Computer Fundamentals 1. Binary Representation: the power of 0 and 1 2. Data Storage: how to record 0 and 1 3.

Logic Table and Circuit: how to process 0 and 1 Objectives Be able to convert from binary to decimal and decimal to binary Understand why the binary representation of numbers is important Understand the different ways of representing numbers

Arabic Numerals 0123456789 Arabic numerals or Hindu numerals are the ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). They are descended from the Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed by Indian mathematicians. The Indian numerals were adopted by the Persian mathematicians in India, and passed on to the Arabs further west. From there they were transmitted to Europe in the Middle Ages. The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism. Today they are the most common symbolic representation of numbers in the world Decimal Numeral Numbers It is a based on the Arabic numeral system. It uses positional notation Use same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, tens place, hundreds place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 100,101,102,103, etc. Example: In decimal, 1472 means =2 =70 =400

2 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 100 (1) 7 - is in the tens place so multiply it by 101 (10) 4 - is in the one-hundreds place so multiply it by102(100)

1 - is in the one-thousands place so multiply it by 103 (1000) =1000 1000+400+70+2=1472 Binary Numeral Numbers

It is a based on the binary representation (0, 1). It also uses positional notation Use the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, twos place, fours place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 20,21,22,23, etc. Example: In binary, 1101 means

1 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 20 (1) = 1 0 - is in the twos place so multiply it by 21 (2) = 0 1 - is in the fours place so multiply it by 22 (4) = 4 1 - is in the eights place so multiply it by 23 (8) =8 => 8+4+0+1 = 13 Binary 1101 = Decimal 13 1101 B = 13 D Binary Numeral Numbers It is a based on the binary representation (0, 1). It also uses positional notation Use the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, twos place, fours place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 20,21,22,23, etc. Example: In binary, 1101 means

1 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 20 (1) = 1 0 - is in the twos place so multiply it by 21 (2) = 0 1 - is in the fours place so multiply it by 22 (4) = 4 1 - is in the eights place so multiply it by 23 (8) =8 => 8+4+0+1 = 13 Binary 1101 = Decimal 13 1101 B = 13 D Binary Numeral Numbers

It is a based on the binary representation (0, 1). It also uses positional notation Use the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, twos place, fours place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 20,21,22,23, etc. Example: In binary, 1101 means

1 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 20 (1) = 1 0 - is in the twos place so multiply it by 21 (2) = 0 1 - is in the fours place so multiply it by 22 (4) = 4 1 - is in the eights place so multiply it by 23 (8) =8 => 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 +0 x 22 +1 x 20 = 8+4+0+1 = 13 Binary 1101 = Decimal 13 1101 B = 13 D Binary Numeral Numbers Binary 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Decimal 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 64

Decimal

Binary

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111

From Binary to Decimal For an 8-bit binary, what is the largest number in decimal?

Binary 11111111 = ?

From Decimal to Binary Division by 2 with remainder Dividing each new quotient by two and writing the remainders to the right of each dividend. Stop when the quotient is 0 Starting with the bottom remainder, read the sequence of remainders upwards to the top. Exp: what is decimal 13 in binary? 2)13 1 2)6 0 2)3 1

2)1 1 0 The answer: 1101 Binary Arithmetic adding Use the same principles as adding two decimal numbers Add the two digits Carry the results to the next column 11 10110 + 00111 _________ 11101 Check the answer: 101102 = 22 001112 = 7 111012 = 29 Binary Arithmetic subtraction Use the same principles as subtracting two decimal numbers: borrow from the next place ** 11101 00111 _________ 10110 Check the answer: 111012 = 29 001112 = 7 101102 = 22 Binary Arithmetic

Multiplication in binary is also similar to its decimal counterpart Division in binary is also similar to its decimal counterpart

Objectives Understand how a computer stores binary data Understand the data encoding

Question? You are a "forensic computer scientist" and are given a disk drive. You inspect the disk drive and find that it contains a list of 1s and 0s. What do you do? Data Density Standard IBM punch card, 7-3/8 inch by 3-1/4 inch, 80 columns (~1950) 1 GB memory stick (~2000) Standard A4 paper, 8 inch by 11 inch, 50 lines and 30 columns (human)

Storing Data There are many ways to store binary data On papers with holes (punch card) On papers with inks (scantron) Using electronic charges (CCD for pictures) Using magnetized material Magnetic tape (audio, video, data) Computer Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Storing data as pits or lands (CD-ROM) differences in reflected light to optically read them

Storing Data Transistors A semiconductor device used to switch and amplify electronic signals For CPU (Central Processing Unit) For memory For flash memory (memory stick)

Flash memory is not volatile, keeping the state of the data when power is off. It is portable (~1998)

