1. 2. 3. .

Understanding of Technologies Sourcing Skills - Different ways & Methods Market Knowledge Sales & !egotiation Skills

Understanding Technologies

"#erating Syste$s

%indows !T .& ' 2&&&( S)" Uni*( Solaris + & ,( %indows ,-',+( MS-D"S( .##le Macintosh( /edhat 0inu*( SuSe 0inu*(12-U3(.43 Java, EJB, RMI, Swing, CORBA, Serve lets, JSP, Servlets, JDBC, Core Java, Struts framework, We s!"ere, We logi#, $%M&, 'M&, Java s#ri!t, J(EE, J(ME, DO% )E%, framework, &DAP, Internet Se#urit*, J+M, P,ava, MIPS, %i #o, Boar- Design, Ematri., 'S&, 'S&% Java JD/ 012, ,ava3s#ri!t 01(, 'M&, WSAD, %ile, $i ernate, 4uart5, 7isual Studio 8 & 7isual Studio .!9T( 44S -.&( & ,( .S2 +B1)E%, ASP1)E%, ADO1)E%, +C661)E%, C7, COM, DCOM "racle ;.* +.*( ,i 'MS S<0-Ser6er ; & 2&&&( MyS<0( 2ostgreS<0 ;.*(D=2(4ngres(4nfor$i*(MS .ccess(Sy:ase 2rotoTy#e 2attern( )o$$and 2attern( >actory 2attern( =uilder 2attern( 4$$uta:le 2attern and Singleton 2atterns Session >a?ade( Do$ain Data Transfer 2attern( )usto$ Data Transfer 2attern( 5D=) for /eading( =usiness( Delegate 2attern and Ser6ice 0ocator 2attern 4=M 7isual.ge for 5a6a 3.&2( >orte .&( 5=uilder +( and Together5 8 /ed 1at 0inu* ; & +( 5akarta To$cat ( .#ache we: ser6er(U!43 5run 3.1 .##lication Ser6er( 5run )luster Ser6er( %e:logic + .##lication Ser6er( "racle ,i .##lication Ser6er(we:s#here(we:logic(Sun "ne( 44S Mail Ser6er( Mail 9na:le Mail Ser6er( <$ail & SendMail( T)2'42 networks setu# and trou:leshooting.

Sun 5a6a Technologies

Microsoft Technologies

Data:ases

Design 2atterns

95= Design 2atterns

De6elo#$ent Tools

"#en Source Technology

.##lication Ser6ers

9-$ail ' !etworking

>irewall

)heck 2oint !@( Sy$$antec(Mcafee S))A Su##ly )hain )olla:rationB i2 )o$$erce SuiteA !egotiate( 2roCects( )atalogB (i2 Trade Matri* -.1.1( i2 Site Manage$ent( "racle .##lication 1&.; '11i ' /adical 2.&(=..!(S.2(2eo#lesoft(5D 9dwards(!a6ision(.*a#ta(@reat #lanes(/a$co Marshal Site Minder 2olicy Ser6er .-1( Site Minder %e: .gent .-1 Microsoft 2roCect 2&&&( /ational /ose( KintanaAMercury co$#anyB 9rwin 3.-.2( T".D ;.3( 4=M Distri:uted De:ugger 3.&2( 52ro:e( and 5Thread0yser( and ).M0()rystal /e#ortsASeagateB Ti:co(see:eyond(7itria(%e:$ethods(Mercator(S.2 34(Tu*edo( Sie:el()larify(S.2 )/M("racle )/M(2eo#lesoft )/M(7anti6( 4nfor$atica()ognos(=usiness ":Cects(1y#erion(Datastage("racle D%(.:nitio(9rwin( De6elo#er 2&&& >or$s 8i' .-'-.& & /e#orts 2.- ' 3.& '20S<0'SDl 0oader' "racle %e:D= ' 5de6elo#er' "racle /e#lication Ser6er'"racle 2ortal ' 2roE)( 7eritas 7olu$e Manager(9M) Storage( 4=M Ti6oli Docu$entu$ 4=M 0otusnotes(Microsoft "utlook(MS 9*change ser6er(9udura( Test Director( <T2( 4=M /ational ro:ot( Test Manager( Silk Test( Silk 2erfor$er( Win runner, &oa- runner, %ele#om %esting, W"ite o.

S)M ' 9/2

Security Syste$s

2roCect Manage$ent

"ther tools

9.4 ' Middleware

)/M

Datawarehousing

)lient Ser6er

Storage Tool )ontent Manage$ent Tool

Mail Manage$ent Software

Testing Tools

testing, AI' testing 8 %est #ases, %est -ire#tor, %est Suite, Silk %est, Mer#ur* %esting, Marku# 0anguage 1TM0( D1TM0( 3M0

@9!9/.0 SF!"2S4S Standard 1ierarchy and /es#onsi:ilities in any organiGation

Deli6ery Manager Client Management ,Bu-gets stu-*, ensure t"e -ea-line ,#ommuni#ating wit" t"e #lients 2ractice 1ead Managing t"e te#"nolog* , to -o t"e resour#e management , to tra#k t"e resour#e !ool, resour#e !lan1 Sr. 2roCect $anager Managing multi!le !ro,e#ts 9 team managers 2roCect Manager A2MB More of management role an- -esigning t"e !ro,e#ts:Ar#"ite#t is also in t"e same level; Tea$ 0ead AT0B %eam Management, Assessing t"e res!onsi ilities, Distri ution of work1 Senior Software 9ngineer ASS9B Develo!ment an- Criti#al work in t"e !ro,e#ts Software 9ngineerAS9B AorB 5r. De6elo#er Com!letel* in #o-ing<!rogramming an- -evelo!ment

%hat is 9/2 A9nter#rises /esource 2lanningBH

4t atte$#ts to integrate all de#art$ents and functions across a co$#any onto a single co$#uter syste$ that can ser6e all those different de#art$entsI #articular needs. That is a tall order( :uilding a single software #rogra$ that ser6es the needs of #eo#le in finance as well as it does the #eo#le in hu$an resources and in the warehouse. 9ach of those de#art$ents ty#ically has its own co$#uter syste$ o#ti$iGed for the #articular ways that the de#art$ent does its work. =ut 9/2 co$:ines the$ all together into a single( integrated software #rogra$ that runs off a single data:ase so that the 6arious de#art$ents can $ore easily share infor$ation and co$$unicate with each other.

Most 6endorsI 9/2 software is fle*i:le enough that you can install so$e $odules without :uying the whole #ackage. Many co$#anies( for e*a$#le( will Cust install an 9/2 finance or 1/ $odule and lea6e the rest of the functions for another day.

4ndustry
9/2 ASoftware 2ackageB

=ig 9/2Js

S$all 9/2Js

S.2

!a6ision

"racle .##s

M>@'2ro

2eo#leSoft

=2)S

5D 9dwards

=2=

=..!

/a$co

Different 9/2 2roducts

S. !o 1. 2. 3. . -. 8. 2roduct !a$e S.2 "racle .##s 2eo#leSoft 5D 9dwards =..! !a6ision "wner )o$#any S.2 .@( @er$any "racle )or#oration( US. 2eo#lesoft 4nc( US. 5D 9dwards 4nc. =..!( !etherlands Microsoft( US.

2artici#ants in 9/2 4$#le$entation

>unctional )onsultant 1B %ho will do the .S K 4S Study K 9*isting syste$ A .ctual /eDuire$ent study of 0egacy syste$( which can :e in any for$ 6iG. Manual Syste$ or using any technologyB

Technical )onsultant De6elo#$ents & )usto$iGation of the for$s & /e#orts

9/2 .d$inistrators "racle .##s D=. L .cti6ities #erfor$ing on .##lication side. 2atching 2erfor$ance tuning )loning K is for testing #ur#ose Maintenance

User 2ower User 9nd User

To 2re#are the flow chart

%ho can work on The /4)9 )o$#onents A/e#orts( 4nterfaces( )on6ersion & 9*tensionB

"racle D=. K =acku# ( /eco6ery( 2erfor$ance Tuning

@a# .nalysis( 1e should ha6e do$ain knowledge.

/eDuire$ents gathering ( .nalysis( User 4nteraction ( Design a work flow Define Setu# A 1ow does a data a##lication will work B Docu$entation for future reference & for end user training

"6er6iew of S.2

SAP

Technical ABAP (ABAPER)

Functional FI-CO

DBA/Administ rator BASIS (Basis Administrator)

SD PP PS P !R "

# S /CS

@lossary "f S.2

ABAP=3 A-van#e Business A!!li#ation Programming >I3CO=3 >I ? >inan#e, CO ? Controlling MM=3 Material Management SD=3 Sales 9 Distri ution PP= 3 Pro-u#tion Planning PM= 3 Plant Maintenan#e PS=3 Pro,e#t S*stem $R= 3 $uman Resour#e 4M= 3 4ualit* Management WM= 3 Ware"ouse Management SM<CS= 3 Servi#e Management<Customer Servi#es

/es#onsi:ilities of Technical & >unctional )onsultant in S.2

%hat does an .=.2er do ATechnical )onsultant in S.2B ABAP is an !rogramming language w"i#" is use- e SAP to -evelo! t"e !rograms1 So a !rogrammer :ABAPer; -evelo!s software !a#kage * using various te#"nologies like A&E, IDOC, BAPI, BDC, &SMW, Dialog Programming, Mo-ule Pool Programming, Re!orts, SAP S#ri!ts et#1 A&E IDOC BAPI BDC 3 3 3 3 A!!li#ation &ink Ena ling Interfa#ing Do#uments Bat#" A!!li#ation Programming Interfa#es Bat#" Data Communi#ation

%hat does an >unctional )onsultant do A>unctional )onsultant in S.2B

AS3IS3Stu-*1 %O3BE3Anal*sis @ser Intera#tion Pre!aring user manuals for en- user training %raining en- users an- Power users

S.2 !ew Di$ension Modules >or s!e#ifi# in-ustries SAP AA, Aerman* "as -evelo!e- new #ustomi5e- !ro-u#t un-er t"e ran- name of SAP1 %"ese )ew Dimension Pro-u#ts are -ifferent from SAP Stan-arversion t"at is SAP RB 9 in ea#" new -imension mo-ule t"ere are %e#"ni#al as well as >un#tional Professionals like SAP RB1 >or Su##ly )hain 4ndustryL APO = A-van#e- Planning 9 O!timi5ation DP = Deman- Planning1 S)MP = Su!!l* network management !lanning1 PPDS = Pro-u#tion Planning 9 Detaile- S#"e-uling1 AA%P = Alo al availa le to !romise1 >or "il 4ndustryL 3 IS3OI& >or .uto$o:ile 4ndustry= 3 IS3Auto >or Media 4ndustryL 3 IS3Me-ia >or retail 4ndustryL 3 IS3Retail >or )usto$er )are 4ndustryL 3 IS@3CCS >or )/M 4ndustryL 3 SAP CRM >or =usiness %arehousingL 3 SAP BW<BIW

=rief a:out different 9/2Js

SAP Different +ersions %e#"ni#al >un#tional SAP A-min<DBA =3 R(, RB :21CB, 21C#;, CI) :Countr* In-ia +ersion; =3 ABAP :A-van#e- Business A!!li#ation Programming; =3 $R, >I3CO, SD, MM, PP, PS, PM, 4M =3 BASIS Ora#le A!!s Different +ersions =3 Ora#le A!!li#ations 00i %e#"ni#al =3 P&<S4&, >orms, Re!orts, Interfa#es, Conversion, E.tensions :RICE Com!onents; >un#tional =3 $RMS :Pa*roll, A-van#e- Benefits;, M>A :BOM, WIP;, >I) :AR, AP, A&;, DIS% :I)+, PO, OM; DBA<A-ministrator =3 A!!s DBA

Different +ersions %e#"ni#al >un#tional DBA<A-ministrator Different +ersions %e#"ni#al >un#tional DBA<A-ministrators Different +ersions %e#"ni#al >un#tional DBA<A-ministrators

