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APPLICATION NOTE

The most common abbreviations used in the standards for digital TV: MPEG2, DVB and ATSC

Products:
MPEG2 DTV RECORDER GENERATOR MPEG2 MEASUREMENT GENERATOR MPEG2 REAL TIME MONITOR MPEG2 MEASUREMENT DECODER

DVRG DVG DVRM DVMD EFA SFQ

7BM27_0E

QAM TEST RECEIVER/DEMODULATOR TV TEST TRANSMITTER

The most common abbreviations used in the standards for digital TV: MPEG2, DVB and ATSC
The introduction of the transmission of compressed TV signals to MPEG2 and DVB for cable, satellite and terrestrial (COFDM) lead to the creation of many abbreviations that have to be explained to the uninitiated. In the previous three lines, three abbreviations whose meanings are not obvious have already been mentioned. A table explaining what these abbreviations mean is therefore essential.

1 MPEG2 Abbreviations
Adaptation Field Ancillary program data (especially PCR) which are uncoded and are transmitted at least every 100ms acc. to MPEG2 or 40 ms acc. to DVB specifications BAT Bouquet Association Table Table describing a bouquet of programs offered by a broadcaster Block 8x8 pixel block, MPEG2 coded Conditional Access Information of whether the program is scrambled Conditional Access Table (PID=1): Reference to scrambled programs Common Intermediate Format Picture format Cyclic Redundancy Check Discrete Cosine Transform DFD Displaced Frame Difference Differential picture if there is motion Differential Pulse Code Modulation Decoding Time Stamp Stamp for decoding time, only transmitted if not identical with PTS; reference to PID Event Information Table TV guide Elementary Stream Compressed data stream for video, audio or data. Preliminary stage to PES Group of Pictures

DPCM

DTS

EIT

CA

ES

CAT

GOP

CIF

I, P, and B pictures Intra-coded pictures (I), predicted pictures (P) and bidirectional prediction pictures (B) IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder Receiver with (MPEG) decoder Motion Picture Experts Group sometimes called Moving Picture Experts Group Masking Pattern Adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding and Multiplexing Compression method for audio coding 2

CRC DCT

MPEG

DCT-1 / IDCT

Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform

MUSICAM

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NIT

Network Information Table Information about orbit, transponder etc. PTS Program Association Table (PID=0): List of all the programs contained in TS Multiplex with reference to PID of PMT Q Useful data in TS Q-1

PAT

Data transmitted in TS for the demultiplexer in the receiver (eg PAT, PMT, CAT) Presentation Time Stamp Time stamp for vision and sound, transmitted at least every 0.7 sec. Integrated into PES Quantization Inverse quantization Quantization scaling Run Length Coding Coding of data with different number of bits. Frequently reoccurring data has the smallest number of bits, data seldom reoccurring have the highest number of bits. Running Status Table Accurate and fast adaptation to a new program run if time changes occur in the schedule A table is subdivided into several sections. If there is a change, only the section affected is transmitted Service Information All the data required by the receiver to demultiplex and decode the various programs in the TS Source Input Format System Clock Reference Reference in ES for synchronizing the system demultiplex clock in the receiver, transmitted at least every 0.7 sec. Integrated into PES Service Description Table Description of programs offered System Time Clock

Pay Load PCM PCR

Pulse Code Modulation QS Program Clock Reference Reference in TS for the 27-MHz clock recovery. Transmitted at least every 0.1 sec Packetized Elementary Stream Video and audio data packets and ancillary data of definable length Ancillary data for an elementary stream Section Packet Identification Identification of programs in the transport stream Program Map Table: Reference to packets with PCR Name of programs, copyright, reference of the data streams with PIDs etc. belonging to the relevant program Prediction of a picture (P or B) with indication of a motion vector Subdivision of video coding into different resolutions Program Stream Multiplex of several audio and video PES using the same clock. Program Specific Information SDT SI RLC

