting BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Accountant Financial Manager Auditor Software Developer Computer Programmer Engineer Network Administrator Business/Finance Supervisor Management Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager Secondary School Teacher Attorney Elementary School Teacher Graphic Designer Career Counselor Social Worker Middle School Teacher Bartender Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor

.89 .88 .76 .66 .62 .61 .57 .56 .52 .52 .04 .05 .05 .05 .07 .07 .13 .14 .16 .46

Auditor Financial Manager Accountant Financial Analyst Computer Programmer Business/Finance Supervisor Computer/Mathematics Manager Engineer Management Analyst Software Developer Rehabilitation Counselor Secondary School Teacher Elementary School Teacher University Administrator Arts/Entertainment Manager Career Counselor Editor Bartender Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.79 .76 .74 .66 .61 .61 .60 .58 .57 .55 .12 .11 .10 .10 .03 .03 .03 .18 .29 .40

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

40 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Table 4.36 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Programming & Information Systems BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Technical Support Specialist Software Developer Computer Programmer Network Administrator Computer/Mathematics Manager Engineer Management Analyst Accountant Financial Manager Auditor Loan Ofcer/Counselor Elementary School Teacher Attorney Secondary School Teacher Career Counselor Social Worker Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Bartender Mental Health Counselor

.84 .79 .79 .77 .71 .55 .49 .48 .48 .47 .03 .03 .03 .10 .14 .15 .18 .23 .48 .58

Computer Systems Analyst Computer & IS Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer/Mathematics Manager Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer Engineer Auditor Accountant Elementary School Teacher Human Resources Manager Human Resources Specialist Loan Ofcer/Counselor Attorney University Administrator Career Counselor Bartender Social Worker Mental Health Counselor

.87 .82 .82 .80 .79 .79 .78 .59 .41 .37 .05 .04 .02 .02 .02 .03 .14 .14 .41 .54

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.37 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Finance & Investing BIS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Financial Manager Sales Manager Auditor Securities Sales Agent Management Analyst Top Executive, Business/Finance Realtor Accountant Business/Finance Supervisor Operations Manager Registered Nurse Career Counselor Secondary School Teacher Graphic Designer Social Worker Bartender Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor

.73 .72 .71 .69 .68 .66 .64 .64 .63 .63 .17 .14 .12 .12 .05 .03 .02 .11 .14 .27

Financial Manager Financial Analyst Auditor Accountant Personal Financial Advisor Sales Manager Securities Sales Agent Business/Finance Supervisor Operations Manager Loan Ofcer/Counselor Bartender Psychologist Career Counselor Administrative Assistant Arts/Entertainment Manager University Faculty Member Elementary School Teacher Editor Mental Health Counselor Social Worker

.86 .83 .78 .78 .77 .77 .76 .75 .73 .73 .16 .15 .15 .14 .12 .10 .06 .04 .23 .33

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................

Validity of the Occupational Scales

41

Correlations Between the PSSs and the OSs

Tables 4.384.42 illustrate the relationship between each of the Personal Style Scales (PSSs) and the new, updated, and revised OSs. The tables show the PSSs and the 10 highest-correlating and 10 lowest-correlating OSs, separately for women and men, and provide support for the validity of the OSs. For example, the Top Executive, Business/Finance scales are positively corre-

lated with the Leadership Style PSS, suggesting that top executives score toward the Directs others pole. In contrast, the Network Administrator scales are negatively correlated with the Work Style PSS, suggesting that network administrators score toward the Works with ideas/data/things pole of the PSS. These two results suit what is known about work characteristics of top executives and network administrators. Please refer to the Strong manual (Figures 6.16.5) for correlations with existing OSs.

Table 4.38 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Work Style PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Work Style PSS Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Works with people pole

Works with ideas/data/things pole

Elementary School Teacher Special Education Teacher Social Worker Secondary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Career Counselor Rehabilitation Counselor Human Resources Specialist University Administrator Training & Development Specialist Registered Nurse Accountant University Faculty Member Psychologist Graphic Designer Technical Support Specialist Engineer Software Developer Computer Programmer Network Administrator

.72 .69 .68 .68 .67 .66 .56 .55 .54 .54 .02 .06 .06 .10 .19 .19 .33 .36 .38 .42

Career Counselor Middle School Teacher Human Resources Specialist Elementary School Teacher Human Resources Manager University Administrator Mental Health Counselor Religious/Spiritual Leader Customer Service Representative Secondary School Teacher University Faculty Member Psychologist Computer/Mathematics Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer & IS Manager Computer Systems Analyst Computer Programmer Software Developer Engineer Network Administrator

.70 .70 .68 .68 .65 .64 .63 .60 .60 .60 .11 .02 .16 .18 .18 .29 .38 .40 .42 .45

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

42 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Table 4.39 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Learning Environment PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Learning Environment PSS Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Academic pole

Practical pole

Psychologist Editor Arts/Entertainment Manager Attorney Instructional Coordinator University Faculty Member University Administrator Religious/Spiritual Leader Training & Development Specialist Rehabilitation Counselor Network Administrator Software Developer Computer Programmer Business/Finance Supervisor Financial Manager Technical Support Specialist Bartender Accountant Administrative Assistant Customer Service Representative

.78 .78 .75 .74 .71 .70 .68 .63 .56 .55 .17 .17 .14 .10 .08 .01 .00 .10 .22 .31

Editor University Faculty Member Attorney Psychologist Training & Development Specialist University Administrator Instructional Coordinator Arts/Entertainment Manager Religious/Spiritual Leader Secondary School Teacher Technical Sales Representative Software Developer Wholesale Sales Representative Customer Service Representative Engineer Computer Programmer Computer & IS Manager Technical Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator

.72 .70 .70 .67 .67 .65 .62 .60 .59 .59 .18 .15 .14 .13 .13 .12 .11 .06 .05 .05

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.40 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Leadership Style PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Leadership Style PSS Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Directs others pole

Leads by example pole

Human Resources Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Training & Development Specialist Marketing Manager Operations Manager Personal Financial Advisor Sales Manager Wholesale Sales Representative University Administrator Instructional Coordinator Administrative Assistant Registered Nurse Customer Service Representative Engineer Accountant Software Developer Technical Support Specialist Graphic Designer Network Administrator Computer Programmer

.84 .82 .82 .80 .77 .77 .76 .76 .75 .73 .28 .21 .21 .19 .11 .09 .09 .07 .07 .06

Top Executive, Business/Finance Marketing Manager Human Resources Manager Operations Manager Human Resources Specialist Sales Manager Training & Development Specialist Securities Sales Agent Management Analyst Wholesale Sales Representative Mental Health Counselor Computer & IS Manager Editor Engineer Social Worker Technical Support Specialist Software Developer Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator Computer Programmer

.85 .81 .79 .78 .77 .76 .73 .73 .69 .67 .28 .28 .25 .15 .15 .14 .13 .11 .05 .04

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

...............................................................................................
Table 4.41 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Risk Taking PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Risk Taking PSS Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Validity of the Occupational Scales

43

Takes chances pole

Plays it safepole

Technical Sales Representative Sales Manager Engineer Realtor Top Executive, Business/Finance Wholesale Sales Representative Computer/Mathematics Manager Network Administrator Securities Sales Agent Management Analyst Religious/Spiritual Leader Secondary School Teacher Career Counselor Customer Service Representative Social Worker Administrative Assistant Elementary School Teacher Middle School Teacher Special Education Teacher Mental Health Counselor

.58 .52 .51 .50 .49 .46 .44 .43 .43 .41 .19 .19 .13 .13 .11 .11 .08 .06 .00 .06

Personal Financial Advisor Sales Manager Securities Sales Agent Loan Ofcer/Counselor Financial Analyst Wholesale Sales Representative Technical Sales Representative Operations Manager Accountant Top Executive, Business/Finance Religious/Spiritual Leader Elementary School Teacher University Administrator Psychologist Career Counselor Administrative Assistant Editor University Faculty Member Mental Health Counselor Social Worker

.58 .55 .55 .54 .52 .51 .51 .49 .49 .47 .15 .14 .13 .13 .11 .11 .02 .05 .08 .17

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

Table 4.42 Ten Highest and Lowest Correlations Between Team Orientation PSS and OS Scores for Women and Men in the GRS
Team Orientation PSS Female Occupational Scale Women r Male Occupational Scale Men r

Accomplishes tasks as a team pole

Accomplishes tasks independentlypole

Human Resources Specialist Business/Finance Supervisor Operations Manager Human Resources Manager Training & Development Specialist Personal Financial Advisor Top Executive, Business/Finance University Administrator Management Analyst Computer/Mathematics Manager University Faculty Member Technical Support Specialist Accountant Psychologist Editor Mental Health Counselor Software Developer Computer Programmer Network Administrator Graphic Designer

.70 .64 .64 .60 .59 .58 .56 .55 .54 .53 .20 .20 .19 .18 .16 .15 .14 .13 .13 .03

Operations Manager Human Resources Manager Top Executive, Business/Finance Business/Finance Supervisor Human Resources Specialist Management Analyst Wholesale Sales Representative Marketing Manager Training & Development Specialist Sales Manager Psychologist Software Developer Arts/Entertainment Manager University Faculty Member Computer Systems Analyst Network Administrator Computer Programmer Mental Health Counselor Social Worker Editor

.56 .56 .55 .54 .53 .53 .49 .48 .48 .48 .23 .23 .22 .21 .20 .18 .18 .13 .12 .06

Note: N = 2,250 (1,125 women and 1,125 men). Ten highest correlations are shaded; 10 lowest correlations are not shaded.

....................................................................................................................

Conclusion
....................................................................................................................

he current update of the Strong Interest Inventory assessments Occupational Scales was conducted

to ensure that the instrument best reects changes in the occupational world and in our society, thus maintaining the scientic soundness of the tool. This update resulted in the addition of 46 new scales, 36 updated scales, and 8 revised scales. Thirty of the 2004 Strong instrument scales were removed.

The updated Strong assessment now includes a total of 260 scalesthe 90 new, updated, or revised scales along with 170 scales remaining from the 2004 OSs. This list of OSs meets the rigorous standards upheld by the instrument for both reliability and validity. The 260 existing, new, updated, and revised OSs provide clients and career professionals alike with a wide variety of career options to consider and can help users make informed decisions about their future.

45

....................................................................................................................
A P P E N D I X

* Occupational Scale Samples, O NET

Codes, and Related Job Titles

....................................................................................................................

he samples described in this appendix are those used to develop the current Strong Interest Inven-

tory Occupational Scales (OSs). This appendix serves as a replacement for the appendix in the 2005 Strong manual (Donnay et al., 2005). For each sample, the column headed N indicates the number of people in the occupational group used to construct the scale. Year Data Collected indicates the year in which the occupational sample was completed. Mean Age provides the average age of the people in the sample. And Mean Years Experience provides the average number of years the people in the sample have worked in the occupation. The column labeled Composition indicates the sources for the people who make up each occupational sample. This column also provides selected demographic data about the occupations. Among these data are educational background, typical work activities, areas of specialization, and types of businesses or institutions in which participants are employed. The column labeled O*NET Code(s) offers, for each occupation, the O*NET code or codes most appropriate for that sample. These codes will help you and your client locate related occupations on the O*NET Web site, www.onetonline.org. The rst two digits indicate which of the 23 very broad categories the occupation ts: 11 Management 13 Business and Financial Operations 15 Computer and Mathematical

17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55

Architecture and Engineering Life, Physical, and Social Sciences Community and Social Services Legal Education, Training, and Library Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Healthcare Support Protective Service Food Preparation and Serving Related Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Personal Care and Service Sales and Related Ofce and Administrative Support Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Construction and Extraction Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Production Transportation and Material Moving Military Specic

The next four digits indicate a more specic division of work within the 23 broad categories. The last two digits, after the decimal point, locate a particular occupation within that division. The Description column will help you assist your clients in identifying the responsibilities, job tasks, work environments, and skills entailed in each of the occupations listed on the Strong Prole. The last column, Related Occupations, is a list of jobs related to each of the Occupational Scale samples. This list will help you broaden your clients career exploration beyond the Strong Prole to nd other occupations appropriate for their consideration.
47

48 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Accountant (Female)

N
372

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
37.8

Mean Years Experience

12.2

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Analyze nancial information and prepare nancial reports to determine or maintain record of assets, liabilities, prot and loss, tax liability, or other nancial activities within an organization.

Related Occupations
Actuary Auditor Budget Analyst Controller Cost Estimator Credit Analyst Economist Revenue Agent Tax Collector Tax Examiner Treasurer

Sample collected from CPP com- 13-2011.01 mercial and research databases. 44% completed bachelors degree, 12% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 57% completed bachelors degree, 23% masters degree, 5% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Accountant (Male)

119

2009

38.2

12.7

Actuary (Female)

642

1992

36.4

12.8

Members of American Academy 15-2011.00 of Actuaries. 70% completed bachelors degree, 28% masters or professional degree. See womens sample above. 62% completed bachelors degree, 33% masters or professional degree.

Actuary (Male)

593

1992

42.0

18.0

Analyze statistical data, such as mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates and construct probability tables to forecast risk and liability for payment of future benets. May ascertain premium rates required and cash reserves necessary to ensure payment of future benets.

Accountant Assessor Cost Estimator Credit Analyst Economist Financial Analyst Insurance Underwriter Procurement Clerk Statistician Tax Preparer

Administrative 1707 Assistant (Female)

2003 and 2009

39.8

13.4

Sample collected from CPP com- 43-6011.00 mercial and research databases. A portion of the sample was taken from the 2004 Strong revision. 22% completed bachelors degree, 4% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree, less than 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 31% completed bachelors degree, 12% masters degree, 1% professional degree.

Administrative 147 Assistant (Male)

2003 and 2009

40.2

11.2

Provide high level administrative support by conducting research, preparing statistical reports, handling information requests, and performing clerical functions such as preparing correspondence, receiving visitors, arranging conference calls, and scheduling meetings. May also train and supervise lower-level clerical staff.

Legal Secretary Library Technician Management Analyst Municipal Clerk Procurement Clerk Production, Planning, or Expediting Clerk Secretary, except Legal, Medical, or Executive

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Advertising Account Manager (Female)

Appendix

49

N
205

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
36.3

Mean Years Experience

12.1

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan and direct advertising policies and programs or produce collateral materials, such as posters, contests, coupons, or giveaways, to create extra interest in the purchase of a product or service for a department, for an entire organization, or on an account basis.

Related Occupations
Art Director Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School Education Administrator, Postsecondary Health Educator Marketing Manager Public Relations Specialist Purchasing Agent or Buyer Sales Manager Wholesale or Retail Buyer

From commercially compiled 11-2011.00 national listing. 70% completed bachelors degree, 14% masters or professional degree. 84% worked for full-service advertising agency; 7% for small, specialized agency; 2% for direct marketing agency; 9% were self-employed. See womens sample above. 63% completed bachelors degree, 14% masters or professional degree. 75% worked for full-service advertising agency; 11% for small, specialized agency; 2% for direct marketing; 9% were self-employed.

Advertising Account Manager (Male)

348

1992

47.0

21.7

Architect (Female)

603

1993

39.3

14.4

Members of American Institute 17-1011.00 of Architects. 40% completed bachelors degree, 56% masters or professional degree. Areas of specialization included public/ institutional (34%), commercial (29%), residential (24%), industrial (2%). See womens sample above. 48% completed bachelors degree, 43% masters or professional degree. Areas of specialization included public/ institutional (41%), commercial (34%), residential (12%), industrial (4%).

Plan and design structures such as private residences, ofce buildings, theaters, factories, and other structural property.

Civil Engineer Civil Engineering Technician Electrical Drafter Industrial Safety or Health Engineer Landscape Architect Marine Architect Mechanical Engineer Mining or Geographical Engineer Set or Exhibit Designer

Architect (Male)

560

1993

47.2

22.8

Art Teacher (Female)

360

1981

39.0

11.2

Members of National Art 25-1121.00 Association, secondary division. All were secondary school teachers. 41% completed bachelors degree, 58% masters degree. 79% of sample spent minimum of 50% of time teaching; other activities included lesson preparation, grading, and administrative functions. Main areas of art included general, painting and drawing, sculpture, ceramics, print making, and weaving. See womens sample above. All were secondary school teachers. 15% completed bachelors degree, 64% masters degree, 19% doctorate.

Teach courses in drama, music, and the arts, including ne and applied art, such as painting and sculpture, or design and crafts.

Choreographer Commercial or Industrial Designer Fashion Designer Film or Video Editor Floral Designer Kindergarten Teacher Musician, Instrumental Set or Exhibit Designer

Art Teacher (Male)

303

1978

40.2

14.9

50 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Artist (Female)

N
247

Year Data Collected

1979

Mean Age
44.4

Mean Years Experience

17.0

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Create original artwork using any of a wide variety of mediums and techniques, such as painting and sculpture.

Related Occupations
Costume Attendant Film or Video Editor Floral Designer Graphic Designer Jeweler Makeup Artist, Theatrical or Performance Precious Metal Worker

Selected from Whos Who in 27-1013.00 American Art. 18% had taken art courses not leading to degree, 25% completed bachelors degree, 42% masters degree. 58% were freelance artists, 15% were employed by educational institutions, 22% by combination of employers. See womens sample above. 13% had taken art courses not leading to degree, 15% completed bachelors degree, 55% masters degree. 39% were freelance artists, 39% were employed by educational institutions, 15% by combination of employers.

