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2.8. Session Management: Juan M. Gimeno, Josep M. Rib o January, 2008

This document discusses session management techniques in web applications. It describes how HTTP is a stateless protocol and techniques used to maintain client state between requests, including hidden fields, URL rewriting, cookies, and the Servlet/JSP API. The Servlet/JSP API approach involves the server creating a session upon the first client request, assigning a session ID, and using that ID to retrieve session attributes from subsequent requests to maintain the client's conversational state across multiple pages.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

119 views48 pages

2.8. Session Management: Juan M. Gimeno, Josep M. Rib o January, 2008

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rafiuddin623

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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2.8.

Session management
Juan M. Gimeno, Josep M. Rib o January, 2008

INDEX

Session management. Contents

Motivation Hidden elds URL rewriting Cookies Session management with the Servlet/JSP API Examples Scopes

Sessions. Motivation

INDEX

Motivation: HTTP: A stateless protocol

When a client sends a request, the server sends back a response but does not keep any information about that request and the client state. In most web applications a client has to access various pages before completing a specic task and the client state should be kept along all those pages
Example 1: A customer wants to buy some items in an on-line store. She/he should add each one of them to his/her shopping cart and, at the end, pay for them in order to complete the purchase Example 2: A customer wants to make a reservation for a specic performance: he/she should choose the performance, the city, the theater in which it takes place, the schedule, the seat and, nally buy one or more tickets for that specic performance

Both examples involve a conversation between the customer and the web application (at the server side). The server must maintain, at every moment, the clients conversational state (i.e., the information that the client has sent to the server along his/her interaction with the web application) How to remember the clients conversational state using a stateless protocol?
2

Sessions. Motivation

INDEX

Keeping client information between pages

In a web application we may maintain the client state by means of dierent techniques Hidden elds URL rewriting Cookies Servlet and JSP API

Sessions. Hidden elds

INDEX

Hidden elds

Idea: The client state is passed from the server to the client and back to the server in a hidden eld of a form
<% int n; if (request.getParameter("counter")==null) n=1; else{ n=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("counter"))+1; } %> <html> <h1>Page counter using hidden fields</h1> <form action="index.jsp" method="get" > This is your access number <%=n%> <p> <input type="hidden" name="counter" value=<%=String.valueOf(n)%>> <input type="submit" value="New access"> </form> </html>

Example location: sessions/examples/ex1

Sessions. URL rewriting

INDEX

URL rewriting

Idea: The client state is passed from the server to the client and back to the server in the query string, accompanying the URL
<% int n; if (request.getParameter("counter")==null) n=1; else{ n=Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("counter"))+1; } %> <html> <h1>Page counter using URL rewriting</h1> This is your access number <%=n%> <p> <a href="index.jsp?counter=<%=String.valueOf(n)%>"> New access</a> </html>

Example location: sessions/examples/ex2

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

A cookie is a pair (key-string,value-string) which is: Sent by the server to the client as a part of the response to a client request, Stored by the client browser (when it receives the cookie from the server) and Sent back by the client as a part of subsequent requests to the same server

Example of cookie: (accessNb,"12")

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies (2)

Cookies can be used to store the state reached by the client in the previous request so that it can be restored in the next one

Example: The cookie (accessNb,12) may mean that as a consequence of the last request (acces to a page p) the number of accesses to p has been 12 When the client sends another reques to access p the server will increase that number by one and will send the new cookie (accessNb,13) to the client

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies features

Cookies are stored in the client browser as pairs (string-key, string-value). Each pair is associated to a URL domain Cookies have an expiration date. After that date, the client state will be lost Cookies are not a universal way to store the client state (e.g., the client may disable cookies) Cookies are usually used in two situations: Remmember client preferences (e.g., client language) Support to session management (see below)

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies. API

Java provides support for cookies. In particular: It denes the class Cookie It provides operations to get the cookies from the client request (request.getCookies()) and to add cookies to the server response (response.addCookie(...))

