FULLERENE

FULLERENE
writer

HISTORY
The discovery of fullerenes

FULLERENE (the source is from a book called the Accidental Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene written by im !a""ott # In the end of 1960s, astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology started to
tell people about the extraordinary story of human origins and evolution of the universe. In 1975, a young lecturer arry !roto, "epartment of chemistry, of is #niversity of $ussex became interested in the problem interstellar molecules. %nd his colleague "avid &alton an expert in chemical synthesis, 'ho developed a excellent molecules. method $o, of !roto preparation and of long chain to &alton decided

cooperate.&alton designed a preparation method of (yano diacetylene) (5*+, !roto is responsible for researching the micro'ave spectrum, they 'ant to get molecules) (1*+ in the interstellar medium 5 years ago, then 'ill there be a accurately, follo'ed by (7*, a ( 5*2 /hey trac. the degree in chemistry from the sub,ect. -rom this 'or., !roto associate that /ena found 0ropiolic cyanide eller 3 nebula of /aurus, signal detected at the %lgon4uian par.er observatory confirmed their suppose (9*5s ,oining in the ran.s of interstellar molecules. 6n the other hand, uffman 'as in the exploration of 'hat roles interstellar dust plays in spectroscopy by experiments, and 'as 4uite interested in particles that astronomers found 'hen he 'as an assistant of the #niversity of %ri7ona. e thought that the 9.7mm absorption band 'as caused by silicate particles, 'hile the 317nm uffman and !ratschmer bombard the 0eridot 'ith absorption band 'as caused by graphite particles.

high8energy particles, and then measured the optical constants of bombarded particle repeatedly, reached the same conclusion 'ith other astrophysicists9in interstellar space flies billions of tiny roc. particles. :ut uffman believes that it is necessary to do further experimental study of soot, because the dubious uplift of spectra obtained in experiment of bell ,ar 'as strange, so carbon ash experiment 'as unli.ely to produce graphite particles 'hose si7e 'as persuasive enough for 317nm absorption band. !ratschmer began to name these uplift hump, and the ash samples of carbon 'hose absorption spectrum existed these strange uplift camel sample. /he raman spectra of the sample seemed to indicate that there did exist other things except ordinary carbon ash)it 'as the beginning for speculating that these things 'ould be a ne' form of carbon+. %t the same time, !roto, 'ho bore (11* in mind constantly came to $malley laboratory of ;ice #niversity to use %03 and *d9<%= optical maser to prove the existence of (11*. 6n %ugust 31, 19>5, <uan ?iu and @ing?ing Ahang, 'ho used %03 to do graphite target experiments, found that signal of (60 overflo'ed, 30 times higher than that of ad,acent (63. !roto and $malley studied further, and found that (70 follo'ed in (60Bs footsteps, so they called (60 ?one ;anger, 'hile (70 /onto. %nd then they began to image ho' 60 carbon atoms formed a stable cluster. /hey remembered the uni4ue inventor 2

FULLERENE
and architect ;ichard :uc.minster -uller5s design tennis lattice. /hey stic.ed some hexagons side to side together, only to get a flat surface. In the evening, during a drin.ing, $malley suddenly remembered that !roto referred to a cardboard model of the star dome for his childrenrin, and yes, the pentagonC e got busy again,beginning 'ith a pentagon, then glued a hexagon in each edge of it. /he 'hole structure can be overlapped, and the number of the vertex is ,ust 60C /he next day, he described this structure excited to his colleague, then Deech said is this ,ust a footballC (hemists see lights suddenly, and after verification, the structure of the (60 has finally come out. Instead of $pherene ,ballene, soccerene, it 'as named as -ullerene eventually.