Peo!leSoft =3 =3 Peo!le#o-e, Peo!le tools, PS 4uer* =3 $RMS, M>A, >I) =3 Peo!lesoft A-min<DBA JDE-war-s =3 Worl-Soft, OneWorl-, OneWorl- 'E =3 JDE-war-s Programmer =3 $R, M>A, >I) =3 C)C A-ministrator BAA) =3 =3 BAA) %ools =3 >I), M>A =3 BAA) A-ministrators

"6er6iew of "racle .##lications

"racle .##lications "6er6iew Ora#le 00i is t"e release version1 Current +ersion of Ora#le is Ora#le 001D10E1(1 Current availa le +ersions are 001D1F , 001D1G an- 001D10E1(1 Ora#le Ci, Hi, Gi t"ese are all t"e -ata ases :w"ere we #an store t"e -ata; 0; >ront En- 3 forms I to enter t"e -ata, re!orts I to #reate various t*!e of re!orts (; Ba#k En- 3 ta les :Hi, Gi, Ci; to fee- :store; t"e -ata Different $odules in "racle .##s 1B >inance - ./ A.ccounts /ecei6a:lesB( .2 A.ccounts #aya:leB( @0 A@eneral 0edgerB( )M A)ash Manage$entB( >. A>i*ed .ssetsB !oteL .ll are 4ndi6idual Modules. @0 interface is i$#ortant 4n >inance >unctional K 1B 222 A2 - 2B K 2rocure$ent to #ay cycle K that includes the co$:ination of these $odules 2"M.2M@0 all

2B "2) A" - )B K "rder to )ash )ycle K that includes the co$:ination of all these $odules "MM./M@0

2B ManufacturingL %42 A%ork 4n 2rogressB( ="M A=ill "f MaterialsB 3B Distri:utionL 4!7 A4n6entoryB( 2" A2urchase "rderB( "M A"rder Manage$entB B 1/MSL 2ay /olls .d6ance =enefits( )ore 1/ -B )/ML Tele Ser6ice( >ield Ser6ice( Ser6ice )ontracts.

)o$#arisonNNNNN..
=etween a 2rogra$$er and a Technical )onsultant in "racle .##s. 2rogra$$er 1e will write the code in #l'sDl Technical consultant 1e will in6ol6e in the de6elo#$ent of >or$s and /4)9 )o$#onents to ensure the :usiness functionality.

=etween D2K and 11iH

D(/ :Develo!er (EEE; $e "as to -evelo! all form an- re!orts &ot of #o-e to e written for t"e usiness fun#itionalit* )ot re#ommen-e- for large -istri ute- environment

A!!s ERP "as stan-ar- forms an- re!orts :Built in; In uilt usiness fun#tionalit* Designe- to manage large enter!rises environments

96aluationNNNNNN. MaCor #layers of "racle .##s are L

"racle !.4"( 4ntelligrou#( Delloitte( 4nfosys( 4=M( T)S( @9( 1)0( Sa#ient( /a#idg$(

3ansa( =irla Soft( .lliance )onsulting( =aha6-one )y:er Tech( Sierra .tlantic( Soli*( Satya$ >ollowing Dueries we can ask fro$ candidatesL 1B 2B 3B B -B 8B ;B +B .sk whether 1e'She is a Tech or >unctional )onsultantH %hat are the $odules 1e'She workedH 1ow $ay for$s "r /e#orts that 1e'She custo$iGed in #articular 2roCectH %hich 6ersion of for$s that 1e'She workingH .sk whether he worked on 4!T9/>.)9S or !otH 1ow $any 4$#le$entations 1e'She didH 4s 1e'She is in su##ort #roCect or i$#le$entation #roCectH %hy there is a need of custo$iGationH

?????

"racle D=.
MaCor differences :etween D=. K De6elo#$ent and D=. K 2roduction

D=. De6elo#er K De6elo#$ent %ho work on Stored 2rocedures Triggers User creation $anage$ent Ta:le s#ace Manage$ent Designing Ta:le %riting code in #l'sDl

D=. - 2roduction =ack-u#( reco6ery( 2erfor$ance tuning( Migration( U#gradation( 2atching /egular Maintenance

MaCor differences :etween "racle D=. and "racle .##s D=.

"racle D=. 4nstallation (=ack-u#( reco6ery( 2erfor$ance tuning( Migration( U#gradation( 2atching %ork on =ackend K Data:ase side "racle .##s D=. 4nstallation( )loning( Migration( U#gradation( 2atching( %ork on .##lication side

D=. /es#onsi:ilities
The Co: of the D=. see$s to :e e6erything that e6eryone else either doesnIt want to do( or doesnIt ha6e the a:ility to do. D=.s get the en6ia:le task of figuring out all of the things no one else can figure out. More seriously though( here is a list of ty#ical D=. res#onsi:ilitiesL O4nstallation( configuration and u#grading of "racle ser6er software and related #roducts O96aluate "racle features and "racle related #roducts O9sta:lish and $aintain sound :acku# and reco6ery #olicies and #rocedures OTake care of the Data:ase design and i$#le$entation O4$#le$ent and $aintain data:ase security Acreate and $aintain users and roles( assign #ri6ilegesB O2erfor$ data:ase tuning and #erfor$ance $onitoring O2erfor$ a##lication tuning and #erfor$ance $onitoring

OSetu# and $aintain docu$entation and standards O2lan growth and changes Aca#acity #lanningB O%ork as #art of a tea$ and #ro6ide ;*2 su##ort when reDuired O2erfor$ general technical trou:le shooting and gi6e consultation to de6elo#$ent tea$s 4nterface with "racle )or#oration for technical su##ort.

/eDuired Skills for D=.

O@ood understanding of the "racle data:ase( related utilities and tools O. good understanding of the underlying o#erating syste$ O. good knowledge of the #hysical data:ase design O.:ility to #erfor$ :oth "racle and o#erating syste$ #erfor$ance tuning and $onitoring OKnowledge of .00 "racle :acku# and reco6ery scenarios O. good knowledge of "racle security $anage$ent O. good knowledge of how "racle acDuires and $anages resources O. good knowledge "racle data integrity OSound knowledge of the i$#le$ented a##lication syste$s O9*#erience in code $igration( data:ase change $anage$ent and data $anage$ent through the 6arious stages of the de6elo#$ent life cycle O. sound knowledge of :oth data:ase and syste$ #erfor$ance tuning O. D=. should ha6e sound co$$unication skills with $anage$ent( de6elo#$ent tea$s( 6endors and syste$s ad$inistrators O2ro6ide a strategic data:ase direction for the organiGation O. D=. should ha6e the a:ility to handle $ulti#le #roCects and deadlines . D=. should #ossess a sound understanding of the :usiness

Sun TechnologiesL 5.7. ' 5299

Three different 7ersions of 5.7. 2 5299A5a6a 2 9nter#rise 9ditionB %e: :ased & Deskto# .##lications 52S9 A 5a6a 2 Standard 9dition B 52M9 A 5a6a 2 Micro 9ditionB >or Mo:ile a##lications

>or "nline ga$ing

Difference :etween )ore 5.7. & 5299 )ore 5a6a Swings K %riting the for$s "nly to design the deskto# a##lications 5299 5S2A 5a6a Ser6er 2agesB(95=A9nter#rise 5a6a =eansB(Ser6lets Distri:uted enter#rises a##lication 4t is %e: :ased and Deskto# :ased a##lications

Most i$#ortant Duestions you ha6e to ask the candidatesL

0; W"at is t"e IDE:Integrate- Develo!ment Environment; t"at "e<s"e is usingJ &ike E#li!se, )et eans, J-evelo!er, JBuil-er, (; B; 2; D; $ow man* JSPs "e<s"e "as writtenJ W"at t*!e of EJBs *ou "ave written J a; Entit* Beans ; session Beans1 W"at met"o- *ou "ave followe- an- ask for SD&CJ Are *ou #omfort on ServletsJ

Servlets is w"i#" runs in Server an- it is a re-ire#tor1

4=M Technologies
Technology >unction

Mainfra$e

.##lication De6elo#$ent

.S' &&

.##lication De6elo#$ent

0otus !otes

Mail Manage$ent Software

/ational Tools

SD0) Tools

Ti6oli

Storage Manager

%e:s#here Suit

.##lication Ser6er ' 4ntegration Technology

4=M .43

Uni* :ased "#erating Syste$

Mainfra$es

4n Mainfra$es we use L
1B )o:ol as the #rogra$$ing language .:out )"="0 .crony$ for )o$$on =usiness "riented 0anguage. De6elo#ed in the late 1,-&s and early 1,8&s( )"="0 is the second-oldest high-le6el #rogra$$ing language

A>"/T/.! is the oldestB. 4t is #articularly #o#ular for :usiness a##lications that run on large co$#uters. )"="0 is a wordy languageP #rogra$s written in )"="0 tend to :e $uch longer than the sa$e #rogra$s written in other languages. This can :e annoying when you #rogra$ in )"="0( :ut the wordiness $akes it easy to understand #rogra$s :ecause e6erything is s#elled out. .lthough dis#araged :y $any #rogra$$ers for :eing outdated( )"="0 is still the $ost widely used #rogra$$ing language in the world.

)4)S as a :ackend tool L

2B .:out )4)S Short for )usto$er 4nfor$ation )ontrol Syste$( a T2 $onitor fro$ 4=M that was originally de6elo#ed to #ro6ide transaction #rocessing for 4=M $ainfra$es. 4t controls the interaction :etween a##lications and users and lets #rogra$$ers de6elo# screen dis#lays without detailed knowledge of the ter$inals :eing used. )4)S is also a6aila:le on non-$ainfra$e #latfor$s including the /S'8&&&( .S' && and "S'2 -:ased 2)s. 3B D=2 as a Data:aseL .:out D=2L Short for Database 2, a fa$ily of relational data:ase #roducts offered :y 4=M. D=2 #ro6ides an o#en data:ase en6iron$ent that runs on a wide 6ariety of co$#uting #latfor$s. . D=2 data:ase can grow fro$ a s$all single-user a##lication to a large $ulti-user syste$. Using S<0( users can o:tain data si$ultaneously fro$ D=2 and other data:ases. D=2 includes a range of a##lication de6elo#$ent and $anage$ent tools. D=2 su##orts Mainfra$e as well as U!43 en6iron$ent

B M7S( "S'3,& are the o#erating syste$s for Mainfra$es iB .:out 7S.M L 7irtual Storage .ccess Method, a file $anage$ent syste$ used on 4=M $ainfra$es. 7S.M s#eeds u# access to data in files :y using an in6erted inde* Acalled a B+treeB of all records added to each file. Many legacy software syste$s use 7S.M to i$#le$ent data:ase syste$s Acalled data setsB.

iiB .:out M7S Short for Multiple Virtual Storage, the o#erating syste$ for older 4=M $ainfra$es. M7S was first introduced in 1,; and continues to :e used( though it has :een largely su#erseded :y 4=MIs newer o#erating syste$( OS/390.

Mainfra$e .d$inistratorsL
1. "S'3,& .d$inistrator

/.)> .d$inistrator A/esource .ccess )ontrol >acilityB

.S' &&
.S' && AApplication S ste!/"00, a line of 4=M $inico$#uters introduced in 1,++.B is a 9n6iron$ent and #latfor$ and in this we use L )"="0' &&( )0' && as a 2rogra$$ing 0anguage D=2' && as a Data:ase "S' && as an "#erating syste$ MaCorly used in =anking & >inance 4ndustry

4=M /ational Tools

To Manage the co$#lete Software De6elo#$ent 0ife )ycle

Different #hasesL
01 (1 B1 21 D1 C1 ReK1 Aat"ering 9 Anal*sis Design t"e !ro,e#t Co-ing 9 Im!lementation %esting C"ange Management Maintenan#e 9 Do#umentation Task /ational /eDuisite 2ro /ational /ose /ational /ose 3D9 /ational )lear)ase /ational )lear<uest /eDuire$ent @athering & .nalysis 2roCect Design Modeling Tools 7ersion )ontrol ' )hange Manage$ent =ug Tracking Tool

/ational /o:ot /ational Test Manager /ational Test /ealti$e /ational 2urify /ational 2ortfolio Manager /ational SoD.

