JEWEL VILLACORTA vs. THE INSURANCE COMMISSION G.R. No.

L-54171, 28 October 1980 100 SCRA 467 FACTS: Villacorta had her Colt La cer car i !"red #ith $%&ire ' !"ra ce Co%&a ( a)ai !t o# da%a)e, the*t a d +rd &art( liabilit(, -hile the car #a! i the re&air !ho&, o e o* the e%&lo(ee! o* the !aid re&air !ho& too. it o"t *or a /o(ride a*ter #hich it *i)"red i a 0ehic"lar accide t, Thi! re!"lted to the death o* the dri0er a d !o%e o* the &a!!e )er! a! #ell a! to e1te !i0e da%a)e to the car, Villacorta *iled a clai% *or total lo!! #ith the !aid i !"ra ce co%&a (, 2o#e0er, it de ied the clai% o the )ro" d that the accide t did ot *all #ithi the &ro0i!io ! o* the &olic( either *or the O# 3a%a)e or The*t co0era)e, i 0o.i ) the &olic( &ro0i!io o 4A"thori5ed 3ri0er Cla"!e6, Thi! #a! "&held b( the ' !"ra ce Co%%i!!io *"rther !tati ) that the car #a! ot !tole a d there*ore ot co0ered b( the The*t Cla"!e beca"!e it i! ot e0ide t that the &er!o #ho too. the car *or a /o(ride i te d! to &er%a e tl( de&ri0e the i !"red o* hi!7 her car, 'SS8$: -hether or ot the i !"rer co%&a ( !ho"ld &a( the !aid clai% 2$L3: 9e!, -here the i !"red:! car i! #ro )*"ll( ta.e #itho"t the i !"red:! co !e t *ro% the car !er0ice a d re&air !ho& to #ho% it had bee e tr"!ted *or chec.;"& a d re&air! <a!!"%i ) that !"ch ta.i ) #a! *or a /o( ride, i the co"r!e o* #hich it #a! totall( !%a!hed i a accide t=, re!&o de t i !"rer i! liable a d %"!t &a( i !"red *or the total lo!! o* the i !"red 0ehicle " der the The*t Cla"!e o* the &olic(, A!!"%i ), de!&ite the totall( i ade>"ate e0ide ce, that the ta.i ) #a! 4te%&orar(6 a d *or a 4/o( ride6, the Co"rt !"!tai ! a! the better 0ie# that #hich hold! that #he a &er!o , either #ith the ob/ect o* )oi ) to a certai &lace, or lear i ) ho# to dri0e, or e /o(i ) a *ree ride, ta.e! &o!!e!!io o* a 0ehicle belo )i ) to a other, #itho"t the co !e t o* it! o# er, he i! )"ilt( o* the*t beca"!e b( ta.i ) &o!!e!!io o* the &er!o al &ro&ert( belo )i ) to a other a d "!i ) it, hi! i te t to )ai i! e0ide t !i ce he deri0e! there *ro% "tilit(, !ati!*actio , e /o(%et a d &lea!"re, ACCOR3'?@L9, the a&&ealed deci!io i! !et a!ide a d /"d)%e t i! hereb( re dered !e te ci ) &ri0ate re!&o de t to &a( &etitio er the !"% o* A+B,000,00 #ith le)al i tere!t *ro% the*ili ) o* the co%&lai t " til *"ll &a(%e t i! %ade a d to &a( the co!t! o* !"it, ASSOCIATION OF BAPTISTS FOR WORLD EVANGELISM INC. VS. FIELDMEN!S INSURANCE CO. INC. C"!tice Dele cio;2errera, 21 Se&te%ber 198+ Fact!:

A!!ociatio o* Ea&ti!t! *or -orld $0a )eli!%, ' c, <A!!ociatio =, a reli)io"! cor&oratio , i !"red a Che0rolet Carr(; All 0ehicle #ith Field%e :! ' !"ra ce Co, ' c, " der the latter:! Ari0ate Car Co%&rehe !i0e Aolic( a)ai !t lo!! or da%a)e "& to the a%o" t o* AB,000,O 1961, the A!!ociatio &laced the 0ehicle at the Co e! Do "%e t Dobil)a! Ser0ice Statio " der the care o* the !tatio :! o&erator !o that the 0ehicle co"ld be di!&la(ed a! bei ) *or !ale, 2o#e0er, o Ca "ar( 1962, o e o* the )a! !tatio bo(! too. the 0ehicle *or a /o( ride #itho"t the &er%i!!io o* the o# er or the !tatio o&erator, O it! #a( bac. *ro% the /o( ride,the 0ehicle, d"e to !o%e %echa ical de*ect b"%&ed a electric &o!t ca"!i ) act"al da%a)e! 0al"ed at AB,B18,61,The trial co"rt re dered a /"d)%e t orderi ) Field%e to &a( the A!!ociatio the a%o" t o* AB,000 a! i de% it( *or the da%a)ed !"!tai ed b( the 0ehicle, '!!"e a d 2oldi ): -hether or ot there %"!t be a &rior cri%i al co 0ictio *or the*t i order *or the da%a)e to the 0ehicle to be co%&e !able " der the Aolic(, ?O Ratio: The Co"rt *i d! that the Co%&rehe !i0e Aolic( i!!"ed b( the i !"ra ce co%&a ( i cl"de! the lo!! or da%a)e to the %otor 0ehicle b( 4b"r)lar( or the*t6, 't i! !ettled that the act o* the !tatio bo"t co !tit"te! the*t #ithi the %ea i ) o* the i !"ra ce &olic( a d that reco0er( *or da%a)e! to the car i! ot barred b( the ille)al "!e o* the car b( o e o* the !tatio bo(!, Doreo0er, i the ab!e ce o* a ( &ro0i!io i the &olic(, &rior co 0ictio *or the cri%e o* the*t i! ot re>"ired to %a.e the i !"rer liable " der the the*t cla"!e &olic(, ' a ci0il actio *or reco0er( o a a"to%obile i !"ra ce, the >"e!tio o* #hether a &er!o "!i ) a certai a"to%obile at the ti%e o* the accide t !tole it or ot "! to be deter%i ed b( a *air &re&o dera ce o* e0ide ce a d ot b( the r"le o* cri%i al la# re>"iri ) )"ilt be(o d rea!o able do"bt, Stokes v. Malayan Insurance: O# er:! car, #he i colli!io , dri0e b( Ca%e! Sto.e!, #ho #a! a"thori5ed to do !o b( o# er, Sto.e! i! 'ri!h, 2e #a! here *or %ore tha 90 da(!, ?OT a"thori5ed dri0er, To"ri!t! #ho are lice !ed to dri0e i o# co" tr( ca dri0e i &hil!, 2o#e0er, a*ter 90 da(!, the( !ho"ld &a( *ee! a d carr( a lice !e to !till be able to dri0e here, Palermo v. Pyramid Insurance: Clai% #a! di!allo#ed !i ce i !"red #a! dri0i ) #ith a e1&ired dri0er:! lice !e, Ta%a ba a ) di!allo#a ceF ?O, 3ri0er o* the 0ehicle at the ti%e o* accide t #a! the i !"red hi%!el*, he ce, a a"thori5ed dri0er, The re>"ire%e t that the dri0er be &er%itted i accorda ce #ith the lice !i ) a d other la#!7re)"latio ! a&&lie! o l( #he the dri0er i! dri0i ) o the i !"red:! order7#ith hi! &er%i!!io , 't doe! ot a&&l( #he the &er!o dri0i ) i! the