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies. API. The class Cookie

Summary of the Cookie class operations

Cookie(java.lang.String name, java.lang.String value) Constructs a cookie with a specied name and value. java.lang.String getName() Returns the name of the cookie. java.lang.String getName() Returns the name of the cookie. java.lang.String getPath() Returns the path on the server to which the browser returns this cookie. java.lang.String getValue() Returns the value of the cookie. void setMaxAge(int expiry) Sets the maximum age of the cookie in seconds. void setPath(java.lang.String uri) Species a path for the cookie to which the client should return the cookie. void setValue(java.lang.String newValue) Assigns a new value to a cookie after the cookie is created.

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies. API. Cookies support in other classes

Interface HttpServletRequest Cookie[] getCookies() Returns an array containing all of the Cookie objects the client sent with this request. Interface HttpServletResponse void addCookie(Cookie cookie) Adds the specied cookie to the response.

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies. An access counter

Example location: sessions/examples/ex3 File index.jsp
<% final int YEARSECS=60*60*24*365; int n; Cookie[] cookies=request.getCookies(); String accessnb=null; if (cookies!=null){ for (int i=0; i<cookies.length;i++){ Cookie c=cookies[i]; if ((c.getName()).equals("accessNb")) accessnb=c.getValue(); } } if (accessnb==null){ n=1; } else{ n=Integer.parseInt(accessnb); } Cookie c=new Cookie("accessNb",String.valueOf(n+1)); c.setMaxAge(YEARSECS); response.addCookie(c); %>
..........

Sessions. Cookies

INDEX

Cookies. An access counter (2)

...........continuation

<html> <h2> Access counter </h2> <p> This is a version without session support. A cookie is used to store (in the client side) the value of the last access number <p> <p> This is your access number <%=n%> <p> Click <a href="index.jsp"> here </a> </html>

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Servlet and JSP API. Session management

Idea of sessions: 1. The client sends a request to the server 2. The server creates a session which will encompass all the interactions with that client in the next few minutes. This session is identied with a session identier 3. The server manages the client request and elaborates a response to its request. 4. This management may remember some objects which will be retrieved by later requests of the same session. These remembered objects: are called attributes are associated to the session can be retrieved using a key (string)

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Servlet and JSP API. Session management

5. When the server has nished managing the request, the server sends to the client: its response (html/xml code) a cookie with the session identier (sid) 6. When the client sends another request to the same server, it includes the cookie (with the identier sid) that received from it. In this way the server can identify the session. 7. The server manages the new request. In particular, it may retrieve the session attributes which were set in the last session access.

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

CLIENT
httprequest: "counter.jsp"

SERVER
counter_jsp.class is executed: *Create a session identifier (sid) *Create a cookie JSESSIONID=sid *Add the cookie to the server response *Manage the request and set session attributes: session.setAttribute("counter",new Integer(1));

httpresponse: Cookie:JSESSIONID=sid; html page

httprequest: Cookie:JSESSIONID=sid; "counter.jsp"

counter_jsp.class is executed: *Get the session identifier obtained from the request (sid): session=request.getSession(); *Manage the session: Get/Set session attributes: session.getAttribute("counter");

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session management. API

The following classes and interfaces are provided by the Servlet and JSP API in order to manage sessions: HttpSession HttpServletRequest HttpServletResponse Cookie In order to trace objects that are incorporated and/or removed from a session or activation/remove of the own session, the API oers the following classes and interfaces (however, these classes are not presented in these slides): HttpSessionActivationListener, HttpSessionAttributeListener, HttpSessionListener, HttpSessionBindingListener, HttpSessionBindingEvent, HttpSessionEvent

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session management. Use of the API

A servlet/JSP page which manages a request which needs session support must do the following: 1. Session creation/identication Identify an already created session which can be associated to that request (or create a session for that request if none existed) 2. Attribute management Manage session attributes (get/set attributes associated to that session) 3. Session tracking Ensure that the client knows the session identier so that later requests from the same client may be associated (by the server) to the same session 4. Session destruction