PES

RST

PES Header

PID

PMT

SIF SCR

Prediction

Profile

PS

PSI

STC

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27-MHz clock, regenerated from PCR for a jitter-free readout of MPEG data SYNC(_byte) Synchronization byte in TS header value 0x47 Transport Stream VBR TS Header The first 4 bytes of each TS packet contain the data (PID) required for the demultiplexer in addition to the sync byte (0x47). These bytes are never scrambled. Time and Date table UTC time and date Time Offset Table VLC UTC

UTC time and date with indication of local time offset

Universal Time, Coordinated Greenwich meantime Variable Bit Rate Variable Length Coding Coding of data with variable number of bits (also see RLC)

TS

TDT

TOT

ZigZag Scan Zigzag scan of quantized DCT coefficient matrix. This gives an efficient run length coding (RLC)

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2 DVB and ATSC Abbreviations

ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber line A COFDM-coded digital data stream with a rate up to 8 Mbit/s (down stream) and 1 Mbit/s (up stream) is transmitted via telephone lines, mainly for video on demand. Advanced Television Systems Committee american standardization group for digital terrestrial transmission Carrier to Noise Ratio Indicates how far the noise level is down on carrier level Coded Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplex Up to 6817 single carriers 1.116 kHz apart are QAMmodulated with up to 64 states. "Coded" means that the data to be modulated has error control. Orthogonality means that the spectra of the individual carriers do (almost) not influence each other as a spectral maximum always coincides with a spectrum zero of the adjacent carriers. A single-frequency network is used for the actual transmission. DVB Digital Video Broadcasting Broadcasting TV signals to a digital standard

DVB-C

ATSC

Digital Video BroadcastingCable Broadcasting TV signals to a digital standard by cable DVB-S Digital Video BroadcastingSatellite Broadcasting TV signals to digital standard via satellite DVB-T Digital Video BroadcastingTerrestrial Terrestrial broadcasting of TV signals to digital standard

CNR

COFDM

Convolutional Coding The data stream to be transmitted via satellite and terrestrial (DVB-S, DVB-T) is loaded bit by bit into shift registers. The data which is split and delayed as it is shifted through different registers is combined in several paths. This means that double the data rate (2 paths) is usually obtained. Puncturing follows to reduce the data rate: the time sequence of the bits is predefined by this coding and is represented by the trellis diagram. FEC Forward Error Correction Error control bits added to useful data in the QAM/QPSK modulator for DVB-C, -S and DVB-T.

Constellation Diagram Way of representing the I and Q components for QAM or QPSK modulation. The position of the points in the constellation diagram provides information about distortions in the QAM or QPSK modulator as well as about distortions after the transmission of digitally coded signals.

Single-frequency network Transmitter network in which all the transmitters use the same frequency. The coverage areas overlap. Influece of echoes are minimized by guard intervals. The transmitters are separated by up to 60 km. The special

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feature of these networks is efficient frequency utilization Guard interval additional safety margin between two transmitted symbols in the COFDM standard. The guard interval ensures that echoes occurring in the single-frequency network are eliminated until the received symbol is processed. Interleaver The RS -protected transport packets are reshuffled byte by byte by the 12-channel interleaver. (RS FEC Reed Solomon FEC) Due to this reshuffle what were neighbouring bytes are now separated by a maximum of 2244 bytes from other TS packets. The purpose of this is the burst error control for defective data blocks Mapping Conversion of bytes (8 bits) to 2n-bit wide symbols. n is thus the bit width for the I and Q quantization; eg at 64 QAM the symbol width is 2n = 6 bit, n = 3, ie I and Q are subdivided into 23 = 8 amplitude values each Puncturing Puncturing (DVB-S and -T) follows to reduce the increased data rate after convolutional coding: Various registers are not used. The additional redundancy is used for error control. The two data streams after puncturing are directly applied as I and Q input signals to the QAM or QPSK modulator after filtering to fulfil the first Nyquist criterion. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Type of modulation for digital signals (DVB-C and -T). Two signal components I and Q are each quantized and modulated onto two orthogonal carriers as

appropriate for the QAM level (4, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256). The constellation diagram is obtained by plotting the signal components with I and Q as the coordinate axes. Therefore, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits of a data stream are transmitted with one symbol, depending on the QAM level (4, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256). This type of modulation is used in cable systems and for coding the COFDM single carriers QEF Quasi Error Free Less than one uncorrected error per hour at the input of the MPEG2 decoder. (BER 10-11)