>unctional & Syste$ Testing Test Manage$ent Tool Testing tool for /ealti$e'e$:edded technologies Me$ory 0eak testing 2ortfolio Manage$ent Docu$entation of #roCects

Datawarehousing Tools
9T0 ToolsL %hich #erfor$s 9*traction( Transfor$ation( 0oading o#erations on data

"0.2 ToolsL %hich #erfor$s "n-0ine .nalytical 2rocessing on data

9T0 Tools .scential DataStage 4nfor$atica .: 4nitio

"0.2 Tools =usiness ":Cects 1y#erion 9ss:ase )ognos

MicroStartegy

>or More Details on Datawarehousing 6isitL htt#L''www.1keydata.co$'datawarehousing'datawarehouse.ht$l

?????????????????????????????????????????????

4ualit*

Professionals wit" knowle-ge of ISOGEEE, SEICMM S*stems Software C<C66 on @ni.<&inu., DSP, C"i! level -esigning, @ni. kernel ar#"ite#ture, file s*stem, memor* management,R%OS,&( su!!ort et# Client Server +B, +C66, COM, DCOM wit" RDBMS I Ora#le, S4&, S* ase Em e--e- S*stems R%OS, C on @)I', )etworking, +. works, -esign an- #o-e reviews, 4)', )et kernel, Psos, IRM/, >irmware, BIOS, Assem l*, MPEA D+D, MPB, JPEA, Set %o! Bo., D+B, Mi#ro!ro#essors, Mi#ro#ontrollers, ADA, A+IO)ICS, DE0FHB, In-ustrial Automation, Mainframes IBM Mainframe, AS<2EE, Es<BGE, 5<OS, OS<2EE,+A'<+MSLMainframe, COBO&, CICS, M+S, DB(, IDMS', IMS, %an-em, )atural ADABAS, '!e-itor, RPA, JC& an- +SAM )etworking )etworking S<W, @)I' S*stem A-min1, Win-ows )% A-min, %CP<IP, SP', '(D, )etwork Management I S)MP, CMIP, )MS, &A)<WA), A%M, MP&S, >R, ISD), Routing Proto#ols I BAP OSP>, R%P, RIP, IP+C, SO)E%, SD$ ERP < SAP ERP an- SAP Im!lementations of all mo-ules, SAP3SD<MM<PP, >ICO, ABAP2, Basis, Peo!le Soft3$RM, finan#e Mo-ule, BA), Ora#le Manufa#turing, CRM3Sie el <Clarif* %E&ECOM Swit#"ing, ASM, APRS, @M%S, BA, &a*er3C, R&C, RRC, )o-eB, DSP, %DMA, CDMA, WAP, SSF, A%M1 >R, +OIP3SIA%RA), MACP, MEAACO, SIP, $1B(B, (2D, %M), Signalling, Bluetoot", APS, $ome )etworking3JI)I, $A+I1 C, @)I' Devi#e Drivers, '3Motif, &inu., &inu., <)%<+MS, Internalls, kernels, %C&<%/, Multit"rea-ing, So#ket !rogramming, Storage Devi#e :Is#si, SCSI, SA), +eritas, +olume Manager, RAID, >i er C"annel, )AS;

+C66 DCOM, A%&, OOAD, 'M&, WDM, +.-, WinSD/, WI)CE, Palm OS, EPOC, WI) B(, API, Devi#e Drivers, '3Win-ows, Dire#t ', A#tive ', )E%, C71 $ARDWARE ASIC, +&SI, >PAA, +erilog, +$D&, 'i&I)/, P"*si#al Design, CMOS, Design, IC Design, Pla#e 9 Route, S*nt"esis, EDA %ools, >PAA Design, Boar- Design, PCB Design, Cir#uit Design, Mi.e- Signal, Analog Design APP&ICA%IO) Ora#le Hi, 00i, Ora#le DBA, S4&3DBA, PB, Del!"i, Data Mo-eling, Data ware"ousing I O&AP, RO&AP, Ora#le DBA, +B, ASP, COM, DCOM, )E%, C7, Ora#le , P&<S4&, ProMC, D(/ CAD<CAM CAD, CAE, CAM, Catia +2,+D, Pro3E, @ni gra!"i#s, $*!er mes", IDEAS, )AS%RA), A)SNS, Auto #a- %ools AE)ERA& S4A, 4ualit*, %esting < Im!lementation, &evel 2 < &evel D < ISO < Si. Sigma < %e#"ni#al writers, ar#"ite#ts , &otus )otes, S*stem A-ministrator, S*stem A-ministrator, @)I' < &I)@', S@) SO&ARIS

Brief Information a out %e#"nologies an- A We %e#"nologies Java

reviations

An o ,e#t3oriente- !rogramming language t"at is !latform in-e!en-ent :t"e same Java !rogram runs on all "ar-ware !latforms wit"out mo-ifi#ation;1 Develo!e- * Sun, Java is wi-el* use- on t"e We for ot" #lient an- server !ro#essing1 Mo-ele- after C66, Java a--e- !rogramming en"an#ements su#" as Ogar age #olle#tion,O w"i#" automati#all* frees unuse- memor*1 It was also -esigne- to run in small amounts of memor*1 %"e first We rowsers to run Java were SunPs $otJava an- )ets#a!e )avigator (1E1

EJB :9nter!rise 5ava=eans; A software #om!onent in SunPs J(EE !latform, w"i#" !rovi-es a !ure Java environment for -evelo!ing an- running -istri ute- a!!li#ations1 EJBs are written as software mo-ules t"at #ontain t"e usiness logi# of t"e a!!li#ation1 %"e* resi-e in an- are e.e#ute- in a runtime engine #alle- an OEJB Container,O w"i#" !rovi-es a "ost of #ommon interfa#es an- servi#es to t"e EJB, in#lu-ing se#urit* an- transa#tion su!!ort1 At t"e wire level, EJBs look like CORBA #om!onents1 RMI :/emote Met"o- 4nvo#ation; A stan-ar- from Sun for -istri ute- o ,e#ts written in Java1 RMI is a remote !ro#e-ure #all :RPC;, w"i#" allows Java o ,e#ts :software #om!onents; store- in t"e network to e run remotel*1 @nlike CORBA an- DCOM o ,e#ts, w"i#" #an e -evelo!e- in -ifferent languages, RMI is -esigne- for o ,e#ts written onl* in Java1 SWI)A A Java toolkit for -evelo!ing gra!"i#al user interfa#es :A@Is;1 It in#lu-es elements su#" as menus, tool ars an- -ialog o.es1 Swing is written in Java an- is t"us !latform in-e!en-ent, unlike t"e Java A stra#t Win-ow %oolkit :AW%;, w"i#" !rovi-es !latform3 s!e#ifi# #o-e1 Swing also "as more so!"isti#ate- interfa#e #a!a ilities t"an AW% anoffers su#" features as ta e- !anes an- t"e a ilit* to #"ange images on uttons1 Swing is in#lu-e- in t"e Java >oun-ation Classes :J>C; w"i#" are !rovi-e- in t"e Java Develo!ers %oolkit :JD/;1 COBRA )ommon " ,e#t /eKuest =roker .r#"ite#ture; A software3 ase- interfa#e from t"e O ,e#t Management Arou! :OMA; t"at allows software mo-ules :o ,e#ts; to #ommuni#ate wit" ea#" ot"er no matter w"ere t"e* are lo#ate- on a !rivate network or t"e glo al Internet1 CORBA is a O-istri ute- o ,e#tsO s*stem -esigne- for multi3tier, #lient<server a!!li#ations, w"ere !ro#essing -ata in one #om!uter reKuires a--itional !ro#essing * some ot"er servi#e in anot"er #om!uter in or-er to #om!lete t"e transa#tion1 CORBA is also -es#ri eas an Oo ,e#t usO or Osoftware us1O SER+E&E%S A Java a!!li#ation t"at runs in a We server or a!!li#ation server an- !rovi-es server3si-e !ro#essing su#" as a##essing a -ata ase an- e3#ommer#e transa#tions1 Wi-el* use- for We !ro#essing, servlets are -esigne- to "an-le $%%P reKuests :get, !ost, et#1; an- are t"e stan-ar- Java re!la#ement for a variet* of ot"er met"o-s, in#lu-ing CAI s#ri!ts, A#tive Server Pages :ASPs; an- !ro!rietar* C<C66 !lug3ins for s!e#ifi# We servers :ISAPI, )SAPI;1 JSP

:5avaServer 2age; An e.tension to t"e Java servlet te#"nolog* from Sun t"at allows $%M& to e #om ine- wit" Java on t"e same !age1 %"e Java !rovi-es t"e !ro#essing, an- t"e $%M& !rovi-es t"e !age la*out t"at will e ren-ere- in t"e We rowser JDBC A5ava Data=ase )onne#tivit*; A !rogramming interfa#e t"at lets Java a!!li#ations a##ess a -ata ase via t"e S4& language1 Sin#e Java inter!reters :Java +irtual Ma#"ines; are availa le for all ma,or #lient !latforms, t"is allows a !latform3in-e!en-ent -ata ase a!!li#ation to e written1 In 0GGC, JDBC was t"e first e.tension to t"e Java !latform1 S%R@%S A framework for writing We 3 ase- a!!li#ations in Java t"at su!!orts t"e Mo-el3+iew3 Controller :M+C; ar#"ite#ture1 Struts is -e!lo*e- as JSP !ages using s!e#ial tags from t"e Struts tag li rar*, w"i#" in#lu-es routines for uil-ing forms, $%M& ren-ering, storing anretrieving -ata an- usiness logi# WEB &OAIC A software suite from BEA S*stems, In#1, San Jose, CA :www1 eas*s1#om; t"at is use- to -e!lo* We an- SOA a!!li#ations1 %"e #ore !ro-u#t is BEA We &ogi# Server, a J(EE a!!li#ation server1 BEA We &ogi# Portal is an an enter!rise !ortal t"at offers a-van#esear#"ing, an- BEA We &ogi# Integration !rovi-es tools for transforming an- routing -ata from multi!le sour#es1 BEA We &ogi# Enter!rise is t"e integrate- -evelo!ment environment :IDE; for t"e We &ogi# famil* $%M& 1*!erTe.t Marku! 0anguage; %"e -o#ument format use- on t"e We 1 We !ages are uilt wit" $%M& tags :#o-es; em e--e- in t"e te.t1 $%M& -efines t"e !age la*out, fonts angra!"i# elements as well as t"e "*!erte.t links to ot"er -o#uments on t"e We 1 Ea#" link #ontains t"e @R&, or a--ress, of a We !age resi-ing on t"e same server or an* server worl-wi-e, "en#e OWorl- Wi-eO We 1 'M& :E3tensi le Marku! 0anguage; An o!en stan-ar- for -es#ri ing -ata from t"e WBC1 It is use- for -efining -ata elements on a We !age an- usiness3to3 usiness -o#uments1 'M& uses a similar tag stru#ture as $%M&Q "owever, w"ereas $%M& -efines "ow elements are -is!la*e-, 'M& -efines w"at t"ose elements #ontain1 W"ile $%M& uses !re-efine- tags, 'M& allows tags to e -efine- * t"e -evelo!er of t"e !age1 %"us, virtuall* an* -ata items, su#" as O!ro-u#t,O Osales re!O an- Oamount -ue,O #an e i-entifie-, allowing We !ages to fun#tion like -ata ase re#or-s1 B* !rovi-ing a #ommon met"o- for i-entif*ing -ata, 'M& su!!orts usiness3to3 usiness transa#tions an- "as e#ome Ot"eO format for ele#troni# -ata inter#"ange an- We servi#es