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication

A client wants to interact with a server (e.g., the client wants to make a reservation in an theatre reservation web application). The client requires session management When the client calls the rst servlet/JSP page of the application, the server must create the session. When the client calls a posterior servlet/JSP page (after the session creation), the server must retrieve the session that was created previously. This session is attached to the client request by means of a cookie (or a parameter in the query string) that contains the session identier How is this done? In the following slides we will see it both for servlets and JSP pages

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication. Servlets

The method service(request, response)/doGet(request, response)/doPost(request, response) should incorporate the following sentence: HttpSession session=request.getSession(); Creates a session (with a new identier) if request does not contain any session identier. Otherwise, it retrieves the session identier attached to request (by means of a cookie or a parameter in a query string) and uses it to build an object of class HttpSession HttpSession session=request.getSession(create); If create=true, the same as before If create=false, retrieves an already existing session but it does not create a new one if request does not have any session identier attached to

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication. JSP pages

JSP pages that need session management should use the page directive <%@ page session="true" %> If this directive is used, then

A JSP page can refer to the session which is associated to it by means of the implicit variable session

In the following slides we explain how this is possible.....

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication. JSP pages (2)

(Some aspects of the JSP to servlet translation) JSP pages are automatically translated into a servlet. This translation consists of the following issues: Creation of a context for the JSP page This context includes session management Request management and response creation This management includes the get/set of session attributes The next slides focus on the creation of a context for a JSP page

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication. JSP pages (3)

(Some aspects of the JSP to servlet translation) This is a fragment of the automatic translation of a JSP page into a servlet that ilustrates how the context of a JSP page is created:
public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws java.io.IOException, ServletException { //Variable declaration....... try { jspxFactory = JspFactory.getDefaultFactory(); pageContext = jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request,response, null, true, 8192, true); application = pageContext.getServletContext(); config = pageContext.getServletConfig(); session = pageContext.getSession(); out = pageContext.getOut(); //... Request management and response creation.... } catch (Throwable t) { //.... } finally { if (jspxFactory != null) jspxFactory.releasePageContext(pageContext); } }
23

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication. JSP pages (4)

(Some aspects of the JSP to servlet translation)
JspFactory jspf = JspFactory.getDefaultFactory(); PageContext pageContext = jspf.getPageContext(this, request, response, null, true, 8192, true);

pageContext is an object that encapsulates the page context, which includes the following aspects associated to the JSP page: The request that has launched this JSP page That is, the rst parameter of jspService. It can be retrieved by:

request=pageContext.getRequest();

The pending response which will be generated as a result of the execution of this JSP page and, afterwards, sent to the client

response=pageContext.getResponse();
24

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

The output stream that has been associated to this JSP page

out=pageContext.getOut();

The session that is associated to this request getPageContext(...) calls request.getSession() The session can be retrieved by:

session = pageContext.getSession();

The application to which this JSP page is associated (useful to dene application objects. See below)

application = pageContext.getServletContext();

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session creation/identication. JSP pages (5)

(Some aspects of the JSP to servlet translation) As a consequence of this translation, in the JSP page the following implicit variables are available (no need to declare or initialize them): request response out pageContext session application config page exception

Therefore the JSP page can refer to the session which has been associated to it by means of the implicit variable session.

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Attribute management

Servlets and JSP pages may remember several objects across dierent requests within the same session Remembering an object This is done by associating the object which is to be remembered to an attribute name (a key string) In turn, this attribute name will be associated to the session
ObjectClass object=new Object(...); session.setAttribute("attrName", object);}

Retrieving the object Another request associated to the same session may retrieve the object associated to the attribute called attrName in the following way:
ObjectClass oc= (ObjectClass) session.getAttribute("attrName");

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Attribute management (2)

Some considerations: Only objects can be stored as attributes Primitive types (e.g., int, oat....) must be wrapped using the wrapper classes (e.g., Integer, Float...) Dierent servlets/JSP pages share the same session attributes. Beware of name clash.