i !"red hi%!el*, Perla Cia de Seguros v. CA: -hile the car #a! &ar.ed it #a! car a&&ed, ' !, Co, de ied clai% !i ce &er!o #ho #a! dri0i ) the 0ehicle be*ore it #a! car a&&ed #a! i &o!!e!!io o* a e1&ired dri0er:! lice !e a d he ce, ot a a"thori5ed dri0er, ' !, co, liable, -here a car i! ad%ittedl( " la#*"ll( ta.e #7o the o# er:! co !e t7. o#led)e, !"ch ta.i ) co !tit"te! the*t a d there*ore it i! the the*t cla"!e a d ot the a"thori5ed dri0er cla"!e that !ho"ld a&&l(, There i! o ca"!al co ectio bet#ee the &o!!e!!io o* a 0alid dri0er:! lice !e a d the lo!! o* a 0ehicle, R"le a! to death or i /"r( re!"lti ) *ro% accide tal %ea !: @R: 3eath or i /"r( doe! ot re!"lt *ro% accide t or accide tal %ea ! #ithi the ter%! o* a accide t &olic( i* it i! the at"ral re!"lt o* the i !"red:! 0ol" tar( act, " acco%&a ied b( a (thi ) " *ore!ee e1ce&t the death or i /"r( $GC$AT'O?: There i! o accide t #he a deliberate act i! &er*or%ed " le!! !o%e additio al, " e1&ected, i de&e de t a d " *ore!ee ha&&e i ) occ"r! #hich &rod"ce or bri )! abo"t i /"r( or death, ' other #ord!, the death or i /"r( i! ot the at"ral or &robable re!"lt o* the i !"red:! 0ol" tar( act, or i* !o%ethi ) " *ore!ee occ"r! i the doi ) o* the act #hich &rod"ce! the i /"r(, the re!"lti ) death i! #ithi the &rotectio o* &olicie! i !"ri ) a)ai !t death or i /"r( *ro% accide t,

Re(e!, #ho ca ot read a d #rite, #ho ha! e0er &a!!ed a ( e1a%i atio *or dri0er!, a d ha! ot a&&lied *or a lice !e *ro% the d"l( co !tit"ted )o0er %e t a)e c( e tr"!ted #ith the d"t( o* lice !i ) dri0er!, ca ot be co !idered a a"thori5ed dri0er A8T2OR'K$3 3R'V$R:

A ( o* the *ollo#i ): <a= The i !"redL <b= A ( &er!o dri0i ) o the ' !"redJ! order or #ith hi! &er%i!!io , &ro0ided that the &er!o dri0i ) i! &er%itted i accorda ce #ith lice !i ) la#! or re)"latio ! to dri0e the %otor 0ehicle co0ered b( thi! Aolic(, or ha! bee !o &er%itted a d i! ot di!>"ali*ied b( order o* a co"rt o* la# or b( rea!o o* a ( e act%e t or re)"latio *ro% dri0i ) !"ch Dotor Vehicle, RTC: *a0ored Robe! a d CCC #a! order to &a(

'SS8$: -7? 3o%i )o Re(e! #a! a a"thori5ed dri0er 2$L3: 9$S, CA a**ir%ed Co"rt o* A&&eal! *o" d that the dri0erJ! lice !e ?o, 27170+ 3A #a! )e "i e o 3o%i )o Re(e! i! i &o!!e!!io o* a dri0erJ! lice !e i!!"ed b( the Dotor Vehicle! O**ice #hich o it! *ace a&&ear! to ha0e bee re)"larl( i!!"ed o ?either @loria Are!a or the o**icer;i ; char)e Darcia o A, Do 5o #a! &laced o the #it e!! !ta d to be e1a%i ed i order to deter%i e #hether !aid lice !e i! i deed 0oid

I"s#$%"&' C%s' D()'s*+ CCC I"s#$%"&' Co$,. v. CA -1.7/0

Label!: 1970, A"thoried 3ri0er Cla"!e, Ca!e 3i)e!t, @,R, ?o, L;2B920, i !"ra ce, i !"ra ce ca!e di)e!t, Ca "ar( +0 @,R, ?o, L;2B920 Ca "ar( +0, 1970 Le!!o ! A&&licable: Dotor 0ehicle liabilit( i !"ra ce ; HA"thoried 3ri0er Cla"!eH <' !"ra ce= La#! A&&licable: FACTS: Carlo! F, Robe! i !"red #ith the CCC ' !"ra ce Cor&oratio hi! 3od)e Ii )!#a( car a)ai !t lo!! or da%a)e thro")h accide t *or a a%o" t ot e1ceedi ) A8,000 C" e 2B 1961: Carlo!J dri0er 3o%i )o Re(e! %et a 0ehic"lar colli!io alo ) Ri5al A0e "e $1te !io , Aotrero, Dalabo , Ri5al Ccc ' !"ra ce Cor&oratio de ied hi! clai% rea!o i ) that the dri0er #a! ot a Ha"thori5ed dri0erH