J(EE :5ava 2 Platform, 9nter!rise 9-ition; A !latform from Sun for uil-ing -istri ute- enter!rise a!!li#ations1 J(EE servi#es are !erforme- in t"e mi--le tier etween t"e userPs ma#"ine an- t"e enter!risePs -ata ases an- lega#* information s*stems1 J(EE #om!rises a s!e#ifi#ation, referen#e im!lementation an- set of testing suites1 Its #ore #om!onent is Enter!rise JavaBeans :EJBs;, followe- * JavaServer Pages :JSPs; an- Java servlets ana variet* of interfa#es for linking to t"e information resour#es in t"e enter!rise1 J(ME A5ava 2 Platform, Mi#ro 9-ition; A version of Java ( for #ell!"ones, PDAs an- #onsumer a!!lian#es1 J(ME uses t"e / +irtual Ma#"ine :/+M;, a s!e#iali5e- Java inter!reter for -evi#es wit" limite- memor*1 %"e Conne#te- &imite- Devi#e Configuration :C&DC; !rovi-es t"e !rogramming interfa#e for wireless a!!li#ations1 %"e Mo ile Information Devi#e Profile :MIDP; !rovi-es su!!ort for a gra!"i#al interfa#e, networking an- storage1 DO% )E% :1)E%; A #om!re"ensive software -evelo!ment !latform from Mi#rosoft t"at was intro-u#ein (EEE as t"e #om!an*Ps ne.t generation !rogramming environment1 Pronoun#e- O-ot3 net,O an- wi-el* known as t"e O1)E% >ramework,O it was -esigne- to #om!ete wit" t"e Java J(EE !latform &DAP 0ig"tweig"t Dire#tor* .##ess 2roto#ol; A !roto#ol use- to a##ess a -ire#tor* listing1 &DAP su!!ort is eing im!lemente- in We rowsers an- e3mail !rograms, w"i#" #an Kuer* an &DAP3#om!liant -ire#tor*1 It is e.!e#te- t"at &DAP will !rovi-e a #ommon met"o- for sear#"ing e3mail a--resses on t"e Internet, eventuall* lea-ing to a glo al w"ite !ages1 &DAP is a si ling !roto#ol to $%%P an- >%P an- uses t"e l-a!=<< !refi. in its @R&1 J+M A Java inter!reter1 %"e Java +irtual Ma#"ine :J+M; is software t"at #onverts t"e Java interme-iate language : *te#o-e; into ma#"ine language an- e.e#utes it1 %"e original J+M #ame from t"e JavaSoft -ivision of Sun1 Su seKuentl*, ot"er ven-ors -evelo!e- t"eir ownQ for e.am!le, t"e Mi#rosoft +irtual Ma#"ine is Mi#rosoftPs Java inter!reter1 A J+M is in#or!orate- into a We rowser in or-er to e.e#ute Java a!!lets1 A J+M is also installein a We server to e.e#ute server3si-e Java !rograms1 A J+M #an also e installe- in a #lient ma#"ine to run stan-3alone Java a!!li#ations PJA+A A version of Java from Sun inten-e- for PDAs an- ot"er "an-"el- -evi#es1 Em e--e-Java :EJava; is a #ounter!art set of te#"nologies t"at !rovi-e su!!ort for #"ara#ter3 ase-is!la*s or -evi#es wit"out -is!la*s rat"er t"an gra!"i#al interfa#es1 PersonalJava :PJava;

is inten-e- for o!en s*stems t"at reKuire We rowsing, an- PJava in#lu-es a!!let su!!ort1 EJava is inten-e- for #lose- s*stems t"at "ave severe restri#tions on memor*1 MIPS :Million 4nstru#tions 2er Se#on-; %"e e.e#ution s!ee- of a #om!uter1 >or e.am!le, 1D MIPS is DEE,EEE instru#tions !er se#on-Q 0EE MIPS is a "un-re- million instru#tions !er se#on-1 MIPS was a !o!ular rating efore #om!uters rea#"e- giga"ert5 s!ee-s, ut MIPS rates were never uniform1 Some were est3#ase mi.es w"ile ot"ers were averages1 In a--ition, it takes more instru#tions in one ma#"ine to -o t"e same t"ing as anot"er :RISC vs1 CISC, mainframe vs1 PC;1 As a result, MIPS "as een #alle- OMisInformation to Promote SalesO as well as OMeaningless Inter!retation of Pro#essor S!ee-1O 'S& :e3tensi le St*les"eet 0anguage; A stan-ar- from t"e WBC for -es#ri ing a st*le s"eet for 'M& -o#uments1 It is t"e 'M& #ounter!art to t"e Cas#a-ing St*le S"eets :CSS; in $%M& an- is #om!ati le wit" CSS(1 'S& is ma-e u! of t"ree #om!onents= :0; 'S& %ransformations :'S&%; is t"e !ro#essing language for 'S&1 It is use- to #onvert 'M& -o#uments into $%M& or ot"er -o#ument t*!es an- ma* e use- in-e!en-entl* of 'S&1 :(; 'M& Pat" &anguage :'!at"; is use- to i-entif* an- sele#t tagge- elements wit"in an 'M& -o#ument, an- :B; 'S& >ormatting O ,e#ts :'S& >O; !rovi-es t"e format vo#a ular* 'S&% :e3tensi le St*les"eet 0anguage Transformation; Software t"at #onverts an 'M& -o#ument into anot"er format su#" as $%M&, PD> or te.t1 It ma* also e use- to #onvert one 'M& -o#ument to anot"er 'M& -o#ument wit" a -ifferent set of 'M& tags :-ifferent s#"ema;1 +B1)E% :7isual =asi# .!9T; An o ,e#t3oriente- !rogramming language from Mi#rosoft1 It is t"e 1)E% version of t"e +isual Basi# :+B; !rogramming language1 &ike all 1)E% languages, +B1)E% uses t"e Common &anguage Runtime :C&R; for !rogram e.e#ution1 +B1)E% is su stantiall* -ifferent from tra-itional +isual Basi#, w"i#" "as een t"e most !o!ular language for -evelo!ing Win-ows a!!li#ations ASP .!!li#ation Servi#e 2rovi-er; An organi5ation t"at "osts software a!!li#ations on its own servers wit"in its own fa#ilities1 Customers rent t"e use of t"e a!!li#ation an- a##ess it over t"e Internet or via a !rivate line #onne#tion1 Also #alle- a O#ommer#ial servi#e !rovi-er1O %"e We rowser, a#ting as a universal #lient interfa#e, "as fuele- t"is Oon3-emansoftwareO market1 ASP1)E%

ASP1)E%, also known as ASP6, is an en"an#e- version of ASP for t"e 1)E% !latform1 It su!!orts e.e#uta le !rograms #om!ile- from C7, C66 an- ot"er languages an- is not a#kwar- #om!ati le wit" regular ASP #o-e1 ASP1)E% !ages are alwa*s #om!ile- rat"er t"an inter!rete- as are ASP !ages ADO A.#tive' Data " ,e#ts; A !rogramming interfa#e from Mi#rosoft t"at is -esigne- as Ot"eO Mi#rosoft stan-ar- for -ata a##ess1 >irst use- wit" Internet Information Server, ADO is a set of COM o ,e#ts t"at !rovi-es an interfa#e to O&E DB1 %"e t"ree !rimar* o ,e#ts are Conne#tion, Comman- an- Re#or-set1 %"e Conne#tion o ,e#t esta lis"es a #onne#tion wit" a !arti#ular -ata ase management s*stem :DBMS; or ot"er -ata sour#e1 It #an also sen- a Kuer* to t"e -ata ase1 %"e Comman- o ,e#t is an alternate wa* of sen-ing a Kuer* to t"e -ata ase, an- t"e Re#or-set o ,e#t #ontains t"e resulting answer, w"i#" is a grou! of re#or-s ADO1)E% ADO1)E% is t"e 1)E% version of ADO, w"i#" is su stantiall* -ifferent from ADO1 It su!!orts 'M& -o#uments an- relies on 1)E% Data Provi-ers as an interfa#e la*er etween t"e a!!li#ation an- t"e -ata ases1

%ES%I)A WI)R@))ER Com!re"ensive automate- a!!li#ation testing software for Win-ows from Mer#ur* Intera#tive Cor!oration, Mountain +iew, CA :www1mer#ur*1#om<us;1 It lets users #om!are e.!e#te- an- a#tual out#omes an- !rovi-es wi5ar-s for automati#all* setting u! tests1 WinRunner also re#or-s user intera#tions an- turns t"em into a s#ri!t1

&OADR@))ER A loa- testing tool from Mer#ur* Intera#tive Cor!oration, Mountain +iew, CA :www1mer#3 int1#om;1 It simulates t"ousan-s of users intera#ting online in or-er to test "ow well a s*stem stan-s u! un-er a "eav* loa-1 C7 :C S"ar!; An o ,e#t3oriente- !rogramming language from Mi#rosoft an- ECMA t"at is ase- on C66 wit" elements from +isual Basi# an- Java1 &ike Java, C7 !rovi-es automati# gar age #olle#tion, w"ereas tra-itional C an- C66 -o not1 C7 was #reate- * Mi#rosoft analso stan-ar-i5e- * t"e Euro!ean Com!uter Manufa#turers Asso#iation :ECMA;1

Mi#rosoft -esigne- C7 as its flags"i! !rogramming language for t"e 1)E% environment1 SNS%EMS SO>%WARE C66 An o ,e#t3oriente- version of C t"at "as een wi-el* use- to -evelo! enter!rise an#ommer#ial a!!li#ations1 Create- * B,arne Stroustru!, C66 e#ame !o!ular e#ause it #om ine- tra-itional C !rogramming wit" o ,e#t3oriente- !rogramming :OOP; features1 Smalltalk an- ot"er OOP languages -i- not !rovi-e t"e familiar stru#tures of #onventional languages su#" as C an- Pas#al1 Mi#rosoftPs +isual C66 is t"e most wi-el* use- C66 language @)I' A multiuser, multitasking o!erating s*stem t"at is wi-el* use- as t"e master #ontrol !rogram in workstations an- servers1 %"e O!en Arou! "ol-s t"e tra-emark for t"e @)I' name :s!elle- in u!!er #ase; on e"alf of t"e in-ustr* an- !rovi-es #om!lian#e #ertifi#ation to t"e @)I' stan-ar&I)@' &inu. is t"e most !o!ular o!en sour#e o!erating s*stem1 Its sour#e #o-e is availa le free of #"argeQ "owever, for a fee, &inu. is -istri ute- wit" te#"ni#al su!!ort an- training from #ommer#ial ven-ors su#" as Re- $at Software :www1re-"at1#om; an- )ovell :www1novell1#om;1 A &inu. O-istri utionO is availa le as a -ownloa- or on CD or D+D me-ia, w"i#" ma* #om!rise from a "an-ful to several "un-re- a!!li#ations, tools anutilities1 Sour#e #o-e for t"e &inu. kernel as well as t"e au.iliar* !rograms ma* also e in#lu-eDSP Digital Signal 2ro#essing; A #ategor* of te#"niKues t"at anal*5e signals from sour#es su#" as soun-, weat"er satellites an- eart"Kuake monitors1 Signals are #onverte- into -igital -ata an- anal*5e- using various algorit"ms su#" as >ast >ourier %ransform1 :Digital Signal 2ro#essor; A s!e#ial3!ur!ose CP@ use- for -igital signal !ro#essing a!!li#ations :see -efinition 7( elow;1 It !rovi-es ultra3fast instru#tion seKuen#es, su#" as s"ift an- a--, an- multi!l* an- a--, w"i#" are #ommonl* use- in mat"3intensive signal !ro#essing1 DSP #"i!s are wi-el* use- in a m*ria- of -evi#es, in#lu-ing #ell!"ones, soun#ar-s, fa. ma#"ines, mo-ems, "ar- -isks an- -igital %+s1 %"e first DSP #"i! use- in a #ommer#ial !ro-u#t was elieve- to e in t"e ver* !o!ular S!eak 9 S!ell game, intro-u#e* %I in t"e late 0GFEs C&IIE)% SER+ER

