Thermal Management Handbook

Revised March 2014

Introduction: Thermal Management in Electronic Systems.................................................. 3 Temperature-Sensing Technologies........................................................................................ 4 Thermistors............................................................................................................................... 4 NTC Thermistors................................................................................................................... 4 RTDs......................................................................................................................................... 7 Thermocouples......................................................................................................................... 9 Temperature Sensor ICs......................................................................................................... 13 Analog Temperature Sensor ICs......................................................................................... 13 Local Digital Temperature Sensor ICs.................................................................................1 !ther Digital Temperature Sensor "eatures....................................................................1# Remote Digital Temperature Sensors................................................................................. $1 Remote Temperature Sensor %rror Sources................................................................... $3 !ther Remote Sensor "eatures...................................................................................... $ Other Types of Thermal Management Components............................................................. ! Temperature S&itches............................................................................................................ $# "an Spee' Controllers............................................................................................................ 31 T(pes o) "ans...................................................................................................................... 3$ Controlling "an Spee'.........................................................................................................34 *inimi+ing the %))ects o) "an Spee' Control on Acoustical Noise.....................................37 *onitoring "an Spee'......................................................................................................... 37 Close',Loop R-* Control.................................................................................................. 41 "an Controller Temperature Sensing.................................................................................. 4$ Close',Loop. Temperature,/ase' 0Thermal Close',Loop1 "an Spee' Control.............4$ Loo2up Ta3le *apping o) Temperature an' "an Dri4e...................................................4$ 5No,*C67 "an Control.....................................................................................................4$ Signal Con'itioners )or Non,IC Temperature Sensors........................................................... 44 Thermistor Con'itioners...................................................................................................... 44 RTD Con'itioners................................................................................................................ 48 Thermocouple Con'itioners................................................................................................ 4 "sing Thermal Management Components#$rinciples and %pplication Circuits............. 4! Sensing Location9 The :e( to Choosing the Right Sensor T(pe............................................4# Remote Dio'e Sensor ;ui'elines.......................................................................................... 83 -C /oar' La(out ;ui'elines )or Remote Sensors..............................................................83 Thermal Dio'e Design ;ui'elines...................................................................................... 88 Application %<amples..............................................................................................................8 RTD,to,Digital Con4ersion.................................................................................................. 8 Thermocouple Inter)ace Circuits......................................................................................... = IR,Lin2e' Temperature Sensor........................................................................................... $ RS,$3$,-o&ere' Temperature Sensor............................................................................... 3 "an Control Circuits................................................................................................................ 4 "an Control -artitioning....................................................................................................... 4 -ulse,>i'th,*o'ulate'. "an -o&er,Suppl( Dri4e..............................................................7= 4,>ire "an Dri4e................................................................................................................. 71 Con4erting ->* Control Signals to Linear "an Dri4e........................................................7$ Linear "an Dri4e.................................................................................................................. 74 ?igh,@oltage "an Control........................................................................................................74 4#@. 4,>ire "an Spee' Control.......................................................................................... 78 4#@. ->* -o&er Suppl( "an Spee' Controller.................................................................78 4#@. Linear "an Spee' Controller....................................................................................... 7 1

!nA!)) "an Control Circuits.....................................................................................................77 /asic !nA!)) "an Controllers 6sing Temperature S&itches............................................... 77 Simple. T&o,Spee' "an Controller..................................................................................... #= "an "ail,Sa)e Circuit............................................................................................................#1 Temperature S&itches............................................................................................................ #$ In,Circuit Temperature S&itch Testing.................................................................................#$ Thermal Cro&3ar.................................................................................................................#$ %dditional &esources.............................................................................................................. !4 Application Notes. Tutorials. an' Re)erence Designs............................................................ #4

Introduction: Thermal Management in Electronic Systems

Thermal management in electronic s(stems is 'one )or one or more o) the three purposes outline' 3elo&. '. Control Temperature 'ata is an input to a large num3er o) control s(stems. The control s(stem ma( 3e as simple as an onAo)) thermostatic controller )or room temperature. &hich acti4ates a heater &hene4er the temperature 'rops 3elo& a speci)ic threshol'. !r it ma( 3e a comple< )an spee' control s(stem that uses measure' temperature to a'Bust the spee's o) se4eral )ans to ensure a'eCuate cooling o) s(stem components. &hile changing )an spee's in such a &a( as to minimi+e the au'i3ilit( o) the changes. . Cali(ration Temperature 'ata is use' to correct temperature,'epen'ent errors in a component. Cali3ration )unctions can 3e implemente' simpl( using an analog temperature sensor &ith an operational ampli)ier circuit. or the( ma( 3e much more comple< &ith a loo2up ta3le that pro4i'es a 1$,3it correction )actor e4er( 8DC )or a 'ata acCuisition s(stem. "or e<ample. a TCE! uses temperature to a'Bust the operating parameters o) a cr(stal oscillator to compensate )or the shi)t in the cr(stalFs resonant )reCuenc( o4er temperature. Signal con'itioners )or sensors such as pressure trans'ucers use temperature 'ata to correct )or thermall( in'uce' 'ri)t in the trans'ucersF characteristics. 3. $rotection *an( components in electronic s(stems can 3e e<pose' to temperature e<tremesG)rom am3ient con'itions. po&er 'issipation in near3( components. or their o&n po&er 'issipationGthat can 'amage them. Thermal management components can 3e 'eplo(e' to 'etect. an' in some cases eliminate. potentiall( 'angerous thermal con'itions 3e)ore the( can cause 'amage. Again. these solutions can 3e as simple as an o4er,Aun'er,temperature 'etector to protect circuit 3oar' components )rom 'amage. or as comple< as a cooling s(stem that uses temperature 'ata )rom multiple locations to ensure proper operating temperature un'er a 4ariet( o) e<ternal con'itions. This han'3oo2 pro4i'es an intro'uction to thermal management 'e4ices an' illustrates some o) the &a(s in &hich the( ma( 3e use'.

Temperature-Sensing Technologies
Thermal management 3egins &ith the measurement o) temperature. *a<im manu)actures a &i'e 4ariet( o) temperature,sensing ICs )or such measurement. In a''ition to the 4arious t(pes o) IC sensors. there are se4eral other technologies that ena3le temperature to 3e measure' 3( electronic s(stems. Some o) the more &i'el( use' approaches are 'iscusse' in this section. Application circuit e<amples can 3e )oun' later in this han'3oo2. in the section title' 56sing Thermal *anagement ComponentsG-rinciples an' Circuits.7

Thermistors
Thermistors are temperature,'epen'ent resistors. usuall( ma'e )rom con'ucti4e materials such as metal,o<i'e ceramics or pol(mers. The most common thermistors ha4e a negati4e temperature coe))icient 0NTC1 o) resistance an'. there)ore. are o)ten re)erre' to as NTCs. -ositi4e temperature coe))icient thermistors. 2no&n as -TCs. are also a4aila3le. Characteristics inclu'e mo'erate temperature range 0generall( up to H18=C. though some are capa3le o) much higher temperatures1. lo&,to,mo'erate cost 0'epen'ing on accurac(1. poor 3ut pre'icta3le linearit(. an' some signal con'itioning reCuire'. Thermistors are a4aila3le in pro3es. in sur)ace,mount pac2ages. &ith 3are lea's. an' in a 4ariet( o) speciali+e' pac2ages. *a<im manu)actures ICs that con4ert thermistor resistance to a 'igital )ormat. A common approach to using a thermistor )or temperature measurement in sho&n in )igure '. &here a thermistor an' )i<e',4alue resistor )orm a 4oltage 'i4i'er &hose output is 'igiti+e' 3( an analog,to,'igital con4erter 0ADC1.

Figure 1. This basic circuit shows how a thermistor can interface to an ADC. Resistor R1 and the thermistor form a voltage divider with a temperature-dependent output voltage.

*TC Thermistors
NTCs are the most commonl( use' thermistors )or measurement applications. 6suall( mol'e' )rom metal,o<i'e semicon'uctor materials. the( ha4e a large negati4e temperature coe))icient. The relationship 3et&een resistance an' temperature )or a common NTC is sho&n in )igure . Note the nonlinearit( o) the resistance 4s. temperature cur4e. 4

(a

(b
Figure !. Resistance vs. temperature curves for a standard "TC . "ominal resistance is 1#$ at %!&'C. "ote the nonlinearit( and large relative temperature coefficient of curve (a . Curve (b is based on a logarithmic scale and also e)hibits significant nonlinearit(.

Note that the nonlinearit( o) NTCs intro'uces a 'i))icult( &hen a &i'e range o) temperatures must 3e measure'. /ecause the slope o) the cur4es in "igure $ 'ecreases signi)icantl( at temperature e<tremes. the e))ecti4e temperature resolution o) an( ADC use' &ith the NTC &ill 3e 'egra'e' at those e<tremes. This ma( reCuire the use o) a higher resolution ADC i) a &i'e range o) temperatures must 3e measure' Com3ining an NTC &ith a )i<e' resistor in a 4oltage,'i4i'er circuit li2e the one in "igure 1 pro4i'es some lineari+ation. as sho&n in )igure 3. /( selecting an appropriate 4alue )or the )i<e' resistor. the temperature range )or &hich the cur4e is most linear can 3e shi)te' to meet the nee's o) the application.

Figure *. +a$ing an "TC voltage-divider, as in Figure 1, helps to lineari-e the "TC .s resistance curve over a limited temperature range. The voltages on the "TC and the e)ternal resistor, R1, are shown as a function of temperature. "ote that the voltage is roughl( linear from # 'C to %/#'C.

The accurac( speci)ications )or NTCs 4ar( signi)icantl(. At one en' o) the spectrum are 4er( lo&,cost thermistors that are guarantee' onl( at a single temperature. The components are capa3le o) gi4ing a rough in'ication o) temperatureG&ithin a )e& 'egrees o) the actual 4alue at the guarantee' temperatureGan' no guarantee at other temperatures. At the other en' are signi)icantl( more e<pensi4e. interchangea3le thermistors that are guarantee' to a )raction o) a 'egree accurac( o4er a &i'e range o) temperature.

&T+s
Resistance temperature 'etectors 0RTDs1 are resistors &hose resistance 4aries &ith temperature. -latinum is the most common. most accurate &ire materialI platinum RTDs are re)erre' to as -t,RTDs. Nic2el. copper. an' other metals ma( also 3e use' to ma2e RTDs.-latinum RTD characteristics inclu'e a &i'e temperature range 0up to roughl( #==DC1. e<cellent accurac( an' repeata3ilit(. reasona3le linearit(. an' the necessit( )or signal con'itioning. /ecause o) their accurac(. sta3ilit(. an' &i'e temperature range. platinum RTDs are use' in a 4ariet( o) precision applications. inclu'ing instruments. process control. an' automoti4e s(stems. "or -t,RTDs. the most common 4alues )or nominal resistance at =DC are 1==J an' 12J. though other 4alues are a4aila3le. The a4erage slope 3et&een =DC an' H1==DC is calle' alpha 0K1. This 4alue 'epen's on the impurities an' their concentrations in the platinum. The t&o most &i'el( use' 4alues )or alpha are =.==3#8 an' =.==39$. correspon'ing to the I%C 781 0-T1==1 an' SA*A stan'ar's. The resistance 4s. temperature cur4e is reasona3l( linear. 3ut has some cur4ature. as 'escri3e' 3( the Callen'ar,@an Dusen eCuation9 R0T1 L R=01 H aT H 3T$ H c0T , 1==1T31 >here9 T L temperature 0DC1 R0T1 L resistance at T R= L resistance at T L =DC I%C 781 speci)ies K L =.==3#8=88 an' the )ollo&ing Callen'ar,@an Dusen coe))icient 4alues9 a L 3.9=#3= < 1=,3 3 L ,8.778== < 1=,7 c L ,4.1#3=1 < 1=,1$ )or ,$==DC T =DC. = )or =DC T H#8=DC )igure 4 sho&s the cur4e o) resistance 4s. temperature )or a -T1== RTD &ith a straight,line appro<imation using K. Note that the straight,line appro<imation is accurate to 3etter than M=.4DC )rom ,$=DC to H1$=DC. )igure , sho&s the error 0in 'egrees1 3et&een the actual resistance an' the 4alue calculate' )rom the straight,line appro<imation.

Figure 0. 1T1## RTD resistance vs. temperature. Also shown is the straight-line appro)imation for #C to %1##C.

Figure &. 1T1## nonlinearit( compared to linear appro)imation based on the slope from # C to %1##C.

Signal con'itioning )or a simple $,&ire RTD usuall( consists o) a precision resistor connecte' in series &ith the RTD. a current source that )orces current through the RTD an' the precision re)erence resistor. an' a high,resolution ADC. The 4oltage across the re)erence resistor is the re)erence 4oltage )or the ADC. The ADCFs con4ersion result is simpl( the ratio o) the RTDFs #

resistance to the re)erence resitance. An e<ample o) a simple RTD signal,con'itioning circuit is sho&n in )igure -. Se4eral 4ariations are possi3le. The current source ma( 3e integrate' into the ADC. or the current source ma( 3e eliminate' an' a 4oltage source ma( 3e use' to pro4i'e 3ias to the RTD,RR%" 'i4i'er. Note that this approach can pro4i'e accurate results onl( &hen the &ires connecting the RTD to circuit ha4e 4er( lo& resistance. >hen the RTDFs ca3le resistance is signi)icant 0greater than a )e& mJ )or a -T1==1. a 3,&ire or 4,&ire RTD &ill generall( 3e use'. "our &ires allo& )orce an' sense connections to the RTD to eliminate the e))ect o) &ire resistance. Three &ires pro4i'e a compromise solution that partiall( cancels the e))ect o) ca3le resistance. Lineari+ation is generall( 'one using a loo2up ta3le. although e<ternal linear circuits can pro4i'e goo' lineari+ation o4er a limite' temperature range.

IRTD

AINH

RTD

ADC 01$ to $4 3its1

RR%"

AIN, R%"INH R%"IN,

Figure 2. 3implified RTD signal-conditioning circuit.

RTDs are a4aila3le in a 4ariet( o) pac2ages. such as pro3es an' sur)ace,mount pac2ages.

Thermocouples
Thermocouples are ma'e 3( Boining t&o &ires o) 'issimilar metals. The point o) contact 3et&een the &ires generates a 4oltage that is appro<imatel( proportional to temperature. Characteristics inclu'e &i'e temperature range 0up to H1#==C1. lo&,cost 0'epen'ing on pac2age1. 4er( lo& output 4oltage 0a3out 4=N@ per C )or a : t(pe1. reasona3le linearit(. an' mo'eratel( comple< signal con'itioning 0col',Bunction compensation an' ampli)ication1. There are se4eral thermocouple t(pes. &hich are 'esignate' 3( letters. The most &i'el( use' is the : t(pe. Ta(le ' summari+es the characteristics o) a )e& common thermocouple t(pes. Note that the sensiti4ities an' usa3le temperature ranges 'i))er among the 4arious t(pes.

Ta(le '. Characteristics of some common thermocouple types. Temperature *ominal Type &ange Sensiti2ity Conductor %lloys ./C0Short Term1 . 345/C1 6 = * & S ? T E 7'!8 to 9'388 7'!8 to 9!88 7 >8 to 9'388 7,8 to 9'>88 7,8 to 9'>,8 8 to 9'! 8 7 ,8 to 9488 748 to 9:88 4' ,, 3: '8 '8 '8 43 -! Chromel .:8; *i< '8; Cr1 %lumel .:,; *i< ; Mn< ; %l< and '; Si1 '88; )e Constantan .,,; Cu< 4,; *i1 *icrosil .!4.'; *i< '4.4; Cr< '.4; Si< 8.'; Mg1 *isil .:,.-; *i< 4.4; Si1 !>; $t< '3; &h '88; $t :8; $t< '8; &h '88; $t >8; $t< 38; &h :4; $t< -; &h '88; Cu Constantan Chromel Constantan

)igure > sho&s the output 4oltage 4s. temperature )or a t(pe : thermocouple. The cur4e is reasona3l( linear. although it clearl( has signi)icant 'e4iations )rom a3solute linearit(. )igure ! sho&s the 'e4iation )rom a straight,line appro<imation. assuming a linear output )rom =DC to H1===DC )or an a4erage sensiti4it( o) 41.$#N@ADC. In practice. linearit( correction can 3e 'one 3( calculating the actual 4alue or 3( using a loo2up ta3le.

1=

Figure /. T(pe 4 thermocouple output voltage vs. temperature.

Figure 5. T(pe 4 thermocouple deviation from a straight-line appro)imation.

11

*easuring temperature &ith a thermocouple is some&hat 'i))icult 3ecause the output o) the thermocouple is lo&. It is also complicate' 3ecause a''itional thermocouples are create' at the point &here the thermocouple &ires ma2e contact &ith the copper &ires 0or traces1 that connect to the signal con'itioning circuitr(. This point is calle' the col' Bunction 0see )igure :1.

Figure 6. 3imple thermocouple circuit. The 7unction between metal 1 and metal ! is the main thermocouple 7unction. 8ther thermocouples are present where the metal 1 and metal ! wires 7oin with the measuring device.s copper wires or 1C9 traces.

The net e))ect is that the output 4oltage o) this circuit appears to 3e the 4oltage 'ue to the thermocouple minus the 4oltage o) a similar thermocouple at the col' Bunction temperature. There)ore. i) the thermocouple is at H8$8DC an' the col' Bunction is at H$8DC. @!6T &ill in'icate H8==DC. To correct )or this error. (ou must measure the col' Bunction temperature an' a'' that temperature to the 4alue in'icate' 3( @!6T9 @!6T L @TC , @CO @TC L @!6T H @CO This is 'one 3( placing a temperature sensor at the col' Bunction location an' using the measure' temperature to compensate )or the col' Bunction temperature. A complete thermocouple,to,'igital circuit might loo2 li2e the one in )igure '8. A precision op amp an' precision resistors pro4i'e gain to the thermocouple output signal. A temperature sensor at the col' Bunction location is monitore' to correct )or col' Bunction temperature. an' an ADC pro4i'es output 'ata at the resolution reCuire'. In general. cali3ration is necessar( to correct )or ampli)ier o))set 4oltage. as &ell as resistor. temperature sensor. an' 4oltage re)erence errors. an' lineari+ation must 3e per)orme' to correct )or the e))ect o) the thermocoupleFs nonlinear temperature,4oltage relationship.

1$

Figure 1#. :)ample of a thermocouple signal-conditioning circuit.

*a<im manu)actures ICs 0the *AE31#8=. *AE31#81. an' *AE31#88 series1 that per)orm the signal con'itioning )unctions )or a 4ariet( o) thermocouple t(pes. thus simpli)(ing the 'esign tas2 an' signi)icantl( re'ucing the num3er o) components reCuire' to ampli)(. col',Bunction compensate. an' 'igiti+e the thermocoupleFs output. Thermocouples are a4aila3le in pro3es an' as elements &ith 3are lea's.

Temperature Sensor ICs

Temperature sensor ICs ta2e a'4antage o) the pre'icta3le thermal characteristics o) silicon -N Bunctions. /ecause the( are acti4e circuits 3uilt using con4entional semicon'uctor processes. the( can ta2e a 4ariet( o) )orms an' inclu'e a 4ariet( o) )eatures 0such as 'igital inter)aces. ADC inputs. an' )an,control )unctions1 not a4aila3le in other technologies. The operating temperature range )or temperature sensor ICs e<ten's as lo& as ,88DC an' as high as H1$8DC. &ith a )e& pro'ucts operating to an upper limit o) aroun' H18=DC. Descriptions o) common t(pes o) temperature sensor ICs )ollo&.