Artist (Male)

213

1979

43.5

20.5

Arts/ Entertainment Manager (Female)

104

2009

40.9

14.2

Sample collected from CPP com- No specic mercial and research databases. O*NET code 59% completed bachelors degree, 17% masters degree, 2% doctorate. See womens sample above. 52% completed bachelors degree, 10% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Arts/ Entertainment Manager (Male)

98

2009

38.4

14.0

Plan, direct, coordinate operations, formulate policies, manage daily operations, and plan the use of materials and human resources as applied to individuals and companies in the areas of art, design, entertainment, sports, or media.

Agent or Business Manager of Artists, Performers, or Athletes Chief Executive Ofcer General Manager Program Director Talent Director Technical Operations Manager

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Athletic Trainer (Female)

Appendix

51

N
242

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
29.3

Mean Years Experience

5.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Evaluate, advise, and treat athletes to assist recovery from injury, avoid injury, or maintain peak physical tness.

Related Occupations
Licensed Practical or Licensed Vocational Nurse Orthotist or Prosthetist Physical Therapist Recreational Therapist Respiratory Therapist Veterinary Assistant or Laboratory Animal Caretaker

National sample of certied ath- 29-9091.00 letic trainers from National Athletic Trainers Association. 25% completed bachelors degree, 73% masters degree, 2% doctorate. Employers included 4-year colleges (59%), high schools (22%), 2-year colleges (5%), professional athletic teams (1%), other (12%). 7% specialized in a particular sport. Major activities included evaluation and treatment of injuries (39%), covering practices and games (29%), combination (27%). See womens sample above. 30% completed bachelors degree, 68% masters degree, 1% doctorate. Employers included 4-year colleges (59%), high schools (16%), professional athletic teams (9%), 2-year colleges (5%), combination (2%). 21% specialized in particular sport. Major activities included evaluation and treatment of injuries (48%), covering practices and games (24%), combination (25%).

Athletic Trainer (Male)

250

1983

32.5

9.4

Attorney (Female)

174

2009

38.7

10.6

Sample collected from CPP com- 23-1011.00 mercial and research databases. 1% completed masters degree, 94% professional degree, 3% doctorate. See womens sample above. Less than 1% completed masters degree, 97% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Attorney (Male)

226

2009

42.0

14.1

Represent clients in criminal and civil litigation and other legal proceedings, draw up legal documents, and manage or advise clients on legal transactions. May specialize in a single area or may practice broadly in many areas of law.

Criminal Investigator or Special Agent Government Property Inspector and Investigator Insurance Adjuster, Examiner, or Investigator Judge, Magistrate Judge, or Magistrate Paralegal or Legal Assistant

52 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Auditor (Female)

N
126

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
36.0

Mean Years Experience

9.6

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Examine and analyze accounting records to determine nancial status of establishment and prepare nancial reports concerning operating procedures.

Related Occupations
Accountant Budget Analyst Economist Financial Analyst Financial Manager, Branch or Department Personal Financial Advisor Purchasing Manager Treasurer or Controller

Sample collected from CPP com- 13-2011.02 mercial and research databases. 44% completed bachelors degree, 25% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 54% completed bachelors degree, 31% masters degree, 9% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Auditor (Male)

114

2009

36.8

11.3

Automobile Mechanic (Female)

165

1993

34.5

10.7

List of automobile mechanics 49-3023.01 certied by National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence and commercially compiled list of automobile repair establishments. 18% had high school diploma, 17% attended trade/ technical school in addition, 40% some college or associate degree, 13% completed bachelors degree, 4% masters degree. 44% worked in independent repair shop, 20% in car dealership, 8% in tire dealership, 7% in specialty repair shop, 7% in eet repair shop, balance in service stations, body shops, machine shops, and government agencies. See womens sample above. 22% had high school diploma, 29% attended trade/technical school in addition, 31% some college or associate degree, 5% completed bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. 46% worked in car dealership, 23% in independent repair shop, 7% in tire dealership, balance in specialty repair shops, eet repair shops, service stations, body shops, machine shops, and government agencies.

Repair automobiles, trucks, buses, and other vehicles. Master mechanic repairs virtually any part on the vehicle or specializes in the transmission system.

Aircraft Mechanic or Service Technician Automotive Specialty Technician Engine or other Machine Assembler Farm Equipment Mechanic Industrial Machinery Mechanic Inspector, Tester, Sorter, Sampler, or Weigher

Automobile Mechanic (Male)

561

1993

38.7

18.0

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Bartender (Female)

Appendix

53

N
118

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
26.2

Mean Years Experience

7.5

Composition
Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 12% had high school diploma, 56% some college, 22% completed associate degree, 9% bachelors degree. See womens sample above. 23% had high school diploma, 48% some college, 15% completed associate degree, 12% bachelors degree.

O*NET Code(s)
35-3011.00

Description
Mix and serve drinks to patrons, directly or through waitstaff.

Related Occupations
Cashier Combined Food Preparation and Serving Worker, including Fast Food Counter or Rental Clerk Flight Attendant Food Preparation Worker Locker Room, Coatroom, or Dressing Room Attendant Transportation Attendant, except Fight Attendant or Baggage Porter Waiter/Waitress

Bartender (Male)

60

2009

27.2

7.3

Biologist (Female)

282

1992

46.8

17.9

Members of American Institute 19-1020.01 of Biological Sciences. 28% completed masters degree, 71% doctorate. 53% worked in 4-year colleges and universities, 8% in community colleges, 11% in federal government agencies, 8% in industry, 5% in schools, 5% in other nonprot organizations. Major activities included teaching/training, technical writing, administration, basic research, and consulting. See womens sample above. 15% completed masters degree, 85% doctorate. 59% worked in 4-year colleges and universities, 5% in community colleges, 9% in federal government agencies, 6% in industry, 4% in schools, 6% in other nonprot organizations. Major activities included teaching/training, technical writing, basic research, administration, applied research, and consulting.

Research or study basic principles of plant and animal life, such as origin, relationship, development, anatomy, and functions.

Biochemist or Biophysicist Environmental Scientist or Specialist, including Health Microbiologist Soil or Plant Scientist Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist

Biologist (Male)

757

1992

50.0

22.1

54 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Broadcast Journalist (Female)

N
220

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
32.4

Mean Years Experience

7.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Talk on radio or television. May interview guests, act as master of ceremonies, read news ashes, identify station by giving call letters, or announce song title and artist.

Related Occupations
Advertising Sales Agent Broadcast News Analyst Copy Writer Poet, Lyricist, or Creative Writer Reporter or Correspondent Talent Director

Sample collected from stations 27-3011.00 listed in Broadcasting Yearbook and from responses to ads in Inside Radio and Radio and Records; also members of American Women in Radio and Television, Inc. 23% had high school diploma, 57% completed bachelors degree, 9% masters degree. 84% were employed by commercial station, 15% by public station. 56% were department heads. Major activities included on-the-air broadcasting (28%), programming (13%), sales (9%), research (7%), news gathering and reporting (6%), combination (26%), other (general management, production, and copyrighting functions, 9%). See womens sample above. 26% had high school diploma, 53% completed bachelors degree, 7% masters degree. All were broadcasters: 85% were employed by commercial station; 65% were department heads. Major activities included on-theair broadcasting (30%), programming (21%), management and administration (8%), news gathering and writing (4%), sales (3%), combination (25%), other (3%).

Broadcast Journalist (Male)

213

1983

34.2

12.8

Business Education Teacher (Female)

576

1993

45.1

18.1

Members of National Business Education Association. 28% completed bachelors degree, 64% masters or professional degree, 8% doctorate. 56% were employed in public schools, 30% in colleges or universities, 6% in private or parochial schools. See womens sample above. 16% completed bachelors degree, 61% masters or professional degree, 22% doctorate. 52% were employed in public schools, 36% in colleges or universities, 7% in private or parochial schools.

25-1011.00

Teach courses in business administration and management, such as accounting, nance, human resources, labor relations, marketing, and operations research.

Business Administration Teacher Business Communication Teacher Business Law Teacher Business Management Teacher Finance Teacher Marketing Teacher

Business Education Teacher (Male)

545

1993

47.5

21.5

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Business/ Finance Supervisor (Female)

Appendix

55

N
220

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
38.9

Mean Years Experience

12.6

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, direct, coordinate operations, formulate policies, manage daily operations, and plan the use of materials and human resources as applied to individuals and companies in the areas of business and nance.

Related Occupations
Branch Operations Manager Chief Executive Ofcer General Manager Technical Operations Manager

Sample collected from CPP com- No specic mercial and research databases. O*NET code 35% completed bachelors degree, 11% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 53% completed bachelors degree, 13% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Business/ Finance Supervisor (Male)

125

2009

38.8

13.0

Buyer (Female)

214

1983

35.4

8.8

Names from The Salesmans 13-1022.00 GuideWomens and Childrens Wear Buyers and The Salesmans GuideMens and Boys Wear Buyers. 33% had high school diploma, 11% completed associate degree, 48% bachelors degree. 46% were employed by department stores, 29% by specialty shops, 10% by chains. 81% bought for more than one department. See womens sample above. 25% had high school diploma, 8% completed associate degree, 60% bachelors degree, 7% masters degree. 40% were employed by department stores, 25% by specialty shops, 18% by chains. 96% bought for more than one department.

Buyer (Male)

219

1983

36.9

10.8

Buy merchandise or commodities, other than farm products, for resale to consumers at the wholesale or retail level, including both durable and nondurable goods. Analyze past buying trends, sales records, price, and quality of merchandise to determine value and yield. Select, order, and authorize payment for merchandise according to contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with sales personnel and introduce new products.

Market Research Analyst Public Relations Specialist Sales Agent, Securities or Commodities Sales Representative, Wholesale or Manufacturing, Technical or Scientic Products Sales Representative, Wholesale or Manufacturing, except Technical or Scientic Products

Career Counselor (Female)

426

2009

39.6

9.6

Sample collected from the American Counseling Association and CPP commercial and research databases. 25% completed bachelors degree, 65% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 2% doctorate. See womens sample above. 33% completed bachelors degree, 50% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 5% doctorate.

21-1012.00

Counsel individuals and provide group educational and vocational guidance services.

Child, Family, or School Social Worker Health Educator Probation Ofcer or Correctional Treatment Specialist

Career Counselor (Male)

104

2009

42.0

11.1

56 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Carpenter (Female)

N
97

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
31.4

Mean Years Experience

4.7

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Construct, erect, install, or repair structures and xtures made of wood, such as concrete forms; building frameworks, including partitions, joists, studding, and rafters; wood stairways, window and door frames, and hardwood oors. May also install cabinets, siding, drywall and batt or roll insulation. Includes brattice builders who build doors or brattices (ventilation walls or partitions) in underground passageways to control the proper circulation of air through the passageways and to the working places.

Related Occupations
Brickmason or Blockmason Cabinetmaker or Bench Carpenter Drywall or Ceiling Tile Installer Helper Brickmason, Blockmason, Stonemason, or Tile or Marble Setter HelperCarpenter HelperPipelayer, Plumber, Pipetter, or Steamtter Plumber Reinforcing Iron or Rebar Worker Stonemason Tile and Marble Setter

Members of United Brotherhood 47-2031.00 of Carpenters and Joiners of America, and participants in Women in Trades Conference. 46% had high school diploma, 6% completed associate degree, 33% bachelors degree, 8% masters degree. 39% were nal-year apprentices, 34% were at journey level. 26% did mainly rough carpenter work, 5% nish, 64% combination. 36% of sample specialized in a particular area of carpentry. 91% of sample spent minimum of 50% of time doing manual labor. Other activities included reading blueprints, communicating with contractors, problem solving, and administrative functions. Members of United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America. 73% had high school diploma, 7% completed associate degree, 8% bachelors degree, 2% other. 82% were nal-year apprentices, 15% were at journey level. 18% did mainly rough carpentry, 21% nish, 53% combination. 30% of sample specialized in a particular area of carpentry. 62% of sample spent minimum of 75% of time doing manual labor. Other activities included reading blueprints, communicating with contractors, problem solving, and administrative functions.

Carpenter (Male)

199

1983

27.3

4.6

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Chef (Female)

Appendix

57

N
106

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
31.8

Mean Years Experience

6.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Direct the preparation, seasoning, and cooking of salads, soups, sh, meats, vegetables, desserts, or other foods. May plan and price menu items, order supplies, and keep records and accounts. May participate in cooking.

Related Occupations
Cook, Fast Food Dietetic Technician First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Food Preparation or Serving Workers

Members of American Culinary 35-1011.00 Federation and graduates of Johnson and Wales College in Providence, RI, and of the Culinary Institute, Hyde Park, NY. 6% had high school diploma, 14% attended trade or vocational school, 58% completed associate degree, 12% bachelors degree, 1% masters degree. 21% were employed by restaurants, 16% by hotels, 11% by private clubs, 6% by catering services, 5% by educational institutions, 25% by combination, remainder by resorts, hospitals, or institutional rms. Major activities included food preparation (42%), supervision and training (15%), planning menus (3%), combination (33%). Members of American Culinary Federation. 17% had high school diploma, 33% attended trade or vocational school, 22% completed associate degree, 10% bachelors degree, 3% masters degree. 25% were employed by restaurants, 21% by private clubs, 15% by hotels, 18% by combination, remainder by resorts, hospitals, educational institutions, caterers, industrial rms, or other. Major activities included supervision and training (30%), food preparation (22%), ordering food (3%), combination (40%).

Chef (Male)

296

1983

37.4

14.0

58 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Chemist (Female)

N
271

Year Data Collected

1993

Mean Age
41.2

Mean Years Experience

14.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Conduct qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses or chemical experiments in laboratories for quality or process control or to develop new products or knowledge.

Related Occupations
Chemical Plant or System Operator Chemical Technician Environmental Science or Protection Technician, including Health Food Science Technician Materials Scientist Soil or Plant Scientist

Members of American Chemical 19-2031.00 Society. 41% completed masters or professional degree, 59% doctorate. Major activities included teaching/training, management/supervision, applied research. 47% were employed by business/industry, 30% by educational institutions, 12% by government agencies. See womens sample above. 26% completed masters or professional degree, 74% doctorate. Major activities included teaching/ training, management/supervision, applied research, and basic research. 59% were employed by business/industry, 22% by educational institutions, 7% by government agencies.

Chemist (Male)

304

1993

48.1

20.6

Chiropractor (Female)

113

2003

42.4

12.3

Mailing lists of members of 29-1011.00 Minnesota Board of Chiropractic Examiners and Texas Chiropractic Association. 2% completed masters degree, 82% professional degree, 12% doctorate. See womens sample above. 1% completed masters degree, 90% professional degree, 7% doctorate, 2% other.

Chiropractor (Male)

100

2003

46.3

18.3

Adjust spinal column and other articulations of the body to correct abnormalities of the human body believed to be caused by interference with the nervous system. Examine patient to determine nature and extent of disorder. Manipulate spine or other involved area. May utilize supplementary measures, such as exercise, rest, water, light, heat, and nutritional therapy.

Dentist, General Emergency Medical Technician or Paramedic Licensed Practical or Licensed Vocational Nurse Optometrist Orthodontist Physician Assistant Podiatrist Respiratory Therapist

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Community Service Director (Female)

Appendix

59

N
418

Year Data Collected

1993

Mean Age
38.3

Mean Years Experience

11.6

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, organize, or coordinate the activities of a social service program or community outreach organization. Oversee the program or organization's budget and policies regarding participant involvement, program requirements, and benets. Work may involve directing social workers, counselors, or probation ofcers.

Related Occupations
Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Housekeeping or Janitorial Workers First-Line Supervisor/ Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Food Service Manager Recreation Worker

11-9151.00 Listings obtained from Association of Professional Directors of YWCAs and YMCAs in United States; directors of agencies listed in United Way Directory of Human Services in Greenwich, CT; Denver, CO; Honolulu, HI; Des Moines, IA; Phoenix and Mesa, AZ; Columbus and Cincinnati, OH; Houston, TX; and Miami, FL. 4% had high school diploma, 14% some college or associate degree, 58% completed bachelors degree, 22% masters or professional degree, 2% doctorate. Major activities included administration/supervision, member and community contact, budget planning, program planning, and fundraising. Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 42% completed bachelors degree, 24% masters degree, 4% doctorate.

Community Service Director (Male)

55

2009

39.2

11.5

Computer & IS Manager (Female)

62

2003

39.4

14.5

Sample collected from CPP data- 11-3021.00 base. 1% had some high school, 2% trade/technical training, 10% some college, 10% completed associate degree, 43% bachelors degree, 34% masters degree. Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 41% completed bachelors degree, 31% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree.

Plan, direct, or coordinate activities in such elds as electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis, and computer programming.