Bits

Data formats media change, but the underlying data remains basically constant

Bits are the individual zeros and ones that are stored by computers. A Bit can have two different states (0 or 1), and is a single digit long. Any system that has two states can be thought of as a bit: 0 or 1 off or on yes or no true or false high or low open or closed

Bytes A Byte is a group of eight Bits grouped together. One Byte (8 Bits) can be used to represent: Word Multiple Bytes can be grouped together to form Words. The length of a Word varies depending on the hardware and operating system, and a Word can be: Question? Explain in basic terms the meaning of the following: "The old monitor only supports 8-bit color, my monitor supports 24-bit color". 4 Bytes long (32 Bits) 8 Bytes long (64 Bits) 16 Bytes long (128 Bits - this is not common) Numbers from 00000000 to 11111111 in binary Numbers from 0 to 255 in decimal Numbers from 00 to FF in Hexadecimal

Encoding One of key ideas of understanding computing Encoding text involves transforming it into an "encoded" number (e.g., ASCII code) Music (e.g, au), video (e.g., mpg), pictures (e.g, gif) and almost everything else can be represented as an "encoded" numbers Once the data is transformed into encoded numbers, it can then be translated into a binary number

Example of Encoding ASCII Code: stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange When a string is stored in a computer's memory, each character is given a number representation which is assigned to it in the ASCII Table

ASCII Table

ASCII Table Extended

Example of Encoding Encoding Hello CDS 130

String broken to words, words broken to characters (bytes)

Example of Encoding Encoding Hello CDS 130

Characters to ASCII number Example of Encoding Encoding Hello CDS 130

ASCII number to binary number Question? What is 01001010 01011010? Encoding your name initials to binary using ASCII table? Logic Circuits and Logic Tables Motivation We know how binary numbers work, now we need to make machines that can compute on these numbers Objectives Understand how transistor works Explain what a logic circuit and logic table are Explain how logic circuits can be combined to manipulate binary numbers and do calculations

Transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device used to switch and amplify (with gain X 100) electronic signals It has three pins Transistors When a small current is applied between Base and Emitter, a large current is generated between Collector and Emitter; the gain or amplification is about 100 times. It acts as an electronic switch: on and off, high and low, 1 and 0. The large current is also necessary for cascading the state through other transistors for complex calculations. Base (B): acting as gate

Emitter (E): acting as drain Collector (C): acting as source

The Hydraulic Analogy It is often easier to think of electronic current flow in terms of water flow.

A small water flow from B pushes the black plunger upward, allowing a large flow from C to E. This is the amplification.

Transistors Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, batterypowered applications. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 50 years.

Logic Circuits Using transistors, we can create logic circuits Each circuit has one output and several inputs The relationship between the inputs and the output determines the type of circuit The logic circuit can be defined by the logic table

Logic Table Logic tables are used to define the inputs and outputs of logic circuits Each input and output has two possible states We sometimes use 1 or 0 true or false

Type - AND gate

The diagram of the AND gate looks like a capital letter D with two "prongs" on the left (the inputs) and one "prong" on the right (the output). if either of the inputs is 0, then the output of the AND gate is 0. Thus, in order to get an AND gate to output 1, both inputs to it must be 1

Type - OR gate

if either of the inputs is 1, then the output of the OR gate is 1. Thus, in order to get an OR gate to output 0, both inputs to it must be 0

Type - NOT gate

The operation of reversing the input state

Type - NAND gate

The output of the NAND gate is the negation, or reverse of the output of an AND gate with the same inputs (0 negated equals 1, and 1 negated equals 0).

Type - NOR gate

NOR stands for "Negated OR". Thus, the output of the NOR gate is the negation, or reverse of the output of an OR gate with the same inputs.

Type - XOR gate

EOR stands for "Exclusive OR". The thing to remember about EOR gates is this: An EOR gate will output 1 only if one of the inputs is 1 and the other input 0. If both inputs are the same (1 and 1, or 0 and 0), then EOR outputs 0

Adding Binary Numbers When adding two binary numbers, the most complex operation is 1+1+1=11 This only happens when we carry data from a previous column You can think of the problems as

carry in + Digit A + Digit B = result + carry out

If you can do this operation, you can repeat it to add any two binary numbers

Adding Binary Numbers

Two EOR gates and three NAND gates Adding Binary Numbers

If A = 1, B = 0, and carry in = 1: The upper left EOR gate output is 1 The lower left NAND gate output is 1 The center NAND gate output is 0

The upper right EOR gate (sum) output is 0 The lower right NAND gate (carry out) output is 1

A 3-bit Adding Machine

Computer A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions called a computer program By now, we shall know the basic of a computer: Machine: electronic machine built upon electronic logic circuits Manipulate: the operation of logic circuits Data: encoded into binary data

Next, we need to learn (1) how scientific data are obtained or generated, and (2) how to program?