%nalog Temperature Sensor ICs

Analog temperature sensor ICs con4ert temperature to 4oltage or. in some cases. to current. The simplest analog temperature sensors ha4e Bust three acti4e connections9 )or groun'. po&er suppl( 4oltage input. an' output. !ther analog sensors &ith enhance' )eatures ma( ha4e a''itional inputs or outputsG)or e<ample. comparator or 4oltage re)erence outputs. Analog temperature sensor ICs use the thermal characteristics o) 3ipolar transistors to 'e4elop an output 4oltage proportional to temperature. A conceptual circuit is sho&n in )igure ''. -ractical ICs are 'esigne' 'i))erentl(. 3ut this circuit illustrates ho& acti4e circuits can 3e ma'e to measure temperature. T&o matche' transistors on the same 'ie are connecte' as 'io'es an' 3iase' &ith currents I1 an' I$. The 3ase,emitter 4oltage 0@/%1 )or each transistor 'epen's on its temperature an' collector current. I) the transistors are locate' near each other on the 'ie an' there are no signi)icant thermal gra'ients in their 4icinit(. their temperatures &ill 3e the same. I) the( are &ell matche' an' their collector currents are matche'. their @ /% 4alues &ill also match. I) the currents are 'i))erent. the @ /% 4alues &ill )ollo& this eCuation9 @/%$ , @/%1 L n02TAC1ln0IC$AIC11 >here9 13

n L the i'ealit( )actor 0also calle' 5noni'ealit( )actor71 o) the transistor BunctionI 'epen's on process an' 'e4ice 'esign an' is generall( 4er( close to 1.=1 2 L /olt+mannFs constant L 1.3#= 8=3 P 1=,$3 m$ 2g s,$ :,1 C L the electron charge L 1. =$17 4 P 1=,19 coulom3s T L temperature in D: 0temperature in DC H $73.181

Figure 11. Conceptual circuit showing how two matched transistors can sense temperature.

-ractical 'esigns inclu'e trim capa3ilities an' compensation )or noni'eal 3eha4ior o) the circuit elements. )igure ' sho&s a cur4e o) output 4oltage 4s. temperature )or a t(pical analog temperature sensor. the *AE =8. Note that the cur4e is Cuite linear. )igure '3 sho&s the 'e4iation )rom a straight line )or this sensor. "rom =DC to H#8DC. the linearit( is &ithin a3out M=.$DC. &hich is Cuite goo' compare' to thermistors. RTDs. an' thermocouples.

14

Figure 1!. 8utput voltage vs. temperature for the +A;22#& analog temperature-sensor <C.

Figure 1*. The +A;22#& output voltage deviation from a straight line. =inearit( from # 'C to %5&'C is appro)imatel( >#.!'C.

18

Analog temperature sensors can ha4e e<cellent accurac(. "or e<ample. the DS == has a guarantee' accurac( o) M=.8DC )rom ,$=DC to H1==DC. as seen in Ta(le . !ther analog sensors are a4aila3le &ith larger error tolerances. 3ut man( o) these ha4e 4er( lo& operating current 0on the or'er o) 18NA. ma<1 an' are a4aila3le in small pac2ages 0e.g.. SC7=1. Ta(le . Ma@imAs %nalog Temperature Sensors
$art +S-88 M%C--8, M%C--8> M%C--8! M%C--'8 M%C--'' M%C--' M%C--'3 +escription M=.8DC accurate analog,output sensor &ith temperature s&itch H$.7@ to H8.8@ analog temp sensor in SC7= H1.#@ temp sensor in SC7= H1.#@ temp sensor in S!T$3 Temp sensor an' 4oltage re)erence in S!T$3 Temp sensor an' 4oltage re)erence in S!T$3 ?igh,slope. lo&,po&er. analog temp sensor H1.#@ to H8.8@ analog temp sensor %ccuracy .B/C1 =.8 3.# 8 8 3.7 3.7 4.3 4.4 %ccuracy &ange ./C1 ,$= to H1== ,$= to H#8 ,1= to H#8 ,1= to H#8 ,$= to H#8 ,$= to H#8 H = to H1== ,$= to H#8 Operating Temp &ange ./C1 ,4= to H1$8 ,88 to H1$8 ,$= to H#8 ,$= to H#8 ,4= to H1$8 ,4= to H1$8 ,88 to H18= ,88 to H13= Supply 4oltage &ange 4CC .41 H$.7 to H8.8 H$.7 to H8.8 H1.# to H3. H1.# to H3. H3.= to H8.8 H4.8 to H8.8 H$.4 to H8.8 H1.# to H8.8

Docal +igital Temperature Sensor ICs

Integrating an analog temperature sensor &ith an ADC is an o34ious &a( to create a temperature sensor &ith a 'irect 'igital inter)ace. Such a 'e4ice is normall( calle' a 'igital temperature sensor. or a local 'igital temperature sensor. 5Local7 re)ers to the )act that the sensor measures its o&n temperature. as oppose' to a remote sensor that measures the temperature o) an e<ternal IC or 'iscrete transistor. There is a &i'e 4ariet( o) 'igital temperature sensors a4aila3le &ith 4arious )eature setsI see Ta(le 3 )or a complete list o) *a<imFs local 'igital temperature sensors. )igure '4 sho&s 3loc2 'iagrams )or t&o 'igital temperature sensors. )igure '4a illustrates a sensor that simpl( measures temperature an' cloc2s the resulting 'ata out through a 3,&ire 'igital inter)ace. )igure '4( sho&s a sensor that inclu'es se4eral a''itional )eatures. such as o4er,Aun'ertemperature outputs. registers to set trip threshol's )or these outputs. an' %%-R!*.

(a

(b

Figure 10. 9loc$ diagrams of local digital temperature sensors. (a 3imple sensor with serial digital output. (b 3ensor with additional functions, such as over-?undertemperature alarm outputs and user ::1R8+.

Digital temperature sensors are a4aila3le &ith guarantee' accurac( as goo' as M=.8DC o4er a &i'e temperature range. !ne a'4antage o) using a 'igital temperature sensor is that all o) the errors in4ol4e' in 'igiti+ing the temperature 4alue are inclu'e' &ithin the sensorFs accurac( speci)ications. In contrast. an analog temperature sensorFs speci)ie' error must 3e a''e' to that o) an( ADC. ampli)ier. 4oltage re)erence. or other component that is use' &ith the sensor. A goo' e<ample o) a 4er( high,per)ormance 'igital temperature sensor is the *AE317$8. 17

&hich achie4es M=.8DC accurac( across a &i'e temperature range o) ,4=DC to H1=8DC. !4er an e4en more e<tensi4e. ,88DC to H1$8DC temperature range. the ma<imum temperature error is Bust M=.7DC. The *AE317$8 also )eatures unusuall( high 1 ,3it 0=.==39= $8DC1 resolution.

Other +igital Temperature Sensor )eatures

In a''ition to the 3asic temperature,sensing )unction. 'igital sensors can inclu'e 4arious com3inations o) se4eral other use)ul )eatures. the most common o) &hich are9 O2ertemperature Outputs *ost 'igital temperature sensors inclu'e one or more outputs that in'icate that the measure' temperature has gone 3e(on' a preset 0usuall( so)t&are, programma3le1 limit. The output ma( 3eha4e li2e a comparator output. &ith one state &hen temperature is a3o4e the threshol' an' the other state &hen temperature is 3elo& the threshol'. Another common implementation is )or the output to 3eha4e as an interrupt that is reset onl( in response to an action 3( the master. )ault Eueue >hen short,term temperature 4ariations commonl( occur. (ou ma( pre)er that the o4ertemperature output is not asserte' as a result o) a single o4erthreshol' measurement. Instea'. it ma( 3e 3etter to assert the output onl( a)ter a )e& consecuti4e o4erthreshol' measurements ha4e ta2en place. A )ault Cueue allo&s (ou to select the num3er o) consecuti4e o4erthreshol' measurements reCuire' 3e)ore the output asserts. *on2olatile Memory Some 'igital sensors inclu'e non4olatile memor( 0N@*1 to store o4ertemperature threshol's. This can 3e use)ul i). )or e<ample. the sensor is to 3e use' )or s(stem protection. >ith the correct 4alues store' in the N@* threshol' registers. the o4ertemperature 'etection )unction 3egins to operate imme'iatel( upon po&er,up. &ith no nee' )or the master to &rite to the sensor. Interfaces Digital temperature sensors are a4aila3le &ith a &i'e 4ariet( o) 'igital inter)aces inclu'ing I$C. S*/usQ. S-IQ. 1,>ireR. an' ->*. I C5SM?us Timeout In s(stems using either I$C or S*/us to communicate &ith the temperature sensor. communications errors can cause a sla4e to hol' the 3us lo& an' pre4ent either the master or other sla4es )rom using the 3us. A solution o)ten inclu'e' in sla4e ICs li2e temperature sensors is 2no&n as 5timeout.7 A timeout circuit monitors the 3us an'. &hen the 'ata 3us has 3een hel' in a lo& state )or more than 38ms. )or e<ample. the ICFs internal inter)ace resets. I) the IC has 3een hol'ing the 3us lo&. it releases the 3us. allo&ing other 'e4ices to communicate. /us timeout is an optional part o) the S*/us speci)ication. /ecause the I$C speci)ication allo&s 4er( lo& cloc2 spee's. timeout is not part o) the I$C speci)ication. ?o&e4er. the timeout )eature is inclu'e' in man( I$C sla4e 'e4ices. $acFage Compati(le Gith %m(ient Temperature Sensing. >hen it is necessar( to measure air temperature 0as oppose' to the temperature o) a 3oar' or an e<ternal 'ie1. a sensor in a T!,9$ or similar pac2age can 3e a goo' choice. See the Sensing Ambient Air Temperature section )or more in)ormation.

1#

Ta(le 3. Ma@imAs Docal +igital Temperature Sensors

$art +S'- 8 +S'- ' +S'- 4 +S'- +S'- : +S'-3' +S'> ' +S'> +S'> +S'>3' +S'>>, +S'! ' +S'! +S'! , +S'!? 8 +S'!S 8 +S ! +S- 8 +S>, +S>,D4 +S>,DC +S>,8, DM>, +escription +igital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and memory Iigh-precision digital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and real-time clocF Iigh-precision digital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer Iigh-precision digital thermometer and thermostat Iigh-precision digital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and thermostat $rogramma(le '-Jire digital thermostat and thermometer Econo '-Jire digital thermometer $rogramma(le resolution< '-Jire digital thermometer Gith 4-(it I+ $rogramma(le resolution digital thermometer Iigh-precision digital thermometer +igital thermometer Gith seKuence detect and $IO DoG-2oltage< B8.,/C accuracy digital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and thermostat DoG-2oltage digital thermometer and thermostat +igital thermometer and thermostat Gith e@tended addressing Iigh-precision< +S>,-compati(le digital thermometer and thermostat +igital temperature sensor and thermal Gatchdog Interface 3-Gire -Gire 3-Gire 3-Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire 3-Gire 3-Gire -Gire -Gire '-Jire '-Jire '-Jire '-Jire '-Jire '-Jire -Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire 8., 8., 8., 8., 8., 8., ' ' ' 8., ' %ccuracy .BHC1 8., 8., 8., 8., *on2olatile Memory 4CC &ange .41 9 .> to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 . to 9,., 9 . to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 .-, to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 . to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 93.> 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 9'.> to 93., 9 .> to 9,., 9'.> to 93.> 9'.> to 93.> 9'.> to 93.> 93.8 to 9,.,

19

$art M%C-,>, M%C-,>M%C-,>> M%C-- , M%C-- M%C-- : M%C--38 M%C--3' M%C--3 M%C--33 M%C--34 M%C--3, M%C--, M%C--M%C--!3 M%C>,88 M%C>,8'5 M%C>,8 M%C>,835 M%C>,84 M%C3'> M%C3'> 3 M%C3'> , M%C3'! 8 M%C3'! -

+escription Temp sensor Gith single-Gire time-delay interface Temp sensor Gith single-Gire period output Temp sensor Gith single-Gire freKuency output ILC< :-(it temp sensor ILC< ' -(it temp sensor ' -(it 9 sign digital temp sensor ' -(it 9 sign digital temp sensor ' -(it 9 sign digital temp sensor ' -(it 9 sign digital temp sensor ' -(it 9 sign ILC temp sensor Gith 4 ILC address pins ' -(it 9 sign ILC sensor Gith 3 address pins and user-programma(le thresholds ' -(it 9 sign ILC sensor Gith address pins and user-programma(le thresholds Temperature sensor and 4-channel 2oltage monitor ' -(it 9 sign S$I temp sensor Temperature sensor and 4-channel 2oltage monitor +igital temp sensor and thermal Gatchdog ILC (us Gith timeout0 DM>, compati(le +igital temp sensors and thermal Gatchdog ILC (us Gith timeout and reset +igital temp sensors and thermal Gatchdog ILC (us Gith reset +igital thermometer and thermostat Gith S$I53-Jire Interface +igital thermometer and thermostat Gith S$I53-Jire Interface B8.,/C Docal Temperature Sensor '-Jire %m(ient Temperature Sensor '-Jire +igital Temperature Sensor Gith '6( DocFa(le EE$&OM

Interface '-Gire '-Gire '-Gire -Gire -Gire 3-Gire 3-Gire 3-Gire 3-Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire 3-Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire -Gire 3-Gire5 S$I 3-Gire5 S$I -Gire '-Jire '-Gire

%ccuracy .BHC1 4., 4., 3.,

*on2olatile Memory

4CC &ange .41 9 .> to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,.,

' ' ' ' '., '., '., 3 ., 4

93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 9 .> to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 93.8 to 9,., 9'.> to 93.> 9'.> to 93.> 9 ., to 93.> 93.8 to 93.> 93.8 to 93.>

8., 8., 8., 8.,

$=

&emote +igital Temperature Sensors

A remote 'igital temperature sensor. also calle' a remote sensor or a thermal 'io'e sensor. measures the temperature o) an e<ternal transistorGeither a 'iscrete transistor or one that is integrate' on the 'ie o) another IC. as sho&n in )igure ',. *icroprocessors. "-;As. an' ASICs o)ten inclu'e one or more sensing transistors 0usuall( calle' 5thermal 'io'es71 similar to the one sho&n in "igure 18.

Figure 1&. A remote temperature sensor monitoring the temperature of a sensing transistor (or thermal diode on the die of an e)ternal <C.

Remote temperature sensors operate on a principle similar to the one sho&n in "igure 11. e<cept that onl( one sensing transistor is use' 0see )igure '-1. >h( is onl( one sensing transistor use'S There are t&o reasons. "irst. t&o transistors &oul' reCuire one or t&o more pins on 3oth the target IC an' the sensor IC. Secon'. the use o) t&o transistors &oul' reCuire the manu)acturer o) the target IC to 4er( precisel( match those transistors. An( 'i))erences 3et&een the t&o transistors &oul' lea' to measurement errors that &oul' 3e out o) the control o) the remote sensor ICFs manu)acturer. 6sing a single sensing transistor reCuires )e&er pins an' allo&s the 2e( error sources to 3e controlle' 0an' compensate'1 3( the manu)acturer o) the remote sensor IC.

$1

Figure 12. 3implified bloc$ diagram of a remote diode temperature sensor.

The 3ias current through the transistor alternates 3et&een current sources I1 an' I$. an' the ADC measures the resulting @/% &hile each current 4alue )lo&s. As 3e)ore. the 'i))erence 3et&een the t&o @/% 4alues is 'irectl( proportional to a3solute temperature. @/%$ , @/%1 L n02TAC1ln0IC$AIC11 >hat is the a'4antage o) measuring the 'ie temperature o) an e<ternal ICS "irst. consi'er the t(pes o) ICs that might ha4e high 'ie temperatures. These ma( 3e po&er suppl( ICs. high, spee' microprocessors. DS-s. "-;As. or ASICs. -o&er 'issipation ma( 4ar( signi)icantl( o4er a perio' o) time 'epen'ing on loa'ing. I) the 'ie temperature rises to a 4alue that is a3o4e the nominal operating temperatureGto H1==DC. )or e<ampleGper)ormance ma( su))er enough to cause the s(stem to )ail. A s(stem that can monitor the 'ie temperatures o) sensiti4e components ma( 3e a3le to pre4ent )ailure 3( acting on the thermal 'ata. The s(stem might. )or e<ample. acti4ate a cooling )an or re'uce cloc2 spee's to help re'uce the 'ie temperature o) an o4erheate' IC. I) the temperature approaches a 4alue high enough to cause irre4ersi3le 'amage. the s(stem might shut itsel) 'o&n 3e)ore 'amage can occur. )igure '> compares monitoring a high,temperature IC &ith a remote sensor an' &ith a local sensor. The target IC starts at a lo& 'ie temperature. &hich Cuic2l( rises to a high 4alue. Note that the local sensor respon's slo&l( to the change in the targetFs 'ie temperature. This is 3ecause o) the time reCuire' )or temperature changes to propagate )rom the targetFs 'ie through its lea' )rame an' pac2age. the -C/. an' the local sensorFs 'ie. Se4eral secon's are nee'e' )or the local sensor to respon' to changes in the targetFs 'ie temperature. Also. note that the local sensorFs rea'ing is much 'i))erent )rom the targetFs 'ie temperature. The local sensor is measuring 3oar' temperature. &hich is in)luence' 3( other 'e4ices on the 3oar'. chassis temperature. air temperature. an' air )lo&. There)ore. it is unli2el( that the local sensor &ill report a temperature that correlates &ell &ith the targetFs 'ie temperature.

$$

Figure 1/. Comparison of the behavior of a local sensor and a remote sensor. "ote that, when an e)ternal <C has a thermal diode available, a remote sensor can measure the die temperature of that <C much more @uic$l( and accuratel( than a local sensor can.

As the )igure illustrates. the 3eha4ior o) the remote sensor 'i))ers signi)icantl( )rom that o) the local sensor. The remote sensor respon's Cuic2l( to changes in the targetFs 'ie temperature. /ecause the remote sensor is measuring the actual temperature on the target 'ie. the 'ela( is Bust that o) the remote sensorFs ADC. &hich is usuall( on the or'er o) 8=Ns to 1==Ns. There)ore. the remote sensor can )ollo& the targetFs 'ie temperature Cuic2l(. /ecause the remote temperature sensor is measuring the temperature o) the targetFs 'ie 'irectl(. the reporte' temperature &ill 3e 4er( close 0on the or'er o) M1DC1 to the actual temperature. A secon'ar( a'4antage o) remote temperature sensors is that the( allo& (ou to monitor more than one hot spot &ith a single IC. A 3asic single,remote sensor. li2e the *AE 4$ in "igure 18. can monitor t&o temperatures9 its o&n temperature plus an e<ternal temperature. The e<ternal location ma( 3e on the 'ie o) a target IC. as in "igure 18. or it ma( 3e a hot spot on a 3oar' that it monitors using a 'iscrete transistor. !ther remote sensors monitor as man( as se4en e<ternal temperaturesI this allo&s a total o) eight locations. consisting o) ICs an' 3oar' hot spots. to 3e monitore' )rom a single chip. "or e<ample. the *AE #1. &hich has se4en remote 'io'e inputs. might 3e use' to monitor the temperatures o) a pair o) "-;As &ith integrate' thermal 'io'es. )our 3oar' hot spots using 'iscrete 'io'e,connecte' transistors. an' the temperature o) the 3oar' at the *AE #1Fs location. See Ta(le 4 )or a complete list o) *a<imFs remote temperature sensors an' the num3er o) locations the( can monitor.