Computer Programmer Computer Science Teacher, Postsecondary Computer Support Specialist Librarian Mathematical Science Teacher, Postsecondary Medical or Health Services Manager Operations Research Analyst

Computer & IS Manager (Male)

255

2009

41.9

15.6

60 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Computer Programmer (Female)

N
106

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
39.5

Mean Years Experience

12.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Convert project specications and statements of problems and procedures to detailed logical ow charts for coding into computer language. Develop and write computer programs to store, locate, and retrieve specic documents, data, and information. May program Web sites.

Related Occupations
Computer, Automated Teller, or Ofce Machine Repairer Computer and Information Systems Manager Computer Operator Computer Science Teacher, Postsecondary Computer Support Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Numerical Tool or Process Control Programmer Operations Research Analyst

Sample collected from CPP com- 15-1131.00 mercial and research databases. 46% completed bachelors degree, 22% masters degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 48% completed bachelors degree, 17% masters degree, 2% doctorate.

Computer Programmer (Male)

101

2009

38.7

12.8

Computer Scientist (Female)

101

2003

43.5

14.4

Members of Computing 15-1111.00 Research Association, International Society for Technology in Education. 3% had high school diploma or trade/technical training in addition, 4% some college, 11% completed associate degree, 52% bachelors degree, 24% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 5% doctorate. See womens sample above. 11% had some college, 2% completed associate degree, 49% bachelors degree, 30% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 7% doctorate.

Conduct research into fundamental computer and information science as theorist, designer, or inventor. Solve or develop solutions to problems in the eld of computer hardware and software.

Computer Science Teacher Computer Software Consultant Computer System Security Analyst Computer Test Engineer E-Business Consultant Software Engineer

Computer Scientist (Male)

101

2003

43.8

15.8

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Computer Systems Analyst (Female)

Appendix

61

N
102

Year Data Collected

2003

Mean Age
36.7

Mean Years Experience

11.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Analyze science, engineering, business, and all other data processing problems for application to electronic data processing systems. Analyze user requirements, procedures, and problems to automate or improve existing systems and review computer system capabilities, workow, and scheduling limitations. May analyze or recommend commercially available software. May supervise computer programmers.

Related Occupations
Computer, Automated Teller, or Ofce Machine Repairer Computer Operator Computer Programmer Computer Science Teacher, Postsecondary Computer Security Specialist Computer Support Specialist Electrical or Electronics Repairer, Commercial or Industrial Equipment Network Systems Analyst

Sample collected from CPP data- 15-1151.00 base. 1% had some high school, 2% high school diploma, 2% trade/technical training, 17% some college, 6% completed associate degree, 54% bachelors degree, 17% masters degree, 1% doctorate. Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 43% completed bachelors degree, 20% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Computer Systems Analyst (Male)

164

2009

40.2

14.4

Computer/ Mathematics Manager (Female)

90

2009

43.7

17.4

Sample collected from CPP com- No specic mercial and research databases. O*NET code 50% completed bachelors degree, 28% masters degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 45% completed bachelors degree, 31% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Computer/ Mathematics Manager (Male)

216

2009

42.0

16.6

Plan, direct, coordinate operations, formulate policies, manage daily operations, and plan the use of materials and human resources as applied to individuals and companies in the areas of computers and mathematics.

Chief Executive Ofcer Computer Programmer Computer Systems Analyst General Manager Technical Operations Manager

62 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
35.3

Mean Years Experience

13.6

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Provide beauty services, such as shampooing, cutting, coloring, and styling hair, and massaging and treating scalp. May also apply makeup, dress wigs, perform hair removal, and provide nail and skin care services.

Related Occupations
Barber Bartender Cashier Floral Designer Food Preparation Worker Locker Room, Coatroom, or Dressing Room Attendant

Cosmetologist 181 (Female)

From listings of state licensing 39-5012.00 boards of Alaska, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, South Dakota, Utah, Wisconsin, as well as national sampling from Bell Telephone Yellow Pages. 3% had high school diploma, 91% attended school of cosmetology, 1% completed associate degree, 4% other. Major activities included hairdressing (72%), management (6%), combination (20%). See womens sample above. 6% had high school diploma, 82% attended school of cosmetology, 3% completed associate degree, 4% bachelors degree. Major activities included hairdressing (62%), management (17%), teaching (2%), combination (15%).

Cosmetologist 195 (Male)

1984

37.0

14.6

Credit Manager (Female)

322

1993

39.2

12.3

Members of National Associa13-2041.00 tion of Credit Management. 21% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 48% some college or associate degree, 23% completed bachelors degree, 4% masters or professional degree. Major activities included collection, customer relations, establishing credit policy, management/supervision, teaching/ training others. See womens sample above. 3% had high school diploma, 21% some college or associate degree, 58% completed bachelors degree, 16% masters or professional degree. Major activities included collection, customer relations, management/supervision, establishing credit policy, teaching/training others.

Analyze current credit data and nancial statements of individuals or rms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with this credit information for use in decision making.

Accountant Assessor Cost Estimator Financial Analyst Insurance Underwriter Personal Financial Advisor Purchasing Agent, except Wholesale, Retail, or Farm Products Tax Preparer

Credit Manager (Male)

454

1993

45.2

18.4

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale

Appendix

63

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
37.4

Mean Years Experience

11.1

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Interact with customers to provide information in response to inquiries about products and services and to handle and resolve complaints.

Related Occupations
Bill or Account Collector Counter or Rental Clerk Eligibility Interviewer, Government Programs Insurance Policy Processing Clerk Interviewer, except Eligibility or Loan License Clerk Reservation or Transportation Ticket Agent or Travel Clerk Retail Salesperson Telephone Operator

Customer 456 Service Representative (Female)

Sample collected from CPP com- 43-4051.00 mercial and research databases. 12% completed bachelors degree, 1% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree, less than 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 30% completed bachelors degree, 4% masters degree.

Customer 102 Service Representative (Male)

2009

36.9

9.4

Dentist (Female)

365

1993

36.7

9.8

Members of American Dental 29-1021.00 Association. 72% were in private practice, 18% were employed by private practitioners, balance were employed by public and private organizations. See womens sample above. 89% were in private practice, 7% were employed by government agencies, 4% were employed by private practitioners.

Diagnose and treat diseases, injuries, and malformations of teeth and gums and related oral structures. May treat diseases of nerve, pulp, and other dental tissues affecting vitality of teeth.

Dental Hygienist Optometrist Oral or Maxillofacial Surgeon Orthodontist Physician Assistant Prosthodontist Respiratory Therapist

Dentist (Male)

416

1993

45.2

18.5

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Dietitian (Female)

N
208

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
37.9

Mean Years Experience

11.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan and conduct food service or nutritional programs to assist in the promotion of health and control of disease. May supervise activities of a department providing quantity food services, counsel individuals, or conduct nutritional research.

Related Occupations
Dietetic Technician Farm or Home Management Advisor First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Agricultural Crop or Horticultural Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Animal Husbandry or Animal Care Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Food Preparation or Serving Workers Health Educator

Obtained with assistance of 29-1031.00 American Dietetic Association; all were practicing, technicianregistered dietitians. 51% completed bachelors degree, 45% masters degree, 3% doctorate. 31% were employed by hospitals, 16% by government, 15% by educational institutions, 14% were self-employed, 5% were employed by business/industry, 12% combination. Major activities included administration/ management (28%), teaching (24%), consulting (22%), combination (17%), other (8%). See women's sample above. 50% completed bachelors degree, 33% masters degree, 14% doctorate. 24% were employed by hospitals, 18% by government, 13% by educational institutions, 7% by military, 5% were self-employed, 2% were employed by business/industry, 9% other, 22% combination. Major activities included administration and management (54%), teaching (16%), consulting (11%), combination (16%).

Dietitian (Male)

108

1983

34.1

7.8

Editor (Female)

157

2003 and 2009

45.0

13.0

Sample collected from CPP com- 27-3041.00 mercial and research databases. A portion of the sample was also taken from the 2004 Strong revision. 53% completed bachelors degree, 34% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate. See women's sample above. 54% completed bachelors degree, 33% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Perform variety of editorial duties, such as laying out, indexing, and revising content of written materials, in preparation for nal publication.

Broadcast News Analyst Poet, Lyricist, or Creative Writer Radio or Television Announcer Reporter or Correspondent Technical Writer

Editor (Male)

120

2003 and 2009

46.1

14.8

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Elected Public Ofcial (Female)

Appendix

65

N
224

Year Data Collected

1978

Mean Age
48.2

Mean Years Experience

6.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Hold elected public ofce in legislative bodies such as Congress, state legislatures, county commissions, and city councils. Involved in legislative action of the government. Listen to lobbyists and determine budget for the government.

Related Occupations
Attorney General City Council Member County Commissioner Government Service Director Governor Judge Lawyer Legislator Mayor Representative Senator

Selected from rosters provided No specic by National Womens Education O*NET Fund, including state legislators, code statewide constitutional ofceholders, and members of House of Representatives; and from list of city and county ofcials from Women in Public Ofce: A Biographical Directory and Statistical Analysis. 23% had high school diploma, 39% completed bachelors degree, 16% masters degree. 39% were employed in other occupations while they held ofce. Members of 93rd U.S. Congress, collected by R. Willow. Others selected from State Elective Ofcials and the Legislatures, published by Council of State Governments. 20% had high school diploma, 30% completed bachelors degree, 26% law degree, 13% masters degree, 6% doctorate. 67% were employed in other occupations while they held ofce.

Elected Public Ofcial (Male)

208

1979

46.3

8.6

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Electrician (Female)

N
60

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
29.2

Mean Years Experience

4.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Install, maintain, and repair electrical wiring, equipment, and xtures. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. May install or service streetlights, intercom systems, or electrical control systems.

Related Occupations
Avionics Technician Computer, Automated Teller, or Ofce Machine Repairer Electrical or Electronics Repairer, Commercial or Industrial Equipment Electrical or Electronic Equipment Assembler Electronic Drafter Electronics Engineering Technician Model Maker, Metal or Plastic

Members of International 47-2111.00 Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and numerous women's organizations. 33% had high school diploma, 18% completed electrical apprenticeship, 13% had certicate from vocational school, 7% completed associate degree, 25% bachelors degree. 77% were employed as construction electricians, 8% maintenance electricians, 8% other, 7% combination. 83% of sample spent minimum of 50% of time doing manual labor. Other activities included reading blueprints, communicating with contractors, problem solving, and administrative functions. 57% of sample were third- or fourth-year apprentices, 32% were at journey level. Members of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. 22% had high school diploma, 46% completed electrical apprenticeship, 14% had certicate from vocational school, 8% completed associate degree, 7% bachelors degree. 88% were employed as construction electricians, 4% maintenance electricians, 5% other, 4% combination. 79% of sample spent minimum of 50% of time doing manual labor. Other activities included reading blueprints, communicating with contractors, problem solving, and administrative functions. 31% of sample were third- or fourth-year apprentices, 61% were at journey level.

Electrician (Male)

260

1984

34.6

13.2

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Elementary School Teacher (Female)

Appendix

67

N
358

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
37.3

Mean Years Experience

10.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Teach pupils in public or private schools at the elementary level basic academic, social, and other formative skills.

Related Occupations
Instructional Coordinator Kindergarten Teacher, except Special Education Librarian Preschool Teacher, except Special Education Recreation Worker Teachers Assistant

Sample collected from CPP com- 25-2021.00 mercial and research databases. 65% completed bachelors degree, 30% masters degree, 1% professional degree, less than 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 57% completed bachelors degree, 36% masters degree, 3% professional degree.

Elementary School Teacher (Male)

67

2009

36.6

10.0

Emergency Medical Technician (Female)

207

1983

37.2

5.7

Members of National Associa29-2041.00 tion of Emergency Medical Technicians. 13% had high school diploma, 6% attended vocational school, 36% had some college, 8% completed associate degree, 19% bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. Employers included community and municipal services, such as police and re departments (45%), private ambulance companies (24%), hospitals (20%), combination (6%). 74% spent minimum of 50% of time giving emergency medical care; other activities included driving ambulance, determining nature of injuries, and taking training courses. See womens sample above. 10% had high school diploma, 16% attended vocational school, 24% had some college, 15% completed associate degree, 22% bachelors degree. Employers included community and municipal services, such as police and re departments (55%), hospitals (18%), private ambulance companies (17%), combination (3%), other (6%). 50% spent minimum of 50% of time giving emergency medical care; other activities included driving ambulance, determining nature of injuries, and taking training courses.

Assess injuries, administer emergency medical care, and extricate trapped individuals. Transport injured or sick persons to medical facilities.

Ambulance Driver or Attendant Chiropractor Dentist, General Nursing Aide, Orderly, or Attendant Radiation Therapist

Emergency Medical Technician (Male)

241

1983

33.8

7.1

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Engineer (Female)

N
91

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
35.3

Mean Years Experience

10.4

Composition
Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 48% completed bachelors degree, 37% masters degree, 10% professional degree. See womens sample above. 49% completed bachelors degree, 34% masters degree, 4% doctorate.

O*NET Code(s)
Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes: 17-2031.00 17-2041.00 17-2051.00 17-2061.00 17-2071.00 17-2072.00 17-2081.00 17-2111.00 17-2112.00 17-2121.01 17-2131.00 17-2141.00 17-2151.00 17-2161.00

Description
Perform engineering duties of planning, designing, developing, testing, installing, and supervising in areas such as biomedical, chemical, civil, computer hardware, electrical, electronics, environmental, health and safety, industrial, marine, materials, mechanical, mining or geological, and nuclear engineering.

Related Occupations
Civil Drafter Construction or Building Inspector Electronics Engineer, except Computer Engineering Manager Landscape Architect Marine Architect Mathematical Technician Physicist Soil or Water Conservationist

Engineer (Male)

351

2009

39.3

14.1

Engineering Technician (Female)

126

2003

41.0

13.3

Sample from e-mail list of members of National Institute for Certication in Engineering Technologies. 8% had high school diploma, 9% trade/technical training in addition, 33% some college, 24% completed associate degree, 20% bachelors degree, 5% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 9% had high school diploma, 11% trade/technical training in addition, 33% some college, 28% completed associate degree, 17% bachelors degree, 2% masters degree.

Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes: 17-3027.00 17-3022.00 17-3023.03 17-3026.00

Under supervision of engineers, apply theory and principles of engineering to modify, test, plan, design, or develop electrical equipment, industrial manufacturing processes, machinery and equipment, or building structures.

Agricultural Engineering Technician Chemical Engineering Technician Civil Engineering Technician Electrical Drafter Electrical or Electronics Repairer, Commercial or Industrial Equipment Electronic Drafter Machinist Marine Architect Marine Engineer Mechanical Engineer Model Maker, Metal or Plastic Petroleum Engineer Surveying Technician

Engineering Technician (Male)

105

2003

46.9

21.6

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
English Teacher (Female)

Appendix

69

N
303

Year Data Collected

1982

Mean Age
39.1

Mean Years Experience

11.0

Composition
National sample, members of National Council of Teachers of English, Secondary Section. All secondary school English teachers. 39% completed bachelor's degree, 57% masters degree. 48% taught mainly literature, 35% writing, 12% grammar. 81% spent minimum of 40% of time teaching; other activities included lesson preparation, grading, and meetings. See womens sample above. 29% completed bachelors degree, 68% masters degree, 3% doctorate. 49% taught mainly literature, 29% writing, 16% grammar. 87% spent minimum of 40% of time teaching; other activities included lesson preparation, grading, and meetings.

O*NET Code(s)
25-1123.00

Description
Teach courses in English language and literature, including linguistics and comparative literature.

Related Occupations
Adult Literacy, Remedial Education, or GED Teacher or Instructor Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education Instructional Coordinator Kindergarten Teacher, except Special Education

English Teacher (Male)

222

1982

39.1

14.6

ESL Instructor (Female)

96

2003

45.3

12.6

Mailing list from California 25-3011.00 chapter of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, members of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, and National Association for Bilingual Education. 13% completed bachelors degree, 79% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 7% doctorate. See womens sample above. 1% had some college, 11% completed bachelors degree, 68% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 16% doctorate.

Teach or instruct out-ofschool youths and adults in remedial education classes, preparatory classes for the General Educational Development test, literacy, or English as a second language. Teaching may or may not take place in a traditional educational institution.

English Language or Literature Teacher, Postsecondary Foreign Language or Literature Teacher, Postsecondary Graduate Teaching Assistant Health Educator Teachers Assistant Vocational Education Teacher, Postsecondary

ESL Instructor (Male)

99

2003

49.2

15.3

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Facilities Manager (Female)

N
577

Year Data Collected

1993

Mean Age
45.6

Mean Years Experience

14.3

Composition
Members of National Executive Housekeepers Association. 27% had high school diploma, 9% attended trade/technical school in addition, 41% had some college or associate degree, 10% completed bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. 40% worked in hospitals, 25% in nursing/convalescent homes, 15% in hotels, 6% in educational institutions. Major activities included administration/supervision, training, customer contact, staff meetings, policy/procedure planning, and purchasing. See womens sample above. 9% had high school diploma, 6% attended trade/technical school in addition, 44% had some college or associate degree, 29% completed bachelors degree, 6% masters degree. 51% worked in hospitals, 14% in nursing/convalescent homes, 6% in hotels, 14% in educational institutions. Major activities included administration/ supervision, training, customer contact, staff meetings, policy/ procedure planning, and purchasing.