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session tracking

In order to identify and manage the session associated to a request: The server should send the session identier to the client in its response The client should send the session identier (obtained from the server) in subsequent requests This can be done in two dierent ways: 1. By means of a cookie 2. By adding the session identier in the query string of the request

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session tracking. Cookies

When a servlet creates a session by means of getSession() or getSession(true) it adds a cookie to the response to be sent to the client In particular, it adds a header to the response with the following code:
Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=123456789poiuyt

When the client sends subsequent requests to the server, it adds to the request the previous cookie:
Cookie: JSESSIONID=123456789poiuyt

When the servlet executes the operation request.getSession() for a request that contains a cookie JSESSIONID=sessionId, it returns a session with the identier sessionId

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session tracking. Query string

The client may not accept cookies. However, session management should be equally possible, even in this case

Idea: If the client does not accept cookies, include the session identier as a parameter of any subsequent request sent by the client The parameter will be codied as a query string accompanying the URL of the request Example:
<a href="counter.jsp;jsessionid=9898988787xcds8"> link </a>

How can we do this?......

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session tracking. Query string

How can we do this? The HttpServletResponse interface provides the method:

java.lang.String encodeURL(java.lang.String url)

This method encodes the url by including the session identier only in the case that this is necessary (client browser does not accept cookies and the servlet requires session management). It returns the encoded url or the url unchanged (if encoding is not necessary)

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session tracking. Query string

Example in a JSP page:

The client will receive: If it does not accept cookies and session management is enabled for that JSP page:
<a href="http://ingrid.udl.net:8080/counter.jsp? jsessionid=9898988787xcds8"> link </a>

If it accepts cookies and session management is enabled for that JSP page:
<a href="http://ingrid.udl.net:8080/counter.jsp"> link </a>

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session destruction
Sessions are automatically cancelled (and their resources deallocated) when they reach a certain timeout This timeout is specied in the conguration le web.xml of the server container. In the case of Tomcat:
<web-app> ... <session-config> <session-timeout> 30 </session-timeout> </session-config> ... </web-app>

In this case, the session timeout is established in 30 minutes It is possible to change the timeout for a specic session using the method setMaxInactiveInterval(n) of the interface HttpSession:
session.setMaxInactiveInterval(300);

This states the timeout for this session to 300 seconds (5 minutes).

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API

INDEX

Session destruction

Sessions can be explicitly cancelled by using the method invalidate():

session.invalidate();

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API. Example 1

INDEX

Example 1: A JSP page to count page accesses

Example location: sessions/examples/ex4
<%@ page session="true" %> <html> <h2> Access counter with session support</h2> <p> This version relies on cookies. If cookies are disabled in the client, this does not work <% if (session.getAttribute("counter")==null) session.setAttribute("counter", new Integer(1)); int c=((Integer) session.getAttribute("counter")).intValue(); %> This is your access number <%=c%> <% session.setAttribute("counter",new Integer(c+1)); %> <p> Click <a href="index.jsp"> here </a> </html>

Warning: This example only works if the cookies are enabled in the client
36

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API. Example 1

INDEX

Ex. 1: A JSP page to count page accesses

Example location: sessions/examples/ex5
<%@ page session="true" %> <html> <h2> Access counter with session support</h2> <b>This version does not need cookies to work</b> <% if (session.getAttribute("counter")==null) session.setAttribute("counter", new Integer(1)); int c=((Integer) session.getAttribute("counter")).intValue(); %> This is your access number <%=c%> <% session.setAttribute("counter",new Integer(c+1)); %> <p> Click <a href="<%=response.encodeURL("index.jsp") %>"> here </a> </html>

This version works both if the client has the cookies enabled or disabled Notice the use of:
<%=response.encodeURL("index.jsp") %>

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API. Example 2

INDEX

Example 2: A servlet to count page accesses

Example location: sessions/examples/ex6
import import import import javax.servlet.*; java.io.*; javax.servlet.http.*; java.util.*;

public class Counter extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, ServletException { doPost( request, response ) ; }
continues.....