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Type of modulation for digital signals (DVB-S and -T). The digital, serial signal components I and Q directly control phase shift keying. The constellation diagram with its four discrete states is obtained by representing the signal components using the I and Q signals as coordinate axes. Due to the high nonlinear distortion in the satellite channel, this type of modulation is used for satellite transmission: The 4 discrete states all have the same amplitude that is why nonlinear amplitude distortions have no effect. RS Protection Code RS(204,188,8) (RS = Reed Solomon) 16-byte long error control code added to every transport packet consisting of 187 (scrambled) bytes +1 syncbyte with the following result: The packet has a length of 204 bytes and the decoder can correct up to T = 8 errored bytes. This code ensures a 6

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residual Bit Error ratio BER of approx. 1x10-11 at an input error ratio of 2x10-4. SFN Single Frequency Network

and -T). Thanks to a series of logic decisions, the most probably correct way is searched for through the trellis diagram and incorrectly transmitted bits are corrected. n VSB Modulation Transmission of n discrete amplitude values using the vestigial sideband method on normal terrestrial (ATSC) channels and conventional IF modulators. The most common variant is 8-VSB transmission already tested in the US. With 8 VSB, 3 bits (23 = 8) of the data stream are transmitted per amplitude value Table ID 0x00 Program Identification Table

Trellis Diagram The time sequence of the bits (DVB-S and -T) is predefined by convolutional coding and, like the state diagram of a finite automaton, is represented as a trellis diagram. Viterbi Decoding Viterbi decoding makes use of the predefined time sequence of the bits through convolutional coding (DVB-S

3. ATSC Tables and Protocols

ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee american standardization group for digital terrestrial transmission Conditional Access Table (PID=1): Reference to scrambled programs Table ID 0x01 Cable Virtual Channel Table Table ID 0xC9 Event Information Table Table ID 0xCB Extended Text Table Table ID 0xCC Extended Text Message Master Giude Table Table ID 0xC7 Program Association Table (PID=0): List of all the programs contained in TS Multiplex with reference to PID of PMT

PIT

PMT PCR

TS Program Map Table: Reference to packets with Name of programs, copyright, reference of the data streams with PIDs etc. belonging to the relevant program Table ID 0x02

CAT

PSIP

CVCT

Program and System Information Protocol Physical Transmission Channel Rating Region Table Table ID 0xCA Sytem Information System Time Table Table ID 0xCD Terrestrial Virtual Channel Table , Table ID 0xC8 Vestigial Side Band Modulation

PTC

EIT

RRT

ETT

SI STT

ETM MGT

TVCT

PAT

8 VSB

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digital terrestrial broadcast mode 16 VSB Vestigial Side Band Modulation High Data Rate mode especially for Cable Systems

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4 The Digital TV System

The transmission of digitized vision and sound together with different ancillary data is subdivided into precisely defined areas. The first area is the MPEG2 level In the coder this comprises video compression, sound compression, processing of all ancillary data (including SI (see page 3), teletext etc.), PES generation, TS generation, TS multiplexing , or the inverse functions in the decoder. The output of the MPEG2 block is the output of the TS multiplexer. The second area consists of transmission levels DVB - C, DVB - S, DVB - T At the transmitter end this comprises energy dispersal (scrambler) and the sync inverter in the 8-sync sequence, Reed Solomon error-control coder, interleaver, convolutional coding and puncturing (DVB - S), symbol mapping (DVB - C), modulation in QAM (DVB - C, DVB - T in COFDM), QPSK (DVB - S) or 8 VSB (DVB - T), or the inverse functions in the receiver. The input of the transmission block is the output of the TS multiplexer.

5 Additional Information
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