O*NET Code(s)
37-1011.00

Description
Supervise work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, ofces, and other establishments.

Related Occupations
Appraiser, Real Estate First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Construction Trades or Extraction Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Food Preparation or Serving Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Landscaping, Lawn Service, or Groundskeeping Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Personal Service Workers Host/Hostess, Restaurant, Lounge, or Coffee Shop Postmaster or Mail Superintendent Social or Community Service Manager

Facilities Manager (Male)

569

1993

43.2

15.0

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Farmer/ Rancher (Female)

Appendix

71

N
92

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
51.0

Mean Years Experience

26.7

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
On an ownership or rental basis, operate farms, ranches, greenhouses, nurseries, timber tracts, or other agricultural production establishments that produce crops, horticultural specialties, livestock, poultry, nsh, shellsh, or animal specialties. May plant, cultivate, harvest, perform postharvest activities, and market crops and livestock; may hire, train, and supervise farmworkers or supervise a farm labor contractor; may prepare cost, production, and other records. May maintain and operate machinery and perform physical work.

Related Occupations
Agricultural Inspector Aquacultural Manager Crop and Livestock Manager Farm or Home Management Advisor Farmworker or Laborer, Crop Fisher or Related Fishing Worker First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Agricultural Crop or Horticultural Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Animal Husbandry or Animal Care Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Aquacultural Workers

Lists provided by Texas Farm 11-9013.02 Bureau, Iowa Farm Bureau, American Agri-women, and responses to mailings to members of National Farmers Organization and article in their newsletter. 27% had high school diploma, 11% attended trade/technical school in addition, 22% had some college or associate degree, 23% completed bachelors degree, 4% masters or professional degree. Major activities included record keeping, business/nancial planning, purchasing, marketing/ customer contact, supervision, machinery operation. Lists provided by Texas Farm Bureau, Iowa Farm Bureau, and responses to mailings to members of National Farmers Organization and article in their newsletter. 28% had high school diploma, 11% attended trade/ technical school in addition, 20% had some college or associate degree, 24% completed bachelors degree, 3% masters degree. Major activities included purchasing, business/nancial planning, machinery operation, record keeping, marketing/customer contact, crop planning/ scheduling, and supervision.

Farmer/ Rancher (Male)

152

1992

51.2

28.4

Financial Analyst (Female)

87

2003

35.8

9.2

Sample collected from CPP data- 13-2051.00 base. 5% had high school diploma, 14% some college, 3% completed associate degree, 47% bachelors degree, 28% masters degree, 3% professional degree. Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 50% completed bachelors degree, 37% masters degree, l% professional degree, l% doctorate.

Conduct quantitative analyses of information affecting investment programs of public or private institutions.

Accountant Actuary Auditor Credit Analyst Economist Personal Financial Advisor Tax Examiner, Collector, or Revenue Agent

Financial Analyst (Male)

177

2009

36.1

9.6

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Financial Manager (Female)

N
281

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
42.6

Mean Years Experience

16.2

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, direct, and coordinate accounting, investing, banking, insurance, securities, and other nancial activities of a branch, ofce, or department of an establishment.

Related Occupations
Accountant Administrative Services Manager Agent or Business Manager of Artists, Performers, or Athletes Auditor Financial Analyst Financial Examiner Purchasing Manager Treasurer or Controller

Sample collected from CPP com- 11-3031.00 mercial and research databases. 42% completed bachelors degree, 30% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 45% completed bachelors degree, 40% masters degree, 5% professional degree, less than 1% doctorate.

Financial Manager (Male)

305

2009

41.1

16.0

Fireghter (Female)

94

2003

37.2

9.6

Responses to advertisements in 33-2011.01 newsletters for Women in Fire Service, International Association of Fireghters, Minneapolis Fire Department, Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport Fire Department, Phoenix Fire Department; members of International Association of Black Professional Fireghters. 4% had high school diploma, 2% attended trade/ technical school, 27% had some college, 27% completed associate degree, 33% bachelors degree, 6% masters degree. See womens sample above. 3% had high school diploma, 8% attended trade/technical school, 35% had some college, 24% completed associate degree, 25% bachelors degree, 3% masters degree, 2% professional degree.

Control and extinguish municipal res, protect life and property, and conduct rescue efforts.

Fire Inspector Fish and Game Warden Forest Fire Fighter Forest Fire Fighter or Prevention Supervisor Forest Fire Inspector or Prevention Specialist Lifeguard, Ski Patrol, or other Recreational Protective Service Worker Municipal Fire Fighting or Prevention Supervisor Security Guard Transit or Railroad Police Ofcer Truck Driver, Heavy or Tractor-Trailer

Fireghter (Male)

98

2003

36.7

12.7

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Flight Attendant (Female)

Appendix

73

N
553

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
38.5

Mean Years Experience

14.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Provide personal services to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers during ight. Greet passengers, verify tickets, explain use of safety equipment, and serve food or beverages.

Related Occupations
Baggage Porter or Bellhop Combined Food Preparation and Serving Worker, including Fast Food Counter Attendant, Cafeteria, Food Concession, or Coffee Shop Counter or Rental Clerk Home Health Aide Hotel, Motel, or Resort Desk Clerk Locker Room, Coatroom, or Dressing Room Attendant Transportation Attendant, except Flight Attendant or Baggage Porter

Members of Association of 53-2031.00 Flight Attendants. 15% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 47% some college or associate degree, 34% completed bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. See womens sample above. 6% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 38% some college or associate degree, 50% completed bachelors degree, 5% masters degree.

Flight Attendant (Male)

412

1992

36.5

11.3

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Florist (Female)

N
211

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
40.4

Mean Years Experience

11.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Design, cut, and arrange live, dried, or articial owers and foliage.

Related Occupations
Costume Attendant Makeup Artist, Theatrical or Performance Nursery Worker Optician, Dispensing Shoe or Leather Worker or Repairer Tailor, Dressmaker, or Custom Sewer

Retail members of Society of 27-1023.00 American Florists listed in Who's Who in Floriculture. 18% had high school diploma, 9% attended vocational school, 35% had some college, 9% completed associate degree, 21% bachelors degree. 84% worked in family-owned orist shop; 91% of shops employed less than 10 people. 93% were single orist shops, 7% part of chain. 79% bought all inventory from supplier, 2% had greenhouse, 18% obtained inventory from combination. Major activities included designing arrangements (25%), taking inventory (17%), customer contact (13%), combination (44%). See womens sample above. 6% had high school diploma, 35% some college, 9% completed associate degree, 36% bachelors degree. 84% worked in family-owned orist shop; 72% of shops employed less than 10 people. 79% were single orist shops, 21% part of chain. 63% bought all inventory from supplier; 6% had greenhouse, 31% obtained inventory from combination of two. Major activities included designing arrangements (23%), taking inventory (18%), customer contact (11%), combination (41%).

Florist (Male)

207

1983

40.2

15.8

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Food Service Manager (Female)

Appendix

75

N
180

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
40.6

Mean Years Experience

9.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, direct, or coordinate activities of an organization or department that serves food and beverages.

Related Occupations
First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Food Preparation or Serving Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Lodging Manager Medical or Health Services Manager Recreation Worker Social or Community Service Manager

Members of Hospital, Institution, 11-9051.00 and Educational Food Service Society. 33% had high school diploma, 27% completed associate degree, 17% bachelors degree, 5% masters degree, 18% other. 88% were employed by hospitals or nursing homes, 5% by educational institutions. Major activities included personnel management (23%), customer contact (6%), record keeping and nancial planning (5%), combination (55%). See women's sample above. 22% had high school diploma, 5% certicate from vocational/ technical institution, 7% completed associate degree, 30% bachelors degree, 32% masters degree, 1% doctorate. 53% were employed by hospitals or nursing homes, 20% by educational institutions, 19% other. Major activities included personnel management (24%), purchasing and inventory (6%), customer contact (3%), record keeping and nancial planning (3%), combination (56%).

Food Service Manager (Male)

116

1984

36.4

10.7

Forester (Female)

438

1993

35.5

11.2

Members of American Society of 19-1032.00 Foresters. 4% completed associate degree, 56% bachelors degree, 33% masters degree, 6% doctorate. 55% were employed by federal government; 18% by state, regional, or local government; 13% by industry; 8% were self-employed or employed by consulting rm. 59% were engaged in forest resource/ ecosystem management. Balance were spread over variety of specializations. See womens sample above. 2% completed associate degree, 59% bachelors degree, 26% masters degree, 11% doctorate. 27% were employed by federal government; 24% by state, regional, or local government; 23% by industry; 18% were self-employed or employed by consulting rm. 61% were engaged in forest resource/ ecosystem management. Balance were spread over variety of specializations.

Forester (Male)

921

1993

47.0

21.7

Manage forested lands for economic, recreational, and conservation purposes. May inventory the type, amount, and location of standing timber, appraise the timber's worth, negotiate the purchase, and draw up contracts for procurement. May determine how to conserve wildlife habitats, creek beds, water quality, and soil stability, and how best to comply with environmental regulations. May devise plans for planting and growing new trees, monitor trees for healthy growth, and determine the best time for harvesting. Develop forest management plans for public and privately owned forested lands.

Biologist Environmental Scientist or Specialist, including Health First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Agricultural Crop or Horticultural Workers Fish and Game Warden Nursery or Greenhouse Manager Park Naturalist Range Manager Soil or Water Conservationist

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Geographer (Female)

N
99

Year Data Collected

2003

Mean Age
42.0

Mean Years Experience

8.3

Composition
Mailing list from Association of American Geographers; members of Society of Woman Geographers. 1% had some college, 6% completed bachelors degree, 44% masters degree, 49% doctorate. See womens sample above. 5% completed bachelors degree, 32% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 61% doctorate.

O*NET Code(s)
19-3092.00

Description
Study nature and use of areas of earth's surface, relating and interpreting interactions of physical and cultural phenomena. Conduct research on physical aspects of a region, including land forms, climates, soils, plants, and animals, and conduct research on the spatial implications of human activities within a given area, including social characteristics, economic activities, and political organization, as well as researching interdependence between regions at scales ranging from local to global.

Related Occupations
Atmospheric or Space Scientist Cartographer or Photogrammetrist City or Regional Planning Aide Fish and Game Warden Forester Geoscientist, except Hydrologist or Geographer Hydrologist Police, Fire, or Ambulance Dispatcher Surveyor Urban or Regional Planner

Geographer (Male)

100

2003

48.2

16.3

Geologist (Female)

212

1979

35.4

9.9

From Geological Society of 19-2042.00 America Directory. 23% completed bachelors degree, 47% masters degree, 30% doctorate. 36% were employed by government, 27% by educational institutions, 26% by private industry. Major activities were research and exploration (59%), teaching (13%), combination (12%). See womens sample above. 12% completed bachelors degree, 36% masters degree, 52% doctorate. 39% were employed by educational institutions, 30% by private industry, 24% by government. Major activities were research and exploration (41%), teaching (22%), administration (12%), combination (18%).

Study the composition, structure, and history of the earth's crust; examine rocks, minerals, and fossil remains to identify and determine the sequence of processes affecting the development of the earth.

Earth Science Teacher Engineering Geologist Forest Geologist Geological Data Technician Geological Engineer Hydrologist Marine Geologist Paleontologist Petroleum Geologist Seismologist

Geologist (Male)

242

1979

39.4

15.0

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Graphic Designer (Female)

Appendix

77

N
91

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
36.9

Mean Years Experience

11.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Design or create graphics to meet specic commercial or promotional needs, such as packaging, displays, or logos. May use a variety of mediums to achieve artistic or decorative effects.

Related Occupations
Art Director Camera Operator, Television, Video, or Motion Picture Commercial or Industrial Designer DirectorStage, Motion Pictures, Television, or Radio Fashion Designer Fine Artist, including Painter, Sculptor, or Illustrator Makeup Artist, Theatrical or Performance Set or Exhibit Designer

Sample collected from CPP com- 27-1024.00 mercial and research databases. 55% completed bachelors degree, 3% masters degree. See womens sample above. 27% had taken art courses not leading to degree, 47% completed bachelors degree, 6% masters degree. 39% were freelance artists, 23% by studio, 10% by advertising agency, 15% by combination of employers.

Graphic Designer (Male)

206

1979

38.8

15.6

Health Information Specialist (Female)

395

1992

40.9

14.3

Members of American Health 29-2071.00 Information Management Association. 8% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 45% some college or associate degree, 37% completed bachelors degree, 9% masters degree. 71% were employed by hospitals. Most time was devoted to areas of clinical coding/ classication, computerized health data, quality assurance and case management, and medicolegal issues. See womens sample above. 1% attended trade/technical school in addition, 20% had some college or associate degree, 49% completed bachelors degree, 26% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate. 66% were employed by hospitals. Most time was devoted to areas of computerized health data, clinical coding/classication, medicolegal issues, and quality assurance/case management.

Compile, process, and maintain medical records of hospital and clinic patients in a manner consistent with medical, administrative, ethical, legal, and regulatory requirements of the healthcare system. Process, maintain, compile, and report patient information for health requirements and standards.

Correspondence Clerk Insurance Claim Clerk Insurance Policy Processing Clerk Ofce Clerk, General Payroll or Timekeeping Clerk Pharmacy Technician Procurement Clerk

Health Information Specialist (Male)

247

1992

40.3

12.9

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Horticulturist (Female)

N
155

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
31.5

Mean Years Experience

6.7

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Conduct research in breeding, physiology, production, yield, and management of crops and agricultural plants, their growth in soils, and control of pests; or study the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate to plant or crop growth. May classify and map soils and investigate effects of alternative practices on soil and crop productivity.

Related Occupations
Agricultural Inspector Animal Scientist Biochemist or Biophysicist Biologist Food Science Technician Soil or Water Conservationist Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist

Nationwide sample from catalog 19-1013.00 of American Association of Nurserymen. 28% had high school diploma, 12% certicate from vocational/technical institution, 12% completed associate degree, 36% bachelors degree, 4% masters degree. Employers included retailers and landscapers combined (28%); wholesalers only (25%); wholesalers, retailers, and landscapers combined (19%); retailers only (11%); wholesalers and retailers combined (6%); landscapers only (5%); other (5%). 44% were in place of employment specializing in area of horticulture. Major activities included customer service (35%), care of plants (18%), administrative functions (9%), soil preparation (6%), combination (26%). See womens sample above. 17% had high school diploma, 10% certicate from vocational/ technical institution, 9% completed associate degree, 55% bachelors degree, 5% masters degree. Employers included wholesalers only (29%); retailers and landscapers combined (22%); landscapers only (12%); wholesalers, retailers, and landscapers combined (12%); retailers only (7%); wholesalers and retailers combined (7%); wholesalers and landscapers combined (5%); other (6%). 53% were in place of employment specializing in area of horticulture. Major activities included customer service (20%), administrative functions (17%), care of plants (16%), soil preparation (10%), combination (30%).

Horticulturist (Male)

208

1983

32.9

10.4

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Human Resources Manager (Female)

Appendix

79

N
368

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
42.5

Mean Years Experience

14.5

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, direct, and coordinate human resource management activities of an organization to maximize the strategic use of human resources and maintain functions such as employee compensation, recruitment, personnel policies, and regulatory compliance.

Related Occupations
Administrative Services Manager Compensation and Benets Manager Medical or Health Services Manager Personnel Recruiter Postmaster or Mail Superintendent Training and Development Specialist

Sample collected from CPP com- 11-3121.00 mercial and research databases. 47% completed bachelors degree, 33% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 2% doctorate. See womens sample above. 40% completed bachelors degree, 42% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 6% doctorate.

Human Resources Manager (Male)

123

2009

43.2

16.9

Human Resources Specialist (Female)

316

2009

38.6

11.5

Sample collected from CPP com- 13-1071.00 mercial and research databases. 48% completed bachelors degree, 21% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. In addition to the occupations associated with the O*NET codes, Employment Training Specialists also included in this sample. See womens sample above. 52% completed bachelors degree, 22% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 12% doctorate. In addition to the occupations associated with the O*NET codes, Employment Training Specialists also included in this sample.

Human Resources Specialist (Male)

87

2009

39.8

11.8

Seek out, interview, and screen applicants to ll existing and future job openings and promote career opportunities within an organization. Conduct programs of compensation and benets and job analysis for employer. May specialize in specic areas such as position classication and pension programs.

Appraiser, Real Estate Employment Interviewer Farm or Management Advisor First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Housekeeping or Janitorial Workers Insurance Adjuster, Examiner, or Investigator Management Analyst Operations Research Analyst Property, Real Estate, or Community Association Manager Purchasing Agent, except Wholesale, Retail, or Farm Products Talent Director

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Instructional Coordinator (Female)

N
166

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
41.1

Mean Years Experience

10.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Develop instructional material, coordinate educational content, and incorporate current technology in specialized elds that provide guidelines to educators and instructors for developing curricula and conducting courses.