&emote Temperature Sensor Error Sources

@arious characteristics o) the thermal 'io'e or the circuit 3oar' can cause temperature measurement errors. Descriptions o) the most common o) these errors )ollo&. $arasitic Series &esistance Resistance in series &ith the thermal 'io'e &ill a))ect the temperature reporte' 3( the remote sensor. I) the sensor uses 'io'e 3ias currents o) 1==NA an' 1=NA. the e))ect o) IR 'rops on the 'i))erential 4oltage can 3e calculate' as )ollo&s9 /egin &ith the eCuation )or 4oltage 'ue to t&o currents )lo&ing through the transistor9 $3

@/%$ , @/%1 L n02TAC1ln0IC$AIC11 I) the series resistance eCuals 1J. the 1==NA an' 1=NA 3ias currents &ill cause 4oltage 'rops across the resistor eCual to 1==N@ an' 1=N@. respecti4el(. resulting in a 4oltage 'i))erence o) 9=N@. Rearranging the a3o4e eCuation an' assuming n L 1. &e can see that this &ill cause an apparent temperature shi)t o)9 T L 0C < 9=N@1AT2 < ln01=1U L =.48DC *ost *a<im remote temperature sensors use 1==NA an' 1=NA 3ias currents. an' those currents are generall( &ithin $=V o) the nominal 4alues. so =.48DC is a goo' appro<imation )or these sensors. I) the series resistance is 2no&n 0as is usuall( the case &ith -C/ trace resistance1. it is simple to calculate the e<pecte' increase in the temperature rea'ing an' su3tract that 4alue )rom the temperature reporte' 3( the sensor. Note that not all sensors &ill ha4e the same =.48DCAJ sensiti4it( to series resistance. Some sensors use much higher 'io'e 3ias currents. &hich &ill increase the sensiti4it(. Also note the tolerance o) the 3ias current. A $=V tolerance &oul' allo& reasona3l( accurate estimates o) the e))ect o) series resistance. A H1==VA,8=V tolerance. )or e<ample. &oul' ma2e goo' estimates 'i))icult. >hen the series resistance is not 2no&n. a goo' solution is to use a sensor that has automatic resistance cancellation. Se4eral o) *a<imFs remote sensors ha4e this )eature. Ideality )actor %arlier. it &as state' that the i'ealit( )actor o) the -N Bunction is 4er( close to 1.=1. an' that the actual 4alue 'epen's on process an' transistor 'esign. *ost remote sensors are optimi+e' )or a speci)ic i'ealit( )actor. "or e<ample. se4eral o) *a<imFs remote sensors are optimi+e' )or an i'ealit( )actor o) 1.==#. &hich correspon's to the center o) the 'istri3ution o) se4eral thermal 'io'es on man( popular microprocessors. I) (ou use a thermal 'io'e &ith a 'i))erent i'ealit( )actor )rom the 4alue )or &hich the sensor &as optimi+e'. the reporte' temperature &ill 'i))er )rom the actual temperature. The actual temperature can 3e easil( calculate'. so long as (ou 2no& the i'ealit( )actor o) (our thermal 'io'e. using the eCuation 3elo&9
ACT6AL *%AS6R%D DI!D% S%NS!R

LT

0n

An

>here9 T L temperature in D: nS%NS!R L i'ealit( )actor )or &hich the sensor is optimi+e' nDI!D% L i'ealit( )actor o) the 'io'e (ou are using As an e<ample. assume (ou ha4e a sensor optimi+e' )or n L 1.==# an' (ou use it to monitor temperature o) a 'iscrete 'io'e &ith n L 1.=1. At T L H3==D:. the measure' temperature &ill 3e9
ACT6AL *%AS6R%D DI!D% S%NS!R

LT

0n

An

1 L 3==D:01.=1A1.==#1 L 3==. D: $4

The resulting error is. there)ore. appro<imatel( H=. D:. 6nit,to,unit 4ariation in i'ealit( )actors 'epen's on the repeata3ilit( o) the microprocessor manu)acturerFs process. "or manu)acturers &ith consistent processes. the 4ariation can 3e a )raction o) a percent. A larger potential error can occur &hen the sensing transistorFs current gain 0or 53eta71 is e<tremel( lo&. DoG-?eta-Sensing Transistors. Note that the remote sensor in "igure 1 is )orcing current through the sensing transistorFs emitter. 3ut the eCuation sho&ing the relationship 3et&een W@/% an' temperature 'epen's on a precise ratio o) collector currents. As long as the transistorFs current gain is high. this is a goo' appro<imation. I) the transistorFs current gain is 4er( lo&. ho&e4er. the ratio o) collector currents ma( not match the ratio o) emitter currents. /ecause a signi)icant )raction o) the emitter current is )lo&ing through the 3ase. an( change in 3eta 'ue to changes in temperature or current le4els can potentiall( change the collector current ratio. there3( changing the reporte' temperature. A 1=V change in the collector current ratio can cause roughl( a 1$DC change in the reporte' temperature. Note that this is not a pro3lem &ith 'iscrete sensing transistors. 3ecause the( ha4e consistentl( high current gains. Some integrate' sensing transistors 3uilt using speciali+e' nanometer,scale processes that cannot support goo' -N- transistors ma( ha4e 4er( lo& 3etas 0less than 11. an' these ha4e the potential )or poor accurac(. >hen such transistors &ill 3e use'. it is generall( a goo' i'ea to use a remote sensor &ith 53eta compensation.7 /eta compensation uses circuit techniCues that compensate )or the e))ects o) lo&,3eta transistors. pro'ucing accurate temperature 'ata )or 3eta 4alues as lo& as =.1. %<amples o) *a<imFs remote sensors &ith 3eta compensation are the *AE 93 an' *AE 8#1. Is 3eta compensation al&a(s necessar( &hen using lo&,3eta,sensing transistorsS Not at all. I) 3eta is relati4el( uni)orm o4er the normal range o) currents an' temperatures. the e))ect o) lo& 3eta ma( 3e small enough to ignore. As an e<ample. )igure '! sho&s the results o) measuring three samples o) a 48nm microprocessor &ith a 3eta o) =.3. The temperature sensor is a stan'ar' 'e4ice &ith no 3eta compensation. Note that the errors are less than M1DC. e4en &ithout the use o) 3eta compensation. It is. there)ore. a'4isa3le to un'erstan' the characteristics o) the sense transistors (ou &ill 3e using. 3ecause some ma( reCuire 3eta compensation. &hile others ma( not. "igure 1# illustrates this &ith error cur4es )or three 'i))erent samples o) lo&,3eta C-6s. The temperatures o) these C-6s &ere measure' using con4entional remote temperature sensors that ha' no 3eta compensation. In total. nine C-6s &ere teste'I the cur4es in "igure 1# sho& the ma<imum. minimum. an' me'ian results.

$8

Figure 15. Three samples of a 0&nm microprocessor with beta A #.* measured using conventional +A;226!B remote temperature sensors. "ote the low errors even without beta compensation.

Other &emote Sensor )eatures

As &ith local 'igital sensors. remote temperature sensors can inclu'e a 4ariet( o) other use)ul )eatures. summari+e' 3elo&9 O2ertemperature Outputs Nearl( all remote temperature sensors inclu'e at least one o4ertemperature output. an' most inclu'e t&o or more. !ne o) these outputs is t(picall( an interrupt 0or S*/us alert1 that ma( also in'icate pro3lems such as shorte' or open,circuit 'io'es. !ther outputs are most o)ten o4ertemperature comparator outputs. Interfaces *ost remote temperature,sensor ICs on the mar2et &ere 'e4elope' )or -C applications an'. there)ore. )eature an S*/usAI$C,compati3le inter)ace. A )e& are a4aila3le &ith other serial inter)aces. %<amples are the *AE $7 an' *AE $#. &hich use an S-I, compati3le inter)ace. I C5SM?us Timeout As mentione' in the Local Digital Sensors section. 3us timeout is an optional )eature that can pre4ent I$CAS*/us loc2up resulting )rom communication errors. +iode )ault +etection The maBorit( o) remote sensors ha4e the a3ilit( to 'etect shorte' or open,circuit thermal 'io'es. The manner in &hich a 'io'e )ault is in'icate' 'epen's on the sensor. "aults can 3e in'icate' 3( an AL%RT 0interrupt1 output. a 3it in a status register. or a speci)ic co'e 0such as negati4e )ull scale1 in the temperature 'ata register. Con2ersion &ate Control *ost remote sensors can select an( o) se4eral a4aila3le temperature con4ersion rates. Since suppl( current 'epen's partl( on the con4ersion spee'. this allo&s the 'esigner to tra'e up'ate rate against suppl( current. $

Offset &egisters Some remote sensors inclu'e o))set registers that can a'' an o))set to the measure' temperature. This o))set can 3e use' to compensate )or an error. such as might 3e cause' 3( series resistance or a transistor i'ealit( )actor. &hich can a))ect the reporte' temperature 4alue. In the a3sence o) an o))set register. the microcontroller 0NC1 that rea's the sensor 'ata can a'' an o))set as nee'e'. Ideality )actor &egisters The maBorit( o) sensing transistors use' &ith remote sensors ha4e i'ealit( )actors that )all &ithin a relati4el( narro& range. >hen the i'ealit( )actor is outsi'e o) that range. correcting )or the resulting error in reporte' temperature is relati4el( simple. To simpli)( this )urther. a )e& remote sensors also inclu'e registers that allo& the i'ealit( )actor target 4alue to 3e selecte' to match the i'ealit( o) the sensing transistor. +ata %2eraging Transient noise in the s(stem can sometimes cause remote 'io'e measurement errors. There are 4arious &a(s to counteract this e))ect. *a<imFs remote sensors al&a(s a4erage 1= rea'ings 3e)ore per)orming the analog,to,'igital con4ersion. Some sensors a4erage a )e& samples a)ter con4ersion. A4eraging can 3e 3ene)icial &hen errors 'ue to noise transients are ran'om. Ta(le 4. Ma@imAs &emote Temperature Sensors
$art M%C-,!' M%C--8 +escription #,channel precision temperature monitor &ith 3eta compensation 8,channel precision temperature monitor &ith ST/X 8,channel. -enr(n C-6, compati3le. precision temperature monitor &ith ST/XI DEN1 groun'e' Remote M1DC 'igital temperature sensor &ith S-I inter)ace Remote M1DC 'igital temperature sensor &ith S-I inter)ace 7,channel. -enr(n C-6, compati3le precision temperature monitor &ith ST/XI DEN1 groun'e' -recision temperature monitor &ith $ in'epen'ent S*/us inter)aces M1DC. S*/us remoteAlocal temperature sensor RemoteAlocal sensors &ith H1$8DC 'e)ault e<ternal o4ertemperature threshol' RemoteAlocal sensor &ith H1$8DC 'e)ault e<ternal o4ertemperature threshol' RemoteAlocal sensor &ith H1$8DC 'e)ault e<ternal o4ertemperature threshol' &emote Channels 7 4 Docal Channels 1 1 Interface $,&ire $,&ire %ccuracy .BHC1 1 1 %larm Outputs $ $ &esistance Cancellation Xes Channel 1

M%C--

$,&ire

Channel 1

M%C-- > M%C-- !

1 1

= =

3,&ire 3,&ire

1 1

= =

No No

M%C--3-

$,&ire

Channel 1

M%C--3! M%C--4 M%C--4-

1 1 1

1 1 1

$,&ire $,&ire $,&ire

$ 1 1

$ 1 $

No No No

M%C--4>

$,&ire

No

M%C--4!

$,&ire

=.#

No

$7

$art M%C--4: M%C--,4 M%C--,, M%C--,M%C--,> M%C--,! M%C--,: M%C--!8 M%C--!' M%C--!: M%C--:8 M%C--: M%C--:, M%C--:M%C--:> M%C--:! M%C--::

+escription RemoteAlocal sensor &ith H1$8DC 'e)ault e<ternal o4ertemperature threshol' M1DC remoteAlocal temperature sensor &ith resistance cancellation $,channel remoteAlocal temperature sensor an' 4, channel 4oltage monitor $,channel remoteAlocal temperature sensor an' 4, channel 4oltage monitor =DC to H1$8DC remoteAlocal temperature sensor ,88DC to H1$8DC remoteAlocal temperature sensor ,88DC to H1$8DC remoteAlocal temperature sensor &ith $ o4ertemperature alarms M1DC )ail,sa)e remoteAlocal temperature sensor M1DC )ail,sa)e remoteAlocal temperature sensor 7,channel precision temperature monitor M$DC accurate remoteAlocal temperature sensor &ith resistance cancellation RemoteAlocal sensor &ith H#8DC 'e)ault e<ternal o4ertemperature alert Dual remoteAlocal temperature sensors &ith )i<e' S*/us a''ress Dual remoteAlocal temperature sensors &ith 9 pin,selecta3le S*/us a''resses 7,channel precision temperature monitor 7,channel precision temperature monitor 03 remote. 1 local. 3 thermistor1 8,channel precision temperature monitor

&emote Channels 1 1 $ $ 1 1 1 1 1

Docal Channels 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Interface $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire

%ccuracy .BHC1 1 $ 1.8 1.8 1 1 1 1 1 1 $ =.# 1.8 1.8 1 1 1

%larm Outputs $ 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 $ 3 3 $ $ $

&esistance Cancellation No Xes No No No No No No No Channel 1 Xes No No No Channel 1 Channel 1 Channel 1

1 1 $ $

1 1 1 1 1 1

Other Types of Thermal Management Components

Thermal management in4ol4es more than simpl( sensing temperature. Se4eral 2in's o) components use temperature 'ata to per)orm a )unction. such as temperature threshol' 'etection 0in temperature s&itches1. )an control. or sensor signal con'itioning. Some o) these are 'iscusse' 3elo&.

Temperature SGitches
A temperature s&itch respon's to temperature e<cee'ing a pre'etermine' threshol' 0also calle' a set point. trip point. or trip temperature1. %))ecti4el(. it is li2e a com3ination o) an analog temperature sensor an' a comparator. The output is a logic gate. Temperature s&itches are simple. small. an' lo& in cost. ma2ing them i'eal )or 5)ail,sa)e7 s(stem protection $#

applications. The( can operate in'epen'ent o) other components an'. &hen an o4ertemperature e4ent is 'etecte'. can act to protect the s(stem 3(. )or e<ample. acti4ating a cooling )an or 'isa3ling the po&er suppl(. Note that temperature s&itches can protect against lo&,temperature con'itions as &ell 0e.g.. 3( stopping the charging o) a 3atter( &hen temperature is too lo& )or sa)e charging1. )igure ': is an e<ample o) a simple temperature s&itch &ith a )actor(,set trip temperature. !ne input can 3e strappe' to @CC or ;ND to set the h(steresis to either H$DC or H1=DC. The output in this case is acti4e,lo& an' open,'rain. 3ut acti4e,high push,pull 4ersions are also a4aila3le.

Figure 16. Temperature switch with a factor(-set trip temperature.

"or applications that reCuire an a'Busta3le trip temperature. temperature s&itches such as the *AE 8=9 in )igure 8 ha4e trip temperatures 'etermine' 3( an e<ternal resistor. !ther temperature s&itches ha4e trip temperatures 'etermine' 3( pin,strapping.

Figure !#. Temperature switch with a resistor-set trip temperature.

Ta(le , summari+es the )eatures o) se4eral o) *a<imFs temperature s&itches.

$9

Ta(le ,. Ma@imAs Temperature SGitches

$art +S-88 M%C-,8' M%C-,8 M%C-,83 M%C-,84 M%C-,8, M%C-,8M%C-,8> M%C-,8! M%C-,8: M%C-,'8 M%C-,'' M%C-,' M%C-,'3 M%C-,'4 M%C-,', M%C-,'M%C-,'> M%C-,'! M%C-,': M%C--!, M%C--!M%C--!> M%C--!! +escription Resistor,a'Busta3le threshol'. precision temperature sensor. t&o outputs "actor( threshol's )rom H38DC to H1$8DC in 1=DC increments "actor( threshol's )rom H38DC to H1$8DC in 1=DC increments "actor( threshol's )rom ,48DC to H18DC in 1=DC increments "actor( threshol's )rom ,48DC to H18DC in 1=DC increments $ outputs 0ALAR*. >ARN1. )actor( threshol's )rom ,4=DC to H1$8DC in 8DC increments $ outputs 0ALAR*. >ARN1. )actor( threshol's )rom ,4=DC to H1$8DC in 8DC increments $ outputs 0!@%R. !:1 )actor( threshol's )rom ,4=DC to H1$8DC in 8DC increments $ outputs 0!@%R. !:1. )actor( threshol's )rom ,4=DC to H1$8DC in 8DC increments Resistor,programma3le temperature s&itch Resistor,programma3le temperature s&itchI open,'rain an' push,pull *easure remote temperature )rom H4=DC to H1$8DC in 1=DC )actor(,programme' increments *easure remote temperature )rom H4=DC to H1$8DC in 1=DC )actor(,programme' increments *easure remote temperature )rom H4=DC to H1$8DC in 1=DC )actor(,programme' increments "actor(,set threshol's )rom ,48DC to H118DC in 1=DC increments "actor(,set threshol's )rom ,48DC to H118DC in 1=DC increments "actor(,set threshol's )rom ,48DC to H118DC in 1=DC increments. analog output "actor(,set threshol's )rom ,48DC to H118DC in 1=DC increments. analog output "actor(,set threshol's )rom ,48DC to H118DC in 1=DC increments. analog output "actor(,set threshol's )rom ,48DC to H118DC in 1=DC increments. analog output Dual,output remote,Bunction s&itch Dual,output remote,Bunction s&itch Dual,output H4=DC to H118DC local an' H1$=DC to H1$8DC remote,Bunction s&itch Dual,output H4=DC to H118DC local an' H1$=DC to H1$8DC remote,Bunction s&itch Sensor Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Local Remote Remote Remote Local Local Local Local Local Local Remote Remote Remote. local Remote. local Output Type !pen 'rain !pen 'rain -ushApull !pen 'rain -ushApull !pen 'rain -ushApull !pen 'rain -ushApull !pen 'rain Selecta3le -ushApull !pen 'rain -ushApull !pen 'rain -ushApull -ushApull. analog !pen 'rain. analog -ushApull. analog !pen 'rain. analog !pen 'rain. pushApull !pen 'rain !pen 'rain -ushApull Output $olarity 1 high. 1 lo& Lo& ?igh Lo& ?igh Lo& ?igh Lo& ?igh Lo& Selecta3le Lo& Lo& ?igh Lo& ?igh ?igh Lo& ?igh Lo& Lo&. high Lo& Lo& ?igh 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.7 4.7 8 8 8 $.8 $.8 $.8 $.8 $.8 $.8 1.8 1.8 3 3 %ccuracy .B/C< ma@1 =.8

3=

)an Speed Controllers

"ans are use' in electronic s(stems that reCuire air )lo& to pro4i'e su))icient cooling )or the 4arious components. I) (ou use a )an 0or multiple )ans1 that can mo4e enough air to su))icientl( cool the s(stem components un'er &orst,case con'itions 0ma<imum am3ient temperature. ma<imum po&er 'issipation1. that )an &ill 2eep the internal temperatures lo& enough to a4oi' component 'amage. ?o&e4er. the s(stem &ill not normall( 3e operating un'er &orst,case con'itions. In )act. the amount o) time a s(stem spen's at or near the &orst,case thermal con'itions is o)ten a small )raction o) the s(stemFs operating li)e. There)ore. constantl( running the )an at its nominal 0)ull1 spee' is not necessar(. Sometimes. no cooling is necessar(I at other times. limite' cooling is su))icient. In a''ition to 3eing unnecessar(. continuous )ull,spee' cooling has 'isa'4antages. These inclu'e9 "nnecessarily Iigh %coustic *oise "ans are nois(. *ultiple )ans are noisier still. The noise le4el increases &ith spee'. so i) the )an is operate' at its )ull nominal spee' continuousl(. the noise le4el &ill 3e higher than it nee's to 3e. At a minimum. the e<cessi4e noise is unpleasant )or people &or2ing near3(. At higher soun' pressure le4els. e<cessi4e )an noise can 'amage the hearing o) those near3(. There)ore. an( eCuipment that inclu'es cooling )ans an' is operate' in the presence o) users shoul' emplo( some metho' o) re'ucing )an spee' &hen )ull cooling is not nee'e'. Re'ucing the anno(ance le4el o) )an noise can impro4e mar2eta3ilit( o) eCuipment. In some cases. ma<imum noise le4els are man'ate' 3( legislation. e))ecti4el( reCuiring some )orm o) )an control. Jasted $oGer "an po&er 'issipation 4aries 'ramaticall(. )rom small. )ractional,&att )ans use' in compact eCuipment to large )ans that reCuire &ell o4er 1==> o) input po&er. A )an spinning at )ull spee' &hen that spee' is not nee'e' is &asting po&er. increasing operating costs. an' a''ing to the eCuipmentFs car3on )ootprint. Re'ucing )an spee' &hen less cooling is nee'e' can re'uce the po&er &aste. resulting in lo&er costs an' lo&er o4erall car3on 'io<i'e emissions. &educed )an Difetime Since the operating li)etime o) a )an is relate' to the total num3er o) re4olutions. running the )an at less than )ull spee' can increase the )anFs operating li)e. I) the )anFs a4erage spee' can 3e cut in hal). the )anFs li)etime can roughl( 3e 'ou3le'. &hich impro4es relia3ilit( an' re'uces maintenance costs. There are. there)ore. some goo' reasons to a'Bust the spee' o) (our cooling )ans so that the( are spinning as slo&l( as practical &ithin the s(stemFs thermal reCuirements. Se4eral 'i))erent important )unctions are )oun' in 4arious com3inations in speci)ic )an control ICs. Some o) these are liste' 3elo&. Control of )an Speed This techniCue is per)orme' either 3( a'Busting the )anFs po&er suppl( 4oltage or 3( generating a ->* signal &hose 'ut( c(cle controls the spee' o) the )an. Monitoring of )an Speed Normall( 'one 3( monitoring the )anFs tachometer or 5TAC?7 output. this metho' utili+es an output that pro'uces a speci)ic num3er o) pulses per re4olution. Sometimes this is 'one 3( monitoring the )anFs suppl( current. although this is much less relia3le.