Sectio 24 o* the Re0i!ed Dotor Vehicle! La#, Act +992 o* the Ahili&&i e Le)i!lat"re, a! a%e ded b( Re&"blic Act! ?o!, B87, 1204 a d 286+,1 A e1a%i atio or de%o !tratio to !ho# a ( a&&lica tJ! abilit( to o&erate %otor 0ehicle! %a( al!o be re>"ired i the di!cretio o* the Chie*, Dotor Vehicle! O**ice or hi! de&"tie!,

Sectio 26 o* the Act &re!cribe! *"rther: S$C, 26, '!!"a ce o* cha"**e"rJ! lice !eL &ro*e!!io al bad)e: '*, a*ter e1a%i atio , or #itho"t the !a%e, the Chie*, Dotor Vehicle! O**ice or hi! de&"tie!, belie0e the a&&lica t to &o!!e!! the ece!!ar( >"ali*icatio ! a d . o#led)e, the( !hall i!!"e to !"ch a&&lica t a lice !e to o&erate a! cha"**e"r ,,,

There i! o &roo* that the o# er o* the a"to%obile . e# that the circ"%!ta ce !"rro" di ) !"ch i!!"a ce !ho#ed that it #a! irre)"lar the #ei)ht o* a"thorit( i! i *a0or o* a liberal i ter&retatio o* the i !"ra ce &olic( *or the be e*it o* the &art( i !"red, a d !trictl( a)ai !t the i !"rer

i te tio all( i *licted b( third &artie! a d there*ore #a! ot co0ered, <Re!&o de t= Ee e*iciarie! the *iled !"it to reco0er i the CF' o* Aa )a!i a #ho re dered a deci!io i their *a0or, 2e ce the &re!e t a&&eal b( the &etitio er, 'SS8$: -hether " der the *act! !ti&"lated a d *o" d b( the trial co"rt the #o" d! recei0ed b( the i !"red at the ha d! o* the robber! #ere i *licted i te tio all(, he ce the be e*it cla"!e ca ot a&&l(, 2$L3: 8 der a 4Accide tal 3eath Ee e*it Cla"!e6 &ro0idi ) *or a additio al !"% o* AB,000,00 i* 4the death o* the ' !"red re!"lted directl( *ro% bodil( i /"r( e**ected !olel( thro")h e1ter al a d 0iole t %ea ! !"!tai ed i a accide t a d i de&e de tl( o* all other ca"!e!6 b"t e1&re!!l( e1ce&ti ) there*ro% a ca!e #here death re!"lted *ro% a i /"r( 4i te tio all( i *licted b( a third &art(6, the i !"red #ho died " der the *ollo#i ) circ"%!ta ce! i! ot e titled to the !aid additio al !"%, to #it: That o the i)htM #hile the !aid li*e &olic( a d !"&&le%e tar( co tract #ere i *"ll *orce a d e**ect the ho"!e o* the i !"red , , , #a! robbed b( a ba d o* robber! #ho;#ere char)ed i a d co 0icted b( the Co"rt o* Fir!t ' !ta ce o* Aa )a!i a *or robber( #ith ho%icideL that i co%%itti ) the robber(, the robber!, o reachi ) the !tairca!e la di ) o* the !eco d *loor, r"!hed to#ard! the door! o* the !eco d *loor roo%, #here the( !"dde l( %et a &er!o ear the door o* o e o* the roo%! #ho t"r ed o"t to be the i !"red , , , #ho recei0ed thr"!t! *ro% their !har&;&oi ted i !tr"%e t!, ca"!i ) #o" d! o the bod( , , , re!"lti ) i hi! deathM6 Fort" e ' !"ra ce a d S"ret( Co,, ' c, 0, CA a d Arod"cer! Ea . o* theAhili&&i e! @,R, ?o, 11B278 Da( 2+, 199B 3a0ide, Cr,, C, FACTS: Q Arod"cer! Ea . #a! i !"red b( Fort" e ' !"ra ce, Q Arod"cer! Ea . *iled a)ai !t Fort" e ' !"ra ce a co%&lai t *or reco0er( o* the !"% o* A72B,000,00 " der the &olic( i!!"ed b( Fort" e, The !"% #a! alle)edl( lo!t d"ri ) arobber( o* Arod"cer:! ar%ored 0ehicle #hile it #a! i tra !it to tra !*er the %o e( *ro% it!Aa!a( Cit( Era ch to it! head o**ice i Da.ati Q The !aid ar%ored 0ehicle #a! robbed b( it! dri0er Ee /a%i Da)alo ) a d !ec"rit( )"ardS a t " r i o Ati)a ta!.ed to %a the !a%e, Eoth o* t h e % a r e o t A r o d " c e r ! E a . : ! 4e%&lo(ee!6 b"t #ere %erel( a!!i) ed b( a d a**iliated #ith ARC Da a)e%e t S(!te%!a d 8 icor Sec"rit( Ser0ice!, Q Fort" e ' !"ra ce re*"!ed to &a( the a%o" t a! the lo!!, accordi ) to it, i! e1cl"ded *ro%the co0era)e o* the