COM )om!uter "ut!ut Mi#rofilm; Creating mi#rofilm or mi#rofi#"e from t"e #om!uter1 A COM ma#"ine re#eives !rint3image out!ut from t"e #om!uter eit"er online or via ta!e or -isk an#reates a film image of ea#" !age1 %"e lea-ing ven-or of COM ma#"ines is Ana#om!, In#1, San Diego, CA :www1ana#om!1#om;1 )om!uter "ut!ut Mi#rofilm; Creating mi#rofilm or mi#rofi#"e from t"e #om!uter1 A COM ma#"ine re#eives !rint3image out!ut from t"e #om!uter eit"er online or via ta!e or -isk an#reates a film image of ea#" !age1 %"e lea-ing ven-or of COM ma#"ines is Ana#om!, In#1, San Diego, CA :www1ana#om!1#om;1 DCOM Distri ute- )om!onent " ,e#t Mo-el; >ormerl* )etwork O&E, it is Mi#rosoftPs te#"nolog* for -istri ute- o ,e#ts1 DCOM is ase- on COM, Mi#rosoftPs #om!onent software ar#"ite#ture, w"i#" -efines t"e o ,e#t interfa#es1 DCOM -efines t"e remote !ro#e-ure #all t"at allows t"ose o ,e#ts to e run remotel* over t"e network1 DCOM egan s"i!!ing wit" Win-ows )% 21E an- is Mi#rosoftPs #ounter!art to CORBA1 DBMS :Data=ase Management S*stem; Software t"at #ontrols t"e organi5ation, storage, retrieval, se#urit* an- integrit* of -ata in a -ata ase1 It a##e!ts reKuests from t"e a!!li#ation aninstru#ts t"e o!erating s*stem to transfer t"e a!!ro!riate -ata1 %"e ma,or DBMS ven-ors are Ora#le, IBM, Mi#rosoft an- S* ase1 M*S4& is a ver* !o!ular o!en sour#e !ro-u#t ORAC&E :Ora#le Cor!oration, Re-woo- S"ores, CA, www1ora#le1#om; %"e worl-Ps largest -ata ase an- a!!li#ation software ven-or foun-e- in 0GFF * &arr* Ellison1 %"e Ora#le -ata ase was t"e first DBMS to in#or!orate t"e S4& language an- to e !orte- to a wi-e variet* of !latforms1 Ora#le also offers a variet* of -evelo!ment tools1 In t"e mi-30GGEs, Ora#le was a ma,or !romoter of t"e network #om!uter, forming su si-iar* )etwork Com!uter, In#1 to -efine t"e s!e#ifi#ations for t"e !latform1 After t"e turn of t"e #entur*, t"e #om!an* greatl* en"an#e- its a!!li#ation offerings * a#Kuiring Peo!leSoft in (EE2 an- Sie el S*stems in (EED S4& Stru#ture- <uer* 0anguage; Pronoun#e- OS343&O or Osee3Kuill,O a language use- to interrogate an- !ro#ess -ata in a relational -ata ase1 Originall* -evelo!e- * IBM for its mainframes, all -ata ase s*stems -esigne- for #lient<server environments su!!ort S4&1 S4& #omman-s #an e use- to intera#tivel* work wit" a -ata ase or #an e em e--ewit"in a !rogramming language to interfa#e to a -ata ase1 Programming e.tensions to S4& "ave turne- it into a full3 lown -ata ase !rogramming language, an- all ma,or -ata ase management s*stems :DBMSs; su!!ort t"e language1

SNBASE S* ase In#1, Du lin, CA, www1s* ase1#om; A software #om!an* foun-e- in 0GH2 t"at s!e#iali5es in enter!rise infrastru#ture an- integration of !latforms, -ata ases ana!!li#ations1 It was originall* known for its S4& Server relational DBMS, ut e.!an-e- its line in 0GGD w"en it a#Kuire- Powersoft, makers of t"e PowerBuil-er a!!li#ation -evelo!ment software1 S* ase !ro-u#t families in#lu-e -ata ases, -evelo!ment tools, integration mi--leware, enter!rise !ortals an- mo ile an- wireless servers1 EMBEDDED SNS%EMS R%OS :/ealTime "!erating S*stem; An o!erating s*stem -esigne- for use in a realtime #om!uter s*stem :R%Os; :/ealTime "!erations; Pro#e-ures wit"in an organi5ation t"at ena le information to e -istri ute- to all !arties in realtime1 It im!lies t"at -a*3to3-a* a#tivities are integratewit" e.isting information s*stems so t"at vital u!3to3-ate information is alwa*s availa le to management, em!lo*ees an- t"e !u li# as reKuire-1 +. WOR/S A !o!ular realtime o!erating s*stem for em e--e- s*stems from Win- River, Alame-a, CA :www1win-river1#om;1 It is use- to #ontrol a wi-e variet* of !ro-u#ts, in#lu-ing network antele#om -evi#es, test an- measurement eKui!ment, #om!uter !eri!"erals an- #onsumer !ro-u#ts1 It is also use- in t"e automotive an- aeros!a#e in-ustries for engine #ontrol anavioni#s1 Availa le for a large num er of CP@ t*!es, a!!li#ations are #reate- in WinRiverPs %orna-o -evelo!ment environment1

>IRMWARE A #ategor* of memor* #"i!s t"at "ol- t"eir #ontent wit"out ele#tri#al !ower1 >irmware in#lu-es flas", ROM, PROM, EPROM an- EEPROM te#"nologies1 W"en "ol-ing !rogram instru#tions, firmware #an e t"oug"t of as O"ar- software1O BIOS =asi# 4n!ut "ut!ut S*stem; An essential set of routines store- in a #"i! t"at !rovi-es an interfa#e etween t"e o!erating s*stem an- t"e "ar-ware in a PC1 %"e BIOS su!!orts all !eri!"eral te#"nologies in#lu-ing -rives as well as internal servi#es su#" as t"e realtime #lo#k :time an- -ate;1 BIOS settings are maintaine- in a tin* atter*3 a#ke- memor*

4)' A multiuser, multitasking, realtime o!erating s*stem for PCs from 4)' Software S*stems, &t-1, Ottawa, Ontario :www1Kn.1#om;, t"at is note- for its low3memor* reKuirement anra!i- res!onse1 Similar to @ni., it "as een in use sin#e t"e earl* 0GHEs

MPEA Moving 2i#tures 9.!erts @rou!; An ISO<I%@ stan-ar- for #om!ressing -igital vi-eo1 Pronoun#e- Oe$3!eg,O it is t"e universal stan-ar- for -igital terrestrial, #a le an- satellite %+, D+Ds an- -igital vi-eo re#or-ers :D+Rs;1 MPEA uses loss* #om!ression wit"in ea#" frame similar to JPEA, w"i#" means !i.els from t"e original images are !ermanentl* -is#ar-e-1 It also uses interframe #o-ing, w"i#" furt"er #om!resses t"e -ata * en#o-ing onl* t"e -ifferen#es etween !erio-i# frames1 MPEA !erforms t"e a#tual #om!ression using t"e -is#rete #osine transform :DC%; met"o-1 MPEA is an as*mmetri#al s*stem1 It takes longer to #om!ress t"e vi-eo t"an it -oes to -e#om!ress it in t"e D+D !la*er, PC, set3to! o. or -igital %+ set1 As a result, in t"e earl* -a*s, #om!ression was !erfome- onl* in t"e stu-io1 As #"i!s a-van#e- an- e#ame less #ostl*, t"e* ena le- -igital vi-eo re#or-ers, su#" as %ivos, to #onvert analog %+ to MPEA an- re#or- it on -isk in realtime1 JPEA :5oint 2"otogra!"i# 9.!erts @rou!; An ISO<I%@ stan-ar- for #om!ressing still images1 Pronoun#e- OCay3!eg,O t"e JPEA format is ver* !o!ular -ue to its varia le #om!ression range1 JPEAs are save- on a sli-ing resolution s#ale ase- on t"e Kualit* -esire-1 >or e.am!le, an image #an e save- in "ig" Kualit* for !"oto !rinting, in me-ium Kualit* for t"e We an- in low Kualit* for atta#"ing to e3mails, t"e latter !rovi-ing t"e smallest file si5e for fastest transmission over -ial3u! #onne#tions1 SE% %OP BO' %"e #a le %+ o. t"at Osits on to!O of t"e %+ set1 It -es#ram les t"e !remium #"annels an!rovi-es a tuner for t"e "ig"er #a le num ers t"at ver* ol- %+s -i- not su!!ort1 Originall* onl* analog, -igital set3to! o.es "ave e#ome wi-el* use- for -igital servi#es t"at offer an on3s#reen !rogram gui-e1 Digital set3to! o.es t"at !rovi-e "ig"3-efinition %+ :$D%+; are t"e latest version1 Wit" satellite %+, a -evi#e similar to t"e set3to! o. -e#o-es signals for viewing1 $owever, alt"oug" some #all it a Osatellite set3to! o.,O it is offi#iall* known as a Osatellite %+ re#eiver1O D+B

:Digital 7i-eo =roa-#asting; An international -igital television :D%+; stan-ar- t"at is t"e Euro!ean an- >ar Eastern #ounter!art of t"e )ort" Ameri#an A%SC stan-ar-1 A-ministere- * t"e D+B Pro,e#t wit"in t"e Euro!ean %ele#ommuni#ations Stan-ar-s Institute :E%SI;, D+B uses MPEA3( for vi-eo #om!ression an- MPEA3( an- Dol * Digital for au-io1 MICROPROCESSORS A #entral !ro#essing unit :CP@; #ontaine- wit"in a single #"i!1 %o-a*, all #om!uter CP@s are mi#ro!ro#essors1 %"e term originate- in t"e 0GFEs w"en CP@s u! until t"at time were all #om!rise- of several #"i!s1 %"us, w"en t"e entire CP@ :!ro#essor; was miniaturi5eonto a single #"i!, t"e term Omi#roO !ro#essor was #oine-1 Sin#e t"e turn of t"e #entur*, t"e semi#on-u#tor manufa#turing !ro#ess "as e#ome so so!"isti#ate- t"at not onl* one, ut two or more CP@s, are uilt on a single #"i! MICROCO)%RO&&ER A single #"i! t"at #ontains t"e !ro#essor :t"e CP@;, non3volatile memor* for t"e !rogram :ROM or flas";, volatile memor* for in!ut an- out!ut :RAM;, a #lo#k an- an I<O #ontrol unit1 Also #alle- a O#om!uter on a #"i!,O illions of mi#ro#ontroller units :MC@s; are em e--eea#" *ear in a m*ria- of !ro-u#ts from to*s to a!!lian#es to automo iles1 >or e.am!le, a single ve"i#le #an use FE or more mi#ro#ontrollers1 Mi#ro#ontrollers #ome in all si5es an- ar#"ite#tures, wit" t"e smaller, #ommo-it* #"i!s #osting as little as DE #ents in Kuantities of 0E,EEE1 ADA A "ig"3level !rogramming language -evelo!e- * t"e @1S1 De!artment of Defense along wit" t"e Euro!ean E#onomi# Communit* an- man* ot"er organi5ations1 It was -esigne- for em e--e- a!!li#ations an- !ro#ess #ontrol ut is also use- for logisti#s a!!li#ations1 A-a is a Pas#al3 ase- language t"at is ver* #om!re"ensive1 A-a was name- after Augusta A-a B*ron :0H0D30HD(;, Countess of &ovela#e an- -aug"ter of t"e !oet &or- B*ron an- mat"emati#ian Anna ella Mil anke B*ron1 A-a also e#ame a mat"emati#ian an- was t"e #olleague of C"arles Ba age, w"o was -evelo!ing "is Anal*ti#al Engine1 Some of "er !rogramming notes for t"e ma#"ine "ave survive-, giving "er t"e -istin#tion of eing t"e first -o#umente- !rogrammer in t"e worlMAI)>RAMES AS<2EE :.!!li#ation S*stem<2EE; %"e earlier generation an- original name of IBMPs iSeries an- iD families of mi-range usiness #om!uters1 Intro-u#e- in 0GHH, t"e AS<2EE evolve- into t"e iSeries in (EEE an- t"e iD in (EE21 W"en first intro-u#e-, t"e AS<2EE was #onsi-ere- a Omini#om!uter1O