31

+etecting )an )ailure This is usuall( 'one as part o) the )an spee' monitoring process. It can also 3e 'one 3( )ans that ha4e 5)ail7 or 5loc2e' rotor7 outputs instea' o) TAC? outputs. *onitoring the spee' o) a )an &hen 'ri4en to its )ull spee' also allo&s 5pre'icti4e7 )an,)ailure 'etection. As )ans near en',o),li)e. the( can 3egin to slo& 'o&n. /( 'etecting this phenomenon. a s(stem can ensure that a )an near the en' o) its use)ul li)etime is replace' 3e)ore )ailing completel(. Closed-Doop Control of )an Speed This is a com3ination o) )an spee' control an' monitoring. /( monitoring the )anFs tachometer signal. the spee' o) the )an can 3e a'Buste' to )orce it to a 'esire' 4alue 0e.g.. 3 ==R-*1. Ensuring DoG %udi(ility of Speed Control A'Busting the spee' o) a )an to match the s(stemFs cooling reCuirements can help to re'uce the a4erage noise le4el pro'uce' 3( the )an. ?o&e4er. it is necessar( to 3e a&are that each time the )anFs spee' is change'. the change in noise le4el can 3e 4er( apparent to an(one near the s(stem. The 3est )an,control ICs inclu'e )eatures that help to re'uce the au'i3ilit( o) )an spee' changes. Monitoring of Temperature The )an controller can inclu'e one or more channels o) temperature sensing. Temperature-?ased )an Speed Control Temperature 'ata can 3e use' to a'Bust )an spee' 3ase' on s(stem,speci)ic temperature,spee' pro)iles.

Types of )ans
The 3est &a( to control the spee' o) a )an 'epen's on the t(pe o) )an. /rushless DC 0/LDC1 )ans are the most common t(pe use' to cool electronic eCuipment. These )ans are a4aila3le &ith po&er suppl( 4oltages o) 8@. 1$@. $4@. an' 4#@. 1$@ )ans are the most common. 8@ )ans are o)ten )oun' in porta3le eCuipment. such as note3oo2 -Cs. 4#@ )ans are commonl( use' in in'ustrial an' telecommunications eCuipment. There are three categories o) /LDC )ans. re)erre' to 3( the num3er o) &ires on the )an. as sho&n in )igure '. The simplest is the $,&ire )an. &hich Bust has po&er suppl( connections.

3$

Figure !1. !-, *-, and 0-wire fans.

A 3,&ire )an also has po&er suppl( connections. plus an a''itional &ire that pro4i'es in)ormation a3out the )anFs status. There are t&o stan'ar' )unctions )or the thir' &ire. This thir' &ire ma( 3e a TAC? output or a 5loc2e',rotor7 output. A TAC? output is usuall( an open,'rain logic output that pro'uces a series o) pulses as the )an spins. *ost )ans pro'uce t&o pulses per re4olution. 3ut )ans pro'ucing one. )our. or eight pulses per re4olution are also a4aila3le. /( 'etermining the perio' or )reCuenc( o) the tachometer pulses. the )anFs spee' can 3e calculate'. This 'ata can then 3e use' )or close', loop control o) the )anFs R-* 3( comparing the actual R-* &ith the target R-* an' then a'Busting the 'ri4e to the )an until the actual R-* matches the target R-*. The tachometer signal can also 3e use' to 'etect )an )ailure. "or e<ample. i) a )anFs spee' is calculate' to 3e 3==R-* un'er )ull 'ri4e con'itions. 3ut its nominal spee' is 4===R-*. it can 3e sa)el( assume' that the )an has )aile'. Another use )or the TAC? output is to 'etect incipient )an )ailure. -rior to )ailing. man( )ans &ill spin more slo&l( at a gi4en 'ri4e le4el than the( 'i' &hen ne&. /( monitoring the )anFs spee' 4s. 'ri4e pro)ile. it is possi3le to 'etermine that the )an is 3eginning to slo&. there3( allo&ing the )an to 3e replace' 3e)ore it has completel( )aile'. This impro4es s(stem relia3ilit( 3( pre4enting )an )ailures. an' also re'uces maintenance costs 3ecause 5emergenc(7 )an replacements an' potential s(stem 'amage 3ecome less li2el(. The other common 3,&ire )unction is a )an,)ailure or loc2e',rotor output that in'icates that the )an has stoppe' spinning. >hile less )le<i3le than a TAC? output. the loc2e',rotor signal gi4es an unam3iguous in'ication o) )an )ailure or o3struction. 4,&ire )ans a'' a ->* spee',control input. /( 4ar(ing the 'ut( c(cle o) the ->* &a4e)orm supplie' to this input. the spee' o) the )an can 3e 4arie' o4er a range o) a3out 3=V to 1==V o) the ma<imum spee'. The recommen'e' ->* )reCuenc( is in the range o) 182?+ to 3=2?+ )or most )ans. although some )ans &ill accept input )reCuencies as lo& as 1==?+ or as high as 1==2?+. The logic le4els are usuall( compati3le &ith 3.3@ or 8.=@ logic. 33

Controlling )an Speed

It is clear that 3asic spee' control is eas( to 'o &ith a 4,&ire )an. A NC can generate a ->* &a4e)orm. as can most )an spee' controller ICs. ?o&e4er. 4,&ire )ans are still less common than $, an' 3,&ire units. so the 4ariet( o) con)igurations is limite' relati4e to the other t(pes. In some cases. the right )an )or the application is a4aila3le onl( as a $, or 3,&ire unit. Controlling the spee' o) a $,&ire or 3,&ire )an can 3e some&hat more in4ol4e'. 3ecause these )ans 'o not ha4e a 'e'icate' spee',control input. Instea'. the spee' o) these )ans must 3e controlle' 3( mo'i)(ing the suppl( 4oltage applie' to the )ans. I) (ou 4ar( a )anFs po&er suppl( 4oltage. the )anFs spee' &ill 4ar(. )igure sho&s )an R-* 4s. )an po&er suppl( 4oltage )or a t(pical. lo&,cost 1$@ )an. The )anFs spee' in this e<ample is roughl( proportional to the suppl( 4oltage.

Figure !!. Fan R1+ vs. power suppl( voltage for a t(pical 1!C fan.

!ne &a( to 4ar( the )anFs po&er suppl( 4oltage is sho&n in )igure 3. The lo&,'ropout 4oltage regulator 0LD!1 pro4i'es po&er to the )an. The 'igital,to,analog con4erter 0DAC1 controls the LD!Fs output 4oltage 3( 'ri4ing its ADO6ST input. This approach allo&s a NC to 4ar( the )anFs spee' 3( &riting control 'ata to the DAC. Some 'e'icate' )an control ICs implement a similar approach 3( integrating the DAC an' LD! )unctions along &ith other )eatures.

34

Figure !*. 3ome fan control <Cs control the speed of a !- or *-wire fan b( var(ing the power suppl( voltage.

A 'ra&3ac2 to this techniCue is e))icienc(Gthe LD! &ill 'issipate some po&er. Still. the o4erall po&er use' is less than &oul' result )rom operating the )an at )ull spee'. Total po&er 'issipation is roughl( proportional to )an spee'. There)ore. i) the )an is normall( operating at less than )ull spee'. the circuit re'uces o4erall po&er 'issipation 0)igure 41. &hich compares the po&er 'issipation o) the linear )an 'ri4e approach &ith that o) ->* )an 'ri4e. This approach can 3e ma'e more e))icient. at a higher cost. 3( replacing the LD! &ith a s&itch, mo'e 4oltage regulator.

Figure !0. Comparison of power dissipation in linear (upper curve and 1D+ fan drive (lower curve approaches.

38

A lo&er cost. more e))icient approach is sho&n in )igure ,. In this case. the )anFs po&er suppl( is mo'ulate' 3( a ->* &a4e)ormGthe po&er suppl( e))ecti4el( turns on an' o)) at a rate o) roughl( 3=?+. /ecause the pass transistor is al&a(s either )ull( on or )ull( o)). its po&er 'issipation is negligi3le compare' to the po&er use' 3( the )an.

Figure !&. Controlling the speed of a !- or *-wire fan b( pulse-width modulating the power suppl( using an n-channel F:T on the low side of the fan.

6sing an n,channel *!S"%T 0or an N-N1 on the groun' &ire o) the )an allo&s the pass 'e4ice to 3e 'ri4en 3( a 3.3@ or 8@ logic,le4el ->* signal. The TAC? or loc2e',rotor output is pulle' up to the )anFs po&er suppl( 4oltage. Alternati4el(. a p,channel *!S"%T 0or a -N-1 can 3e use' on the positi4e po&er suppl( &ire instea'. This results in a groun',re)erre' TAC? or loc2e',rotor output. 3ut reCuires that the ->* signal s&ing up to @"AN. *a<im ma2es se4eral ->* )an spee' controllers that are compati3le &ith either n,channel or p,channel )an 'ri4e. inclu'ing the *AE 18. *AE 1 . *AE 39. *AE 4=. *AE 41. an' *AE 7#. ->* )reCuencies &ell 3elo& 3=?+ are usuall( a4oi'e' &hen using this techniCue 3ecause. as )reCuencies 'ecrease. there is an au'i3le change in the )anFs spee' 'uring the on an' o)) perio's o) the ->* &a4e)orm. As the )reCuenc( increases 3e(on' 38?+ or so. the 5on7 perio' can 3ecome too short to allo& the )anFs internal electronics to turn on an' 3egin 'ri4ing the )an. This ->* approach su))ers )rom three 'ra&3ac2s. "irst. some )an manu)acturers recommen' against it 'ue to concerns a3out )an relia3ilit(. I) (ou are planning to 'ri4e a $, or 3,&ire )an &ith a pulse,&i'th mo'ulate' po&er suppl(. 3e sure that the )an 4en'or allo&s the use o) this techniCue. The secon' 'ra&3ac2 is noise. >ith some )ans. the 3=?+ pulse &a4e)orm causes the )anFs motor mechanism to mo4e in response to the pulses. resulting in an un'esira3le 5tic2ing7 or 5clic2ing7 soun' emanating )rom the )an at a 3=?+ rate. This is 4er( au'i3le &ith some )ans. though nearl( inau'i3le &ith others. The thir' 'ra&3ac2 is that 'uring the 5o))7 perio' o) the ->* &a4e)orm. the )an pro'uces no tachometer pulses. There)ore. )an spee' can 3e monitore' onl( 'uring the 5on7 perio'. This can 3e a serious pro3lem &ith lo&,R-* )ans. as the( ma( not pro'uce e4en a single tachometer pulse c(cle 'uring a ->* 5on7 perio'. There are man( 'i))erent schemes to o4ercome this pro3lem &ith 3oth 4ar(ing le4els o) comple<it( an' 'egrees o) success. Some o) these techniCues &ill 3e 'iscusse' in later sections. 3

MinimiMing the Effects of )an Speed Control on %coustical *oise

In some installationsG)or e<ample. rooms that contain se4eral ser4ers. routers. or s&itchesG the total noise le4el )rom multiple )ans operating at )ull spee' can 3e high enough to cause hearing 'amage to personnel &ho &or2 near the eCuipment. In such a situation. the goal o) the )an controller must 3e to re'uce )an noise to the lo&est practical le4el that still ensures sa)e operation o) the electronics. In an o))ice or home en4ironment. it is also important to minimi+e the noise le4el )rom the )an. 3ut not so much )or hearing protection as to re'uce the 'egree to &hich the noise inter)eres &ith other soun's or 'istur3s the user. In a''ition to 2eeping noise le4els lo&. it is important in these en4ironments to minimi+e the au'i3ilit( o) an( changes in noise le4els. During normal operation o) a )an control s(stem. )an spee's &ill 3e a'Buste' in response to changes in en4ironmental or operating con'itions. such as am3ient temperature an' po&er 'issipation. I) the spee' changes Cuic2l(. it is Cuite noticea3le to the user. !n the other han'. i) the spee' is change' at a slo& rate. the change &ill 3e much less au'i3le. There are t&o 2e( reCuirements )or ensuring gra'ual )an spee' changes that are 'i))icult to hear. The )irst is su))icient resolution in the a4aila3le )an spee' 4alues. The ear,3rain s(stem is rea'il( a3le to recogni+e small changes in soun' pressure le4el 0S-L1. I) the )an is 4er( Cuiet. a small num3er o) spee' steps 0on the or'er o) # to 1=1 ma( 3e su))icient. >hen the )an is lou'er. man( times that num3er 0appro<imatel( 8= to 1== or more1 ma( 3e necessar( to minimi+e the au'i3ilit( o) spee' changes. The secon' reCuirement is a mechanism that limits the rate o) )an spee' change to a speci)ic time perio' per spee',control increment. "or e<ample. i) the ->* 'ut( c(cle can 3e set to one o) 1 4alues. a 1V per secon' rate o) change might 3e selecte'. This &oul' cause a change o) spee' 3et&een 8=V an' 1==V to ta2e a3out 3= secon's. *ost o) *a<imFs )an spee' controllers inclu'e control o4er the rate o) )an spee' change.

Monitoring )an Speed

The most o34ious approach to monitoring )an spee' is to count the num3er o) tachometer pulses occurring 'uring a )i<e' perio' o) time. as sho&n in )igure -a. This &or2s &ell i) it is possi3le to count a suita3l( large num3er o) pulses 'uring a su))icientl( short perio' o) time. As an e<ample. a 3===R-* )an that pro'uces t&o pulses per re4olution &ill generate a 1==?+ tachometer signal &hen operating at )ull spee'. I) &e nee' to measure an' up'ate )an spee' once per secon'. &e &ill 3e a3le to count onl( 8= pulses &hen the )an is spinning at hal) spee'. This ma( gi4e enough resolution to 'etermine that the )an is operating. 3ut not enough )or precision )an spee' control. The most &i'el( use' approach is )or the )an controller to generate a re)erence cloc2. generall( in the range o) a )e& 2?+. an' count the num3er o) cloc2 c(cles that occur 'uring a )i<e' num3er o) tachometer perio's 0usuall( 1. $. or 41. as sho&n in )igure -(. This allo&s a tachometer count to 3e complete' in a )e& millisecon's. so the approach is compati3le &ith close',loop )an spee' control.

37

Figure !2. (a +onitoring fan speed b( counting tachometer pulses for a period of 1s can result in low-resolution measurements. (b Eenerating a cloc$ signal with sufficientl( high fre@uenc(, and then counting the number of cloc$ pulses in a limited number of tachometer periods, provides more resolution and allows the fan.s R1+ to be controlled to within a tighter tolerance.

Some )an controller ICs inclu'e a )eature that allo&s spee' monitoring o) $,&ire )ans. This is 'one 3( a''ing a resistor 3et&een the s(stem groun' an' the )anFs groun' &ire. >hile the )an motor operates. its suppl( current 4ariations create 4oltage 'rops on the sense resistor that are compare' against a re)erence 4oltage 3( the )an controller IC. This techniCue has its limitationsGsuppl( current &a4e)orms 'i))er signi)icantl( )rom )an to )an. an' also 4ar( as )an spee' changes. as sho&n in )igure >. There)ore. suppl( current monitoring is more appropriate )or 'etection o) )an )ailure than )or close',loop )an spee' control.

3#

Figure !/. :)amples of fan suppl( current waveforms. (a A fan driven with half the nominal power suppl( voltage. (b The same fan driven with the nominal power suppl( voltage.

)igure ! sho&s a t(pical approach to monitoring )an spee' using a sensing resistor to sense the )anFs suppl( current. In this circuit. the ICFs internal 'etection sensiti4it( is a3out $8=m@. The approach is appropriate )or linear 'ri4e an' ->* po&er suppl( 'ri4e 0either high si'e or lo& si'e1.

39

Figure !5. (a T(pical input stage for monitoring fan speed using the fan.s suppl( current. (b Fsing this input stage to monitor fan speed using a !G sensing resistor.

As mentione' 3rie)l( in the Controlling Fan Speed section. a complication arises &hen a )an is 'ri4en 3( a pulse,&i'th mo'ulate' po&er suppl(. During the portion o) the ->* &a4e)orm &hen the )anFs po&er suppl( is o)). the )an cannot pro'uce tachometer pulses. "an controller ICs generall( ha4e an option that allo&s monitoring o) the )anFs tachometer signal onl( 'uring the 5on7 portion o) the ->* &a4e)orm. 3ut there are cases in &hich the 5on7 perio' is too short to allo& proper tachometer measurement. As an e<ample. consi'er a $4==R-* )an &ith t&o tachometer pulses per re4olution. I) this )an is 'ri4en 3( a 8=V 'ut( c(cle. 3=?+,mo'ulate' po&er suppl(. it &ill 3e spinning at a3out hal) spee' 01$==R-*1. This &ill result in a tachometer )reCuenc( o) 4=?+. or a tachometer perio' o) $8ms. >ith a 3=?+ ->* signal at 8=V 'ut( c(cle. the po&er suppl( &ill 3e applie' to the )an )or 1 .7ms 'uring each ->* c(cle. The )anFs internal circuitr( &ill. there)ore. ha4e onl( 1 .7ms a4aila3le to generate a $8ms tachometer signal. so the tachometer signal &ill not 3e usa3le. Note that a much )aster )an &oul' &or2 3etter. "or e<ample. a 9 ==R-* )an &oul' generate a tachometer signal &ith a perio' o) .$8ms. &hich &oul' 3e compati3le &ith the 3=?+ ->* signal at 8=V 'ut( c(cle.