Related Occupations
Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School Health Educator Management Analyst Training and Development Manager Training and Development Specialist Vocational Educational Teacher, Postsecondary

Sample collected from CPP com- 25-9031.00 mercial and research databases. 40% completed bachelors degree, 33% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 6% doctorate. See womens sample above. 35% completed bachelors degree, 42% masters degree, 2% doctorate.

Instructional Coordinator (Male)

52

2009

43.0

13.9

Interior Designer (Female)

222

1982

40.4

14.9

Names supplied by American 27-1025.00 Society of Interior Designers. 65% completed bachelors degree, 9% masters degree, 13% graduated from professional school of interior design. 59% were self-employed or in partnership, 18% were employed by retail store, 4% by architectural rm. 34% specialized in residential design. Major activities included preparation of presentations for clients (32%), administrative functions (12%), conferring with clients and contractors (5%), combination (45%). See womens sample above. 58% completed bachelors degree, 11% masters degree, 14% graduated from professional school of interior design. 57% were self-employed or in partnership, 15% were employed by retail store, 4% by architectural rm, 9% worked for more than one employer. 27% specialized in residential design, 22% in commercial design. Major activities included preparation of presentations for clients (32%), administrative functions (15%), conferring with clients and contractors (6%), combination (36%).

Plan, design, and furnish interiors of residential, commercial, or industrial buildings. Formulate design that is practical, aesthetic, and conducive to intended purposes such as raising productivity, selling merchandise, or improving lifestyle. May specialize in a particular eld, style, or phase of interior design.

Art Director Civil Drafter Commercial or Industrial Designer Costume Attendant Landscape Architect Set or Exhibit Designer Tailor, Dressmaker, or Custom Sewer

Interior Designer (Male)

214

1982

41.6

16.5

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Landscape/ Grounds Manager (Female)

Appendix

81

N
94

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
39.8

Mean Years Experience

11.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, organize, direct, or coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities, such as planting and maintaining ornamental trees, shrubs, owers, and lawns, and applying fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals, according to contract specications.

Related Occupations
First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Agricultural Crop or Horticultural Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Animal Husbandry or Animal Care Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Construction Trades or Extraction Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Housekeeping or Janitorial Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Logging Workers Forest Conservation Worker Greenhouse Worker Horticultural Worker Lodging Manager

Members of Professional 37-1012.00 Grounds Management Society and from commercially compiled national listing of gardening rms. 20% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 34% some college or associate degree, 31% completed bachelors degree, 10% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 13% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 35% some college or associate degree, 42% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree.

Landscape/ Grounds Manager (Male)

362

1992

40.1

16.7

Law Enforcement Ofcer (Female)

116

1993

37.4

11.6

Attendees at meeting of International Association of Women Police, members of United Federation of Police Ofcers, Texas Police Association, and Cal Cops. 8% had high school diploma, 47% some college or associate degree, 29% completed bachelors degree, 15% masters degree. Members of United Federation of Police Ofcers, Texas Police Association, and Cal Cops. 10% had high school diploma, 48% some college or associate degree, 28% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree.

33-3051.01

Patrol assigned area to enforce laws and ordinances, regulate trafc, control crowds, prevent crime, and arrest violators.

Correctional Ofcer or Jailer Criminal Investigator or Special Agent Fire Inspector Fish and Game Warden Forest Fire Inspector or Prevention Specialist Municipal Fire Fighting or Prevention Supervisor Private Detective or Investigator Security Guard Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff

Law Enforcement Ofcer (Male)

484

1993

40.7

15.3

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Librarian (Female)

N
1,187

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
44.9

Mean Years Experience

16.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Administer libraries and perform related library services. Work in a variety of settings, including public libraries, schools, colleges and universities, museums, corporations, government agencies, law rms, nonprot organizations, and healthcare providers. Tasks may include selecting, acquiring, cataloging, classifying, circulating, and maintaining library materials; and furnishing reference, bibliographical, and readers advisory services. May perform in-depth, strategic research and synthesize, analyze, edit, and lter information. May set up or work with databases and information systems to catalog and access information.

Related Occupations
Computer or Information Systems Manager Counter or Rental Clerk Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Library Technician

Librarian members of American 25-4021.00 Library Association and Special Libraries Association. 92% completed masters degree, 3% professional degree, 5% doctorate. 33% worked in 4-year college or university library, 29% in public library, 12% in school library, 11% in library of for-prot organization, 5% in library of nonprot organization (nongovernmental). See womens sample above. 78% completed masters degree, 7% professional degree, 14% doctorate. 45% worked in 4-year college or university library, 30% in public library, 6% in library of for-prot organization, 5% for U.S. government.

Librarian (Male)

355

1992

45.4

17.6

Life Insurance Agent (Female)

265

1992

44.2

11.4

Members of National Associa41-3021.00 tion of Life Underwriters. 13% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 36% some college or associate degree, 33% completed bachelors degree, 17% masters or professional degree. See womens sample above. 5% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 26% some college or associate degree, 50% completed bachelors degree, 16% masters or professional degree.

Sell life, property, casualty, health, automotive, or other types of insurance. May refer clients to independent brokers, work as an independent broker, or be employed by an insurance company.

Insurance Broker Life Insurance Underwriter Pension Specialist

Life Insurance Agent (Male)

294

1992

45.8

16.2

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET2 Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Loan Ofcer/ Counselor (Female)

Appendix

83

N
93

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
36.8

Mean Years Experience

10.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit loans. Advise borrowers on nancial status and methods of payments. Includes mortgage loan ofcers and agents, collection analysts, loan servicing ofcers, and loan underwriters. Provide guidance to prospective loan applicants who have problems qualifying for traditional loans. Guidance may include determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or restrictions.

Related Occupations
Billing, Costs, or Rate Clerk Brokerage Clerk Credit Analyst Financial Analyst Loan Interviewer or Clerk New Accounts Clerk Personal Financial Advisor Tax Examiner, Collector, or Revenue Agent Tax Preparer Teller

Sample collected from CPP com- 13-2072.00 mercial and research databases. 13-2071.00 24% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 54% completed bachelors degree, 9% masters degree, 1% professional degree.

Loan Ofcer/ Counselor (Male)

71

2009

36.8

10.6

Management Analyst (Female)

131

2009

42.0

14.2

Sample collected from CPP com- 13-1111.00 mercial and research databases. 34% completed bachelors degree, 34% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 38% completed bachelors degree, 46% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Management Analyst (Male)

89

2009

38.6

12.0

Conduct organizational studies and evaluations, design systems and procedures, conduct work simplications and measurement studies, and prepare operations and procedures manuals to assist management in operating more efciently and effectively. Includes program analysts and management consultants.

Administrative Services Manager First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Property, Real Estate, or Community Association Manager Purchasing Manager Training and Development Manager Training and Development Specialist

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Marketing Manager (Female)

N
307

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
38.7

Mean Years Experience

12.2

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Determine the demand for products and services offered by a rm and its competitors and identify potential customers. Develop pricing strategies with the goal of maximizing the rm's prots or share of the market while ensuring that the rm's customers are satised. Oversee product development or monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services.

Related Occupations
Advertising or Promotions Manager Demonstrator or Product Promoter Public Relations Specialist Sales Manager Wholesale or Retail Buyer

Sample collected from CPP com- 11-2021.00 mercial and research databases. 52% completed bachelors degree, 32% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate. See womens sample above. 44% completed bachelors degree, 44% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Marketing Manager (Male)

239

2009

41.1

14.2

Mathematician 213 (Female)

1982

41.1

14.9

Names from combined mem15-2021.00 bership list of Mathematical Association of America and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. All completed doctorate. 93% were employed by colleges or universities, 3% by business/industry, 1% by government. 29% considered themselves theoretical mathematicians, 22% applied, 48% combination. 81% identied primary job function as teacher, 8% researcher, 2% statistician, 2% computer scientist. Major activities included teaching (74%), research (5%), combination (15%). See womens sample above. All completed doctorate. 95% were employed by colleges or universities, 2% by business/industry, 1% by government. 32% considered themselves theoretical mathematicians, 23% applied, 44% combination. 68% identied primary job function as teacher, 14% researcher, 4% computer scientist, 2% statistician. Major activities included teaching (67%), research (10%), combination (14%).

Conduct research in fundamental mathematics or in application of mathematical techniques to science, management, and other elds. Solve or direct solutions to problems in various elds by mathematical methods.

Compensation, Benets, or Job Analyst Specialist Cost Estimator Insurance Underwriter Mathematical Technician Operations Research Analyst Statistical Assistant Statistician Trafc Technician

Mathematician 270 (Male)

1982

41.7

16.4

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Mathematics Teacher (Female)

Appendix

85

N
245

Year Data Collected

1982

Mean Age
37.7

Mean Years Experience

11.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Teach courses pertaining to mathematical concepts, statistics, and actuarial science and to the application of original and standardized mathematical techniques in solving specic problems and situations.

Related Occupations
Compensation, Benets, or Job Analyst Specialist Computer and Information Systems Manager Computer Programmer Computer Science Teacher, Postsecondary Education Administrator, Elementary and Secondary School Farm or Home Management Advisor Management Analyst

National sample, National 25-1022.00 Science Teachers Association, U.S. Registry. 40% completed bachelors degree, 59% masters degree. 43% taught mainly algebra, 20% geometry, 14% basic math; other areas included trigonometry, calculus, computer science, and analytical geometry. All were high school teachers; 98% taught more than one grade. 92% spent minimum of 40% of time teaching; other activities included lesson preparation, grading, administrative functions. 22% also were involved in advising other school activities relating to math, such as math club. See womens sample above. 31% completed bachelors degree, 64% masters degree. 42% taught mainly algebra, 19% geometry, 10% basic math, 7% computer science, 4% trigonometry, 4% calculus, 10% combination. All were high school teachers; 96% taught more than one grade. 91% spent minimum of 40% of time teaching; other activities included lesson preparation, grading, administrative functions. 20% also were involved in advising other school activities related to math, such as math club.

Mathematics Teacher (Male)

226

1982

39.1

14.0

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Medical Illustrator (Female)

N
99

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
37.2

Mean Years Experience

11.0

Composition
Members of Association of Medical Illustrators. 40% completed bachelors degree, 52% masters degree. 44% were selfemployed, 26% were employed by medical centers, 14% by teaching institutions, 5% other, 9% combination. 78% of those not self-employed also did freelance work. 34% specialized in a particular medical eld. 76% spent minimum of 50% of time illustrating; other activities included consulting, research, and administrative functions. See womens sample above. 20% completed bachelors degree, 63% masters degree, 12% doctorate. 15% were selfemployed, 31% were employed by medical centers, 28% by teaching institutions, 20% other, 7% combination. 83% of those not self-employed also did freelance work. 38% specialized in a particular medical eld. 58% spent minimum of 50% of time illustrating; other activities included consulting, research, and administrative functions.

O*NET Code(s)
No specic O*NET code See 271013.00 (Fine Artists, Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators).

Description
Create medical illustration and models using a variety of mediums, such as the Web, personal computer, and print.

Related Occupations
Graphic Artist Medical Sculptor Multimedia Artist Scientic Artist Scientic Illustrator

Medical Illustrator (Male)

61

1984

41.9

16.2

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Medical Technician (Female)

Appendix

87

N
259

Year Data Collected

1982

Mean Age
43.3

Mean Years Experience

21.2

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Perform routine medical laboratory tests for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May work under the supervision of a medical technologist.

Related Occupations
Anesthesiologist Coroner Dentist, General Medical or Clinical Laboratory Technologist Nuclear Medicine Technologist Optometrist Oral or Maxillofacial Surgeon Pharmacist

Certied members of American 29-2012.00 Association of Medical Technologists. 83% had some college courses and/or training in medical technology, 11% completed bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. 50% were employed by hospital laboratory, 9% by clinic of 5 physicians or less, 7% by clinic of more than 5, 7% by independent clinic lab, 6% by health agency, 6% by military, 14% other. Specialties included clinical chemistry (8%), hematology (7%), blood bank (6%), combination (38%), no specialty (25%), other (8%). Major activities included conducting lab tests (46%), supervisory functions (7%), administrative functions (7%), specimen preparation (4%), combination (33%). See womens sample above. 75% had some college courses and/or training in medical technology, 17% completed bachelors degree, 5% masters degree. 54% were employed by hospital laboratory, 13% by independent clinic lab, 9% by military, 5% by clinic of more than 5 physicians, 4% by clinic of less than 5, 3% by health agency, 13% other. Specialties included clinical chemistry (7%), cystology (5%), hematology (5%), combination (38%), no specialty (21%), other (15%). Major activities included conducting lab tests (30%), supervisory functions (16%), administration (18%), combination (30%).

Medical Technician (Male)

233

1982

44.6

22.1

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Medical Technologist (Female)

N
266

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
37.9

Mean Years Experience

13.7

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Perform complex medical laboratory tests for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. May train or supervise staff.

Related Occupations
Anesthesiologist Biological Technician Biologist Coroner Medical or Clinical Laboratory Technician Microbiologist

Members of American Society 29-2011.00 for Medical Technology. 88% completed bachelors degree, 12% masters degree. 68% were employed by hospital laboratory, 9% by independent clinic lab, 5% by clinic, 3% by government, 2% by research institution, 2% by physicians, 10% other, 2% combination. Specializations included clinical chemistry (18%), hematology (17%), blood bank (10%), microbiology (9%), other (7%), combination (25%), no specialization (13%). Major activities included conducting lab tests (44%), administrative functions (11%), supervising lab workers (8%), analyzing results (2%), combination (31%). See womens sample above. 93% completed bachelors degree, 7% masters degree. 68% were employed by hospital laboratory, 8% by independent clinic lab, 4% by clinic, 8% other, 5% combination. Specializations included clinical chemistry (18%), hematology (8%), microbiology (6%), blood bank (3%), other (15%), combination (20%), no specialty (28%). Major activities included conducting lab tests (41%), administrative functions (22%), supervising lab workers (10%), analyzing results (2%), combination (24%).

Medical Technologist (Male)

206

1984

37.0

12.4

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Mental Health Counselor (Female)

Appendix

89

N
252

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
36.7

Mean Years Experience

8.4

Composition
Sample collected from the American Counseling Association and CPP commercial and research databases. 27% completed bachelors degree, 58% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 11% doctorate. See womens sample above. 30% completed bachelors degree, 46% masters degree, 24% doctorate.

O*NET Code(s)
21-1014.00

Description
Counsel with emphasis on prevention. Work with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental health. May help individuals deal with addictions and substance abuse; family, parenting, and marital problems; suicide; stress management; problems with self-esteem; and issues associated with aging and mental and emotional health.

Related Occupations
Child, Family, or School Social Worker Occupational Therapist Physical Therapist Recreational Therapist Residential Advisor Social or Human Service Assistant

Mental Health Counselor (Male)

76

2009

36.4

8.9

Middle School Teacher (Female)

233

2009

35.9

9.9

Sample collected from CPP com- 25-2022.00 mercial and research databases. 62% completed bachelors degree, 35% masters degree, less than 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 54% completed bachelors degree, 41% masters degree.

Middle School Teacher (Male)

100

2009

37.8

10.4

Teach students in public or private schools in one or more subjects at the middle, intermediate, or junior high level, which falls between elementary and senior high school as dened by applicable state laws and regulations.

Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education Health Educator Instructional Coordinator Teachers Assistant Vocational Educational Teacher, Postsecondary

Military Enlisted (Female)

838

1984

29.7

8.1

Roster of enlistees (air force, army, marines, navy) provided by Defense Manpower Data Center, U.S. Department of Defense. 66% had high school diploma, 12% degree or certicate from vocational/technical institution, 12% completed associate degree, 7% bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. See womens sample above. 66% had high school diploma, 13% degree or certicate from vocational/technical institution, 15% completed associate degree, 3% bachelors degree, 3% masters degree.

No specic O*NET code

Military Enlisted (Male)

817

1984

33.2

13.4

Provide technical support for operation of military vehicles, aircraft, and vessels. Repair and maintain equipThe Military ment and transportation Specic job vehicles. Aid in transportation of personnel and freight. family Prepare weapons or artillery includes a and participate in drills and number of military occu- operations. pations with some description. For more information on military occupations, contact the U.S. Department of Defense.

Air Crew Member Command and Control Center Ofcer Military Enlisted, Tactical Operations or Air/Weapon Specialist or Crew Member, all other Military Ofcer, Special, or Tactical Operations Leader/Manager Special Operations Forces Team Member

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Military Ofcer (Female)

N
801

Year Data Collected

1979

Mean Age
32.2

Mean Years Experience

8.6

Composition
Roster of commissioned ofcers (air force, army, navy) provided by Defense Manpower Data Center, U.S. Department of Defense. 57% completed bachelors degree, 38% masters degree. See womens sample above. 41% completed bachelors degree, 43% masters degree.

O*NET Code(s)
No specic O*NET code The Military Specic job family includes a number of military occupations with some description. For more information on military occupations, contact the U.S. Department of Defense.

Description
Operate jets or vessels. Supervise unit operations, safety and maintenance of vessels, and crew.