OS<BGE %"e !rimar* o!erating s*stem use- in IBM mainframes1 OS<BGE was originall* t"e M+S<ESA o!erating s*stem rename- an- re!a#kage- in 0GGC wit" an e.tensive set of utilities1 Alt"oug" t"e name M+S is still use- to refer to t"e ase #ontrol !rogram of OS<BGE, en"an#ements in usa ilit* an- workloa- alan#ing "ave ma-e OS<BGE stan- a!art from its M+S "eritage1 OS<BGE is u!war- #om!ati le from M+S<ESA D1(1(, ut -ownwar#om!ati ilit* is not ensure-1 5<OS A mission #riti#al mainframe o!erating s*stem t"at e.ten-s OS<BGE to IBMPs 5Series eServers1 Alt"oug" in its first release t"ere are few fun#tional en"an#ements #om!are- to OS<BGE +ersion ( Release 0E, man* more are e.!e#te-1 5<OS, +ersion 0 Release 0 runs on AD an- AC Parallel Enter!rise Servers, Multi!rise BEEE Servers an- su!!orts C23 it real memor* a--ressing on t"e 5GEE :C23 it virtual storage is e.!e#te-;1 On t"e AD an- AC, 5<OS uses B03 it a--ressing an- is somew"at restri#te-1 W"en IBM intro-u#e- its 5Series HEE in (EE( for t"e mi-3si5e market, it intro-u#e- a lower3!ri#e- version of 5<OS known as O5<OS1e1O OS<2EE %"e o!erating s*stem for t"e iSeries famil* of mi-range #om!uters from IBM1 Intro-u#e- in 0GHH for t"e AS<2EE :rename- iSeries in (EEE;, t"e OS<2EE #ommuni#ates wit" t"e "ar-ware t"roug" t"e &i#ense- Internal Co-e :&IC; la*er, w"i#" in#lu-es t"e -evi#e -rivers1 In (EE2, OS<2EE was rename- iD<OS to #oin#i-e wit" t"e eServer iD mo-els intro-u#e- in t"at same *ear +A' :7irtual .--ress e3tension; A venera le famil* of B(3 it #om!uters from $P :via Digital anCom!aK; intro-u#e- in 0GFF wit" t"e +A'300<FHE1 +A' mo-els range- from -eskto! units to mainframes all running t"e same +MS o!erating s*stem, an- +A'es #oul- emulate PDP mo-els :DigitalPs first #om!uters;1 &arge +A' multi!ro#essing #lusters serve- t"ousan-s of users1 COBO& :)"mmon =usiness "riente- 0anguage; A "ig"3level !rogramming language t"at "as een t"e !rimar* usiness a!!li#ation language on mainframes an- minis1 It is a #om!ilelanguage an- was one of t"e first "ig"3level languages -evelo!e-1 Offi#iall* a-o!te- in 0GCE, COBO& stemme- from >&OWMA%IC, a language -evelo!e- in t"e mi-30GDEs * Ara#e Murra* $o!!er :later Rear A-miral $o!!er; for t"e @)I+AC I1 COBO& is a ver* wor-* language1 Alt"oug" mat"emati#al e.!ressions #an also e written like ot"er !rogramming languages :see e.am!le elow;, its ver ose mo-e is ver* rea-a le for a novi#e1 >or e.am!le, $ulti#ly hourly-rate :y hours-worked gi6ing gross-#ay is self3e.!lanator*

CICS :)ustomer 4nformation )ontrol S*stem; A %P monitor from IBM t"at was originall* -evelo!e- to !rovi-e transa#tion !ro#essing for IBM mainframes1 It #ontrols t"e intera#tion etween a!!li#ations an- users an- lets !rogrammers -evelo! s#reen -is!la*s wit"out -etaile- knowle-ge of t"e terminals use-1 It !rovi-es terminal routing, !asswor- se#urit*, transa#tion logging for error re#over* an- a#tivit* ,ournals for !erforman#e anal*sis1 CICS "as also een ma-e availa le on non3mainframe !latforms in#lu-ing t"e RS<CEEE, AS<2EE an- OS<(3 ase- PCs1 CICS #omman-s are written along wit" an- into t"e sour#e #o-e of t"e a!!li#ations, t*!i#all* COBO&, alt"oug" assem l* language, P&<I an- RPA are also use-1 CICS im!lements S)A la*ers 2, D an- C1 M+S :Multi!le 7irtual Storage; Intro-u#e- in 0GF2, t"e !rimar* o!erating s*stem use- wit" IBM mainframes :t"e ot"ers are +M an- DOS<+SE;1 M+S is a at#" !ro#essing3orienteo!erating s*stem t"at manages large amounts of memor* an- -isk s!a#e1 Online o!erations are !rovi-e- wit" CICS, %SO an- ot"er s*stem software1 DB( :DA%A=ASE (; A relational DBMS from IBM t"at was originall* -evelo!e- for its mainframes1 It is a full3feature- S4& language DBMS t"at "as e#ome IBMPs ma,or -ata ase !ro-u#t1 /nown for its in-ustrial strengt" relia ilit*, IBM "as ma-e DB<( availa le for all of its own !latforms, in#lu-ing OS<(, OS<2EE, AI' :RS<CEEE; an- OS<BGE, as well as for Solaris on Sun s*stems an- $P3@' on $P GEEE workstations an- servers

IDMS' :4ntegrate- Data Management S*stem E3ten-e-; A -ata ase management s*stem :DBMS; from >u,itsu Servi#es, formerl* IC&, t"at is wi-el* use- on its +ME mainframes1 It su!!orts ,ournaling, re#over* an- lo#king o!tions1 A single IDMS' -ata ase #an #ontain u! to a tera *te of -ata IMS 4nformation Management S*stem; An earl* IBM "ierar#"i#al DBMS for IBM mainframes1 IMS was wi-el* im!lemente- t"roug"out t"e 0GFEs un-er M+S an- #ontinues to e useun-er 5<OS1 IMS<DB :IMS<DataBase; is t"e a#k en- -ata ase !art, an- eit"er IMS<%M :IMS<%ransa#tion Manager; or CICS !rovi-es t"e front en- online intera#tion1

IMS<%M, formerl* IMS<DC :IMS<Data Communi#ations;, runs ea#" transa#tion in its own a--ress s!a#e an- allows for more !re#ise tuning t"an CICS, w"i#" runs all transa#tions in a region1 IMS<%M is also use- to a##ess DB( -ata ases, an- Java a!!li#ations #an a##ess IMS -ata ases %A)DEM :%an-em Com!uters In#1, Cu!ertino, CA; A former ma,or manufa#turer of fault3tolerant #om!uters foun-e- in 0GF2 * James %re* ig an- !rovi-er of t"e earl* (0st #entur* te#"nolog* for $PPs enter!rise #om!uting strateg*1 %an-em was t"e first #om!an* to a--ress t"e transa#tion !ro#essing :O&%P; market for online reservations an- finan#ial transfers * !rovi-ing #om!uters -esigne- from t"e groun- u! for fault3tolerant o!eration1 %"ese #om!uters are use- in all t"e ma,or anks, sto#k e.#"anges, #re-it #ar- #om!anies an- A%M ma#"ines in t"e worl-1 %an-emPs most signifi#ant !ro-u#t was its MIPS3 ase- $imala*a series w"i#" ran t"e )onSto! /ernel o!erating s*stem, #om!ati le wit" %an-emPs Auar-ian OS1 %"is !latform lives on in t"e )onSto! S3series servers from $P, w"i#" a#Kuire- %an-emPs te#"nolog* via Com!aK in (EE(1 Com!aK "a- !ur#"ase- %an-em in 0GGF '!e-itor A famil* of mainframe testing !rograms from Com!uware1 It !rovi-es t"e !rogrammer wit" an assortment of -e ugging tools for %SO, IMS an- ot"er mainframe a!!li#ations RPA /e!ort 2rogram @enerator; One of t"e first !rogram generators -esigne- for usiness re!orts, intro-u#e- in 0GC2 * IBM1 In 0GFE, RPA II a--e- en"an#ements t"at ma-e it a mainsta* !rogramming language for usiness a!!li#ations on IBMPs S*stem<B. mi-range #om!uters1 RPA III an- RPA I+ a--e- more en"an#ements an- "ave een wi-el* use- on t"e AS<2EE1 RPA&E a--e- t"e OIntegrate- &anguage Environment :I&E;,O w"i#" ena les C, Java an- ot"er mo-ules to e integrate- into t"e !rogram1 @ntil RPA&E, all !ro#essing statements were written in stri#t #olumnar format1 %"e following RPA&E e.am!le #"anges >a"ren"eit to Celsius1 %"e A lines are Data Des#ri!tion S!e#s :DDS; #o-e1 %"e* -efine a -is!la* file an- are #om!ile- se!aratel* )E%WOR/I)A WI)DOWS )% :Win-ows !ew Te#"nolog*; A B(3 it o!erating s*stem from Mi#rosoft for Intel .HC CP@s1 )% is t"e #ore te#"nolog* in Win-ows (EEE an- Win-ows 'P :see Win-ows;1 Availa le in se!arate #lient an- server versions, it in#lu-es uilt3in networking an- !reem!tive multitasking1 Win-ows )% was intro-u#e- in 0GGB as +ersion B10 wit" t"e same user interfa#e as Win-ows B101 In 0GGC, +ersion 21E swit#"e- to t"e Win-ows GD -eskto! an#"ange- some of t"e -ialogs

%CP<IP :Transmission )ontrol 2roto#ol<4nternet 2roto#ol; A #ommuni#ations !roto#ol -evelo!eun-er #ontra#t from t"e @1S1 De!artment of Defense to internetwork -issimilar s*stems1 Invente- * +inton Cerf an- Bo /a"n, t"is -e fa#to @ni. stan-ar- is t"e !roto#ol of t"e Internet an- t"e glo al stan-ar- for #ommuni#ations1 SP' :SeKuen#e- 2a#ket E3#"ange; %"e trans!ort la*er !roto#ol in t"e )etWare o!erating s*stem1 Similar to t"e %CP la*er in %CP<IP, it ensures t"at t"e entire message arrives inta#t1 SP' uses )etWarePs IP' as its -eliver* me#"anism1 A!!li#ation !rograms use SP' to !rovi-e #lient<server an- !eer3to3!eer intera#tion etween network no-es S)MP :Sim!le !etwork Management 2roto#ol; A wi-el* use- network monitoring an- #ontrol !roto#ol1 Data are !asse- from S)MP agents, w"i#" are "ar-ware an-<or software !ro#esses re!orting a#tivit* in ea#" network -evi#e :"u , router, ri-ge, et#1; to t"e workstation #onsole use- to oversee t"e network1 %"e agents return information #ontainein a MIB :Management Information Base;, w"i#" is a -ata stru#ture t"at -efines w"at is o taina le from t"e -evi#e an- w"at #an e #ontrolle- :turne- off, on, et#1;1 Originating in t"e @ni. #ommunit*, S)MP "as e#ome wi-el* use- on all ma,or !latforms1 CMIP :)ommon Management 4nformation 2roto#ol; Pronoun#e- Oc3mi!1O A network monitoring an- #ontrol stan-ar- from ISO1 CMO% :CMIP over %CP; is a version t"at runs on %CP<IP networks, an- CMO& :CMIP over &&C; runs on IEEE HE( &A)s :Et"ernet, %oken Ring, et#1;1 )MS Also known as )MS, it is an S)MP3 ase- network management software from )ovell for monitoring an- #ontrolling )etWare networks1 )MS was su!erse-e- * ManageWise1 &A) :0o#al .rea !etwork; A #ommuni#ations network t"at serves users wit"in a #onfinegeogra!"i#al area1 %"e O#lientsO are t"e userPs workstations t*!i#all* running Win-ows, alt"oug" Ma# an- &inu. #lients are also use-1 %"e OserversO "ol- !rograms an- -ata t"at are s"are- * t"e #lients1 Servers #ome in a wi-e range of si5es from Intel3 ase- servers to mainframes1 Printers #an also e #onne#te- to t"e network an- s"areWA)