4=

!ne solution to this pro3lem is to perio'icall( increase the 5on7 time o) one c(cle o) the ->* &a4e)orm to a 'uration that is su))icient to measure the tachometer signal. This approach &or2s. 3ut its suita3ilit( 'epen's on the )an 3eing use'. I) the pulse nee's to 3e stretche' signi)icantl(. the pulse stretching &ill 3e au'i3le. Au'i3ilit( o) the pulse stretching 'epen's on the 'egree o) stretching an' also on the response time o) the )an. I) the )an respon's Cuic2l( to suppl( 4oltage changes. the pulse stretching &ill 3e eas( to hear. Another &a( to sol4e this pro3lem is to 2eep the )anFs po&er suppl( acti4e 'uring the lo& portion o) the ->* &a4e)orm. )igure : illustrates this 52eep,ali4e7 approach. A p,channel "%T 'ri4es the )anFs high si'e. A 'io'e pro4i'es 4.3@ 'ri4e to the )an &hen the ->* is o)). This 2eeps the )anFs internal IC po&ere' an' continuousl( generating the tachometer signal so that the )anFs spee' can 3e monitore' e4en 'uring the 5o))7 portion o) the ->* &a4e)orm. A 'isa'4antage o) this circuit is that the )an is al&a(s po&ere'. I) necessar(. this can 3e )i<e' 3( gating the 8@ suppl( o)) &hen the )an nee's to 3e o)).

Figure !6. A H$eep-aliveI circuit enables the fan.s tachometer signal even when the 1D+ waveform is off, thereb( avoiding missing tachometer signals while pulse-width modulating the fan.s power suppl(.

Closed-Doop &$M Control

In man( cases. 5)an spee' control7 is reall( 5)an 'ri4e control7G)or a gi4en thermal con'ition. (ou pro4i'e the )an &ith a correspon'ing ->* 'ut( c(cle or suppl( 4oltage. The actual )an spee' ma( 4ar( )rom the nominal 4alue 3( se4eral percent 'ue to )an,to,)an 4ariations. po&er suppl( tolerance. an' other uncertainties. This 5open,loop7 spee' control is su))icientl( precise in man( s(stems. In other cases. especiall( &hen acoustic noise le4els or suppl( current are important. (ou ma( pre)er to ha4e control o4er the )anFs actual R-*. >hen (ou can accuratel( monitor the tachometer. it 3ecomes possi3le to control the )anFs R-* 3( a'Busting the 'ri4e le4el to pro'uce the 'esire' tachometer )reCuenc( 0or perio'1. "an spee' accurac( as goo' as M1V can 3e achie4e'. 'epen'ing on measurement resolution an' cloc2 accurac(. Close',loop )an spee' control is a4aila3le in se4eral o) *a<imFs )an controllers. inclu'ing the *AE $=. 41

*AE 39. *AE *AE3179=.

4=. *AE

8=. *AE

81. *AE

=. *AE

1. *AE317#8. an'

)an Controller Temperature Sensing

*ost )an controller ICs can sense temperature. usuall( 3oth local an' remote. Since )an control is usuall( 3ase' on temperature. it ma2es sense in man( s(stems )or the )an controller to 3e a3le to measure temperature. %<ceptions inclu'e s(stems &here the )an controller is in a location that is ph(sicall( separate )rom the temperatures o) interest.

Closed-Doop< Temperature-?ased .Thermal Closed-Doop1 )an Speed Control

*ost )an controllers that ha4e temperature,sensing capa3ilit( are also a3le to control )an spee' 3ase' on the measure' temperature. The 'etails can 4ar(Gmost such )an controllers use some sort o) straight,line mapping 3et&een temperature an' )an 'ri4e. &hile others ha4e a loo2up ta3le that associates a )e& temperature 4alues &ith )an 'ri4e le4els. Still others map temperatures to )an R-* 4alues. The *AE 18. *AE 1 . *AE 7#. *AE =. *AE 1. an' *AE3174= use straight,line mapping o) temperature to )an 'ri4e. The *AE 39 an' *AE 4= use 'ual,slope mapping. The *AE317#8 uses a loo2up ta3le L6T that allo&s mapping o) temperature to 'ut( c(cle an'Aor R-*. A''itional )eatures o) these )an control 'e4ices are sho&n in Ta(le -.

DooFup Ta(le Mapping of Temperature and )an +ri2e

*ost )an controllers use some sort o) straight,line or 'ual,slope approach to mapping )an spee' or )an 'ri4e to temperature. A )e& use loo2up ta3les 0L6Ts1 )or this purpose. L6Ts pro4i'e a''e' )le<i3ilit(. allo&ing the relationship 3et&een )an spee' an' temperature to ha4e a slope that 4aries throughout the temperature range. The *AE317#8 controls an' monitors up to si< )ans an' also has a non4olatile L6T an' con)iguration registers. This sophisticate' )an controller measures internal temperature as &ell as up to si< remote thermal 'io'e temperatures. In a''ition. the *AE317#8 has an I$C master that allo&s it to rea' the temperatures o) up to )our e<ternal I$C 'igital temperature sensors.

N*o-MC"O )an Control

"an control ICs generall( ha4e state,machine,3ase' control schemes that reCuire a microcontroller to loa' their con)iguration registers. there3( setting up their operating characteristics. In some cases. a simpler approach is more use)ul. The *AE3174= measures temperature using an e<ternal thermistor. It a'Busts ->* 'ut( c(cle 3ase' on the thermistorFs resistance as &ell as the 4alues o) a )e& e<ternal passi4e components. A capacitor sets the ->* )reCuenc(. a resistor sets the temperature 'ut( c(cle slope. an' so on. >hile this approach o))ers less )le<i3ilit( than a comple< )an controller. it allo&s a simple. relia3le )an control circuit to 3e 'esigne' an' implemente' 4er( Cuic2l(. &ith no nee' )or )irm&are 'e4elopment.

4$

Ta(le -. Ma@imAs )an Control $roducts

$art +S'>!8 M%C--', M%C--'M%C-- 8 M%C--3: M%C--48 M%C--43 M%C--44 M%C--4, M%C--,8 M%C--,' M%C--,3 M%C---8 M%C---' M%C---3 M%C---4 M%C---, M%C-->! M%C--!4 M%C3'>48 M%C3'>!, M%C3'>:8 M%C3'>! +escription $,channel C-6 peripheral monitor $,channel thermistor inputs. 1 local sensor. $ )an controllers $,channel thermistor inputs. 1 local sensor. $ )an controllers I$C Cua' linear )an controller &ith R-* control $,channel temperature monitor &ith 'ual ->* )an spee' controller )or $,. 3,. 4,&ire )ans $,channel temperature monitor &ith 'ual ->* )an spee' controller )or $, an' 3,&ire )ans Automatic. stan',alone )an controller Automatic. stan',alone )an controller Automatic. stan',alone )an controller Linear )an,spee' regulator an' monitor Linear )an,spee' regulator an' 4,)an monitor Temperature monitors an' ->* )an controllers Remote,Bunction. temperature, controlle' linear )an spee' regulator Remote,Bunction. temperature, controlle' linear )an spee' regulator Temperature monitors an' ->* )an controllers Temperature monitors an' ->* )an controllers "an onAo)) controllerA'ri4er an' temperature s&itch &ith )actor(, programme' threshol' $,channel temperature monitor &ith 'ual ->* )an controller an' 8 ;-I!s "an,)ailure 'etector an' po&er s&itch 6ltra,Simple "an,Spee' Controller ,Channel Intelligent "an Controller ,Channel ->*,!utput "an R-* Controller Thermal *anagement *icrocontroller. "an Controllers. I$C *aster )or %<ternal Sensors &emote Channels = $ $ = 1 1 1 $ $ = = 1 1 1 1 1 = $ = 1 0thermistor1 1= 0 'io'e. 4 $,&ire1 = Docal Channels 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 = = = = 1 = = 1 1 1 1 = = 1 = 1 Interface $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire -in strap. logic -in strap. logic -in strap. logic $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire 3,&ire $,&ire $,&ire -in strap $,&ire Logic NAA $,&ire $,&ire $,&ire )an Outputs 1 linear $ ->* $ ->* 4 linear $ ->* $ ->* 1 ->* 1 ->* 1 ->* 1 linear 1 linear 1 ->* 1 linear 1 linear 1 ->* 1 ->* 1 onAo)) $ ->* 1 onAo)) 1 ->* ->* ClosedDoop &$M No No No Xes Xes Xes No No No Xes Xes Xes Xes Xes Xes Xes No No No No Xes Xes Xes ,1$ T%CI Input $ $ $ 4 $ $ $ $ $ Xes Xes Xes Xes Xes Xes Xes No No No No

43

Signal Conditioners for *on-IC Temperature Sensors

The )inal t(pe o) thermal management pro'uct &e &ill 'iscuss &or2s &ith thermistors. RTDs. or thermocouples to help inter)ace those sensors to s(stems. Simpli)ie' e<amples o) 'iscrete circuits &ere sho&n in "igures 1. . an' 1= )or inter)acing these sensors. Also a4aila3le are integrate' solutions that can simpli)( the 'esign o) these inter)ace circuits an' re'uce cost.

Thermistor Conditioners
)igure 38 sho&s the *AE 9# multi)unction temperature sensor. The *AE 9# com3ines a local temperature sensor. three remote,'io'e sensors. an' three NTC thermistor channels in a single IC. %ach thermistor channel is connecte' to the output o) a 4oltage 'i4i'er consisting o) a thermistor 0RT?%RY1 an' a )i<e' resistor 0R%EY1. A 1@,nominal 4oltage re)erence output 0@R%"1 'ri4es the top o) the 4oltage 'i4i'er. The thermistor inputs 0@ T?%R1Z@T?%R31 'ri4e an #,3it ADC &ith 8m@ LS/. /ecause the thermistors ha4e a negati4e temperature coe))icient. the @T?%RY inputs measure the 4oltage across the R%EY resistors. pro'ucing an output co'e that increases &ith rising temperature.

Figure *#. The +A;2265 includes a local temperature sensor, inputs for three e)ternal sensing transistors, and inputs for three "TC thermistors (RTJ:R1KRTJ:R* .

Thermistor resistance 4s. temperature is a highl( nonlinear )unction. so the output co'e &ill not correspon' 'irectl( to the thermistorFs temperature. The *AE 9# 'ata sheet inclu'es a ta3le sho&ing output co'e 4s. temperature )or one com3ination o) thermistor an' e<ternal resistor. 44

"or 'i))erent thermistor,resistor com3inations. create a sprea'sheet to calculate the output co'e as a )unction o) temperature. )igure 3' sho&s a simpler circuit )or thermistor con4ersion. The *AE #$ has an input )or a single thermistor an' a 4oltage re)erence output to 'ri4e the thermistorAresistor 4oltage 'i4i'er. The 'igital 'ata is serial an' rea' onl(. As &ith the *AE 9#. the 'ata sheet inclu'es a ta3le sho&ing ho& the output co'e maps to thermistor temperature )or a common thermistor t(pe.

Figure *1. +A;225! single thermistor-to-digital converter.

&T+ Conditioners
)igure 3 sho&s the *AE31# 8. a single,chip RTD,to,'igital con4erter. The *AE31# 8 accepts a $,. 3,. or 4,&ire RTD. an' measures its resistance relati4e to that o) an e<ternal re)erence resistor. RR%". The circuit is optimi+e' )or -T1== through -T1=== RTDs. although it &or2s &ell &ith a &i'e range o) RTD resistances an' materials. as &ell as other resisti4e sensors. such as thermistors.

48

Figure *!.The +A;*152& digiti-es the resistance of a !-, *-, or 0-wire RTD, detects cable and sensor faults, and includes >0&C input protection.

/ecause RTDs can 3e locate' some 'istance )rom the signal con'itioning circuitr(. their ca3les can sometimes 3e e<pose' to 4oltages that might 'amage that circuitr(. The *AE31# 8 inclu'es internal protection )or input 4oltages as high as M48@. %4en in the a3sence o) large input signals. the RTD ca3les can 3e 'amage' in a 4ariet( o) &a(s. "or e<ample. a lea' ma( 3e cut or shorte' to a 'i))erent lea'. or to groun'. Some simple )aults 0e.g. open sensor element or shorte' sensor element1 ma( 3e 'etecte' 3( simpl( 'etermining &hether the measure' resistance is out o) range. 3ut man( other )ault con'itions reCuire more sophisticate' 'etection techniCues. The *AE31# 8 'etects a 4ariet( o) ca3le an' RTD )aults automaticall(. The *AE31# 8Fs con4ersion resolution is 18 3its. or nominall( =.=31$8DC.

Thermocouple Conditioners
As 'iscusse' earlier in the Thermocouples section. signal con'itioning )or a thermocouple consists o) a local temperature sensor. precision ampli)ier. ADC. an' 4oltage re)erence. *a<im has 'e4elope' se4eral ICs that integrate all o) these )unctions. con4erting thermocouple output 4oltages into 'igital 4alues. a''ing the col',Bunction temperature to the result. an' pro'ucing the output 'ata in DC 0using a straight,line appro<imation )or the thermocouple cur4e1. /oth the col',Bunction,compensate' 'ata an' the col',Bunction temperature 4alue are a4aila3le i) lineari+ation calculations are 'esire'. 4

The *AE31#88. sho&n in )igure 33. measures the output o) %. O. :. N. R. S. or T thermocouples 0separate *AE31#88 4ersions are a4aila3le )or each thermocouple t(pe1 as &ell as the col',Bunction temperature. com3ines them. an' presents the 'ata in DC )ormat o4er a simple 3,&ire 0cloc2. 'ata output. chip select1 inter)ace. Thermocouple open,circuits an' shorts to suppl( an' groun' are automaticall( 'etecte'. The *AE31#8= an' *AE31#81 are similar to the *AE31#88. 3ut use *a<imFs 1,>ire inter)ace. This inter)ace allo&s eas( net&or2ing o) multiple thermocouples. as &ell as an( 'esign reCuiring the minimum possi3le num3er o) con'uctors. The *AE31#8= accepts %. O. :. N. an' T thermocouples. &hile the *AE31#81 accepts the lo&er,output R an' S thermocouples. Ta(le > summari+es *a<imFs other temperature sensor con'itioner pro'ucts.

Figure **. +A;*15&& integrated thermocouple-to-digital converter with *-wire interface.

47

Ta(le >. Ma@imAs Signal Conditioners for *on-IC Temperature Sensors

$art M%C--83 M%C-->4 M%C-->, M%C--! M%C--:' M%C--:! M%C3'!,8 M%C3'!,' M%C3'!,, M%C3'!-, +escription $,channel. platinum RTD,to,4oltage signal con'itioner 0$==J RTD1 :,thermocouple to,'igital con4erter 0=DC to H1$#DC1 :,thermocouple to,'igital con4erter 0=DC to H1=$4DC1 Thermistor,to,'igital con4erter 4,channel. thermistor,to,pulse,&i'th con4erter 7,channel. precision temp monitor 03 remote. 1 local. 3 thermistor1 Col',Bunction,compensate'. 1,&ire. thermocouple,to, 'igital con4erters )or t(pes %. O. :. N. an' T Col',Bunction,compensate'. 1,&ire. thermocouple,to, 'igital con4erters )or t(pes R an' S Col',Bunction,compensate'. 1,&ire. thermocouple,to, 'igital con4erters )or t(pes %. O. :. N. R. S. an' T RTD,to,'igital con4erter Sensor Inputs $ 1 1 1 4 Docal Sensors 1 1 1 = = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = Interface Analog 3,&ire 3,&ire 3,&ire -ulse $,&ire 1,&ire 1,&ire 3,&ire S-I

"sing Thermal Management Components#$rinciples and %pplication Circuits

Sensing Docation: The 6ey to Choosing the &ight Sensor Type
The )irst step in using a temperature sensor is to select the right 2in' o) sensor )or the application. To 3egin. (ou nee' to un'erstan' the target &hose temperature is to 3e measure'. Some common measurement targets are liste' here. along &ith recommen'e' sensor t(pes.

Sensing $C ?oard Temperature

Sur)ace,mount sensors are i'eal )or -C 3oar' measurement. RTDs. thermistors. an' IC sensors are a4aila3le in sur)ace,mount pac2ages an' temperature ranges that are compati3le &ith sensing the temperature o) a -C 3oar'. /ecause o) their inherent linearit( an' lo& cost. IC sensors are generall( the 3est choice. ICs ha4e a''itional )eatures. such as 'igital inter)ace or thermostat )unctions. These )eatures usuall( gi4e them the e'ge in terms o) s(stem cost. 'esign comple<it(. an' per)ormance. as compare' &ith other technologies. !ne o) the 2e(s to measuring -C 3oar' temperature accuratel( is locating the sensor in the right place. It is common to measure the temperature o) a speci)ic component or group o) components. either to ensure that the temperature 'oes not e<cee' the sa)e operating range. or to compensate )or temperature,in'uce' changes in a componentFs per)ormance. >hen the location o) the sensor is critical. use temperature sensors in small pac2ages. such as TD"N. SC7=. or S!T$3. that can 3e easil( place' in the appropriate location. Digital outputs are use)ul &hen sensors nee' to 3e locate' in sites that ma( 3e electricall( nois( or )ar )rom other temperature,relate' circuitr(. >hen multiple -C 3oar' locations nee' to 3e monitore'. 'igital local sensors &ith I$C. S*/us. or 1,>ire inter)aces are especiall( use)ul 3ecause the( allo& 'e4ices &ith 'i))erent sla4e a''resses to resi'e on the same 3us. *an( popular I$C sensors ha4e inputs that can 3e use' 4#

to select among se4eral sla4e a''resses. "or e<ample. the *AE78== an' DS78LE each ha4e three a''ress inputs. The *AE78== a''ress inputs can 3e connecte' to @CC or ;ND. &hile the DS78LE a''ress inputs ha4e three,le4el logic 0the thir' logic le4el is 'etecte' &hen an input is unconnecte'1. There)ore. (ou can ha4e up to # *AE78==s or as man( as $7 DS78LEs on a single 3us. )or e<ample. Another use)ul approach to monitoring multiple -C 3oar' locations is to use multichannel remote sensors &ith 'iscrete sensing transistors. An e<ample is sho&n in )igure 34. &here a *AE 97 monitors its internal temperature plus si< e<ternal temperatures using 'iscrete transistors. There)ore. a total o) se4en temperatures are monitore' an' onl( a single I$C sla4e a''ress is nee'e'.

Figure *0. +onitoring seven different board locations with a single +A;226/. The e)ternal sensing transistors can be located near hot spots on the board.