Related Occupations
Command and Control Center Ofcer First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Air Crew Members First-Line Supervisor/Manager of all other Tactical Operations Specialists First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Weapons Specialists/Crew Members Military Enlisted, Tactical Operations or Air/Weapon Specialist or Crew Member

Military Ofcer (Male)

899

1979

37.3

14.0

Musician (Female)

209

1979

35.4

14.4

Members of musicians unions 27-2042.02 in Milwaukee, San Francisco, Fort Worth, Atlanta, St. Louis, Denver, and Minneapolis; and from national write-in response to articles in musicians publications. Data collected with assistance of L. Harmon. 23% had high school diploma, 40% completed bachelors degree, 24% masters degree. 94% had private instruction averaging 13 years. 22% were employed in other occupations simultaneously. See womens sample above. 34% had high school diploma, 30% completed bachelors degree, 14% masters degree. 86% had private instruction averaging 8 years. 31% were employed in other occupations simultaneously.

Play one or more musical instruments in recital, in accompaniment, or as member of an orchestra, band, or other musical group.

Actor Art, Drama, or Music Teacher, Postsecondary DirectorStage, Motion Pictures, Television, or Radio Film or Video Editor Kindergarten Teacher, except Special Education Music Composer or Arranger Music Director Musical Instrument Repairer or Tuner Photographer

Musician (Male)

230

1979

34.2

16.3

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Network Administrator (Female)

Appendix

91

N
142

Year Data Collected

2003 and 2009

Mean Age
39.5

Mean Years Experience

13.1

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Install, congure, and support an organization's local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and Internet system or a segment of a network system. Maintain network hardware and software. Monitor network to ensure network availability to all system users and perform necessary maintenance to support network availability. May supervise other network support and client server specialists and plan, coordinate, and implement network security measures.

Related Occupations
Computer and Information Systems Manager Computer Security Specialist Computer Systems Administrator Desktop Support Administrator Network Communications Analyst Network Security Engineer

Sample collected from CPP com- 15-1142.00 mercial and research databases. A portion of the sample was also taken from the 2004 Strong revision. 46% completed bachelors degree, 13% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 38% completed bachelors degree, 9% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Network Administrator (Male)

184

2003 and 2009

38.5

12.1

Nursing Home 238 Administrator (Female)

1993

47.2

15.2

From commercially compiled 11-9111.00 national listing. 6% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 32% some college or associate degree, 35% completed bachelors degree, 19% masters degree, 5% professional degree. Major activities included administration/supervision/management, contact with residents/ families, government and regulatory compliance/liaison. See womens sample above. 2% had high school diploma, 10% some college or associate degree, 47% completed bachelors degree, 35% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 3% doctorate. Major activities included administration/supervision/management, contact with residents/families, government and regulatory compliance/ liaison.

Plan, direct, or coordinate medicine and health services in hospitals, clinics, managed care organizations, public health agencies, or similar organizations.

Administrative Services Manager Education Administrator, Elementary and Secondary School First-Line Supervisor/Manage r of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Management Analyst Medical and Health Services Manager

Nursing Home 306 Administrator (Male)

1993

44.3

14.2

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Occupational Therapist (Female)

N
328

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
39.5

Mean Years Experience

13.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that help restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to disabled persons.

Related Occupations
Director, Religious Activities or Education Physical Therapist Recreational Therapist Social or Human Service Assistant

Members of Occupational 29-1122.00 Therapy Association. 66% completed bachelors degree, 31% masters or professional degree, 1% doctorate. 45% were employed by hospitals and clinics, 20% by educational institutions, 16% were self-employed or in private practice, 9% were employed by nursing homes. See womens sample above. 53% completed bachelors degree, 42% masters or professional degree, 4% doctorate. 46% were employed by hospitals and clinics, 17% by educational institutions, 17% were self-employed or in private practice, 6% were employed by nursing homes.

Occupational Therapist (Male)

388

1992

40.4

14.1

Operations Manager (Female)

468

2009

42.4

15.0

Sample collected from CPP com- 11-1021.00 mercial and research databases. 40% completed bachelors degree, 25% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 41% completed bachelors degree, 36% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Operations Manager (Male)

666

2009

42.7

16.6

Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of companies or public and private sector organizations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources but are too diverse and general in nature to be classied in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Includes owners and managers who head small business establishments whose duties are primarily managerial.

Branch Operations Manager Chief Executive Ofcer General Manager Technical Operations Manager

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Optician (Female)

Appendix

93

N
258

Year Data Collected

1982

Mean Age
36.0

Mean Years Experience

9.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Design, measure, t, and adapt lenses and frames for client according to written optical prescription or specication. Assist client with selecting frames. Measure customer for size of eyeglasses and coordinate frames with facial and eye measurements and optical prescription. Prepare work order for optical laboratory containing instructions for grinding and mounting lenses in frames. Verify exactness of nished lens spectacles. Adjust frame and lens position to t client. May shape or reshape frames.

Related Occupations
Counter or Rental Clerk Customer Service Representative Eligibility Interviewer, Government Programs Host/Hostess, Restaurant, Lounge, or Coffee Shop Hotel, Motel, or Resort Desk Clerk Insurance Sales Agent Interviewer, except Eligibility or Loan New Account Clerk Ophthalmic Laboratory Technician

Members of Opticians Associa- 29-2081.00 tion of America. 25% had high school diploma, 9% attended vocational/technical school, 43% had some college, 12% completed associate degree, 8% bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. 55% learned dispensing skills on job, 8% in school, 4% as apprentices, 33% combination. Employers included retail optical stores (44%), self-owned optical stores (36%), ophthalmologists (10%), department stores (7%). Major activities included combination of determining style and size of lens, adjusting glasses, and writing work orders. No one who spent more than 25% of time attending to administrative details was included in sample. See womens sample above. 19% had high school diploma, 7% attended vocational/technical school, 43% had some college, 13% completed associate degree, 15% bachelors degree, 1% masters degree. 52% learned dispensing skills on job, 10% in school, 4% as apprentices, 2% in military, 31% combination. Employers included retail optical stores (38%), selfowned optical stores (35%), ophthalmologists (16%), hospitals (2%), department stores (2%). Major activities included combination of determining style and size of lens, tting and adjusting lens, and analyzing prescriptions. No one who spent more than 25% of time attending to administrative details was included in sample.

Optician (Male)

213

1981

37.8

15.2

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Optometrist (Female)

N
191

Year Data Collected

1979

Mean Age
38.0

Mean Years Experience

11.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Diagnose, manage, and treat conditions and diseases of the human eye and visual system. Examine eyes and visual system, diagnose problems or impairments, prescribe corrective lenses, and provide treatment. May prescribe therapeutic drugs to treat specic eye conditions.

Related Occupations
Dental Assistant Ophthalmic Laboratory Technician Orthodontist Physician Assistant Prosthodontist Respiratory Therapist

Members of American 29-1041.00 Optometric Association. 60% were self-employed or in partnership, 11% were employed by clinics or hospitals, 13% combination. 75% reported private practice as major activity. See womens sample above. 83% were self-employed or in partnership. 93% reported private practice as major activity.

Optometrist (Male)

220

1979

39.7

14.2

Paralegal (Female)

488

1993

37.7

9.9

Members of National Federation 23-2011.00 of Paralegal Associations. 5% had high school diploma or attended trade/technical school in addition, 39% some college or associate degree, 48% completed bachelors degree, 6% masters degree. 73% were employed in private law rm, 19% in corporate law department, 3% in government agency, 4% other. See womens sample above. 2% attended trade/technical school, 34% had some college or associate degree, 48% completed bachelors degree, 13% masters degree, 2% professional degree. 62% were employed in private law rm, 11% in corporate law department, 6% in court system, 4% in government agency, 17% other.

Assist lawyers by researching legal precedent, investigating facts, or preparing legal documents. Conduct research to support a legal proceeding, to formulate a defense, or to initiate legal action.

Court Clerk Law Clerk Lawyer Legal Secretary Loan Interviewer or Clerk Municipal Clerk Tax Preparer Title Examiner, Abstractor, or Searcher

Paralegal (Male)

120

1993

38.2

8.2

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Parks & Recreation Manager (Female)

Appendix

95

N
714

Year Data Collected

1993

Mean Age
37.1

Mean Years Experience

13.0

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Conduct recreation activities with groups in public, private, or volunteer agencies or recreation facilities. Organize and promote activities such as arts and crafts, sports, games, music, dramatics, social recreation, camping, and hobbies, taking into account the needs and interests of individual members.

Related Occupations
First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Food Preparation or Serving Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Personal Service Workers Meeting or Convention Planner Preschool Teacher, except Special Education Recreation Worker Special or Community Service Manager

Members of National Recreation 39-9032.00 Park Association. 4% had some college or associate degree, 60% completed bachelors degree, 28% masters degree, 5% doctorate. 65% were employed by government, 16% by healthcare facility, 8% by educational institution, 8% by other nonprot institutions. Major activities included administration, community/public contact, and education/training. See womens sample above. 5% had some college or associate degree, 51% completed bachelors degree, 35% masters degree, 8% doctorate. 84% were employed by government, 8% by educational institution. Major activities included administration, community/public contact, and education/training.

Parks & Recreation Manager (Male)

900

1993

42.9

18.3

Personal Financial Advisor (Female)

59

2009

38.3

9.7

Sample collected from CPP com- 13-2052.00 mercial and research databases. 36% completed bachelors degree, 14% masters degree, 2% professional degree. See womens sample above. 48% completed bachelors degree, 26% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 2% doctorate.

Personal Financial Advisor (Male)

133

2009

39.5

10.0

Advise clients on nancial plans utilizing knowledge of tax and investment strategies, securities, insurance, pension plans, and real estate. Duties include assessing clients' assets, liabilities, cash ow, insurance coverage, tax status, and nancial objectives to establish investment strategies.

Assessor Bill or Account Collector Cost Estimator Credit Analyst Financial Analyst Insurance Adjuster, Examiner, or Investigator Insurance Appraiser, Auto Damage Purchasing Agent, except Wholesale, Retail, or Farm Products Tax Preparer

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Pharmacist (Female)

N
321

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
36.0

Mean Years Experience

11.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Compound and dispense medications following prescriptions issued by physicians, dentists, or other authorized medical practitioners.

Related Occupations
Anesthesiologist Medical or Clinical Laboratory Technologist Nuclear Medicine Technologist Physician Assistant Podiatrist Respiratory Therapist

Members of American Pharma- 29-1051.00 ceutical Association. 65% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree, 23% professional degree, 4% doctorate. 28% were employed by chain pharmacies, 24% by hospital pharmacies, 17% by independent pharmacies, 5% by grocery/discount store pharmacies. Major activities included dispensing, consultation with other health professionals, administration/supervision/management, and patient counseling. See womens sample above. 62% completed bachelors degree, 12% masters degree, 21% professional degree, 5% doctorate. 33% were employed by independent pharmacies, 19% by hospital pharmacies, 12% by chain pharmacies, 7% by grocery/discount store pharmacies, 6% by educational institutions. Major activities included dispensing, consultation with other health professionals, and administration/supervision/ management.

Pharmacist (Male)

370

1992

45.7

21.5

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Photographer (Female)

Appendix

97

N
249

Year Data Collected

1978

Mean Age
36.9

Mean Years Experience

10.9

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Photograph persons, subjects, merchandise, or other commercial products. May develop negatives and produce nished prints.

Related Occupations
Camera Operator, Television, Video, or Motion Picture Film or Video Editor Photographic Process Worker Set or Exhibit Designer Sound Engineering Technician

Members of Professional 27-4021.00 Photographers of America, National Press Photographers Association, and Society of Photographers in Communication. 21% had high school diploma, 38% completed bachelors degree, 13% masters degree. 35% received training on job, 23% from photography courses not leading to degree, 14% from degree courses, 28% combination. 51% were selfemployed or in partnerships; remainder were employed by studios, businesses, newspapers, magazines, or combination. See womens sample above. 24% had high school diploma, 10% completed associate degree, 31% bachelors degree. 44% received training on job, 15% from photography courses not leading to degree, 20% from degree courses, 22% from combination. 56% were self-employed or in partnerships; 14% were employed by newspapers or magazines, remainder were employed by studios, businesses, or combination.

Photographer (Male)

161

1978

38.9

15.1

Physical Therapist (Female)

715

1992

36.5

12.8

Members of American Physical 29-1123.00 Therapy Association. 63% completed bachelors degree, 32% masters or professional degree, 3% doctorate. 36% worked in hospitals, 23% in private ofces, 14% in educational institutions, 10% in home health agencies, 8% in extended care facilities or nursing homes. See womens sample above. 61% completed bachelors degree, 35% masters or professional degree, 3% doctorate. 45% worked in private ofces, 28% in hospitals, 7% in extended care facilities or nursing homes, 6% in home health agencies, 6% in educational institutions.

Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that improve mobility, relieve pain, increase strength, and decrease or prevent deformity of patients suffering from disease or injury.

Athletic Trainer Child, Family, or School Social Worker Respiratory Therapist

Physical Therapist (Male)

543

1992

40.1

15.3

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Physician (Female)

N
211

Year Data Collected

1982

Mean Age
38.8

Mean Years Experience

9.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries that commonly occur in the general population.

Related Occupations
Physician Assistant Podiatrist Registered Nurse Surgeon Veterinarian

National sample from mail list 29-1062.00 company, and members of American College of Physicians. 26% practiced medicine in small private clinics (less than 5 physicians), 14% in public hospitals, 11% in private hospitals, 8% in HMO clinics, 6% for government, 3% in large private clinics (more than 5 physicians), 19% other, 10% combination. Specialties included general/ family practitioner, internist, pediatrician, anesthesiologist, gynecologist/obstetrician, neurologist, pathologist, radiologist, dermatologist, allergist, medical researcher, and college professor. Major activities included patient consultation and examination (33%), diagnosis and treatment (13%), research (8%), surgery (2%), other (7%), combination (31%). See womens sample above. 33% practiced medicine in small private clinics (less than 5 physicians), 13% in private hospitals, 12% in large private clinics (more than 5 physicians), 10% in public hospitals, 8% other, 12% combination. Specialties included general/family practitioner, cardiologist, internist, pediatrician, urologist, pathologist, radiologist, otolaryngologist, anesthesiologist, gynecologist/obstetrician, dermatologist, surgeon, medical researcher, and college professor. Major activities included patient consultation and examination (32%), diagnosis and treatment (19%), research (9%), surgery (5%), combination (26%).

Physician (Male)

272

1982

40.9

10.8

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Physicist (Female)

Appendix

99

N
348

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
43.3

Mean Years Experience

15.8

Composition
Members of American Physical Society. All had doctorate. 53% were employed by 4-year colleges and universities, 16% by national laboratories, 13% by private industry, 13% by 2-year colleges, 7% by government agencies. See womens sample above. All had doctorate. 42% were employed by 4-year colleges and universities, 22% by private industry, 18% by national laboratories, 13% by 2-year colleges, 7% by government agencies, 5% were self-employed.

O*NET Code(s)
19-2012.00

Description
Conduct research into the phases of physical phenomena, develop theories and laws on the basis of observation and experiments, and devise methods to apply laws and theories to industry and other elds.

Related Occupations
Astronomer Atmospheric or Space Scientist Geophysical Data Technician Geoscientist, except Hydrologist or Geographer Hydrologist Mining or Geological Engineer, including Mining Safety Engineer Petroleum Engineer Physics Teacher, Postsecondary

Physicist (Male)

483

1992

47.1

19.7

Production Worker (Female)

147

2003

40.1

14.7

Sample collected from CPP data- 51-9199.00 base. 7% had some high school, 36% high school diploma, 5% trade/technical training in addition, 20% some college, 9% completed associate degree, 17% bachelors degree, 4% masters or professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 2% had some high school, 19% high school diploma, 11% trade/technical training in addition, 24% some college, 15% completed associate degree, 22% bachelors degree, 6% masters or professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Perform various duties in a production or packaging area, such as operating machinery, assembling, packaging products for distribution, or inspecting products for quality.

Assembler Fabricator Factory Worker Machine Operator Precision Worker Production Helper Production Inspector Quality Control Worker Warehouse Worker

Production Worker (Male)

190

2003

41.1

13.8

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Psychologist (Female)

N
179

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
44.5

Mean Years Experience

15.3

Composition
Sample collected from the American Counseling Association, the American Psychological Association, and CPP commercial and research databases. 2% completed bachelors degree, 22% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 73% doctorate. See womens sample above. 2% completed bachelors degree, 11% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 85% doctorate.

O*NET Code(s)
Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes: 19-3031.02 19-3031.03 19-3032.00 19-3039.00

Description
Diagnose and treat mental disorders, learning disabilities, and cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems using individual, child, family, and group therapies. May design and implement behavior modication programs.

Related Occupations
Developmental Psychologist Educational Psychologist Experimental Psychologist Forensic Psychologist Psychiatrist Research Psychologist School Psychologist Social Psychologist Sports Psychologist

Psychologist (Male)

135

2009

50.4

21.3

Public Administrator (Female)

201

1979

37.7

9.0

Members of American Society for Public Administration. 22% completed bachelors degree, 65% masters degree. 69% were employed by government agencies, 11% by educational institutions. See womens sample above. 17% completed bachelors degree, 73% masters degree. 82% were employed by government agencies, 5% by educational institutions.