STR$%T$R&
-ullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollo' sphere, ellipsoid, tube and many other shapes. $pherical fullerenes are sometimes called carbon nanotubes or buc.yballs, (60 is often compared to a typical 'hite and blac. football. (ylindrical fullerenes are called buc.ytubes. -ullerenes are similar in structure 'ith graphite, 'hich is composed of a sheet of lin.ed hexagonal rings, but they also contain pentagonal )or sometimes heptagonal+ rings that prevent them from being planar. (60 is a spherical icosidodecahedron composed of 13 pentagons and 30 hexagons, each carbon atom 'ith non8standard sp3 hybrid orbitals and three carbon atoms, residual p orbitals in the spherical shell of (60 and inner cavity forming spherical bonds. 60 carbon atoms occupy 60 vertices, and sp3 hybrid orbitals of the ad,acent carbons overlap to form a sigma bond, three sigma bonds per carbon atom for a pentagonal edges and t'o hexagonal edges. /hree sigma bond of carbon atoms are not coplanar, and the bond angle is about 10> E or 130 E, so the 'hole molecule is spherical. /he rest p orbital of each carbon atom overlap to form an electronic structure of closed shell containing 60Felectron, so inside and outside the cage shaping li.e a sphere approximately both surroundsFelectron cloud. Golecular orbital calculations sho' that9 footballene 'ith delocali7ation energy larger. /he number of resonance structures football 'as as high as 13500, according to the average resonance level of every carbon atom, resonance stability is about t'o times of ben7ene. /herefore the footballene is an aromatic stabili7ation molecule. /he shape of (60 is a polygon consist of 13 pentagons and 30 hexagons. %ccording to HulerBs theorem )the number of vertices I the number of surfaces 8 the number of edges J3+./he 13 pentagonal is all surrounded by hexagonal composed of carton net, and this polygon of (60 is the first stable 3

FULLERENE
fullerene, because it is the smallest fullerene 'hose structure satisfies the rules above. /here is none pair of pentagons that are connected to each other.(60 and (70 are both conform to this rule called the isolation of pentagons rule)I0;+.

'RO'&RTI&S
1 Physical properties /he appearance of the fullerenes are deep yello', bro'n to blac., small8
density , easy8sublimated, insoluble in 'ater, conductive, lively than diamond features, and have high electron affinity. (60 crystal is purplish red molecules at room temperature, a 'ea. fluorescence. (60 molecular diameter of approximately 7.1K )1KJ10L10 meters+. /he density of (60 1.6>gMcmL1.

(1)Solubility (60 is insoluble in 'ater. !rNtschmer, ?amb, -ostiropoulos, and

uffman

discovered in 1990 that (60 'as soluble in ben7ene that the scientific literature exploded 'ith experimental studies of these remar.able molecules. )-ullerenes must be efficiently dissolved in order to extract them from soot and functionali7e them by organic reactions.+ /he dependence of fullerene solubility on both temperature and organic structure of the solvent must be understood in order to separate different members of the fullerene family from each other and from their precursors or derivatives. /he practical problem of fullerene solubility has partially been solved ,ust by collecting experimental data. /he solubility of (60 is .no'n in almost 150 solvents, probably the highest number among all chemical substances. Hffective, relatively inexpensive, and readily available solvents 'ere soon found9 aromatic solvents )toluene, 1,38dimethylben7ene, and 1,38dichloroben7ene+ and carbon disulfide. o'ever, problems familiar to physical chemists studying solubility phenomena for years have remained to confront fullerene researchers. /here is still no good theory to explain or to predict absolute values of fullerene solubility and changes in solubility 'hen changing the solvent or the fullerene itself. /his serious restriction is one of the reasons 'hy separating fullerenes from each other on a large scale 'ithout chromatography is still difficult.

(2)Electrical conductivity =enerally spea.ing, (60 is nonconductive. :ecause (60 is

large enough to .eep other atoms inside, and then influence its physical properties, it can not be conductive. addon found that (60 mixed 'ith al.ali metal has metallic behavior. In 1991, he found that (60 mixed 'ith potassium has superconducting behavior in 1>!, and this is the highest molecular superconducting temperature so far. ?ater superconducting properties of fullerenes mixed 'ith metals has been found abundantly. ;esearch sho's that the superconducting transition temperature increases 'ith the cell volume of al.ali metal mixed 'ith fullerenes increasing. (arbon atoms are electrically conductive, a buc.yball molecules, 'hose si7e is e4uivalent to one nanometer approximately, is very small, so the conductive, peculiar molecular structure is not visible by other ad,acent atoms. -uture 'orld 'ill see the birth of nonmetal cable, 'hich 'ill surely contains nonmetallic circuit board of fullerene products.