Sensing %m(ient %ir Temperature

Am3ient air temperature can 3e 'i))icult to measure 3ecause the sensorFs temperature must 3e at the same temperature as the air. 3ut isolate' )rom an(thing else 0-C 3oar'. po&er suppl(. C-61 that might 3e at a 'i))erent temperature. Thermistors. thermocouples. an' RTDs are a4aila3le &ith long lea's that. i) long enough an' thin enough. isolate the sensing elements )rom the -C 3oar' temperature. I) the sensing element is su))icientl( isolate' )rom the -C 3oar'. it &ill 3e at the am3ient temperature. !) these three t(pes o) sensors. thermistors are the most li2el( to 3e use' )or general,purpose am3ient temperature sensing 3ecause o) their lo& cost an' simple signal con'itioning reCuirements. )igure 3, sho&s ho& a thermistor. thermocouple. or RTD can 3e use' to measure am3ient temperature. In the )igure. the 49

thermistor is &ell,separate' )rom the sur)ace o) the 3oar'. an' the length o) the lea's pro4i'es thermal isolation )rom the 3oar'. Temperature sensor ICs in sur)ace,mount pac2ages are more 'i))icult to use )or measuring am3ient temperature. 3ecause the 3est thermal path )or an IC sensor is through its lea's. &hich are at the same temperature as the -C 3oar'. I) the -C 3oar' is at am3ient temperature. a sensor mounte' on the 3oar' &ill measure the am3ient temperature. ?o&e4er. i) the -C 3oar' contains components that 'issipate enough po&er to raise its temperature a3o4e am3ient. the IC &ill measure the ele4ate' 3oar' temperature. not the am3ient temperature. Some IC pac2ages. such as the T!9$. raise the IC sensor a3o4e the -C 3oar'. ?o&e4er. T!9$ pac2ages con'uct heat 4er( &ell through their lea's. &hich can cause the measure' temperature to 3e strongl( a))ecte' 3( the -C 3oar' temperature. )igure 3- sho&s a

Figure *&. Thermistor monitoring air temperature. "ote that the long thermistor leads provide thermal isolation from the board.s surface.

temperature sensor IC in a 3oar',mounte' T!9$. I) the 3oar' at the temperature sensorFs location is near am3ient temperature. the sensor can pro4i'e a goo' in'ication o) air temperature. I) a heat source. such as a po&er component or other 'e4ice that operates at an ele4ate' temperature. is near the sensor. as sho&n in )igure 3-a. the 3oar'Fs temperature at that location &ill 3e greater than the am3ient temperature. This &ill in)luence the ICFs 'ie temperature an' cause errors in the am3ient temperature measurement. Copper 3et&een hot 3oar' areas an' the sensor location &ill con'uct heat to the 4icinit( o) the sensor. &hich also causes errors. The t&o gui'elines 3elo& &ill help to 2eep the sensor temperature as close as possi3le to the air temperature9 Locate the sensor as )ar as possi3le )rom high,temperature components. I) practical. the sensor shoul' 3e at the coolest part o) the 3oar'. %liminate as much copper as possi3le )rom the 4icinit( o) the sensor. I) practical. the onl( copper near the sensor shoul' 3e the minimum,&i'th traces necessar( to connect to the sensorFs po&er an' IA! pins. ItFs not al&a(s practical. 3ut i) the sensor is the onl( component &ithin a ra'ius o) a )e& cm. heat generate' on the 3oar' &ill ha4e less e))ect on the measure' air temperature. 8=

"ollo&ing the t&o gui'elines a3o4e can help the sensorFs reporte' temperature to 3e &ithin a 'egree or t&o o) am3ient. 'epen'ing on se4eral )actors. such as the 3oar' an' am3ient temperatures. !ther techniCues such as 'rilling holes aroun' the sensor to minimi+e thermal con'uction 3( the 3oar' ma( 3e help)ul as &ell. I) the techniCues a3o4e canFt 3e use'G'ue to high component 'ensit( on the 3oar'. )or e<ampleG(ou can connect a T!9$ to the 3oar' using a t&iste' pair o) &ires to isolate the sensor )rom the 3oar'. As &ith a thermistor. i) the &ires are long enough an' thin enough. (ou can achie4e su))icient isolation to get accurate am3ient temperature rea'ings. )igure 3> sho&s a T!9$ sensor use' this &a(I the sensor is the DS1#S$=. &hich uses *a<imFs 1,>ire 'igital inter)ace. The *AE31#$= is a similar pro'uct that can also 3e use' )or am3ient temperature sensing.

*AE31#$=

;roun' -lane ?igh,Temperature Component

0a1
*AE31#$=

No ;roun' -laneI *inimal Traces

;roun' -lane ?igh,Temperature Component

031
)igure 3-. % (oard-mounted temperature sensor in a TO: pacFage. .a1 %lthough the TO: As leads raise the sensor a(o2e the (oardAs surface< a high-temperature component and copper near(y can raise the sensorAs temperature significantly a(o2e am(ient. .(1 ?y locating the sensor as far as possi(le from high-temperature components and eliminating as much copper as possi(le around the sensor< am(ient measurements (ecome more accurate.

A thermal 'io'e sensor can also 3e use' to measure am3ient temperature. In this case. a 'iscrete sensing transistor is mounte' on the en' o) the t&iste' pair. An( o) *a<imFs remote 'io'e sensors can 3e use' to measure the transistorFs temperature.

81

Sensing Temperature of a C$"< Praphics $rocessor< )$P%< %SIC< $oGer +e2ice< etc. .Gith an On-Chip Thermal +iode1
As 'iscusse' in the Remote Digital Temperature Sensors section. some components. especiall( high,per)ormance ICs such as C-6s. ;-6s. an' "-;As. inclu'e a 3ipolar transistor )or the purpose o) sensing temperature. This is usuall( a -N- &ith the collector groun'e'. The 3ase an' emitter are the 5'io'e7 connections. /ecause the thermal,sensing transistor is on the IC 'ie. measurement accurac( is )ar 3etter than &ith other sensing techniCues. an' thermal time constants are Cuite small. *a<imFs remote,'io'e sensors are optimi+e' )or monitoring the temperature o) such 'e4ices. Note that there are some 'i))erences in i'ealit( )actor an' series resistance among thermal 'io'es on 4arious ICs. The e))ects o) these 'i))erences are 'escri3e' in the Remote Diode Sensor Guidelines section.

Figure */. D3153!# monitoring ambient temperature. (a D3153!# mounted at the end of a twisted pair of wires to isolate the sensor from the 1C board. (b The D3153!# is powered b( the data line. The data and power are controlled b( the LC.s <?8 pins.

Sensing Temperature of a C$"< Praphics $rocessor< )$P%< %SIC< $oGer +e2ice< etc. .Gith an On-Chip Thermistor1
Some ICs ha4e no thermal 'io'es a4aila3le. 3ut instea' ha4e integrate' thermistors to help monitor temperature 0see the Thermistors section1. As a general rule. these thermistors are 'i))icult to use. &ith 4er( lo& temperature coe))icients an' poor accurac(. @ariations in the nominal $8DC resistance 4alue correspon' to errors o) M8=DC or more. so the( must 3e cali3rate' at one or t&o temperatures 3e)ore using. The lo& temperature coe))icients result in resolutions on the or'er o) DCALS/ )or a t(pical thermistor con4erter such as the *AE 9#. A 8$

higher,resolution resistance,measuring IC. such as the *AE31# 8 RTD,to,'igital con4erter or a 1 ,3it ADC. is usuall( necessar( to achie4e su))icient resolution. )igure 3! sho&s a t(pical cur4e o) thermistor channel co'e 4s. temperature )or the *AE 9# &hen use' &ith one o) these integrate' thermistors. Note the lo& a4aila3le resolution. though the results (iel'e' are usa3le.

Figure *5. +A;2265 thermistor channel code vs. temperature when used with a #.*M? 'C integrated thermistor.

&emote +iode Sensor Puidelines

$C ?oard Dayout Puidelines for &emote Sensors
"ollo& these gui'elines )or 3est results &hen using remote temperature sensors. The DE- is the ano'e connection an' DEN is the catho'e connection. Note that accurac( &ill 'epen' on the amount o) noise pic2up. the e))ects o) &hich are not easil( pre'icta3le. Al&a(s 4eri)( accurac( 3e)ore committing to a )inal la(out. 1. -lace the remote sensor as close as is practical to the thermal 'io'e. In nois( en4ironments. such as a computer mother3oar'. this 'istance can 3e up to a3out $=cm. This length can 3e increase' i) the &orst noise sources are a4oi'e'. Noise sources inclu'e CRTs. cloc2 generators. memor( 3uses. an' -CI 3uses. $. Do not route the DE-,DEN traces across or in parallel to near3( )ast 'igital signals. &hich can easil( intro'uce H3=DC error. e4en &ith goo' )iltering. 3. Route the DE- an' DEN traces in parallel an' in close pro<imit( to each other. %ach parallel pair o) traces shoul' go to a thermal 'io'e. Route these traces a&a( )rom an( higher 83

4oltage traces. such as H1$@DC. Lea2age currents )rom -C 3oar' contamination must 3e minimi+e'I a $=*J lea2age path )rom DE- to groun' causes a3out H1DC error. I) high, 4oltage traces are una4oi'a3le. connect guar' traces to ;ND on either si'e o) the DE-, DEN traces 0see )igure 3:1. 4. Route through as )e& 4ias an' crossun'ers as possi3le to minimi+e copperAsol'er thermocouple e))ects. 8. 6se &i'e traces &hen practicalG8mil to 1=mil traces are t(pical. /e a&are o) the e))ect o) trace resistance on temperature rea'ings &hen using long. narro& traces. . >hen the po&er suppl( is nois(. a'' a resistor 0up to 47J1 in series &ith @CC. 7. -lace a )ilter capacitor across the DE-,DEN inputs. locate' near the remote sensor IC. 6se a 4alue recommen'e' in the sensorFs 'ata sheet.

Figure *6. Recommended D;1-D;" 1C board traces. The two outer guard traces are recommended if high-voltage traces will be near the D;" and D;1 traces.

Ca(le Connections to Thermal +iodes Sometimes. thermal 'io'es nee' to 3e locate' at 'istances that e<cee' normal circuit 3oar' spansG&hen the 'io'e is measuring temperature at the opposite en' o) a large chassis. )or e<ample. >hen 'istances an' noise le4els are mo'erate to lo&. a simple t&iste' pair &ill &or2 &ell up to 3m or 4m. "or longer 'istances 0up to aroun' 3=m1 or high noise le4els. a shiel'e' ca3le &ith the shiel' groun'e' at the remote sensor IC shoul' 3e use'. /el'en #481 ca3le &or2s &ell )or such applications. Remem3er that the series resistance &ill a))ect the temperature rea'ing. so either use a sensor &ith resistance cancellation or calculate the e))ect o) &ire resistance an' su3tract that 4alue )rom the reporte' temperature 4alue. Also 3e a&are o) ca3le capacitance. &hich &ill re'uce the ma<imum capacitor 4alue that can 3e use' at the thermal 'io'e inputs "sing +iscrete Thermal +iodes >hen the remote,sensing 'io'e is a 'iscrete transistor. connect its collector an' 3ase together. N-Ns an' -N-s &or2 eCuall( &ell )or this purpose. Ta(le ! lists e<amples o) 'iscrete transistors that are appropriate )or use &ith remote temperature sensors. The transistor must 3e a small,signal t(pe &ith a relati4el( high )or&ar' 4oltageI other&ise. the AAD input 4oltage range can 3e 4iolate'. The )or&ar' 4oltage at the highest e<pecte' temperature must 3e greater than =.$8@ at 1=[A. an' at the lo&est e<pecte' temperature. the )or&ar' 4oltage must 3e less than =.98@ at 1==[A. Large po&er transistors must not 3e use'. %nsure that the 3ase resistance is less than 1==J. Tight speci)ications )or 84

)or&ar' current gain 08= \ 3eta \ 18=. )or e<ample1 in'icate that the manu)acturer has goo' process controls an' that the 'e4ices ha4e consistent @/% characteristics. Ta(le !. +iscrete *$* Transistors for "se as Thermal +iodes
Manufacturer Central Semicon'uctor 06SA1 Rohm Semicon'uctor 06SA1 Samsung 0:orea1 Siemens 0;erman(1 ]ete< 0%nglan'1 Model *o. C*-T39=4 SST39=4 :ST39=4,T" S*/T39=4 "**T39=4CT,ND

*anu)acturers o) 'iscrete transistors 'o not t(picall( speci)( or guarantee the i'ealit( )actor. This is normall( not a pro3lem since goo',Cualit( 'iscrete transistors ten' to ha4e i'ealit( )actors that )all &ithin a relati4el( narro& range. >e ha4e o3ser4e' 4ariations in remote temperature rea'ings o) less than M$DC &ith a 4ariet( o) 'iscrete transistors. Still. it is goo' 'esign practice to 4eri)( consistenc( o) temperature rea'ings &ith se4eral 'iscrete transistors )rom an( manu)acturer un'er consi'eration.

Thermal +iode +esign Puidelines

Some IC 4en'ors. such as those in the 3usiness o) selling microprocessors an' "-;As. ha4e 3een inclu'ing thermal 'io'es in their pro'ucts )or (ears an' ha4e a goo' un'erstan'ing o) ho& to 'esign these 'e4ices. "or )irst,time 'esigners o) ICs that &ill incorporate thermal 'io'es. this section o))ers some instructi4e gui'elines9 1. *inimi+e the internal resistance o) the 'io'e. As note' 3e)ore. a3out H=.48DC error &ill result )rom each ohm o) series resistance. I) a transistor is use' in a 'io'e,connecte' con)iguration &ith the 3ase connecte' to the collector. the 3ase resistance can 3e a )actor o) 3eta higher. In this case. the collector resistance &ill not matter unless it causes the 'e4ice to saturate at 1==NA &hen 'io'e,connecte'. $. *a<imi+e the transistorFs 3eta to preser4e the collector current ratio 0an' there)ore accurac(1 across temperature an' current 4alues. 3. The )or&ar' 4oltage o) the 'io'e must 3e &ithin the input range o) the temperature sensor ADC. It must 3e greater than =.$8@ at 1=NA )or&ar' current an' less than =.98@ at 1==NA )or&ar' current at all operating temperatures )or &hich temperature sensing is nee'e'. 4. In most processes. there is no isolate' -AN Bunction. A 'io'e,connecte' transistor &ill &or2 i) it meets the )ollo&ing constraints9 A. I) it is an N-N 'e4ice. it must ha4e all three terminals isolate' )rom an( o) the supplies an' 3e 'io'e,connecte' &ith the 3ase connecte' to the collector. /. I) it is a -N- 'e4ice. it is accepta3le to connect the collector to groun'. 3ut the emitter an' 3ase must 3e isolate' )rom an( o) the supplies. 8. *easurements shoul' 3e ta2en on test structures to 'etermine i) the( &ill &or2 properl(. Accurac( o) the measurements is importantG4oltages shoul' 3e accurate to 1==N@. an' the 1=NA an' 1==NA test currents must 3e accurate to M=.1V. The sense transistor shoul' &or2 &ell &ith an( o) *a<imFs remote temperature sensors. . Noise couple' into the sense Bunction can cause temperature measurement errors. Ta2e care to isolate the sensing 'e4ice )rom noise sources. inclu'ing 'igital signals an' nois( po&er supplies.

88

A. -h(sicall( separate the sense 'e4ice an' metal carr(ing )ast 'igital signals. Also ph(sicall( separate 'igital signals )rom the metal 3et&een the sense transistor an' the 3on'ing pa's. /. Do not locate the 3on'ing pa's )or the sense Bunction ne<t to 3on'ing pa's )or )ast 'igital signals. especiall( near high,spee' 3u))er outputs. I) possi3le. locate the sense Bunction 3on'ing pa's ne<t to pa's that are DC inputs 0)or e<ample. DC logic inputs use' )or pin,strapping1. C. Surroun' the sensing 'e4ice &ith nH an' pH guar' rings. 7. A t(pical structure )or a 4ertical -N- &ith a su3strate collector is sho&n in )igure 48. The ten emitters are connecte' together. %ach emitter is $=Nm 3( $.8Nm.

Figure 0#. :)ample of an integrated 1"1 thermal diode design.

%pplication E@amples
&T+-to-+igital Con2ersion
/ecause &e measure RTD resistance to 'etermine temperature. an( apprecia3le resistance in the RTDFs lea's &ill cause errors in temperature measurement. This is not a pro3lem &hen the RTD is near the measurement circuitr(. 3ut )or long 'istances. (ou shoul' use a 3,&ire or 4, &ire connection to eliminate lea',resistance errors. The circuit in )igure 4'a is a 4,&ire RTD inter)ace using the *AE14=$ o4ersampling ADC. The *AE14=$ has t&o matche' current sources. one o) &hich pro4i'es e<citation current )or the RTD. /ecause the e<citation current 'oes not )lo& through the sense lea's. lea' resistance &ill not a))ect the temperature measurement accurac(. The *AE14=$Fs input 3u))ers shoul' 3e ena3le' )or 3est accurac(I the $2J resistor ensures that the input 4oltage is &ithin the accepta3le common,mo'e range &ith the 3u))ers ena3le'.

H8@ !6T1 RR%" 42

RCA/L%

@H

@DD

R%"INH

M%C'48
R%"IN, AIN1

4,&ire RTD

RCA/L%

-;A
!6T$

*!D6LAT!R

RCA/L%

AIN$ A;ND D;ND

RCA/L%

$2

Figure 01a. 0-wire interface for a 1T1## or 1T1### RTD.

H8@ !6T1 RR%" 42 R%"INH @H @DD

M%C'48
R%"IN,

3,&ire RTD

RCA/L%

AIN1

-;A
!6T$

*!D6LAT!R

RCA/L%

AIN$ A;ND D;ND

RCA/L%

12

Figure 01b. *-wire interface for a 1T1## or 1T1### RTD.

)igure 4'( sho&s the same ADC use' &ith a 3,&ire RTD. The 3,&ire connections help to re'uce the cost. si+e. an' &eight o) ca3ling 3( using a pair o) current sources to 'ri4e t&o o) the RTDFs lea' &ires. I) the &ire resistances are &ell,matche'. eCual 4oltage 'rops &ill 3e create' across the t&o &ires 'ri4en 3( the current sources. there3( eliminating measurement errors 'ue to ca3le resistance.

87

)igure 4'c sho&s the *AE31# 8 RTD 'igiti+er con)igure' to accept $,. 3,. or 4,&ire RTDs through a single terminal 3loc2. Oumpers on the terminal 3loc2 select $, an' 3,&ire operation. Note that the *AE31# 8 'oes not use current sources )or sensor e<citationI instea'. it 3iases the RTD &ith a 4oltage source. The e))ects o) lea' resistance are measure' 'irectl( an' su3tracte' )rom the con4ersion result.
VDD DVDD

Oumper )or $,&ire RTD 4,&ire RTD 3,&ire RTD $,&ire RTD

BIAS RREF REFIN+ REFINISENSOR

VBIAS

M%C3'!-,

FORCE+ FORCE$ RTDIN+

-rotection
0.01F SCLK

ADC

Registers an Inter!a"e

SDO SDI CS# DRD$#

RTDINFORCE-

Oumper )or $,&ire or 3,&ire RTD

GND

GND

DGND

Figure 01c.!-, *-, and 0-wire interface for 1T1## or 1T1### RTDs using the +A;*152& RTD digiti-er.

"or 3est accurac( &hen using an RTD. appl( linearit( correction to the resulting 'ata to compensate )or the -T1==Fs nonlinearit(. Normall( this is 'one using either loo2up ta3les. calculations. or a com3ination o) the t&o. Xou can a4oi' the 'igital linearit( correction 3( appl(ing a small amount o) positi4e )ee'3ac2 to an ampli)ier circuit. as sho&n in )igure 4 . This circuit is )or a $,&ire RTDI it 'oes not compensate )or long lea's. so it shoul' 3e use' &hen the RTD is locate' near the measurement circuitr(. )igure 43 sho&s the error cur4e )or a -T1== &hen lineari+e' 3( the circuit in "igure 4$. "or more 'etails. re)er to *a<im application note 348=. 5-ositi4e Analog "ee'3ac2 Compensates -T1== Trans'ucer.7

8#

Figure 0!. 1T1## lineari-er circuit.