No specic O*NET code See 111011.00 (Chief Executive).

Public Administrator (Male)

216

1979

38.0

11.7

Determine and formulate policies and provide overall direction of federal, state, local, or international government activities, as well as educational institutions. Plan, direct, and coordinate operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate managers.

City Manager Community Organization Director Correctional Agency Director County Administrator Economic Development Director Employment Service Director Management Analyst Public Health Administrator Public Works Commissioner Zoning Director

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Public Relations Director (Female)

Appendix

101

N
403

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
38.8

Mean Years Experience

12.4

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan and direct public relations programs designed to create and maintain a favorable public image for employer or client; or, if engaged in fundraising, plan and direct activities to solicit and maintain funds for special projects and nonprot organizations.

Related Occupations
Campaign Manager Communications Specialist Community Relations Director Fundraising Director Information Services Director Lobbyist Marketing Manager Media Relations Consultant Promoter Public Affairs Manager Sports Information Director

Members of Public Relations 11-2031.00 Society of America. 5% had some college or associate degree, 66% completed bachelors degree, 28% masters degree, 1% doctorate. 23% were employed in business/ industry, 13% in public relations or consulting rms, 13% were self-employed, 12% were employed in educational institutions, 7% in health/medical institutions, 7% in government agencies, 16% in other nonprot organizations. Major activities included writing/editing, administration/supervision, internal consultation, and media relations. See womens sample above. 4% had some college or associate degree, 55% completed bachelors degree, 35% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 4% doctorate. 27% were employed in business/industry, 19% in public relations or consulting rms, 14% were selfemployed, 10% were employed in educational institutions, 9% in government agencies, 16% in other nonprot organizations. Major activities included writing/editing, administration/ supervision, internal consultation, and media relations.

Public Relations Director (Male)

291

1992

47.0

20.6

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Purchasing Agent (Female)

N
247

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
38.3

Mean Years Experience

7.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Purchase machinery, equipment, tools, parts, supplies, or services necessary for the operation of an establishment. Purchase raw or seminished materials for manufacturing.

Related Occupations
Cost Estimator Credit Analyst Customer Service Representative Insurance Adjuster, Examiner, or Investigator Insurance Appraiser, Auto Damage Procurement Clerk

Members of National Institute of 13-1023.00 Governmental Purchasing, members of National Association, and write-in responses to articles in purchasing publications. 15% had high school diploma, 50% some college, 7% completed associate degree, 21% bachelors degree, 2% masters degree. 33% saw themselves as senior buyer, 31% as chief purchasing ofcer, 7% as assistant purchasing ofcer, 7% as supervisory buyer, 7% as junior buyer. Sample consisted of purchasers and buyers for industrial, commercial, and utility rms; educational institutions; and government agencies. See womens sample above. 27% had some college education, 44% completed bachelors degree, 18% masters degree.

Purchasing Agent (Male)

224

1979

41.2

11.2

R&D Manager 201 (Female)

1983

37.7

5.4

National sample from Hugo Dunhill Mailing Lists le on women R&D managers, and from nine U.S. Navy laboratories. 45% completed bachelors degree, 30% masters degree, 25% doctorate. Educational background by general area was 45% life sciences, 34% physical sciences, 11% mathematics and computer sciences, 10% engineering. Management level included lower (34%), middle (43%), upper (18%), vice president (5%). Collected by R. Hill, University of Michigan. From R&D departments of a broad range of scientic and engineering-based rms. 38% completed bachelors degree, 31% masters degree, 31% doctorate. Educational background by general area was 57% engineering, 27% physical sciences, 10% life sciences, 6% mathematics and computer sciences. Management included lower (11%), middle (45%), upper (39%), vice president (5%). Collected by R. Hill, University of Michigan.

No specic O*NET code See 119121.00 (Natural Science Manager).

Direct and coordinate activities concerned with research and development of new concepts and ideas for products or services. Plan and formulate aspects of research and development proposals. Review and analyze proposals to determine whether benets justify expenditures. Develop and implement process for monitoring approved projects.

Market Research Director Product Development Manager Product Research Director Research and Development Enginee

R&D Manager 215 (Male)

1983

44.8

10.9

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET2 Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Radiologic Technologist (Female)

Appendix

103

N
543

Year Data Collected

1993

Mean Age
38.2

Mean Years Experience

15.0

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Take X-rays and CAT scans or administer nonradioactive materials into patient's bloodstream for diagnostic purposes. Includes technologists who specialize in other modalities such as computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance.

Related Occupations
Cardiovascular Technologist or Technician Dental Assistant Dental Hygienist Nuclear Medicine Technologist Prosthodontist Radiation Therapist Radiologic Technician Respiratory Therapist

29-2034.00 From American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. All were registered technologists. 32% attended trade/technical school in addition to high school, 48% had some college or associate degree, 14% completed bachelors degree, 1% masters degree. 77% were employed in hospitals or clinics, 20% in private ofces. Specialties included radiography (46%), mammography (13%), magnetic resonance (10%), computed tomography (8%), nuclear medicine (7%). See womens sample above. All were registered technologists. 14% attended trade/technical school in addition to high school, 56% had some college or associate degree, 20% completed bachelors degree, 5% masters degree, 1% professional degree. 82% were employed in hospitals or clinics, 9% in private ofces. Specialty areas included radiography (40%), administration (12%), computed tomography (11%), magnetic resonance (11%), cardiovascular intervention (10%), radiation therapy (7%).

Radiologic Technologist (Male)

430

1993

39.1

14.6

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Realtor (Female)

N
99

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
43.9

Mean Years Experience

10.2

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Rent, buy, or sell property for clients. Perform duties such as study property listings, interview prospective clients, accompany clients to property site, discuss conditions of sale, and draw up real estate contracts. Includes agents who represent buyer.

Related Occupations
Advertising Sales Agent Driver/Sales Worker Insurance Sales Agent Sales Representative, Wholesale or Manufacturing, Technical or Scientic Products

Sample collected from CPP com- 41-9022.00 mercial and research databases. 30% completed bachelors degree, 7% masters degree. National sample, members of National Association of Realtors. 25% had high school diploma, 11% completed associate degree, 47% bachelors degree, 12% masters degree, 2% doctorate. 45% were self-employed or in partnerships, 46% were employed by real estate rms. Sales specialty areas included residential (48%), commercial (5%), combination of residential and commercial (40%). Major activities included obtaining listings (9%), learning about properties (6%), showing properties (6%), arranging details of transaction (6%), combination (59%).

Realtor (Male)

208

1983

41.7

8.9

Recreation Therapist (Female)

102

2003

38.0

12.2

Mailing list of members of 29-1125.00 National Therapeutic Recreation Society, members of American Therapeutic Recreation Association, and National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certication. 1% had trade/technical training, 1% some college, 67% completed bachelors degree, 26% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 4% doctorate. See womens sample above. 1% completed associate degree, 57% bachelors degree, 35% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 6% doctorate.

Plan, direct, or coordinate medically approved recreation programs for patients in hospitals, nursing homes, or other institutions. Activities include sports, trips, dramatics, social activities, and arts and crafts. May assess a patient condition and recommend appropriate recreational activity.

Child, Family, or School Social Worker Occupational Therapist Physical Therapist

Recreation Therapist (Male)

106

2003

41.4

8.6

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Registered Nurse (Female)

Appendix

105

N
256

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
45.0

Mean Years Experience

17.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. May advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Licensing or registration required. Includes advance practice nurses such as nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certied nurse midwives, and certied registered nurse anesthetists. Advanced practice nursing is practiced by RNs who have specialized formal, postbasic education and who function in highly autonomous and specialized roles.

Related Occupations
Chiropractor Medical Assistant Nursing Instructor or Teacher, Postsecondary Podiatrist Psychiatric Aide Surgeon

Sample collected from CPP com- 29-1141.00 mercial and research databases. 44% completed bachelors degree, 16% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 1% had high school diploma, 22% some college or associate degree, 35% completed bachelors degree, 37% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 4% doctorate. 73% were employed by hospitals, 6% by schools of nursing, 6% by physicians ofces or ambulatory care clinics, 4% by home health agencies, 3% by military, 3% were self-employed.

Registered Nurse (Male)

704

1992

41.2

14.0

Rehabilitation 310 Counselor (Female)

2003 and 2009

43.9

12.0

Sample collected from the 21-1015.00 American Counseling Association and CPP commercial and research databases. A portion of the sample was also taken from the 2004 Strong revision. 14% completed bachelors degree, 82% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree, 3% doctorate. See womens sample above. 13% completed bachelors degree, 79% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 5% doctorate.

Rehabilitation 132 Counselor (Male)

2003 and 2009

47.7

12.6

Counsel individuals to maximize the independence and employability of persons coping with personal, social, and vocational difculties that result from birth defects, illness, disease, accidents, or the stress of daily life. Coordinate activities for residents of care and treatment facilities. Assess client needs and design and implement rehabilitation programs that may include personal and vocational counseling, training, and job placement.

Employment Counselor Occupational Therapist Psychosocial Rehabilitation Counselor School Counselor Veterans Rehabilitation Counselor Vocational Nurse Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Religious/ Spiritual Leader (Female)

N
95

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
41.2

Mean Years Experience

11.2

Composition
Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 34% completed bachelors degree, 46% masters degree, 5% professional degree, 3% doctorate. See womens sample above. 32% completed bachelors degree, 41% masters degree, 9% professional degree, 7% doctorate.

O*NET Code(s)
Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes: 21-2011.00 21-2021.00 21-2099.00

Description
Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members. Direct and coordinate activities of a denominational group to meet religious needs of students. Plan, direct, or coordinate church school programs designed to promote religious education among church membership. May provide counseling and guidance on marital, health, nancial, and religious problems.

Related Occupations
Child, Family, or School Social Workers Counseling Psychologists Curators Education Administrator, Elementary, or Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education Health Educator Kindergarten Teacher, except Special Education Occupational Therapist Recreational Therapist Sociologist Vocational Education Teacher, Postsecondary

Religious/ Spiritual Leader (Male)

152

2009

42.7

16.1

Reporter (Female)

207

1979

38.0

10.7

From Alphabetized Directory of 27-3022.00 American Journalists. All those selected indicated reporter or writer as job title. Also members of National Federation of Press Women. 15% had high school diploma, 69% completed bachelors degree, 14% masters degree. See womens sample above. All those selected indicated reporter or writer as job title. 14% had high school diploma, 72% completed bachelors degree, 12% masters degree.

Collect and analyze facts about newsworthy events by interview, investigation, or observation. Report and write stories for newspaper, news magazine, radio, or television.

Broadcast News Analyst Editor Poet, Lyricist, or Creative Writer Public Address System or other Announcer Radio or Television Announcer Technical Writer

Reporter (Male)

208

1979

35.3

11.9

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Respiratory Therapist (Female)

Appendix

107

N
216

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
33.0

Mean Years Experience

7.1

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Assess, treat, and care for patients with breathing disorders. Assume primary responsibility for all respiratory care modalities, including the supervision of respiratory therapy technicians. Initiate and conduct therapeutic procedures, maintain patient records, and select, assemble, check, and operate equipment.

Related Occupations
Dental Hygienist Optometrist Orthodontist Physical Therapist Physician Assistant Surgical Technologist

Members of American Associa- 29-1126.00 tion for Respiratory Therapy. All were staff therapists. 4% had certicate from vocational school, 7% some college, 56% completed associate degree, 33% bachelors degree. 94% were employed by hospitals: 53% in intensive care, 16% in respiratory therapy unit, 22% other. Major activities included implementation of treatment programs (51%), emergency care (11%), giving instruction (5%), pulmonary lab work (4%), combination (23%). 88% were registered or certied therapists. 34% specialized in area of pulmonary care, including newborn intensive care, pulmonary rehabilitation, critical care, and geriatric care. See womens sample above. 3% had certicate from vocational school, 9% some college, 49% completed associate degree, 34% bachelors degree 86% were employed by hospitals: 54% in intensive care, 15% in respiratory therapy unit, 18% other. Major activities included implementation of treatment programs (43%), administrative duties (9%), emergency care (7%), pulmonary lab work (6%), giving instruction (4%), combination (28%). 92% were registered or certied therapists. 42% specialized in area of pulmonary care, including newborn intensive care, pulmonary rehabilitation, critical care, and geriatric care.

Respiratory Therapist (Male)

206

1983

31.8

7.4

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Restaurant Manager (Female)

N
152

Year Data Collected

1984

Mean Age
37.4

Mean Years Experience

10.0

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Supervise workers engaged in preparing and serving food.

Related Occupations
Chef or Head Cook Dietetic Technician Dietitian or Nutritionist Farm or Home Management Advisor First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Housekeeping or Janitorial Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Landscaping, Lawn Service, or Groundskeeping Workers First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Personal Service Workers Food and Service Manager

Members of National Restaurant 35-1012.00 Association, and national sampling from Bell Yellow Pages. 24% had high school diploma, 27% some college, 9% completed associate degree, 31% bachelors degree, 6% masters deree. 37% were restaurant owners, 63% held management positions. Major activities included customer contact (26%), personnel management (17%), record keeping and nancial planning (9%), combination (41%). See womens sample above. 18% had high school diploma, 26% some college, 10% completed associate degree, 43% bachelors degree, 3% masters degree. 49% were restaurant owners, 41% held management positions. Major activities included customer contact (25%), personnel management (23%), record keeping and nancial planning (11%), combination (38%).

Restaurant Manager (Male)

192

1984

38.8

14.3

Sales Manager (Female)

127

2009

40.5

14.4

Sample collected from CPP com- 11-2022.00 mercial and research databases. 47% completed bachelors degree, 21% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 53% completed bachelors degree, 20% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate.

Sales Manager (Male)

264

2009

41.5

14.9

Direct the actual distribution or movement of a product or service to the customer. Coordinate sales distribution by establishing sales territories, quotas, and goals and establish training programs for sales representatives. Analyze sales statistics gathered by staff to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and monitor the preferences of customers.

Agent or Business Manager of Artists, Performers, or Athletes Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School Logging Manager Marketing Manager Training and Development Specialist Wholesale or Retail Buyer, except Farm Products

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
School Administrator (Female)

Appendix

109

N
347

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
48.6

Mean Years Experience

22.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, direct, or coordinate the academic, clerical, or auxiliary activities of public or private elementary or secondary schools.

Related Occupations
Education Administrator, Postsecondary First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Instructional Coordinator Management Analyst Social or Community Service Manager Training and Development Manager Training and Development Specialist

Members of American Associa- 11-9032.00 tion of School Administrators. 42% completed masters degree, 8% professional degree, 49% doctorate. 43% worked in public schools, 36% in public school district ofce, 4% in county ofce of education, 3% in state ofce of education, 1% in private or parochial schools. See womens sample above. 30% completed masters degree, 7% professional degree, 62% doctorate. 43% worked in public schools, 31% in public school district ofce, 4% in county ofce of education, 3% in state ofce of education.

School Administrator (Male)

314

1992

61.2

32.3

School Counselor (Female)

208

1982

42.3

10.3

21-1012.00 High school guidance counselors, all members of American Association for Counseling and Development. 89% completed masters degree, 1% Ph.D., 1% Ed.D. Average of 49% of workday was spent counseling students. Major areas of interest included crisis and personal counseling (27%), class scheduling (16%), graduation requirements (10%), pre-college/ vocational school counseling (7%), career counseling (7%), combination (30%). See womens sample above. 2% completed bachelors degree, 79% masters degree, 6% Ph.D., 5% Ed.D. Average of 48% of workday was spent counseling students. Major areas of counseling included class scheduling (20%), crisis and personal counseling (18%), pre-college/vocational school counseling (11%), career counseling (10%), graduation requirements (8%), combination (31%).

Counsel individuals and provide group educational and vocational guidance services.

Career Counselor Child, Family, or School Social Worker Health Educator Probation Ofcer or Correctional Treatment Specialist School Psychologist

School Counselor (Male)

266

1982

42.3

12.5

110 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Science Teacher (Female)

N
213

Year Data Collected

1983

Mean Age
38.7

Mean Years Experience

12.3

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Instruct students in secondary public or private schools in subjects such as biological sciences, chemistry, and physics.

Related Occupations
Astronomy Teacher Biology Teacher Chemistry Teacher Earth Science Teacher Environmental Science Teacher Geology Teacher Health Science Teacher Marine Science Teacher Physics Teacher Physiology Teacher

List from National Science 25-2031.00 Teachers Association, U.S. Registry. 32% completed bachelors degree, 65% masters degree. All were high school teachers; 84% taught more than one grade. 55% taught primarily biology, 16% chemistry, 9% general science, 5% physics, 14% mixed. Other subjects included physiology, environmental science, geology, astronomy, and botany. 92% of sample spent minimum of 40% of time teaching. Other activities included lesson preparation, grading, meetings, conferences. 28% were involved in other school activities relating to subject taught. See womens sample above. 30% completed bachelors degree, 66% masters degree, 2% doctorate, 3% other. All were high school teachers; 89% taught more than one grade. 45% taught primarily biology, 18% chemistry, 12% general science, 9% physics, 14% mixed. Other subjects included physiology, environmental science, geology, astronomy, and botany. 96% of sample spent minimum of 40% of time teaching. Other activities included lesson preparation, grading, meetings, conferences. 17% were involved in other school activities relating to subject taught.