BIAGTAN VS. THE INSULAR LIFE ASSURANCE COMPAN1 LTD. 44 SCRA 52 -G.R. NO. L-3557.0 Aetitio er7A&&ella t: Co%&a ( Ltd, The ' !"lar Li*e A!!"ra ce

Re!&o de t7A&&ellee: $%ilia T, Eia)ta , C"a T, Eia)ta , Cr,, Di)"el T, Eia)ta , @il T, Eia)ta a d @racia T, Eia)ta C, Da.ali tal: FACT: C"a S, Eia)ta #a! i !"red #ith de*e da t ' !"lar Li*e A!!"ra ce Co%&a ( Ltd, *or the !"% o* B,000,00 a d " der a !"&&le%e tar( co tract de o%i ated 4Accide tal 3eath Ee e*it Cla"!e, *or a additio al !"% o* B,000,00 i* the death o* the i !"red re!"lted directl( *ro% bodil( i /"r( e**ected !olel( thro")h e1ter al a d 0iole t %ea ! !"!tai ed i a accide tM a d i de&e de tl( o* all other ca"!e!,6 The cla"!e, ho#e0er, e1&re!!l( &ro0ided that it #o"ld ot a&&l( #here death re!"lted *ro% a i /"r( 4i te tio all( i *licted b( a other &art(,6 N Correcti ) A"&il!: S&elli ) Lead! to Lo# Sel*;e!tee%FO The Ti%e That Re%ai ! Do0ie Re0ie# <2011= P O the i)ht o* Da( 20, 1964 or d"ri ) the *ir!t ho"r! o* the *ollo#i ) da( a ba d o* robber! e tered the ho"!e o* the i !"red C"a Eia)ta , a d that i co%%itti ) the robber(, the robber!, o reachi ) the !tairca!e la di ) o the !eco d *loor, r"!hed to#ard! the door o* the !eco d *loor roo%, #here the( !"dde l( %et a &er!o M #ho t"r ed to be i !"red #ho recei0ed i e #o" d! <*i0e %ortal #o" d! a d *o"r o ;%ortal #o" d!= *ro% their !har& &oi ted i !tr"%e t! re!"lti ) i Dr, Eia)ta :! death, Ee e*iciarie! o* the i !"red the *iled a clai% " der the &olic( the i !"ra ce co%&a ( &aid the ba!ic a%o" t o* B,000,00 b"t re*"!ed to &a( additio al !"% o* B,000,00 " der the accide tal be e*it cla"!e, o the )ro" d that the i !"red:! death re!"lted *ro% i /"rie!