Figure 0*. :rror curve showing the deviation from linearit( between -1## 'C and %!##'C for the output of the circuit in Figure 0!.

89

Thermocouple Interface Circuits

As 'iscusse' in the Thermocouples section. a thermocouple inter)ace circuit normall( inclu'es a high,resolution ADC. a col',Bunction temperature sensor. a 4oltage re)erence. an' a precision ampli)ier. The circuit sho&n in )igure 44 uses an ADC 0the *E77=81 &ith an internal programma3le gain ampli)ier 0-;A1. &hich eliminates the nee' )or an e<ternal precision ampli)ier. Col',Bunction temperature is measure' using a *AE $7 remote 'io'e sensor an' an e<ternal 'io'e,connecte' transistor locate' at the thermocouple connector. A''ing the col', Bunction temperature to the apparent temperature measure' 3( the ADC pro4i'es a )irst,or'er correction )or the thermocouples create' at the inter)ace 3et&een the thermocouple &ires an' the thermocouple connector. %nsure that the sensing transistor is close to the connector so that its temperature is the same as that o) the connector. Negati4e temperatures can 3e accommo'ate' 3( the *AE77=8. &hose input common,mo'e range e<ten's 3=m@ 3elo& groun'. This circuit can 3e a'apte' to &or2 &ith all maBor thermocouple t(pes.

Figure 00. Thermocouple measurement circuit. The +;//#& measures the thermocouple output, and the +A;22!/ and e)ternal transistor measure the cold-7unction temperature.

)igure 4,a sho&s a )ull( integrate' thermocouple,to,'igital circuit. This circuit measures thermocouple an' col',Bunction temperature an' a''s the t&o )or )irst,or'er col',Bunction compensation. The col',Bunction temperature 'ata is a4aila3le separatel( so that lineari+ation o) the thermocoupleFs trans)er )unction ma( 3e 'one 3( the *C6. i) necessar(. No e<ternal components are reCuire' other than a po&er,suppl( 3(pass capacitor 0an' input )ilter capacitors1 i) the circuit &ill 3e operate' &ithin signi)icant R" )iel's. The 14,3it resolution con4ersion 'ata has an LS/ 4alue o) =.$8DC. In a''ition to measuring thermocouple temperature. the *AE31#88 also 'etects open thermocouple &ires an' shorts to ;ND or @DD. A relate' thermocouple,to,'igital circuit is sho&n in 3loc2 'iagram )orm in )igure 4,(. The *AE31#8= an' *AE31#81 integrate the same thermocouple con4ersion )unctions as the *AE31#88. 3ut communication &ith the *C6 is through *a<imFs 1,>ire inter)ace. &hich allo&s 'ata an' po&er to 3e con4e(e' o4er a single &ire. The 1,>ire inter)ace also pro4i'es a simple &a( to net&or2 multiple thermocouples. as each unit has a uniCue. 4,3it a''ress. *AE31#8= 4ersions are a4aila3le )or %. O. :. N. an' T thermocouples. &hile *AE31#81 4ersions are a4aila3le )or R an' S thermocouples.

Figure 0&a. <ntegrated thermocouple-to-digital converter with 31< interface. Cersions are available for :,N, 4, ", R, 3, and T thermocouple t(pes.

Figure 0&b. /loc2 'iagram o) the *AE31#8= an' *AE31#81 1,>ire thermocouple,to,'igital ICs.

I&-DinFed Temperature Sensor

>hen gal4anic isolation or impro4e' %*I immunit( is nee'e'. an IR lin2 3et&een the temperature sensor an' the s(stem can 3e an e<cellent solution. The circuits in )igure 4implement such a lin2 an' use a *AE 87 temperature,to,perio' sensor. "or )ull 'esign 'etails. re)er to *a<im application note 3487. 5IR,Lin2e' Temperature Sensor.7

(a

(b Figure 02. <R-lin$ed temperature sensor. (a 3ensor and transmitter. (b Receiver.

&S- 3 -$oGered Temperature Sensor

The circuit in )igure 4> po&ers a *AE 87 temperature,to,perio' sensor )rom an RS,$3$ inter)ace IC. &hich also con4e(s the sensorFs output &a4e)orm to the s(stem. The *AE 87 Fs output &a4e)orm has a perio' that is 'irectl( relate' to temperature. *ore 'etails can 3e )oun' in *a<im application note 34$4. 5RS,$3$,-o&ere' Temperature Sensor.7

3
(b

Figure 0/. R3-!*!-powered temperature sensor.

)an Control Circuits

)an Control $artitioning
There are se4eral 'i))erent &a(s to implement )an control in a s(stem. The 3est approach )or a gi4en s(stem 'epen's on the characteristics o) the s(stem. the ease 0or 'i))icult(1 o) 'e4eloping ne& )an control )irm&are. an' other )actors. Some common approaches are 'escri3e' 3elo&. System Microcontroller Managing )an Speed Control I) the s(stem 'esign alrea'( inclu'es a microcontroller per)orming s(stem management tas2s. that microcontroller ma( also 3e a3le to han'le )an spee' control )unctions. The microcontroller nee's to ha4e enough IA!s a4aila3le to monitor TAC? signals an' generate ->* spee' control signals. I) the )ans &ill 3e controlle' using a 4ar(ing DC suppl(. the microcontroller &ill nee' either DAC outputs to control the output 4oltages o) the )ansF po&er supplies or e<ternal circuitr( to con4ert the ->* signal into a DC po&er,suppl( 4oltage. "irm&are is nee'e' to interpret temperature 'ata an' TAC? signals. generate the correct ->* &a4e)orms &ith appropriate ramp rates. pro4i'e spin,up )unctions. an' han'le )ault con'itions. I) the microcontroller is capa3le o) per)orming these )unctions. )an control can 3e a''e' to the s(stem &ith little a''itional har'&are cost. "irm&are 'e4elopment cost 'epen's on the num3er o) )ans an' the sophistication o) the control an' monitoring algorithms. )igure 4! sho&s in simpli)ie' )orm ho& this approach can 3e implemente'.

System Microcontroller

"rom 'igital temperature sensors "rom analog temperature sensors

Figure 05. Dhen sufficient <?8s are available and the fans are located nearb(, an e)isting s(stem management microcontroller ma( be used for fan speed control.

+edicated )an Management Microcontroller I) the s(stem microcontroller 'oesnFt ha4e the 3an'&i'th or IA! capacit( )or managing the )ans. consi'er using a 'e'icate' )an management or s(stem management microcontroller such as the *AE317#$. "an management microcontrollers inclu'e a su))icient num3er o) IA!s to monitor TAC? signals an' generate ->* control signals )or multiple )ans. The( also ha4e su))icient comman' )le<i3ilit( an' memor( space to han'le a 4ariet( o) comple< )an management algorithms. In a''ition. the( inclu'e temperature monitoring capa3ilit(. S(stem management microcontrollers also inclu'e )acilities )or monitoring. seCuencing. an' margining po&er supplies. In some cases. the s(stem management microcontroller &ill also inclu'e 53lac2 3o< recor'er7,st(le )ault logging in non4olatile memor( )or root cause anal(sis an' 'esign impro4ement. An e<ample o) a )an management microcontroller is the *AE317#$. &hich can monitor multiple e<ternal 'igital temperature sensors using its I$C master. as &ell as si< e<ternal thermal 'io'esI the resulting temperature 'ata can then 3e use' to 'etermine the optimum target )an spee's. The *AE317#$ can pro'uce si< in'epen'ent ->* signals an' monitor the TAC? signals )rom up to si< )ans. allo&ing it to )orce the )ans to the target spee's using close',loop R-* )ee'3ac2. )igure 4: sho&s a simpli)ie' application circuit )or the *AE317#$. /ecause the microcontroller is 'e'icate' to thermal management. comple< control algorithms using large num3ers o) temperature sensors can 3e implemente'.

3, or 4,>ire Cooling "ans

1$@ 1$@

->* ->*.8 TAC? TAC?.8

->* TAC?

+A;*1/5!
I$C -eripheral %<pansion
->*.4 TAC?.4

1$@
->* TAC?

1$@

->* ->*.3 TAC? TAC?.3

D3/&
I$C Temp Sensor

*SDA *SCL ->*.$ TAC?.$

1$@
->* TAC?

1$@

3.3@

->* @DD @SS 031 ->*.1 TAC? TAC?.1

SDA

To ?ost -

SCL

->*.= TAC?.=

RST

AD8AD8N

R%;1# AD4AD4N R%;$8 AD3AD3N AD$- .4 A T/A AD$N AD1AD1N AD=AD=N

Remote Temp Sensors

;-I! A Special "unctions

- .3 A TD! - .$ A T*S A T// - .1 A TDI - .= A TC:

Figure 06. A dedicated Thermal +anagement +icrocontroller monitors temperature from multiple sources and controls an arra( of fans in response to temperature data.

System Microcontroller $lus )an Speed Controller .Gith or Githout temperature sensing1 >hen a s(stem management microcontroller is capa3le o) monitoring temperature an' 'etermining target )an spee's. 3ut 'oes not ha4e enough IA!s or 3an'&i'th )or controlling an' monitoring the spee's o) multiple )ansGor i) the time an' cost in4ol4e' in 'e4eloping intelligent )an control )irm&are are e<cessi4eGthe )an spee' control IC nee' not inclu'e temperature sensing capa3ilit(. In this approach. the s(stem microcontroller monitors temperature an' selects the target )an spee's. The )an control IC pro4i'es the )an IA!s. ramp rate control. )an monitoring an' error 'etection. an' R-* control. re'ucing the IA! an' )irm&are loa' on the microcontroller. %4en &hen the s(stem microcontroller has su))icient capa3ilities )or controlling )an spee'. it is o)ten necessar( to use a separate )an spee' controller IC &hen the )ans are locate' a signi)icant 'istance )rom the s(stem microcontroller. Rather than routing se4eral ->* an' TAC? signals 3et&een the )ans an' the microcontroller.

a couple o) I$C inter)ace signals han'le the communication 3et&een the s(stem *C6 an' the )an inter)ace. The *AE3179= multichannel ->* )an spee' controller is an e<ample o) a )an controller that is appropriate )or this situation. )igure ,8 sho&s a *AE3179= controlling the spee's o) si< )ans. The s(stem microcontroller 0not sho&n1 monitors e<ternal temperature sensors an' transmits target )an spee's to the *AE3179=.

Figure &#. <f the s(stem microcontroller is capable of monitoring temperature sensors and determining the desired fan speeds, it can communicate the desired speeds to a fan speed

controller. The fan speed controller ma( or ma( not have temperature sensing capabilit(. The +A;*1/6# shown here produces si) 1D+ signals for individual closed-loop speed control of up to si) fans. <f fans share 1D+ signals, the unused 1D+ outputs ma( be used as TACJ inputs, thereb( increasing the number of fans monitored (up to a ma)imum of 1! .

%utomatic )an Speed Control IC .Gith integrated temperature sensing1 In man( cases. it is 3est to o))loa' the )an control )unctions )rom the s(stem microcontroller. To 'o this. use a )an spee' control IC &ith integrate' temperature sensing. This approach pro4i'es a simple )an spee' control algorithmGgenerall( &ith the control parameters selecte' 3( the s(stem microcontrollerGan' relie4es the s(stem microcontroller )rom ha4ing to monitor temperature an' ma2e spee' 'ecisions in real time. This approach can simpli)( the s(stem an' re'uce costs 3( integrating the sensing an' spee' control )unctions. The *AE 39 sho&n in )igure ,' is a goo' e<ample o) this approach. measuring t&o temperatures an' controlling the spee's o) t&o )ans. &ith the *C6 selecting all control parameters.

VFAN

VCC

VFAN

DXP1 DXN DXP2 SMBDATA SMBCLK

REMOTE AND LOCAL TEMPERATURE MONITORS

TACH FEEDBACK AND PWM GENERATOR

PWM OUT 1 TACH IN 1 PWM OUT 2

TEMP SMB INTERFACE AND CONTROL REGISTERS SENSOR

TACH IN 2 VCC

MCU

VCC

ALARM LOGIC ALERT VCC VCC

OT

TO SYSTEM SHUTDOWN

MAX6639
TO CLOCK THROTTLE THERM FANFAIL

)igure ,'. %n automatic fan speed control IC liFe the M%C--3: monitors temperature and controls fan speed using parameters selected (y the system microcontroller.

Stand-%lone )an Controller .no MC" reKuired1 A stan',alone )an controller reCuires no microcontroller to set up the control algorithm. Instea'. the control characteristics are selecte' e<ternall(G)or e<ample. 3( using resistors an' capacitors or 3( strapping pins. This approach can 3e as simple as an onAo)) controller using a temperature s&itch 0see Basic On O!! Fan Controllers "sing Temperature S#itches1. or it can 3e a more comple< controller such as the *AE31 4= 0)igure , 1. It monitors temperature using an e<ternal thermistor an' a'Busts its output ->* 'ut( c(cle automaticall( 3ase' on the 4alues o) a )e& e<ternal resistors an' a capacitor.

The e<ternal capacitor. C". selects the ->* )reCuenc(. The resistors select the minimum 'ut( c(cle 0RD1 an' RD$1. the temperature at &hich the 'ut( c(cle 3egins to increase a3o4e the minimum 4alue 0RST1. an' the rate o) 'ut( c(cle increase &ith temperature 0RSL!-%1. )igure , a sho&s a circuit appropriate )or $, an' 3,&ire )ans. &hile )igure , ( sho&s a circuit that &or2s &ith )ans that ha4e a spee',control input.

Figure &!a. 3tand-alone speed controller for !- or *-wire fans.

Figure &!b. 3tand-alone speed controller for 0-wire fans or other fans with speed-control inputs. The TACJ or loc$ed-rotor output (if available is not used b( the +A;*1/0#.

$ulse-Jidth-Modulated< )an $oGer-Supply +ri2e

As 'iscusse' in the Controlling Fan Speed section. this approach is simple an' appropriate &hen the 'ra&3ac2s o) increase' noise an' more 'i))icult tachometer sensing are not issues. )igure ,3 sho&s high,si'e an' lo&,si'e 4ersions that &or2 &ith se4eral *a<im )an controllers. inclu'ing the *AE 18. *AE 1 . *AE 39. *AE 4=. *AE317#8. an' *AE3179=. )igure ,3a is a high,si'e 'ri4e circuit. Note that the ->* signal polarit( nee's to 3e negati4e an' the ->* output must 3e a3le to pull up to the )anFs suppl( 4oltage. In )igure ,3(As lo&,si'e 'ri4e circuit. note that the ->* polarit( is positi4e. The ->* output nee's to 3e pulle' up onl( high enough to turn on the n,channel "%T. "or 3oth circuits. pulse stretching ma( 3e nee'e' to ensure proper operation o) the tachometer counterGthis is especiall( true )or slo&er )ans.

7=

Figure &*. *-wire fan control circuits using pulse-width modulation of the fan.s power suppl(. !-wire fans can be controlled with the same circuits, but do not have tachometer outputs. (a Jigh-side drive. (b =ow-side drive.

4-Jire )an +ri2e

The 4,&ire )ans normall( reCuire a high,)reCuenc( 0$=2?+ to 8=2?+1 ->* signal )or )an control. The circuit in )igure ,4 sho&s the *AE 39 'ual )an spee' controller use' &ith t&o 4,&ire )ans. The *AE 39 also inclu'es t&o temperature,sensing channels. an' is capa3le o) controlling )an R-* as a )unction o) measure' temperature. /e sure to chec2 the 'ata sheet o) an( 4,&ire )an un'er consi'erationI the recommen'e' ->* )reCuenc( is not al&a(s greater than $=2?+. *an( )an controller ICs ha4e se4eral a4aila3le output )reCuencies to accommo'ate such )ans.

71

Figure &0. The +A;22*6 controlling two 0-wire fansO it measures two temperatures and can control fan R1+ based on the measured temperature.

Con2erting $JM Control Signals to Dinear )an +ri2e

*ost )an control ICs generate ->* signals to control )an spee'. These signals are appropriate )or 4,&ire )ans an'. &hen use' to mo'ulate the po&er suppl(. can o)ten 3e use' &ith $, an' 3,&ire )ans as &ell. >hen a pulse,&i'th,mo'ulate' po&er suppl( is not accepta3le. (ou must 'ri4e a $, or 3,&ire )an &ith a linear 4oltage to a'Bust spee'. I) the )an controller generates ->* )or )an spee' control. one o) the )ollo&ing circuits can 3e use' to con4ert the ->* signal to a linear 4oltage. +iscrete $JM-to-Dinear )an +ri2e The circuit in )igure ,, is appropriate )or use &ith most ->* )an control ICs. It )ilters the ->* signal. an' ampli)ies an' 3u))ers the resulting DC 4oltage to 'ri4e the )an. The $.$N" capacitor is necessar( )or )iltering lo&,)reCuenc( 01==?+1 ->* &a4e)orms. Spee' controllers li2e the *AE 39 ha4e higher )reCuenc( ->* 0a3o4e $=2?+1. &hich allo&s the $.$N" capacitor to 3e replace' &ith a smaller 4alue. It is goo' practice to use the highest ->* )reCuenc( a4aila3le. The circuit sho&n &ill &or2 &ith all o) *a<imFs ->*,output )an controllers. inclu'ing the *AE 18. *AE 1 . *AE 39. *AE 4=. *AE317#8. an' *AE3179=. Note that using linear pass transistors. as in "igure 88. &ill result in some &aste' po&er. >hen the )anFs po&er,suppl( 4oltage is hal) o) the nominal suppl( 4oltage. the pass 'e4ice &ill 'issipate appro<imatel( $8V o) the )anFs nominal )ull,spee' po&er. The circuit in )igure ,uses a simple s&itching po&er suppl( to pro4i'e the )an &ith a 4aria3le po&er,suppl( 4oltage &ith )ar less po&er 'issipation than &oul' 3e the case &ith a linear pass 'e4ice. This approach 7$

&ill &or2 &ith most ->*,output )an controllers. In general. the highest a4aila3le )an controller ->* )reCuenc( shoul' 3e use'.

Figure &&. Circuit for converting 1D+ fan control signals to a linear suppl( voltage.

Figure &2. =inear drive from a 1D+-output fan controller using an e)ternal switch-mode voltage regulator.

73

Dinear )an +ri2e

A )e& *a<im pro'uctsGnota3l( the *AE $=. *AE 8=. *AE 81. *AE =. an' *AE 1G'ri4e )ans &ith a linear po&er,suppl( 4oltage. The *AE $=. &hich controls the R-* o) up to )our 1$@ )ans. is sho&n in )igure ,>. %<ternal pnps or p,channel *!S"%Ts ser4e as the pass 'e4ices.

Figure &/. The +A;22!# shown here is a 0-channel linear fan speed controller using e)ternal pass transistors to suppl( variable power to the fans.

Iigh-4oltage )an Control

The maBorit( o) /LDC )ans operate )rom 8@ or 1$@ po&er supplies. an' most )an spee' control ICs operate )rom supplies in the 3.=@ to 8.8@ range. ?o&e4er. man( )ans operate )rom $4@ or 4#@ supplies. sometimes reCuiring changes in the e<ternal circuitr( 3e)ore using them &ith stan'ar' spee',control ICs.

74

4!4< 4-Jire )an Speed Control

The 4,&ire )ans are eas( to a'apt to high,4oltage operation. 3ecause the )an controller is not e<pose' to the high 4oltage. The )anFs ->* input is compati3le &ith normal logic le4els. an' its output is open 'rain. so it can 3e pulle' up to the )an controllerFs suppl( 4oltageG3.3@. )or e<ample. The circuit in )igure ,! illustrates the concept o) controlling a high,4oltage 4,&ire )anI it is the same as a 1$@ )an control circuit. e<cept )or the )anFs po&er,suppl( 4oltage. An( ->*,output )an controller IC &ill &or2 &ith 4#@ )ans.