FULLERENE

(from %()

by* #

(3)Thermodynamic properties * (60 phase transition occurs at 356!, entropy 37.1OM

)!Pmol+, attributed to its transition from morphology to crystal, 'hich is typical of the unorder orientation transformation. $imilarly, (70 also occur unorder transition in 375!, 131! and 11>!, and the total entropy is 33.7 OM)!Pmol+. /he 'idth of the unorder transition is related to gradual change from ,ump8 similar rotation at initial lo' temperature to isotropic rotation.

2 Chemical properties

(60 is stable, but not totally unreactive. /he sp38hybridi7ed

carbon atoms, 'hich are at their energy minimum in planar graphite, must be bent to form the closed sphere or tube, 'hich produces angle strain. "ouble bonds of (60 are different, 'hich can be divided into t'o types9 the Q6,6R .ey, connecting the t'o hexagon .eys, and Q5,6R .ey, connecting a hexagonal 'ith a pentagonal. /he characteristic reaction of (60 is electrophilic addition at 6,68double bonds, 'hich reduces angle strain by changing sp38hybridi7ed carbons into sp18hybridi7ed ones. /he change in hybridi7ed orbitals causes the bond angles to decrease from about 130E in the sp 3 orbitals to about 109.5E in the sp 1 orbitals. /his decrease in bond angles allo's for the bonds to bend less 'hen closing the sphere or tube, and thus, the molecule becomes more stable. (60 can often have electrophilic reaction, the .ey of this .ind of reaction is a function of monoaddition or multiple addition reaction. -ullerenes can form a single addition product, and the multiple addition product. :y adding a polymeri7able functional groups, 'e can obtain polymeri7ate of fullerene. -unctionali7ation of fullerenes can be divided into t'o categories9 chemical modification outside the cage fullerenesS molecular binding to cavity of fullerene ball, that is, opening reaction.

(1)!ucleophilic addition In nucleophilic addition fullerenes react as an electrophilic

reagent 'ith nucleophilic reagent, forming carbanion 'hich then 'ill be captured by nucleophiles li.e =rignard reagents or organic lithium reagent nucleophiles. -or example, methylmagnesium chloride reacts 'ith (60 to form five addition product 'hose methyl is located in the middle of cyclopentadiene, and then protonated to form )(
1

+ 5 (60.

(2)"ericyclic reaction /he Q6,6R .ey of fullerene can react 'ith diene or dienophile, for
5

FULLERENE
example, the "8% reaction.:y Q3I3R cycloaddition it can form four membered ring, such as ben7ene al.yne. :y Q1,1R dipolar cycloaddition reaction it 'ill generate five membered ring, .no'n as the 0rato reaction. -ullerene and carbene react to form methylene fullerenes.

(3)#eduction reaction /here are did some

(60 1>, (60 16. of too large strain. hydrocarbons.

ydrogenated fullerene products such as

o'ever, (60 60 completely hydrogenated is only hypothetical products, because ighly hydrogenated fullerenes is not stable, direct reaction under the condition of

high temperature may cause collapse of cage structure and the formation of polycyclic aromatic

($)%&idation reaction

-ullerene and its derivatives 'ill be slo'ly oxidi7ed in air, and it is

also the reason 'hy fullerene need to be preserved a'ay from light and at lo' temperature . -ullerene can reacts 'ith osmium trioxide or o7oneS and the reaction of o7one is 4uic. and strong, forming multi8 added8oxhydryl -uller alcohol mixture, because adduct number and addition position have a 'ide distribution.

(')(ydro&ylation reaction

/hrough hydroxylation, fullerene can produce -uller alcohol,

'hose 'ater solubility depends on molecular oxhydryl number. 6ne method is to mix fullerene and diluted sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate to generate (60)6 +15, another 'ay is let them react under the cataly7e of dilute sodium hydroxide solution to ma.e the number of hydroxyl groups of /:% increased to 3T836. /here are also reports about using solvent8free sodium hydroxide to react 'ith hydrogen peroxide and fullerenes. /hrough reaction forming (60)6 +> bet'een hydrogen peroxide and fullerene, the maximum number of hydroxyl groups can reach 16 to T0.

())Electrophilic addition -ullerene can also have electrophilic reaction, for example, the
addition of 3T bromine atoms outside the fullerene ball, the most electrophilic addition record holder is (60-T>.