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API. Example 2

INDEX

.......continues

public void doPost (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { try { response.setContentType ("text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); HttpSession session=request.getSession(); //getSession is responsible for including the cookie //JSESSIONID to the response if (session.getAttribute("counter")==null) session.setAttribute("counter", new Integer(1)); int c= ((Integer) session.getAttribute("counter")).intValue();
continues.........

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API. Example 2

INDEX

Example 2: A servlet to count page accesses

.......continues

out.write("\n\n"); out.write("<html>\n\n"); out.write("<h2> Access counter"); out.write("</h2>\n\n"); out.write(" \n\nThis is your access number "); out.print(c); out.write("\n\n"); session.setAttribute("counter",new Integer(c+1)); out.write("\n"); out.write("<p>\nClick \n\n\n"); out.write( "<a href=\"" + "counter\">"+ "here "); out.write("</a>\n\n"); out.write("</html>\n"); if (c>=5) session.invalidate(); } catch (Exception ex) { } } } ex.printStackTrace();

Sessions. Servlet and JSP API. Example 3

INDEX

Example 3: A shopping cart

This example shows a primitive bookstore on-line It uses java beans, session management and JDBC. It is presented in java beans module (ex. ***)

Sessions. Scopes within a web application

INDEX

Scopes within a web application

In JSP pages and servlets it is possible to dene 4 dierent scopes for objects (attributes): Page scope Request scope Session scope Application scope

Sessions. Scopes within a web application

INDEX

Page scope
An object (attribute) associated to a page scope is visible only within the JSP page to which that scope refers The page scope corresponds to the execution of the method jspService of the servlet to which that JSP page is translated Object declaration within the page scope
pageContext.setAttribute ("attrId",object,PageContext.PAGE_SCOPE);

pageContext.setAttribute("attrId",object);

Recall that pageContext is an implicit object that can be used in a JSP page

Sessions. Scopes within a web application

INDEX

Request scope
An object (attribute) associated to a request scope is visible: Within the JSP page to which that http request refers and Within the pages invoked by means of <jsp:include..> or <jsp:forward...> from that page Object declaration within the request scope
pageContext.setAttribute ("attrId",object,PageContext.REQUEST_SCOPE);

request.setAttribute("attrId",object);

Recall that both pageContext and request are implicit objects that can be used in a JSP page

Sessions. Scopes within a web application

INDEX

Session scope
An object (attribute) associated to a session scope is visible within all the requests associated with an HttpSession object with a specic session ID Object declaration within the request scope
pageContext.setAttribute ("attrId",object,PageContext.SESSION_SCOPE);

session.setAttribute("attrId",object);

Recall that both pageContext and session are implicit objects that can be used in a JSP page The session scope is used normally when the following situation occurs: The application maintains a dialogue with the user through dierent http requests and Subsequent requests within the dialogue should remember the state of some application objects stated by previous requests
45

Sessions. Scopes within a web application

INDEX

Application scope
An object (attribute) associated to an application scope is visible within all the servlets and JSP pages of an application Object declaration within the request scope
pageContext.setAttribute ("attrId",object,PageContext.APPLICATION_SCOPE);

application.setAttribute("attrId",object);

Recall that both pageContext and application are implicit objects that can be used in a JSP page

Sessions. Scopes within a web application

INDEX

Initialization parameters of the application scope It is possible to declare and initialize some constant parameters which should be visible throughout the application This initialization is done in the web.xml deployment descriptor:
<context-param> <param-name>jdbc.driver</param-name> <param-value>jdbc.postgresql</param-value> </context-param> <context-param> <param-name>...</param-name> <param-value>...</param-value> </context-param> ...

This parameters can be retrieved within a JSP page/servlet:

String driver= application.getInitParameter("jdbc.driver");

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