:%i-e .rea !etwork; A long3-istan#e #ommuni#ations network t"at #overs a wi-e geogra!"i# area, su#" as a state or #ountr*1 %"e tele!"one #om!anies -e!lo* WA)s to servi#e large regional areas or t"e entire nation1 &arge enter!rises "ave t"eir own !rivate WA)s to link remote offi#es, or t"e* use t"e Internet for #onne#tivit*1 %"e Internet, of #ourse, is t"e worl-Ps largest WA)1 A%M .s*n#"ronous Transfer Mo-e; A network te#"nolog* for ot" lo#al an- wi-e area networks :&A)s an- WA)s; t"at su!!orts realtime voi#e an- vi-eo as well as -ata1 %"e to!olog* uses swit#"es t"at esta lis" a logi#al #ir#uit from en- to en-, w"i#" guarantees Kualit* of servi#e :4oS;1 $owever, unlike tele!"one swit#"es t"at -e-i#ate #ir#uits en- to en-, unuse- an-wi-t" in A%MPs logi#al #ir#uits #an e a!!ro!riate- w"en nee-e-1 >or e.am!le, i-le an-wi-t" in a vi-eo#onferen#e #ir#uit #an e use- to transfer -ata1 A%M is wi-el* use- as a a#k one te#"nolog* in #arrier networks an- large enter!rises, ut never e#ame !o!ular as a lo#al network :&A); to!olog* :see elow;1 A%M is "ig"l* s#ala le an- su!!orts transmission s!ee-s of 01D, (D, 0EE, 0DD, C((, (2HH an- GGDB M !s1 A%M is also running as slow as G1C / !s etween s"i!s at sea1 An A%M swit#" #an e a--e- into t"e mi--le of a swit#" fa ri# to en"an#e total #a!a#it*, an- t"e new swit#" is automati#all* u!-ate- using A%MPs P))I routing !roto#ol1 MP&S :Multi2roto#ol 0a el Swit#"ing; A stan-ar- from t"e IE%> for in#lu-ing routing information in t"e !a#kets of an IP network1 MP&S is use- to ensure t"at all !a#kets in a !arti#ular flow take t"e same route over a a#k one1 De!lo*e- * man* tel#os an- servi#e !rovi-ers, MP&S #an -eliver t"e Kualit* of servi#e :4oS; reKuire- to su!!ort realtime voi#e an- vi-eo as well as servi#e level agreements :S&As; t"at guarantee an-wi-t"1 &arge enter!rises ma* also use MP&S in t"eir national networks1 Similar to Cis#oPs tag swit#"ing, an MP&S router atta#"es la els :tags; #ontaining forwar-ing information to outgoing IP !a#kets1 %"ese Ola el e-ge routersO :&ERs; sit at t"e e-ge of t"e network an- !erform t"e #om!le. !a#ket anal*sis an- #lassifi#ation efore t"e !a#ket enters t"e #ore of t"e network1 %"e routers wit"in t"e #ore, known as Ola el swit#" routersO :&SRs;, Kui#kl* e.amine t"e la el an- forwar- t"e !a#ket !er its -ire#tions wit"out "aving to look u! -ata in ta les an- #om!ute t"e forwar-ing !at" ea#" time1 %"e e-ge routers at t"e re#eiving en- remove t"e la els1 ISD) :4ntegrate- Servi#es Digital !etwork; An international stan-ar- for swit#"e-, -igital -ial3u! tele!"one servi#e for voi#e an- -ata1 Analog tele!"ones an- fa. ma#"ines are use- over ISD) lines, ut t"eir signals are #onverte- into -igital * t"e ISD) terminal a-a!ter :see elow;1 Alt"oug" announ#e- in t"e earl* 0GHEs, it took more t"an a -e#a-e efore ISD) e#ame wi-el* availa le1 It en,o*e- a surge of growt" in t"e earl* -a*s of t"e Internet, e#ause it !rovi-e- t"e onl* "ig"er3s!ee- alternative to analog mo-ems in man* areas1 Still working

in man* e"in-3t"e3s#enes a!!li#ations, ISD) is rarel* use- for Internet a##ess1 BAP =or-er @atewa* 2roto#ol; A routing !roto#ol t"at is use- to s!an autonomous s*stems on t"e Internet1 It is a ro ust, so!"isti#ate- an- s#ala le !roto#ol t"at was -evelo!e- * t"e Internet Engineering %ask >or#e :IE%>;1 BAP2 su!!orts t"e CIDR a--ressing s#"eme, w"i#" "as in#rease- t"e num er of availa le IP a--resses on t"e Internet1 BAP was -esigne- to su!erse-e EAP, t"e original e.terior gatewa* !roto#ol1 It is also known as a !at" ve#tor !roto#ol R%P :/a!i- Trans!ort 2roto#ol; %"e !roto#ol use- in IBMPs $ig" Performan#e Routing :$PR; s*stem1 :/ealtime Trans!ort 2roto#ol; An IP !roto#ol t"at su!!orts realtime transmission of voi#e an- vi-eo1 It is wi-el* use- for IP tele!"on* an- au-io an- vi-eo streaming1 An R%P !a#ket ri-es on to! of @DP, t"e non3relia le #ounter!art of %CP, an- in#lu-es timestam!ing ans*n#"roni5ation information in its "ea-er for !ro!er reassem l* at t"e re#eiving en-1 Se#ure R%P :SR%P; is a version of R%P t"at !rovi-es #onfi-entialit* an- message aut"enti#ation1 R%CP A/ealti$e )ontrol 2rotocolB R%CP is a #om!anion !roto#ol to R%P t"at is use- to maintain 4oS1 R%P no-es anal*5e network #on-itions an- !erio-i#all* sen- ea#" ot"er R%CP !a#kets t"at re!ort on network #ongestion1 R%SP /ealti$e Strea$ing 2rotocolB R%SP is use- to #ontrol an R%P session at t"e a!!li#ation la*er1 It ena les fun#tions su#" as !ause, rewin- an- fast forwar- to e !rovi-e- in t"e userPs #lient software1 RIP :/aster 4mage 2ro#essor; %"e "ar-ware an-<or software t"at rasteri5es an image for -is!la* or !rinting1 RIPs are -esigne- to rasteri5e a s!e#ifi# t*!e of -ata, su#" as PostS#ri!t1 As -eskto! #om!uters e#ame more !owerful, software RIPs e#ame more a!!ealing t"an s!e#iali5e- "ar-ware RIPs1 Software #an e u!gra-e- more easil*, an- t"e o!eration is alwa*s s!ee-e- u! * installing a faster CP@1 :/outing 4nformation 2roto#ol; A sim!le routing !roto#ol t"at is !art of t"e %CP<IP !roto#ol suite1 It -etermines a route ase- on t"e smallest "o! #ount etween sour#e an-estination1 RIP is a -istan#e ve#tor !roto#ol t"at routinel* roa-#asts routing information

to its neig" oring routers an- is known to waste an-wi-t"1 It also "as a limit of 0D "o!s1 If a route is a-vertise- as "aving 0C "o!s, it is flagge- as unrea#"a le1 A!!le%alk, DECnet, %CP<IP, )etWare an- +I)ES all use in#om!ati le versions of RIP1 :/emote 4maging 2roto#ol; An earlier gra!"i#s format from %eleArafi. Communi#ations, -esigne- for transmitting gra!"i#s over low3s!ee- lines1 @sing a #ommuni#ations !rogram t"at su!!orte- RIP ena le- gra!"i#al interfa#es to e use- on a BBS wit" res!e#ta le !erforman#e via mo-em1 IPvC :4nternet 2roto#ol 7ersion 8; %"e ne.t generation IP !roto#ol1 Starte- in 0GG0, t"e s!e#ifi#ation was #om!lete- in 0GGF * t"e Internet Engineering %ask >or#e :IE%>;1 IPvC is a#kwar- #om!ati le wit" an- is -esigne- to fi. t"e s"ort#omings of IPv2, su#" as -ata se#urit* an- ma.imum num er of user a--resses1 IPvC in#reases t"e a--ress s!a#e from B( to 0(H its, !rovi-ing for an unlimite- :for all intents an- !ur!oses; num er of networks an- s*stems1 It also su!!orts Kualit* of servi#e :4oS; !arameters for realtime au-io an- vi-eo1 Originall* #alle- OIP )e.t AenerationO :IPng;, IPvC is e.!e#te- to slowl* re!la#e IPv2, wit" t"e two e.isting si-e * si-e for man* *ears1 IPvC was offi#iall* -e!lo*e- in Jul* (EE2 w"en ICA)) a--e- IPvC re#or-s to its D)S root server for t"e 1,! :Ja!an; an- 1kr :/orea; #ountr* #o-es1 SO)E% :S*n#"ronous "!ti#al !9Twork; A fi er3o!ti# transmission s*stem for "ig"3s!ee- -igital traffi#1 Em!lo*e- * tele!"one #om!anies an- #ommon #arriers, s!ee-s range from D0 M !s to 2E A !s1 SO)E% is an intelligent s*stem t"at !rovi-es a-van#e- network management an- a stan-ar- o!ti#al interfa#e1 S!e#ifie- in t"e Broa- an- ISD) :B3ISD); stan-ar-, SO)E% a#k ones are wi-el* use- to aggregate %0 an- %B lines1 %"e Euro!ean #ounter!art to SO)E% is t"e S*n#"ronous Digital $ierar#"*, an- t"e term OSO)E%<SD$O is wi-el* usew"en referring to SO)E

ERP < SAP

9nter!rise /esour#e 2lanning; An integrate- information s*stem t"at serves all -e!artments wit"in an enter!rise1 Evolving out of t"e manufa#turing in-ustr*, ERP im!lies t"e use of !a#kage- software rat"er t"an !ro!rietar* software written * or for one #ustomer1 ERP mo-ules ma* e a le to interfa#e wit" an organi5ationPs own software wit" var*ing -egrees of effort, an-, -e!en-ing on t"e software, ERP mo-ules ma* e altera le via t"e ven-orPs !ro!rietar* tools as well as !ro!rietar* or stan-ar- !rogramming languages1

Peo!leSoft $RMS :Peo!leSoft, In#1, Pleasanton, CA, www1!eo!lesoft1#om; A software #om!an* t"at s!e#iali5es in enter!rise3wi-e a!!li#ations for #lient<server environments1 Initiall* s!e#iali5ing in "uman resour#es, its !a#kage offerings to-a* #over t"e gamut in#lu-ing finan#ial, -istri ution, manufa#turing an- su!!l* #"ain, !lus numerous verti#al markets1 All ma,or -ata ases are su!!orte-1 Its !ro-u#ts are known for t"eir mo-ularit* as well as t"eir ease of mo-ifi#ation an- #ustomi5ation using t"e Peo!le%ools -evelo!ment s*stem1 %E&ECOM ASM :@lo al S*stem for Mo ile Communi#ations; A -igital #ellular !"one te#"nolog* ase- on %DMA t"at is t"e !re-ominant s*stem in Euro!e, ut also use- worl-wi-e1 Develo!e- in t"e 0GHEs, ASM was first -e!lo*e- in seven Euro!ean #ountries in 0GG(1 It o!erates in t"e GEEM$5 an- 01HA$5 an-s in Euro!e an- t"e 01GA$5 PCS an- in t"e @1S1 Base- on a #ir#uit3swit#"e- s*stem t"at -ivi-es ea#" (EE k$5 #"annel into eig"t (D k$5 time slots, ASM -efines t"e entire #ellular s*stem, not ,ust t"e %DMA air interfa#e1 APRS @eneral 2a#ket /a-io Servi#e; An en"an#ement to t"e ASM mo ile #ommuni#ations s*stem t"at su!!orts -ata !a#kets1 APRS ena les #ontinuous flows of IP -ata !a#kets over t"e s*stem for su#" a!!li#ations as We rowsing an- file transfer1 APRS -iffers from ASMPs s"ort messaging servi#e :ASM3SMS; w"i#" is limite- to messages of 0CE *tes in lengt"1 See ASM1 BA :3r- @eneration; %"e #urrent generation of -ata transmission over a #ellular network1 In CDMA networks su#" as +eri5on Wireless an- S!rint, E+3DO is t"e BA servi#e1 Cingular an- ot"er %DMA3 ase- networks su!!ort t"e @M%S te#"nolog* for BA, an- APRS is t"e BA -ata servi#e for +o-a!"one an- ot"er ASM #arriers1 @M%S :Universal Mo ile Tele#ommuni#ations S*stem; %"e Euro!ean im!lementation of t"e BA wireless !"one s*stem1 @M%S, w"i#" is !art of IM%3(EEE, !rovi-es servi#e in t"e (A$5 an- an- offers glo al roaming an- !ersonali5e- features1 Designe- as an evolutionar* s*stem for ASM network o!erators, multime-ia -ata rates u! to ( M !s are e.!e#te- using WCDMA1 In t"e interim, APRS an- EDAE are (1DA te#"nologies t"at s!ee- u! wireless -ata for ASM users1 DSP :Digital Signal 2ro#essor; A s!e#ial3!ur!ose CP@ use- for -igital signal !ro#essing a!!li#ations :see -efinition 7( elow;1 It !rovi-es ultra3fast instru#tion seKuen#es, su#" as s"ift an- a--, an- multi!l* an- a--, w"i#" are #ommonl* use- in mat"3intensive signal