(*)Coordination reaction -ive and six membered ring of fullerenes can be used as the
ligand of metal complexes, especially the five membered rings, 'hich can form a variety of metallocene complexes. Q6,6R double bond is electron8deficient, usually bond 'ith metal for U J 3)the harp number of coordination chemistry+. :onding modes such as n J 5 or n J6 is related to spherical fullerene ligand. In the fullerenes family, (60 is the cheapest and the easiest one to get and purify of all .inds, so the (60 and its derivatives is the most 'idely researched and applied fullerenes.

'R&'+R+TIO,
?arge84uantities and lo'8cost preparation of fullerene 'ith high purity is the basis of fullerene. $ince !roto found (60, people have developed many .inds of preparation method of fullerene. %t present, the main mature preparation methods of fullerene are arc method, thermal evaporation method, combustion method and chemical vapor deposition. (-#arc .rocess =enerally ,pumping the arc chamber into vacuum, then inlet inert gases such as helium. /he arc chamber has the cathode and anode for preparing fullerene , cathode materials usually are $pectrum magnitude graphite rods, anode materials usually are graphite rods, normally adding baht, nic.el, copper or tungsten carbide in the anode electrode as catalyst. &hen t'o high pure graphite electrode are getting closed for arc discharge, carbon rod gasify and form the plasma , under an inert 6

FULLERENE
atmosphere , through the collision, merge, closed many times, the small carbon molecules form the stable (60 and high carbon fullerenes , /hey exist in a large number of granular soot 'hich deposited on the reactor 'all. arc process very electricity, high cost, but it is the /he common methods to product the hollo' fullerenes and metallic fullerenes in the laboratory. (/#%ombustion method ben7ene, toluene incomplete combustion under the effect of oxygen produce (60 and (70 in conductex, :y ad,usting the pressure ,gas ratio etc,the proportion of (60 and (70 can be controled./his is the main method of production of fullerenes in industry

'$RI0I%+TIO,
-ullerene purification is a process of obtaining no impurity fullerene compounds. /he crude product producing fullerene soot, 'hich is usually based on ( 60, mixture of (70 supplemented, and some homologues. 0urification is the .ey 'hich determines fullerene prices and its practical application. /he commonly used method of purification step of -ullerene in the laboratory is9 extract the smo.e rich in ( 60 and (70 first by using $oxhlet extraction 'ith toluene, then filtrate the sulotion 'ith paper funnel filter. %fter evaporation of the solvent, dissolve the rest )soluble in toluene substance+ 'ith toluene again, and purify it crudely 'ith column chromatography mixed 'ith alumina and activated carbon./he first component flo'n out is a purple solution of ( 60, and second the red bro'n ( 70.:ut the purity of the product of (60 and (70 no' is not high, and 'e also need using high performance li4uid chromatography to enhance purity besides these steps. 0rofessor *agata invented a .ind of .g8grade purification technology of -ullerene. /he method is adding t'o a7abicyclo into 1, 3, 18 three methyl ben7ene solution of homologue li.e ( 60, (70. ":# 'ill only react 'ith (70 or higher homologues, and the reaction product can be separated by filtration , 'hile fullerene (60 do not react 'ith ":#, so 'e finally get pure ( 60. o'ever, other amine compounds, such as "%:(6, do not have this property of selective. (60 and cyclodextrin can form complex substance 'ith the ratio of 193, 'hile (70 can not. % method for separation of fullerenes is based on this principle.-ix cyclodextrin to gold colloidal particles by he $8$ bridge, this 'ater8soluble gold M cyclodextrin complex substance Q%uM("R is stable, so let it flo' inversely 'ith the 'ater8insoluble dust in the 'ater a fe' days, and then 'e can extract (60 selectively, 'hile ( 70 can be obtained simply by filtration. /he separation of (60 from the Q%uM("R complexes is adding adamantane alcohol 'ith high affinity to the cyclodextrin cavity into the a4ueous cyclodextrin solution to ma.e (60 and Q%uM("R complexes separated.%fter separation 'e add ethanol to complex of Q%uM("M%"%R and then distillate to recycle the reagent. 50 milligrams of Q%uM("R can be used to extract 5mg of fullerene (60. /he latter t'o methods still stay in the stage of experiment, and are not practical.