i !"ra ce &olic(, 4@e eral $1ce&tio !6 &ro0ide!: The co%&a ( !hall ot be liable " der thi! &olic( i re&ort o* 1 1 1 <b= a ( lo!! ca"!ed b( a ( di!ho e!t,*ra"d"le t or cri%i al act o* the i !"red or a ( o**icer, e%&lo(ee, &art er, director, tr"!teeor a"thori5ed re&re!e tati0e o* the ' !"red #hether acti ) alo e or i co /" ctio #ith other!M6 Arod"cer! Ea . o&&o!ed the co te tio o* Fort" e ' !"ra ce a d co te d! that Ati)a a dDa)alo ) are ot it! o**icer, e%&lo(ee, tr"!tee, or a"thori5ed re&re!e tati0e at the ti%e o* the robber(, Accordi ) to Fort" e ' !"ra ce, #he Arod"cer! co%%i!!io ed a )"ard a d a dri0er totra !*er it! *" d! *ro% o e bra ch to a other, the( e**ecti0el( a d ece!!aril( beca%e it!a"thori5ed re&re!e tati0e! i the care a d c"!tod( o* the %o e(, A!!"%i ) that the(co"ld ot be co !idered a"thori5ed re&re!e tati0e!, the( #ere, e0erthele!!, e%&lo(ee!o* Arod"cer!, 'SS8$: -O? Da)alo ) a d Ati)a >"ali*( a! e%&lo(ee! or a"thori5ed re&re!e tati0e! o* Arod"cer! " der &ara)ra&h <b= o* the )e eral e1ce&tio ! cla"!e o* the i !"ra ce &olic( a! toe1e%&t Fort" e ' !"ra ce *ro% liabilit( to &a( Arod"cer! Ea . " der !aid &olic( 2$L3: 9e!, $%&lo(er;e%&lo(ee relatio !hi& de&e d! "&o *o"r !ta dard!: <1= the %a er o* !electio a d e )a)e%e t o* the &"tati0e e%&lo(eeL <2= the %ode o* &a(%e t o* #a)e!L <+= the&re!e ce or ab!e ce o* a &o#er to di!%i!!L a d <4= the &re!e ce a d ab!e ce o* a &o#erto co trol the &"tati0e e%&lo(ee:! co d"ct The &o#er o* co trol o0er Da)alo ) a d Ati)a #a! 0e!ted i a d e1erci!ed b( Arod"cer!Ea .L he ce, a 4e%&lo(er;e%&lo(ee6 relatio !hi& e1i!t! bet#ee Da)alo ) a d Ati)aa d Arod"cer! Ea ., ARC Da a)e%e t S(!te% a d 8 icor Sec"rit( Ser0ice! are b"t 4labor;o l(6co tractor! < ot e%&lo(er!= " der Article 106 o* the Labor Code #hich &ro0ide!: 4Therei! 4labor;o l(6 co tracti ) #here the &er!o !"&&l(i ) #or.er! to a e%&lo(er doe! otha0e !"b!ta tial ca&ital or i 0e!t%e t i the *or% o* tool!, e>"i&%e t, %achi erie!, #or.& r e % i ! e ! , a%o ) other!, a d the #or.er! recr"ited a d & l a c e d b ( ! " c h & e r ! o ! a r e &er*or%i ) acti0itie! #hich are directl( related to the &ri ci&al b"!i e!! o* !"ch e%&lo(er,' !"ch ca!e!, the &er!o or i ter%ediar( !hall be co !idered %erel( a! a a)e t o* thee%&lo(er #ho !hall be re!&o !ible to the #or.er! i the !a%e %a er a d e1te t a! i* thelatter #ere directl( e%&lo(ed b( hi%,6 Q

Da)alo ) a d Ati)a #ere, i re!&ect o* the tra !*er o* Arod"cer! Ea .:! %o e( *ro% it!Aa!a( Cit( bra ch to it! head o**ice i Da.ati, it! 4a"thori5ed re&re!e tati0e!6 #ho!er0ed a! !"ch #ith it! teller Daribeth Ala%&a(, 2o#!oe0er 0ie#ed, Arod"cer! e tr"!ted t h e t h r e e #i t h t h e ! & e c i * i c d " t ( t o ! a * e l ( tra !*er the %o e( to it! head o**ice, # i t h Ala%&a( to be re!&o !ible *or it! c"!tod( i tra !itL Da)alo ) to dri0e the ar%ored 0ehicle#hich #o"ld carr( the %o e(L a d Ati)a to &ro0ide the eeded !ec"rit( *or the %o e(, the0ehicle, a d hi! t#o other co%&a io !, ' !hort, *or the!e &artic"lar ta!.!, the three acteda! a)e t! o* Arod"cer!, A 4re&re!e tati0e6 i! de*i ed a! o e #ho re&re!e t! or !ta d! i the &lace o* a otherL o e #ho re&re!e t! other! or a other i a !&ecial ca&acit(, a! a a)e t, a d i! i tercha )eable #ith 4a)e t,