!ro#essing1 DSP #"i!s are wi-el* use- in a m*ria- of -evi#es, in#lu-ing #ell!"ones, soun#ar-s, fa. ma#"ines, mo-ems, "ar- -isks an- -igital %+s1 %"e first DSP #"i! use- in a #ommer#ial !ro-u#t was elieve- to e in t"e ver* !o!ular S!eak 9 S!ell game %DMA ATime Division Multi!le .##ess; A satellite an- #ellular !"one te#"nolog* t"at interleaves multi!le -igital signals onto a single "ig"3s!ee- #"annel1 >or #ellular, %DMA tri!les t"e #a!a#it* of t"e original analog met"o- :>DMA;1 It -ivi-es ea#" #"annel into t"ree su #"annels !rovi-ing servi#e to t"ree users instea- of one1 %"e ASM #ellular s*stem is also ase- on %DMA, ut ASM -efines t"e entire network, not ,ust t"e air interfa#e1 CDMA :)o-e Division Multi!le .##ess; A met"o- for transmitting simultaneous signals over a s"are- !ortion of t"e s!e#trum1 %"e foremost a!!li#ation of CDMA is t"e -igital #ellular !"one te#"nolog* from 4@A&COMM t"at o!erates in t"e HEEM$5 an- an- 01GA$5 PCS an-1 CDMA !"ones are note- for t"eir #all Kualit*1 WAP %ireless .!!li#ation 2roto#ol; A stan-ar- for !rovi-ing #ellular !"ones, !agers an- ot"er "an-"el- -evi#es wit" se#ure a##ess to e3mail an- te.t3 ase- We !ages1 Intro-u#e- in 0GGF * P"one1#om :later O!enwave S*stems;, Eri#sson, Motorola an- )okia, WAP !rovi-es a #om!lete environment for wireless a!!li#ations t"at in#lu-es a wireless #ounter!art of %CP<IP an- a framework for tele!"on* integration su#" as #all #ontrol an!"one ook a##ess1 SSF :Signaling S*stem ;; %"e !roto#ol use- in t"e !u li# swit#"e- tele!"one s*stem :t"e Ointelligent networkO or Oa-van#e- intelligent networkO; for setting u! #alls an- !rovi-ing servi#es1 SSF is a se!arate signaling network t"at is use- in Class 2 an- Class D voi#e swit#"es1 +oIP :7oi#e "ver 42; A tele!"one servi#e t"at uses t"e Internet as a glo al tele!"one network1 Man* #om!anies, in#lu-ing +onage, H.H an- A%9% :Call+antage;, t*!i#all* offer #alling wit"in t"e #ountr* for a fi.e- fee an- a low !er3minute #"arge for international1 Broa- anInternet a##ess :#a le or DS&; is reKuire-, an- regular "ouse !"ones !lug into an analog tele!"one a-a!ter :A%A; !rovi-e- * t"e #om!an* or !ur#"ase- from a t"ir- !art*1 SIA%RA) :S4@naling T/.! s!ort; An IP tele!"on* !roto#ol from t"e IE%> t"at is use- to transfer SSF signals over IP networks1 %"e tel#o swit#" sen-s SSF signals to a signaling gatewa* :SA;

t"at #onverts t"em into SIA%RA) !a#kets, w"i#" travel over IP to t"e ne.t signaling gatewa* or to a softswit#" if t"e -estination is not anot"er PS%)1 SIA%RA) uses t"e Stream Control %ransmission Proto#ol :SC%P; for relia le trans!ort1 See IP tele!"on* anSC%P1 MACP<MEAACO :Me-ia @atewa* )ontrol 2roto#ol<M9-ia @.tewa* )"ntroller; An IP tele!"on* signaling !roto#ol from t"e IE%>1 MACP was t"e original !roto#ol, w"i#" evolve- into MEAACO1 Bot" !roto#ols are -esigne- for im!lementation in IP !"ones t"at are lower #ost t"an SIP or $1B(B !"ones1 MACP<MEAACO reKuires t"e use of softswit#"es for #all #ontrol anmore resem les t"e tele!"on* mo-el of t"e #ir#uit3swit#"e- PS%) t"an -o SIP an- $1B(B1 %"e softswit#" is aware of t"e entire #all t"roug"out its -uration :it manages state; anena les o!erator intervention like t"e PS%)1 MCAP<MEAACO is a #om ination of t"e SACP an- IPCD !roto#ols, an- man* -evi#es t"at im!lement MACP<MEAACO also su!!ort SIP an-<or $1B(B1 SIP :Session 4nitiation 2roto#ol; An IP tele!"on* signaling !roto#ol -evelo!e- * t"e IE%>1 Primaril* use- for voi#e over IP :+oIP; #alls, SIP #an also e use- for vi-eo or an* me-ia t*!eQ for e.am!le, SIP "as een use- to set u! multi3!la*er 4uake games1 Wit" SIMP&E e.tensions for IM an- !resen#e, SIP is also use- for instant messaging $1B(B An I%@ stan-ar- for realtime voi#e an- vi-eo#onferen#ing over !a#ket networks, in#lu-ing &A)s, WA)s an- t"e Internet1 Alt"oug" $1B(B is a ver* #om!re"ensive stan-ar- t"at su!!orts voi#e, vi-eo, -ata, a!!li#ation s"aring an- w"ite oar-ing, t"e !arts relating to au-io !roto#ols "ave een wi-el* use- for IP tele!"on* a!!li#ations1

%M) :Tele#ommuni#ations Management !etwork; A set of international stan-ar-s for network management from t"e I%@1 It is use- * large #arriers su#" as S!rint, MCI Worl-Com anA%9%1 Bluetoot" A wireless !ersonal area network :WPA); te#"nolog* from t"e Bluetoot" S!e#ial Interest Arou! :www1 luetoot"1#om; foun-e- in 0GGH * Eri#sson, IBM, Intel, )okia an- %os"i a1 Bluetoot" is an o!en stan-ar- for s"ort3range transmission of -igital voi#e an- -ata t"at su!!orts !oint3to3!oint an- multi!oint a!!li#ations1 Some of t"e first Bluetoot" a!!li#ations "ave een for #ell!"ones, !rovi-ing a wireless #onne#tion to a "ea-set an- to an automo ilePs au-io s*stem for "an-s3free o!eration Jini

Pronoun#e- Ogee3nee1O A Java3 ase- -istri ute- #om!uting environment from Sun in w"i#" -evi#es #an e !lugge- into t"e network an- automati#all* offer t"eir servi#es anmake use of ot"er servi#es on t"e network1 Jini #reates a Onetwork -ialtoneO allowing, for e.am!le, an* PDA or la!to! to e !lugge- in an- imme-iatel* e a le to use !rinters anot"er resour#es1 It turns O!eri!"erals into servi#es,O so t"at w"en a -isk -rive is !lugge- in, it e#omes a storage servi#e rat"er t"an ,ust anot"er -isk -rive

C, @)I' &inu. A ver* !o!ular version of t"e @ni. o!erating s*stem t"at runs on a variet* of "ar-ware !latforms in#lu-ing .HC, Itanium, PowerPC an- IBMPs entire !ro-u#t line1 &inu. is wi-el* use- as a server OS an- is gaining groun- in t"e -eskto! market1 Win-ows )% :Win-ows !ew Te#"nolog*; A B(3 it o!erating s*stem from Mi#rosoft for Intel .HC CP@s1 )% is t"e #ore te#"nolog* in Win-ows (EEE an- Win-ows 'P :see Win-ows;1 Availa le in se!arate #lient an- server versions, it in#lu-es uilt3in networking an- !reem!tive multitasking1 Win-ows )% was intro-u#e- in 0GGB as +ersion B10 wit" t"e same user interfa#e as Win-ows B101 In 0GGC, +ersion 21E swit#"e- to t"e Win-ows GD -eskto! an#"ange- some of t"e -ialogs :see ta le elow;1 +MS :7irtual Memor* S*stem; A multiuser, multitasking, virtual memor* o!erating s*stem for t"e +A' series from Digital1 +MS a!!li#ations run on an* +A' from t"e Mi#ro+A' to t"e largest unit1 kernel %"e fun-amental !art of a !rogram, t*!i#all* an o!erating s*stem, t"at resi-es in memor* at all times an- !rovi-es t"e asi# servi#es1 It is t"e !art of t"e o!erating s*stem t"at is #losest to t"e ma#"ine an- ma* a#tivate t"e "ar-ware -ire#tl* or interfa#e to anot"er software la*er t"at -rives t"e "ar-ware %#l<%k :Tool )omman- 0anguage<ToolKit; Pronoun#e- Oti#kleO or Oti#klet,O it is an inter!retes#ri!t language t"at is use- to -evelo! a variet* of a!!li#ations, in#lu-ing A@Is, !rotot*!es an- CAI s#ri!ts1 Create- for t"e @ni. !latform * Jo"n Ouster"out along wit" stu-ents at t"e @niversit* of California at Berkele*, it was later !orte- to PCs an- Ma#s1 Safe3%#l is an en"an#e- %#l inter!reter t"at !rovi-es a se#ure, virus free environment1 %#l also !rovi-es an interfa#e into #om!ile- a!!li#ations :C, C66, et#1;1 %"e a!!li#ation is #om!ile- wit" %#l fun#tions, w"i#" !rovi-e a i3-ire#tional !at" etween %#l s#ri!ts an- t"e e.e#uta le !rograms1 %#l !rovi-es a wa* to OglueO !rogram mo-ules toget"er1 %"e %k !art

of %#l<%k is t"e A@I toolkit, w"i#" is use- to #reate gra!"i#al user interfa#es1 Ot"er languages, in#lu-ing Perl, P*t"on an- S#"eme, "ave in#or!orate- %k as well1 multit"rea-ing Multitasking wit"in a single !rogram1 It allows multi!le streams of e.e#ution to take !la#e #on#urrentl* wit"in t"e same !rogram, ea#" stream !ro#essing a -ifferent transa#tion or message1 In or-er for a multit"rea-e- !rogram to a#"ieve true !erforman#e gains, it must e run in a multitasking or multi!ro#essing environment, w"i#" allows multi!le o!erations to take !la#e1 storage -evi#e A !eri!"eral unit t"at "ol-s -ata su#" as -isk, ta!e or flas" memor* #ar-1 >or a summar* of all storage te#"nologies, iSCSI :4nternet S)S4; A !roto#ol t"at seriali5es SCSI #omman-s an- #onverts t"em to %CP<IP SA) :Storage .rea !etwork; A network of storage -isks1 In large enter!rises, a SA) #onne#ts multi!le servers to a #entrali5e- !ool of -isk storage1 Com!are- to managing "un-re-s of servers, ea#" wit" t"eir own -isks, SA)s im!rove s*stem a-ministration1 B* treating all t"e #om!an*Ps storage as a single resour#e, -isk maintenan#e an- routine a#ku!s are easier to s#"e-ule an- #ontrol1 In some SA)s, t"e -isks t"emselves #an #o!* -ata to ot"er -isks for a#ku! wit"out an* !ro#essing over"ea- at t"e "ost RAID :/e-un-ant .rra* of 4n-e!en-ent Disks; A -isk su s*stem t"at is use- to in#rease !erforman#e or !rovi-e fault toleran#e or ot"1 RAID uses two or more or-inar* "ar- -isks an- a RAID -isk #ontroller1 In t"e !ast, RAID "as also een im!lemente- via software onl*1 )AS :!etwork .tta#"e- Storage; A s!e#iali5e- file server t"at #onne#ts to t"e network1 A )AS -evi#e #ontains a slimme-3-own o!erating s*stem an- a file s*stem an- !ro#esses onl* I<O reKuests * su!!orting t"e !o!ular file s"aring !roto#ols, !rimaril* CI>S for Win-ows an- )>S for @ni.1