TYPES of FULLERENES
$ince the discovery of fullerenes in 19>5, structural variations on fullerenes have evolved 'ell beyond the individual clusters themselves. Hxamples include9

!uckyball clusters9 smallest member is (30 )unsaturated version of dodecahedrane+ and the

most common is (60S 7

FULLERENE

,anotubes9 hollo' tubes of very small dimensions, having single or multiple 'allsS potential

applications in electronics industryS

1e"atubes9 larger in diameter than nanotubes and prepared 'ith 'alls of different thic.nessS

potentially used for the transport of a variety of molecules of different si7esS

.olymers9 chain, t'o8dimensional and three8dimensional polymers are formed under high8

pressure high8temperature conditionsS single8strand polymers are formed using the %tom /ransfer ;adical %ddition 0olymeri7ation )%/;%0+ routeS

nano2onions29 spherical particles based on multiple carbon layers surrounding a buc.yball

coreS proposed for lubricantsS

linked 2ball3and3chain2 dimers9 t'o buc.yballs lin.ed by a carbon chainS fullerene rin"s.

-4!uckyballs
Main article: Buckminsterfullerene (-#!uckminsterfullerene9:uc.minsterfullerene is the smallest fullerene molecule containing pentagonal and hexagonal rings in 'hich no t'o pentagons share an edge )'hich can be destabili7ing, as in pentalene+. It is also the most common in terms of natural occurrence, as it can often be found in soot. /he structure of (60 is a truncated icosahedron, 'hich resembles an association football ball of the type made of t'enty hexagons and t'elve pentagons, 'ith a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. /he van der &aals diameter of a (60 molecule is about 1.1 nanometers )nm+./he nucleus to nucleus diameter of a (60 molecule is about 0.71nm. /he (60 molecule has t'o bond lengths. /he 696 ring bonds )bet'een t'o hexagons+ can be considered Vdouble bondsV and are shorter than the 695 bonds )bet'een a hexagon and a pentagon+. Its average bond length is 1.T angstroms. $ilicon buc.yballs have been created around metal ions. (/#!oron buckyball*% type of buc.yball 'hich uses boron atoms, instead of the usual carbon, 'as predicted and described in 3007. /he :8>0 structure, 'ith each atom forming 5 or 6 bonds, is predicted to be more stable than the ( 60 buc.yball.6ne reason for this given by the researchers is that the :8>0 is actually more li.e the original geodesic dome structure populari7ed by :uc.minster -uller, 'hich uses triangles rather than hexagons. o'ever, this 'or. has been sub,ect to much criticism by 4uantum chemists as it 'as concluded that the predicted Ih symmetric structure 'as vibrationally unstable and the resulting cage undergoes a spontaneous symmetry brea., yielding a puc.ered cage 'ith rare /h symmetry )symmetry of a volleyball+./he number of six8member rings in this molecule is 30 and number of five8member rings is 13. /here is an additional atom in the center of each six8member ring, bonded to each atom surrounding it. (5#Other buckyballs*%nother fairly common fullerene is ( 70, but fullerenes 'ith 73, 76, >T and even up to 100 carbon atoms are commonly obtained. 8

FULLERENE
In mathematical terms, the structure of a fullerene is a trivalent convex polyhedron 'ith pentagonal and hexagonal faces. In graph theory, the term fullerene refers to any 18regular, planar graph 'ith all faces of si7e 5 or 6 )including the external face+. It follo's from HulerBs polyhedron formula, D W H I - J 3 )'here D, H, - are the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces+, that there are exactly 13 pentagons in a fullerene and DM3 W 10 hexagons. /he smallest fullerene is the dodecahedral (30. /here are no fullerenes 'ith 33 vertices./he number of fullerenes (3n gro's 'ith increasing n J 13, 11, 1T, ..., roughly in proportion to n9 )se4uence %007>9T in 6HI$+. -or instance, there are 1>13 non8isomorphic fullerenes (60. *ote that only one form of (60, the buc.minsterfullerene alias truncated icosahedron, has no pair of ad,acent pentagons )the smallest such fullerene+. /o further illustrate the gro'th, there are 31T,137,711 non8isomorphic fullerenes (300, 15,655,673 of 'hich have no ad,acent pentagons. 6ptimi7ed structures of many fullerene isomers are published and listed on the 'eb.