Science Teacher (Male)

237

1983

39.5

14.7

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Secondary School Teacher (Female)

Appendix

111

N
288

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
36.5

Mean Years Experience

9.8

Composition
Sample collected from the American Counseling Association and CPP commercial and research databases. 60% completed bachelors degree, 36% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 45% completed bachelors degree, 52% masters degree, 1% professional degree.

O*NET Code(s)
25-2031.00

Description
Instruct students in secondary public or private schools in one or more subjects at the secondary level, such as English, mathematics, or social studies. May be designated according to subject matter specialty, such as typing instructor, commercial teacher, or English teacher.

Related Occupations
Coach and Scout Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education Health Educator Instructional Coordinator Teachers Assistant Vocational Education Teacher, Postsecondary

Secondary School Teacher (Male)

132

2009

37.7

10.4

Securities Sales Agent (Female)

49

2009

39.8

11.5

Sample collected from CPP com- 41-3031.01 mercial and research databases. 51% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree. See womens sample above. 66% completed bachelors degree, 16% masters degree, 1% professional degree.

Securities Sales Agent (Male)

96

2009

38.9

11.3

Buy and sell securities in investment and trading rms and develop and implement nancial plans for individuals, businesses, and organizations.

Market Research Analyst Purchasing Agent or Buyer, Farm Products Purchasing Manager Real Estate Sales Agent Sales Agent, Financial Services Sales Representative, Wholesale or Manufacturing, except Technical or Scientic Products Wholesale or Retail Buyer, except Farm Products

112 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Social Worker (Female)

N
260

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
35.4

Mean Years Experience

8.5

Composition
Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 57% completed bachelors degree, 25% masters degree, less than 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. See womens sample above. 55% completed bachelors degree, 24% masters degree, 3% doctorate.

O*NET Code(s)
Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes: 21-1021.00 21-1022.00 21-1023.00 21-1029.00

Description
Provide social services and assistance to improve the physical, mental, emotional, or social functioning of children, adults, or families with mental or physical illnesses or substance abuse problems.

Related Occupations
Child Welfare Caseworker Community Service Worker Family Caseworker Geriatric Social Worker Marriage Counselor Medical Social Worker Parole Ofcer

Social Worker (Male)

58

2009

34.8

8.5

Sociologist (Female)

210

1974

42.2

11.2

Members of American Sociolog- 19-3041.00 ical Association; all had doctorate. Major activities included teaching (48%), research (15%), administration (9%), combination (24%). See womens sample above. Major activities included teaching (45%), research (17%), administration (15%), combination (21%).

Sociologist (Male)

212

1974

40.3

11.4

Study human society and social behavior by examining the groups and social institutions that people form, as well as various social, religious, political, and business organizations. May study the behavior and interaction of groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the inuence of group activities on individual members.

Anthropologist Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education Political Scientist School Psychologist Urban or Regional Planner

Software Developer (Female)

82

2009

39.2

13.5

Sample collected from CPP com- 15-1132.00 mercial and research databases. 54% completed bachelors degree, 31% masters degree. See womens sample above. 53% completed bachelors degree, 27% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 4% doctorate.

Software Developer (Male)

178

2009

38.6

14.3

Develop, create, and modify general computer applications software or specialized utility programs. Analyze user needs and develop software solutions. Design software or customize software for client use with the aim of optimizing operational efciency. May analyze and design databases within an application area, working individually or coordinating database development as part of a team.

Aerospace Engineering or Operations Technician Computer, Automated Teller, or Ofce Machine Repairer Computer Science Teacher, Postsecondary Computer Support Specialist Electrical or Electronic Drafter Electronics Repairer, Commercial or Industrial Equipment Mathematical Technician Numerical Tool or Process Control Programmer

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Special Education Teacher (Female)

Appendix

113

N
161

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
37.7

Mean Years Experience

11.0

Composition
Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 44% completed bachelors degree, 42% masters degree, 1% professional degree.

O*NET Code(s)
Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes:

Description
Teach preschool, elementary, middle, and secondary school subjects to educationally and physically handicapped students. Includes teachers who specialize in and work with audibly or visually handicapped students and those who teach basic academic and life process skills to the mentally impaired.

Related Occupations
Educational, Vocational, or School Counselor Health Educator Kindergarten Teacher, except Special Education School Psychologist

Special Education Teacher (Male)

221

1993

42.9

17.1

25-2041.00 From commercially compiled 25-2042.00 national listing. 33% completed 25-2043.00 bachelors degree, 66% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 1% doctorate. 96% worked in public schools. Areas of specialization included learning disabilities (40%), mental retardation (18%), behavioral disorders (13%), gifted and talented (10%).

Speech Pathologist (Female)

425

1992

39.3

13.4

Speech pathologist members of 29-1127.00 American Speech-LanguageHearing Association. 93% completed masters degree, 1% professional degree, 5% doctorate. 55% were employed by elementary or secondary schools, 15% by hospitals, 6% by residential care facilities, 6% by colleges and universities, 6% by speech-language pathologist or audiologist ofces. See womens sample above. 64% completed masters degree, 36% doctorate. 33% were employed by elementary or secondary schools, 23% by hospitals, 18% by colleges and universities, 7% by residential healthcare facilities, 7% by speech-language pathologist or audiologist ofces.

Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and uency disorders. May select alternative communication systems and teach their use. May perform research related to speech and language problems.

Health Educator Occupational Therapist Physical Therapist Recreational Therapist Respiratory Therapist

Speech Pathologist (Male)

334

1992

46.6

19.8

114 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
38.8

Mean Years Experience

11.5

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers where technical or scientic knowledge is required in such areas as biology, engineering, chemistry, and electronics, normally obtained from at least 2 years of postsecondary education.

Related Occupations
Advertising Sales Agent Demonstrator or Product Promoter Insurance Sales Agent Parts Salesperson Real Estate Sales Agent Retail Salesperson Sales Agent, Financial Services Sales Representative, Wholesale or Manufacturing, except Technical or Scientic Products

Technical 56 Sales Representative (Female)

Sample collected from CPP com- 41-4011.00 mercial and research databases. 48% completed bachelors degree, 21% masters degree, 2% professional degree. See womens sample above. 62% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree, 2% professional degree.

Technical 105 Sales Representative (Male)

2009

38.8

13.2

Technical Support Specialist (Female)

132

2009

40.5

12.0

Sample collected from CPP com- 15-1151.00 mercial and research databases. 40% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree, 1% professional degree. See womens sample above. 34% completed bachelors degree, 12% masters degree, 1% doctorate.

Technical Support Specialist (Male)

195

2009

37.8

12.0

Provide technical assistance to computer system users. Answer questions or resolve computer problems for clients in person, via telephone, or from remote location. May provide assistance concerning the use of computer hardware and software, including printing, installation, word processing, electronic mail, and operating systems.

Broadcast Technician Computer, Automated Teller, or Ofce Machine Repairer Computer Operator Computer Programmer Computer Security Specialist Computer Systems Analyst Electrical or Electronics Repairer, Commercial or Industrial Equipment Network Systems or Data Communications Analyst Numerical Tool or Process Control Programmer

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Technical Writer (Female)

Appendix

115

N
350

Year Data Collected

1992

Mean Age
39.2

Mean Years Experience

8.8

Composition
Members of Society for Technical Communication. 11% had some college or associate degree, 55% completed bachelors degree, 30% masters degree, 3% doctorate. 60% were employed by business/ industry, 13% by consulting rms, 14% were self-employed, 6% were employed by educational institutions, 5% by government agencies. Areas of specialization included product documentation (69%), online documentation (5%), technical reports (9%). See womens sample above. 15% had some college or associate degree, 51% completed bachelors degree, 26% masters degree, 5% doctorate. 69% were employed by business/ industry, 7% by consulting rms, 15% were self-employed, 3% were employed by educational institutions, 3% by government agencies. Areas of specialization included product documentation (74%), online documentation (8%), technical reports (6%), promotional writing (6%).

O*NET Code(s)
27-3042.00

Description
Write technical materials such as equipment manuals, appendices, or operating and maintenance instructions. May assist in layout work.

Related Occupations
Broadcast News Analyst Editor Poet, Lyricist, or Creative Writer Radio or Television Announcer Reporter or Correspondent

Technical Writer (Male)

274

1992

42.6

12.2

Top Executive, 152 Business/ Finance (Female)

2009

46.3

18.0

Sample collected from the American Psychological Association and CPP commercial and research databases. 30% completed bachelors degree, 40% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 5% doctorate. See womens sample above. 39% completed bachelors degree, 41% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 4% doctorate.

No specic O*NET code See 111011.00 (Chief Executive).

Plan, direct, and coordinate business and nancial operational activities at the highest level of management with the help of subordinate managers.

Chief Executive Ofcer Chief Financial Ofcer Government Service Executive Private Sector Executive

Top Executive, 459 Business/ Finance (Male)

2009

47.6

20.8

116 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Training & Development Specialist (Female)

N
202

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
40.4

Mean Years Experience

12.6

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Conduct training and development programs for employees. Plan, direct, or coordinate the training and development activities and staff of an organization.

Related Occupations
First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Specialists Instructional Coordinator Management Analyst Recreation Worker Training and Development Managers

Sample collected from the 13-1151.00 American Psychological Association and CPP commercial and research databases. 32% completed bachelors degree, 34% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 5% doctorate. See womens sample above. 34% completed bachelors degree, 40% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 12% doctorate.

Training & Development Specialist (Male)

86

2009

43.9

14.6

Translator (Female)

475

1993

43.1

13.0

Members of American 27-3091.00 Translators Association. 2% attended trade/technical school, 11% had some college or associate degree, 36% completed bachelors degree, 38% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 10% doctorate. 58% were selfemployed, 12% worked in business/industry, 9% in educational institutions, 9% in government, 3% in translation rms, 3% in international organizations. See womens sample above. 10% had some college or associate degree, 27% completed bachelors degree, 37% masters degree, 7% professional degree, 18% doctorate. 59% were selfemployed, 12% worked in business/industry, 10% in educational institutions, 10% in government, 3% in translation rms, 3% in international organizations.

Translate or interpret written, oral, or sign language text into another language for others.

Court Reporter Immigration or Customs Inspector Music Director Tour Guide or Escort Travel Guide

Translator (Male)

238

1993

48.2

16.2

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
University Administrator (Female)

Appendix

117

N
904

Year Data Collected

2009

Mean Age
39.6

Mean Years Experience

11.1

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Plan, direct, or coordinate research, instructional, student administration and services, and other educational activities at postsecondary institutions, including universities, colleges, and junior and community colleges.

Related Occupations
Chief Executive Education Administrator, Elementary or Secondary School First-Line Supervisor/Manager of Ofce or Administrative Support Workers Food Service Manager Human Resources Manager Instructional Coordinator Management Analyst Medical or Health Services Manager

Sample collected from CPP com- 11-9033.00 mercial and research databases. 18% completed bachelors degree, 67% masters degree, 2% professional degree, 11% doctorate. See womens sample above. 16% completed bachelors degree, 57% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 21% doctorate.

University Administrator (Male)

320

2009

41.4

12.7

University Faculty Member (Female)

259

2009

47.1

17.1

Sample collected from CPP commercial and research databases. 4% completed bachelors degree, 21% masters degree, 71% doctorate. See womens sample above. 2% completed bachelors degree, 8% masters degree, 1% professional degree, 86% doctorate.

Scale built from a combination of the following O*NET codes: 25-1011.00 25-1022.00 25-1032.00 25-1041.00 25-1042.00 25-1043.00 25-1051.00 25-1052.00 25-1054.00 25-1062.00 25-1063.00 25-1066.00 25-1067.00 25-1069.00 25-1071.00 25-1072.00 25-1081.00 25-1082.00 25-1111.00 25-1112.00 25-1113.00 25-1121.00 25-1122.00 25-1123.00 25-1124.00 25-1126.00 25-1192.00 25-1193.00 25-1194.00

University Faculty Member (Male)

173

2009

52.6

22.9

Teach courses and/or conduct research in the following areas: business; mathematical science; engineering; agricultural science; biological science; forestry or conservation science; atmospheric earth, marine, or space science; chemistry; physics; area, ethnic, or cultural studies; economics; psychology; sociology; social science; health specialties; nursing; education; library science; criminal justice or law enforcement; law faculty; social work; art, drama, or music; communications; English language or literature; foreign language or literature; philosophy or religion; home economics; recreation or tness studies; and vocational education.

Anthropologist Biological Technician Computer and Information Systems Manager Elementary School Teacher Historian Instructional Coordinator Physicist Teachers Assistant Training and Development Manager

118 Strong Interest Inventory Manual Supplement

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Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Urban & Regional Planner (Female)

N
101

Year Data Collected

2003

Mean Age
42.1

Mean Years Experience

12.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Develop comprehensive plans and programs for use of land and physical facilities of local jurisdictions, such as towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas.

Related Occupations
Actuary Fish and Game Warden Political Scientist Sociologist Surveyor Trafc Technician

Mailing list of members from 19-3051.00 American Planning Association. 2% had some high school, 1% high school diploma, 4% trade/ technical training or some college, 22% completed bachelors degree, 61% masters degree, 4% professional degree, 6% doctorate. See womens sample above. 29% completed bachelors degree, 56% masters degree, 5% professional degree, 9% doctorate.

Urban & Regional Planner (Male)

108

2003

46.5

16.5

Veterinarian (Female)

459

1992

35.5

9.4

Members of American Veterinary Association. All had DVM degree, 4% had additional doctorate. 45% were employees in private practice, 34% were in own private practice, 11% worked in educational institutions, 5% in government agencies, 3% in industry. 53% specialized in small animals, 10% in large animals. See womens sample above. All had DVM degree, 7% had additional doctorate. 75% had own private practice, 13% were employees in private practice, 13% worked in educational institutions, 6% in government, 2% in industry. 72% specialized in small animals, 9% in large animals.

29-1131.00

Veterinarian (Male)

327

1992

43.6

17.3

Diagnose and treat diseases and dysfunctions of animals. May engage in a particular function, such as research and development, consultation, administration, technical writing, sale or production of commercial products, or rendering of technical services to commercial rms or other organizations. Includes veterinarians who inspect livestock.

Anesthesiologist Biological Technician Medical or Clinical Laboratory Technician Physician Assistant Podiatrist Veterinary Assistant or Laboratory Animal Caretaker Veterinary Technologist or Technician Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist

...............................................................................................
Occupational Scale Samples, O*NET Codes, and Related Job Titles
Sample/Scale
Vocational Agriculture Teacher (Female)

Appendix

119

N
135

Year Data Collected

1982

Mean Age
31.1

Mean Years Experience

5.8

Composition

O*NET Code(s)

Description
Teach courses in the agricultural sciences. Includes teachers of agronomy, dairy sciences, sheries management, horticultural sciences, poultry sciences, range management, and agricultural soil conservation.

Related Occupations
Biological Technician Dietitian or Nutritionist Elementary School Teacher, except Special Education Farmer or Rancher First-Line Supervisors/ Managers of Agricultural Crop or Horticultural Workers Health Specialties Teacher, Postsecondary Medical or Clinical Laboratory Technologist Nursing Instructor or Teacher, Postsecondary Veterinarian

Collected with assistance of 25-1041.00 National Vocational Agriculture Teachers Association, Inc., and names from Agriculture Teachers Directory. 3% completed associate degree, 53% bachelors degree, 36% masters degree, 7% other. 59% were employed by high schools, 14% by vocational/technical institutions, 8% by junior or community colleges, 4% by colleges or universities. 76% spent minimum of 40% of time in classroom instruction. Other activities included lesson preparation, assignment evaluation, administrative functions, and outdoor instruction. See womens sample above. 38% completed bachelors degree, 49% masters degree. 69% were employed by high schools, 10% by colleges or universities, 9% by vocational institutions, 7% by junior or community colleges. 75% spent minimum of 40% of time in classroom instruction. Other activities included lesson preparation, assignment evaluation, administrative functions, and outdoor instruction.

Vocational Agriculture Teacher (Male)

239

1982

37.6

11.7

Wholesale 58 Sales Representative (Female) Wholesale 105 Sales Representative (Male)

2009

39.7

10.9

Sample collected from CPP com- 41-4012.00 mercial and research databases. 50% completed bachelors degree, 5% masters degree. See womens sample above. 54% completed bachelors degree, 14% masters degree.

Sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses or groups of individuals. Work requires substantial knowledge of items sold.

Demonstrator or Product Promoter Public Relations Specialist Retail Salesperson Sales Representative, Wholesale or Manufacturing, Technical or Scientic Products Wholesale or Retail Buyers, except Farm Products

2009

40.5

14.4

....................................................................................................................

References
....................................................................................................................

Donnay, D. A. C., Morris, M. L., Schaubhut, N. A., & Thompson, R. C. (2005). Strong Interest Inventory Manual. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc. Murphy, K. R., & Davidshofer, C. O. (2005). Psychological testing: Principles and applications (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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