Figure &5. Controlling a 05C 0-wire fan. "o special precautions are neededPan( 1D+-output fan controller with an appropriate output fre@uenc( available will wor$.

4!4< $JM $oGer Supply )an Speed Controller

"an control circuits that pulse,&i'th mo'ulate H8@ an' H1$@ po&er supplies. such as those in "igure 83. can 3e mo'i)ie' to &or2 &ith 4#@ )ans 0see )igure ,:1. /ecause the *AE 39Fs ->* output cannot 3e pulle' up to H4#@. a transistor is use' to le4el,shi)t the ->* signal so that it s&ings 3et&een H4#@ an' groun'. The resulting high,4oltage ->* is applie' to the gate o) the transistor that supplies po&er to the )an.

78

Figure &6. Controlling a 05C !- or *-wire fan b( modulating the power suppl( with a 1D+ signal.

4!4< Dinear )an Speed Controller

The *AE 8= an' *AE 81 are )an R-* controllers 'esigne' )or use &ith 1$@ )ans. In the stan'ar' con)iguration. an n,channel "%T 'ri4es the lo& si'e o) the )an an' the tachometer signal )rom the )an 'ri4es the ICFs TAC? input0s1. @oltage )ee'3ac2 is ta2en )rom the "%TFs 'rain 0the )anFs groun' terminal1. >hen a 4#@ )an is use' &ith the *AE 8= or *AE 81. a "%T &ith a higher 4oltage rating must 3e selecte'. an' the 4oltage )ee'3ac2 )rom the 'rain an' the tachometer signal )rom the )an must 3e attenuate' so that the( 'o not e<cee' the ICFs ma<imum input 4oltage o) 13.$@. The circuit in )igure -8 sho&s ho& this is 'one. "or more 'etails. re)er to *a<im application note 33 1. 56sing the *AE 8= an' *AE 81 "an Spee' Regulators &ith $4@ an' 4#@ "ans.7

Figure 2#. 05C, linear fan R1+ controller. The feedbac$ and tachometer signals are attenuated for compatibilit( with the +A;22&1.s input voltage tolerance.

On5Off )an Control Circuits

>hile )an control 3ase' on programma3le ICs an' microcontrollers pro4i'es e<cellent )le<i3ilit( an' per)ormance. there are man( cases that are 3etter ser4e' 3( a 4er( simple )an control scheme that reCuires no programming or comple< ICs. Some e<amples )ollo&.

?asic On5Off )an Controllers "sing Temperature SGitches

Simpl( acti4ating a )an at a high temperature an' turning it o)) at a lo& temperature is a simple. relia3le. lo&,cost metho' o) temperature control. 3ut it creates su''en changes in noise le4el. This approach is there)ore most appropriate &hen the eCuipment is isolate' )rom users. or &hen the normal operating temperature is sta3le enough that the )an &ill not 3e continuousl( c(cling on an' o)). Temperature s&itches are i'eal )or this )unction. A )e& 4ariations are 'escri3e' 3elo&. Docal Sensing< )actory-Set Threshold The circuits in )igure -' s&itch the )an on an' o)) either 3( ena3ling the po&er suppl( o) a $, or 3,&ire )an. as in )igure -'a. or 3( 'ri4ing the ->* spee' control input o) a 4,&ire )an. as in )igure -'(.

77

Figure 21. =ocal on?off fan controllers with factor(-set thresholds. (a Fses a temperature switch and a F:T to enable the fan.s power suppl( for !- and *-wire fans. (b The temperature switch.s output directl( drives a 0-wire fan.s 1D+ input to activate the fan.

Docal Sensing< %dQusta(le Threshold The circuits in )igure - are similar to those in "igure 1. e<cept that the( use the *AE 81=. an a'Busta3le temperature s&itch &hose threshol' temperature is set 3( an e<ternal resistor. The !6TS%T pin nee's to 3e connecte' to @CC to ma2e the output acti4e,high.

7#

Figure 2!. =ocal on?off fan controllers with ad7ustable thresholds. (a Fsing a temperature switch and a F:T to enable the fan.s power suppl( for !- and *-wire fans. (b The temperature switch.s output directl( drives a 0-wire fan.s 1D+ input to activate the fan. The e)ternal resistor sets the trip threshold.

&emote Sensing< )actory-Set Threshold The )an onAo)) controllers in the t&o pre4ious )igures use local temperature s&itches. so the( ma2e the 'ecision to acti4ate the )an 3ase' on 3oar' temperature. >hen the 'ecision nee's to 3e ma'e 3ase' on either air temperature or the temperature o) an IC through a thermal 'io'e. a remote temperature s&itch is a 3etter choice. The circuits in )igure -3 are similar to those in "igures 1 an' $. 3ut use a remote,sensing temperature s&itch to 'etermine &hether the temperature has e<cee'e' the )actor(,set threshol'. The circuit in )igure -3a monitors the 'ie temperature o) an e<ternal IC using a thermal 'io'e on the 'ie o) that IC. >hen the temperature e<cee's the trip threshol'. the *AE 813 turns on the transistor that supplies po&er to the )an. In )igure -3(. the *AE 813 monitors a 'iscrete transistor that is use' to sense air temperature. In this case. the *AE 813Fs output 'ri4es the ->* input o) a 4,&ire )an. acti4ating the )an &hen the air temperature e<cee's the trip threshol'.

79

Figure 2*. Remote, on?off fan controllers with factor(-set thresholds. (a Fses a remote temperature switch and a F:T to enable the fan.s power suppl( for !- and *-wire fans. (b The temperature switch.s output directl( drives a 0-wire fan.s 1D+ input to activate the fan.

Simple< TGo-Speed )an Controller

Some s(stems normall( operate at a temperature high enough that the )an must 3e spinning. 3ut lo& enough that it can sa)el( operate at a lo& spee'. In these cases. a t&o,spee' 0lo& an' high1 )an controller is a goo' solution. The circuit in )igure -4 is an e<ample o) such a )an controller. It uses the *AE #. &hich is a remote temperature s&itch &ith an internal po&er transistor capa3le o) 'ri4ing a $8=mA. 1$@ )an. The threshol' temperature is selecte' at the )actor(. The *AE # is an onAo)) )an controller 3ut. 3( a''ing an e<ternal 'iscrete pnp transistor. it can 3e use' to 3uil' a t&o,spee' )an controller.

#=

Figure 20. Remote, two-speed fan controller with factor(-set threshold. 9elow the threshold, the fan runs at appro)imatel( half speed. Above the threshold, it runs at full speed.

In "igure 4. the *AE #Fs open,'rain. n,channel "%T is o)) at temperatures 3elo& the threshol'. >hile the "%T is o)). the pnp 'ri4es the groun' lea' o) the )an. >ith the pnpFs 3ase connecte' to H8@. the 4oltage across the )an is a little o4er @. enough to ensure lo&,spee' operation )or most small )ans. /e sure to 4eri)( operation o) (our )an &ith a @ po&er suppl( 3e)ore using this circuit. >hen the threshol' is e<cee'e'. the internal "%T supplies 1$@ to the )an. causing it to run at )ull spee'.

)an )ail-Safe Circuit

Some s(stems control a )anFs spee' using a NC or )an spee' controller IC locate' some 'istance )rom the )an. I) a pro3lem occurs 'ue to an interrupte' connection to the ->* signal or a NC hang. )or e<ample. a temperature s&itch can ser4e as a )ail,sa)e circuit to ensure that the )an &ill spin at )ull spee' i) the temperature rises a3o4e a pre'etermine' threshol' 4alue. The circuit in )igure -, accomplishes this. The *AE 814 temperature s&itchFs output is !RFe' &ith the ->* signal. I) the temperature o) the *AE 814 rises a3o4e its threshol' 4alue. the )an &ill 3e 'ri4en to )ull spee'.

Figure 2&. Fan fail-safe circuit with factor(-set trip threshold

#1

Temperature SGitches
In-Circuit Temperature SGitch Testing
>hen a temperature s&itch is use' )or s(stem protection. the trip temperature is normall( set to a 4alue &ell a3o4e the operating range o) the s(stem. So ho& 'o (ou 4eri)( at the 3oar' le4el that a temperature s&itch &ith a )i<e' threshol' is )unctionalS !ne &a( &oul' 3e to raise the 3oar'Fs temperature to a 4alue greater than the trip threshol'. 3ut this o)ten is neither 'esira3le nor practical. Another metho' is sho&n in )igure --. The *AE 817 in this )igure is one o) se4eral *a<im temperature s&itches that also ha4e an analog 4oltage output &ith a negati4e temperature coe))icient. To test )unctionalit( o) the temperature s&itch. (ou can simpl( short the analog output to groun'. The *AE 817 respon's as though the temperature Bust increase'. an' the acti4e,lo& T!@%R output asserts. thus 4eri)(ing that the protection )unction is acti4e.

Figure 22. A simple wa( to verif( temperature switch operation at the board level is to short the analog voltage output to ground. This ma$es the temperature switch react as though the temperature is highQ the active-low T8C:R output trips, thus verif(ing functionalit(.

Thermal CroG(ar
Some thermal protection approaches reCuire shutting 'o&n the a))ecte' s(stem in such a &a( that it cannot in'epen'entl( reco4er. !ne approach to 'oing this is &ith a po&er suppl( 5cro&3ar7Gshorting the po&er suppl( until the main po&er )use 3lo&s. The circuit in )igure -> 'oes this &ith t&o temperature s&itches that monitor t&o separate hot spots. I) onl( one hot spot is to 3e monitore'. one o) the temperature s&itches an' the !R gate can 3e eliminate'. A high,temperature con'ition turns on the silicon,controlle' recti)ier 0SCR1. &hich shorts the po&er suppl( an' 3lo&s the )use.

#$

Figure 2/. 8vertemperature crowbar circuit with two temperature switches. <f either temperature switch is hot enough to trip, 3CR D1 will turn on, thus shorting the power suppl( and blowing the fuse.

#3

%dditional &esources
%pplication *otes< Tutorials< and &eference +esigns
Se4eral application notes. tutorials. an' re)erence 'esigns relate' to temperature sensing an' )an control can 3e )oun' on the *a<im &e3site. A )e& o) these are summari+e' 3elo&.
REFD5032: Mo !"# T$!"%o&o'()!* +# + H,-$.R!*o)'/o# D!)0+.S,-%+ ADC E#+1)! H,-$.P"!&,*,o# T!%(!"+0'"! M!+*'"!%!#0 o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )/001 o In"23 es an intr- 3"4-n t- t%er+-"-3'2es an s%-*s %-* t- inter!a"e a t%er+-"-3'2e t- t%e 5A611100 're"isi-n ADC EVKit. La7 +eas3re+ent res32ts are 'r-.i e . AN2233: C,"&',0 D,-,/3!* T$!"%o&o'()! O'0('0 N!+" S!#*,#- (o,#0 o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )8800 o S%-*s a si+'2e "ir"3it t%at a22-*s a 5A699:/ t%er+-"-3'2e igi4;er t- 7e 2-"ate near a t%er+-"-3'2e< *it% ata an '-*er trans+i&e -.er a 2-ng "a72e. REFD5222: Mo !"# PRTD T!%(!"+0'"! S!#*o"* +# H,-$.R!*o)'/o# D!)0+.S,-%+ ADC* E#+1)! W, ! R+#-! H,-$. A&&'"+&4 T!%(!"+0'"! M!+*'"!%!#0* o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )/188 o In"23 es an intr- 3"4-n t- '2a4n3+ RTDs an s%-*s %-* t- inter!a"e an RTD t- t%e 5A611100 're"isi-n ADC EVKit. La7 +eas3re+ents are 'r-.i e . REFD5562: Po*,/7! A#+)o- F!! 1+&8 Co%(!#*+0!* PT100 T"+#* '&!" o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )08/0 o =resents an ana2-g "ir"3it !-r 2ineari;ing a =T100 RTD. Mo#0!"!4 MAXREFDES159: U)0"+.Lo: Po:!"; H,-$.A&&'"+&4 2<20%A 2.W,"! C'""!#0.Loo( S!#*o" o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )/9>0 o Des"ri7es a re!eren"e esign t%at "-+7ines a 're"isi-n ana2-g !r-nt en !-r RTDs an 7ri ge sens-rs *it% a 8Z 10+A trans+i&er. B2-"? iagra+s an 'er!-r+an"e +eas3re+ents are 'r-.i e < as are 2in?s t- etai2e s"%e+a4"s an 2a@-3t A2es. AN325=: IR.L,#8 T!%(!"+0'"! S!#*o" A))o:* I*o)+/o# o> 0$! T!%( S!#*o" o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )08/: o S%-*s %-* t- is-2ate a 5A69/:9 te+'erat3re-t--'eri- sens-r 3sing an IR 2in?. AN3222: RS.232.Po:!"! T!%(!"+0'"! S!#*o" o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )0818 o S%-*s a "ir"3it !-r '-*ering an "-++3ni"a4ng *it% a 5A69/:: te+'erat3re-t--!reB3en"@ sens-r *it% RS101. AN105=: Co%(!#*+/#- >o" I !+),04 F+&0o" +# S!",!* R!*,*0+#&! D,?!"!#&!* 1!0:!!# T$!"%+).S!#*! D,o !* o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )10/: o Dis"3sses te+'erat3re +eas3re+ent eCe"ts -! 3sing i- es *it% iCerent i ea2it@ !a"t-rs. AN3502: E?!&0 o> PC Bo+" T"+&! W, 0$ o# R!%o0!.D,o ! T!%(!"+0'"!.S!#*o" A&&'"+&4 o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )0/01 o Dis"3sses e,terna2- i- e te+'erat3re +eas3re+ent err-rs 3e t- 2-ng =C 7-ar tra"es.

#4

 AN206: C'"7!.F,@#- 0$! E""o" o> + B+# -+(.B+*! D,-,0+) T!%(!"+0'"! S!#*o" o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )10> o Des"ri7es a te"%niB3e !-r err-r-"-rre"4ng 7an ga' te+'erat3re sens-rs 3sing "a2i7ra4-n ata. AN36A2: O7!"7,!: o> ,B'Bo#C S!#*o"* +# T!%(!"+0'"!DH'%, ,04 D+0+ Lo--!"* o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )0>D1 o =r-.i es an intr- 3"4-n t- 5a,i+Es iB3&-n te+'erat3re an %3+i it@ +-nit-rs. REFD5150: S,%()! W,"!)!** T!%(!"+0'"! Mo#,0o" A)*o H+* D+0+.Lo--,#- C+(+1,),/!* o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )/1/0 o In"23 es esigns !-r a 1-"%i' trans+i&er an a 1-"%i' re"ei.er "ir"3it 7ase -n t%e 5A69/:: !reB3en"@--3t'3t te+'erat3re sens-r. AN3316: HFAN.06E2E0: Ho: 0o Co#0"o) +# Co%(!#*+0! + T$!"%o!)!&0",& Coo)!" FTECG o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )001> o Des"ri7es t%e esign -! a "-ntr-2 2--' !-r a TEC. AN1=62: F+# S(!! Co#0"o) ,* Coo)H o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )1:>8 o Dis"3sses !3n a+enta2s -! !an s'ee "-ntr-2 an s%-*s e,a+'2e "ir"3its 3sing t%e 5A699/0 an 5A699/1 2inear !an s'ee "-ntr-22ers. AN60A: R!7 U( Yo'" F+#.S(!! Co#0"o) D!*,-#* o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )>0D o Dis"3sses !an s'ee "-ntr-2 7asi"s an s%-*s "ir"3its 3sing t%e 5A699/0 an 5A699/1 2inear !an s'ee "-ntr-22ers !-r "-ntr-22ing %ig%-.-2tage !ans. Is-2ate "ir"3its are a2s- s%-*n. AN2250: G!@#- S0+"0! :,0$ 0$! MAX5551 F+# Co#0"o))!" o %&'())***.+a,i+integrate ."-+)a''-n-tes)in e,.+.')i )88/0 o =r-.i es Ar+*are e,a+'2es !-r t%e 5A699/1 2inear !an s'ee "-ntr-22er.

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S$Bus is a trademar% o! &ntel Corp. #8

S'& is a trademar% o! $otorola( &nc. ) *ire is a registered trademar% o! $a+im &ntegrated 'roducts( &nc.

Am3ient Air Sensing. 49. 81 Analog Temperature Sensor. 13. 14 Cur,e. 18 -onlinearit.. 18 Callen'ar,@an Dusen eCuation. 7 Digital Temperature Sensor "eatures. 1# Local. $= Remote. $1. $# "an $,>ire. 3$ 3,>ire. 33 4,>ire. 33 "an Spee' *onitoring. 37. 41 "an Spee' Control. 31. 34. 44 4,&ire )an. 71 Acoustic noise. 37 Close',loop R-*. 41 Controller "unctions. 3$ "ailsa)e circuit. #1 ?igh,4oltage 4,&ire. 78. 7 ?igh,4oltage linear. 7 Linear po&er suppl(. 38 !nA!)). 77. 7#. 79 ->* po&er suppl(. 3 ->*,to,linear con4ersion. 7$ R-* control. 41 Two-speed. #1 &C Die Temperature Sensing Thermal diode. $1. $3. 8$ Thermistor. 83 I'ealit( "actor. 14. $4. $8. $7. 8$. 88 Nonlinearit( NTC thermistor. 4. 8. RTD. 7. #. 8# Thermocouple. 1= NTC. 4. . 44 Cur,e. 8 Nonlinearit(. 4 -rinte' Circuit /oar' Sensing. 4#. 49 -t1==. 7. #. 8 . 87. 8#. 89 Linearit. Correction. 89 Remote Dio'e Sensor. $1. $#. 8$ Ca3le connection. 84 Dio'e 'esign gui'elines. 8 Discrete 'io'e. 88 %rror sources. $3 #7

"eatures. $ La(out gui'elines. 84 R-* Control. 41 RTD. 7. #. 9. 14. 44. 4#. 49. 8 . 8# Alpha. 7 Callen'ar,@an Dusen eCuation. 7 Cur,e. # Linearit. Correction. 89 Nonlinearit(. 7. #. 8# -t1==. 7. #. 8 . 87. 8#. 89 Signal con'itioner. 9 Temperature range. 7 SA*A. 7 Signal Con'itioner RTD. 9. 48. 8# Thermocouple. 4 . 4#. 1 Temperature Sensor Analog. 13 Digital. 1 . $= IR,lin2e'. $ Remote 'igital. 13. $1. $#. 8$ Remote 'io'e. 13. $1. $#. 8$ RS$3$,po&ere'. 3 RTD. 7 Thermistor. 4 Thermocouple. 11 Temperature S&itch. $#. $9. 7#. 79. #=. #$ "an spee' control. 77. 7#. 79. #=. #1 In,circuit testing. #$ Thermal Cro&3ar. #$ Thermal *anagement Cali3ration. 3 Control. 3 -rotection. 3 -urposes. 3 Thermistor. 4. . 14. 44. 4#. 49. 81. 8$. 83 Cur,e. 8 Nonlinearit(. 4. NTC. 4. 8. . 44 Thermocouple. 9. 1=. 11. 1$. 13. 14. 44. 4 . 49. 84. =. 1 Col' Bunction. 1$ Cur,e. 11 *AE 74. 13 *AE 78. 13 Nonlinearit(. 1= Signal con'itioner. 1$ Temperature range. 9

T(pe :. 1=. 11. 13

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