/4,anotubes
Main article:Carbon nanotube *anotubes are cylindrical fullerenes. /hese tubes of carbon are usually only a fe' nanometres 'ide, but they can range from less than a micrometer to several millimeters in length. /hey often have closed ends, but can be open8ended as 'ell. /here are also cases in 'hich the tube reduces in diameter before closing off. /heir uni4ue molecular structure results in extraordinary macroscopic properties, including high tensile strength, high electrical conductivity, high ductility, high heat conductivity, and relative chemical inactivity )as it is cylindrical and VplanarV X that is, it has no VexposedV atoms that can be easily displaced+. 6ne proposed use of carbon nanotubes is in paper batteries, developed in 3007 by researchers at ;ensselaer 0olytechnic Institute. %nother highly speculative proposed use in the field of space technologies is to produce high8tensile carbon cables re4uired by a space elevator.

54%arbon nanobuds
Main article: Carbon nanobud *anobuds have been obtained by adding buc.minsterfullerenes to carbon nanotubes.

640ullerite
-ullerites are the solid8state manifestation of fullerenes and related compounds and materials. V#ltrahard fulleriteV is a coined term fre4uently used to describe material produced by high8pressure high8temperature ) 0 /+ processing of fullerite. $uch treatment converts fullerite into a nanocrystalline form of diamond 'hich has been reported to exhibit remar.able mechanical properties.

+..lication of 0ullerene in 7ife

1personal care applications
:uc.yballs is fullerenes self8assemble in a closed net'or. by incorporating atomic carbon and (3. ;esearchers concluded that smaller fullerenes must gro' to ( 60 and larger fullerenes by Veating upV carbon atoms. % fe' bonds may be rearranged but the cages never compromise their closed structureS then they confirmed this by trapping metals inside the cages, 'hich 'ere retained after gro'th. $uch fullerene technologies have been incorporated into personal care applications for free radical8 scavenging,antiaging,'hitening,anti8inflammation,anti8'rin.le,sunscreens,pore8tightening,sebum oxidation control and cellulite control. 9

FULLERENE
If 'e 'ant fullerene applications to in biomedical field, 'e must first solve the problem 'hich in a4ueous solution of 'ater repellency, because fullerene molecule itself is hydrophobic molecules. $o some changes must be made that it can play a role in human tissues. In order to change the properties of fullerene, 'e can use the follo'ing 'ays9 /he first method is to use the structure of special fullerene 'rapped up, made of particles called pac.age. % series of research results sho' that, artificial membrane structure of some components can be used to coated fullerenes, including lecithin. /he second 'ay is to use some suspension made of fullerene cosolvent, because such a suspension is relatively easy to enter the human body s.in. /he third 'ay is to use some hydrophilic molecules combine to increase the solubility of the fullerene and fullerene molecules. $o far, this is the 'ay most common manufacturing, and many 'ater soluble molecules can be combined 'ith fullerenes.

(From journal Nature CommunicationsPosted: June 1 ! "#1" $nd b%: ! "#$ &

2%r+anic solar cell

(60 has high electron affinity, ma.ing it a good electron acceptor in photovoltaic cells of this type. $ariciftci et al. fabricated a (60MGH 800D double layer cell, 'hich had a relatively high fill factor of 0.T> and a po'er conversion efficiency of 0.0TY under monochromatic illumination. (60 and its derivatives are also used as electron acceptor in the dispersed hetero,unction photovoltaic cells. <u et al. fabricated a cell 'ith the blend of GH 800D and a methano8functionali7ed ( 60 derivative as the hetero,unction, I/6 and (a as the electrodes.Q17R /his cell sho'ed a 4uantum efficiency of 39Y and a po'er conversion efficiency of 3.9Y under monochromatic illumination. (From 'iki(edia&

3Tumor research
-ullerenes can be made to be absorbed by e?a cells. /he ( 60 derivatives can be delivered to the cells by using the functional groups ?8phenylalanine, folic acid, and ?8arginine among others./he purpose for 10

FULLERENE
functionali7ing the fullerenes is to increase the solubility of the molecule by the cancer cells. (ancer cells ta.e up these molecules at an increased rate because of an upregulation of transporters in the cancer cell, in this case amino acid transporters 'ill bring in the ?8arginine and ?8phenylalanine functional groups of the fullerenes, (From 'iki(edia&

$#esearch on multi body

-ullerene derivatives 'ith porphyrin, t'o ferrocene and electron rich groups covalently or non covalently to form multiple body, for energy, charge transfer, molecular study of photoinduced energy and charge transfer. (From baike&

Health +nd Safety

1-n production
%fter four years of author5s intensive,'orld8'ide fullerene research,the health8impact picture is encouraging,if admittedly very incomplete./o his .no'ledge there have been no reports of an adverse health effect due the exposure the fullerene8containing materials.Hven if the fullerenes themselves ultimately prove to be safe. :ut there are some things need to be concerned. (-#Soot3makin"*&ith using a glass reaction vessel,thought must be given to the heating of the glass during soot production,as heat8induced stress may lead to implosive failure 'hich increase the ris. of eye damage. (/#Soot harvestin" and handlin"9/here is a very strong sentiment in the fullerene community of airborne fullerene8soot particles 'hich is the most serious potential healthy problem commonly encountered in fullerene production . (5#solvents9%ll the solvents are commonly used in fullerene production are toxic,inflammable or explosive,'hich need to be stored safely. (6#Heavy metals*Gany of the materials used in fullerene production are .no'n toxins,and should be handled using standard laboratory procedures. %lthough these seem li.e serious ,the ma,ority of them are routinely encountered in many research and industrial facilities,and it is clear that fullerene production and research can be safe if standard laboratory practices are follo'ed. .ccordin+ to the /T(E C(E0-ST#1 %2 2344E#E!ES (edited by # Taylor)5

2To&icity
In 3007,a comprehensive revie' on fullerene toxicity is given by !olosn,a, et al. /hese authors revie' the 'or.s on fullerene toxicity beginning in the early 1990s to present, and conclude that very little evidence gathered since the discovery of fullerenes indicate that (60 is toxic. &ith reference to nanotubes, a 300> study on carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice led the authors to suggest comparisons to Vasbestos8li.e pathogenicityV. :ut Gori et al. )3006+ could not find toxicity in rodents for ( 60 and (70 mixtures after oral administration of a dose of 3gM.g body 'eight and did not observe evidence of genotoxic or mutagenic potential in vitro. the 'or. of =harbi et al. )3005+suggested that a4ueous ( 60 suspensions failing to produce acute or subacute toxicity in rodents could also protect their livers in a dose8dependent manner against free8 11

FULLERENE
radical damage.In 3013, it 'as revealed that oral administration prolonged the lifespan of rats by nearly 100Y 'ithout sho'ing toxic effects.In a more recent video intervie' filmed in 6ctober 3013 , 0rofessor Goussa states that pure (60 is not toxic.

35-nhibition o6 cell +ro7th

experts confirmed that the fullerene can cause potential damage to cells./he researchers cultured human s.in cells and different types of fullerene in contact 'ith cells, found in three ring structure of fullerene meeting sho'ing life pause, the cells are not the same as usual aging and death or division and gro'th :ut this .ind of specific damage, for 0ar.insonBs disease, %l7heimerBs disease,and even cancer treatment hope. ;esearch ;eport published in the VOournal of toxicology and %pplied 0harmacologyV. /he researchers cultured human s.in cells and different types of fullerene in contact 'ith cells, found in three ring structure of fullerene meeting sho'ing life pause, the cells are not the same as usual aging and death or division and gro'th. /his means that the normal life cycle of fullerene or 'ill affect the cell,resulting in non normal s.in cell death. :ut from another point of vie', it also can stop 0ar.insonBs disease and %l7heimerBs disease and other diseases related to neuronal cell death and degeneration, so as to achieve therapeutic effect.

Referrenes
From 'iki(edia )*+ C*+M,-)./ 0F F122+.+N+- (edited b% . )a%lor&3 journal Nature CommunicationsPosted: June 1 ! "#1" Carbon nanobud Carbon nanotube Buckminsterfullerene )4e disco5er% of fullerenes t4e $ccidental 6isco5er% of Buckminsterfullerene written b% Jim Ba77ott C8# b%: b%: ! "#$

12