NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

Lesson1
We can read of thing that ha!!ened "#$$$ %ear ago in the Near Ea t# &here !eo!'e fir t 'earned to &rite( B)t there are o*e !art of the &or'd &here e+en no& !eo!'e cannot &rite( The on'% &a% that the% can !re er+e their hi tor% i to reco)nt it a aga --'egend handed do&n fro* one generation of tor%-te''er to another( The e 'egend are ) ef)' ,eca) e the% can te'' ) o*ething a,o)t *igration of !eo!'e &ho 'i+ed 'ong ago# ,)t none co)'d &rite do&n &hat the% did( -nthro!o'ogi t &ondered &here the re*ote ance tor of the Po'%ne ian !eo!'e no& 'i+ing in the Pacific I 'and ca*e fro*( The aga of the e !eo!'e e.!'ain that o*e of the* ca*e fro* Indone ia a,o)t /#$$$ %ear ago( B)t the fir t !eo!'e &ho &ere 'i0e o)r e'+e 'i+ed o 'ong ago that e+en their aga # if the% had an%# are forgotten( So archaeo'ogi t ha+e neither hi tor% nor 'egend to he'! the* to find o)t &here the fir t 1*odern *en1 ca*e fro*( Fort)nate'%# ho&e+er# ancient *en *ade too' of tone# e !ecia''% f'int# ,eca) e thi i ea ier to ha!e than other 0ind ( The% *a% a' o ha+e ) ed &ood and 0in # ,)t the e ha+e rotted a&a%( Stone doe not deca%# and o the too' of 'ong ago ha+e re*ained &hen e+en the ,one of the *en &ho *ade the* ha+e di a!!eared &itho)t trace(

Lesson2
Wh%# %o) *a% &onder# ho)'d !ider ,e o)r friend 2 Beca) e the% de tro% o *an% in ect # and in ect inc')de o*e of the greate t ene*ie of the h)*an race( In ect &o)'d *a0e it i*!o i,'e for ) to 'i+e in the &or'd3 the% &o)'d de+o)r a'' o)r cro! and 0i'' o)r f'oc0 and herd # if it &ere not for the !rotection &e get fro* in ect-eating ani*a' ( We o&e a 'ot to the ,ird and ,ea t &ho eat in ect ,)t a'' of the* !)t together 0i'' on'% a fraction of the n)*,er de tro%ed ,% !ider ( 4oreo+er# )n'i0e o*e of the other in ect eater # !ider ne+er do the 'ea t har* to ) or o)r ,e'onging ( S!ider are not in ect # a *an% !eo!'e thin0# nor e+en near'% re'ated to the*( One can te'' the difference a'*o t at a g'ance for a !ider a'&a% ha eight 'eg and an in ect ne+er *ore than i.( Ho& *an% !ider are engaged in thi &or0 on o)r ,eha'f 2 One a)thorit% on !ider *ade a cen ) of the !ider in a gra fie'd in the o)th of Eng'and# and he e ti*ated that there &ere *ore than /#/"$#$$$ in one acre# that i o*ething 'i0e 5#$$$#$$$ !ider of different 0ind on a foot,a'' !itch( S!ider are ,) % for at 'ea t ha'f the %ear in 0i''ing in ect ( It i i*!o i,'e to *a0e *ore than the &i'de t g)e at ho& *an% the% 0i''# ,)t the% are h)ngr% creat)re # not content &ith on'% three *ea' a da%( It ha ,een e ti*ated that the &eight of a'' the in ect de tro%ed ,% !ider in Britain in one %ear &o)'d ,e greater than the tota' &eight of a'' the h)*an ,eing in the co)ntr%(

Lesson3
4odern a'!ini t tr% to c'i*, *o)ntain ,% a ro)te &hich &i'' gi+e the* good !ort# and the *ore diffic)'t it i # the *ore high'% it i regarded( In the !ioneering da% # ho&e+er# thi &a not the ca e at a''( The ear'% c'i*,er &ere 'oo0ing for the ea ie t &a% to the to! ,eca) e the )**it &a the !ri6e the% o)ght# e !ecia''% if it had ne+er ,een attained ,efore( It i tr)e that d)ring their e.!'oration the% often faced diffic)'tie and danger of the *o t !eri'o) nat)re# e7)i!!ed in a *anner &hich &o)'d *a0e a *odern c'i*,er h)dder at the tho)ght# ,)t the% did not go o)t of their &a% to co)rt )ch e.cite*ent( The% had a ing'e ai*# a o'itar% goa'--the to!8 It i hard for ) to rea'i6e no&ada% ho& diffic)'t it &a for the !ioneer ( E.ce!t for one or t&o
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

!'ace )ch a ;er*att and Cha*oni.# &hich had ra!id'% ,eco*e !o!)'ar# -'!ine +i''age tended to ,e i*!o+eri hed ett'e*ent c)t off fro* ci+i'i6ation ,% the high *o)ntain ( S)ch inn a there &ere &ere genera''% dirt% and f'ea-ridden3 the food i*!'% 'oca' chee e acco*!anied ,% ,read often t&e'+e *onth o'd# a'' &a hed do&n &ith coar e &ine( Often a +a''e% ,oa ted no inn at a''# and c'i*,er fo)nd he'ter &here+er the% co)'d-- o*eti*e &ith the 'oca' !rie t <&ho &a ) )a''% a !oor a hi !ari hioner =# o*eti*e &ith he!herd or chee e-*a0er ( In+aria,'% the ,ac0gro)nd &a the a*e> dirt and !o+ert%# and +er% )nco*forta,'e( For *en acc) to*ed to eating e+en-co)r e dinner and 'ee!ing ,et&een fine 'inen heet at ho*e# the change to the -'! *) t ha+e ,een +er% hard indeed(

Lesson4
In the So+iet Union e+era' ca e ha+e ,een re!orted recent'% of !eo!'e &ho can read and detect co'o)r &ith their finger # and e+en ee thro)gh o'id door and &a'' ( One ca e concern an 1e'e+en-%ear-o'd choo'gir'# ?era Petro+a# &ho ha nor*a' +i ion ,)t &ho can a' o !ercei+e thing &ith different !art of her 0in# and thro)gh o'id &a'' ( Thi a,i'it% &a fir t noticed ,% her father( One da% he ca*e into hi office and ha!!ened to !)t her hand on the door of a 'oc0ed afe( S)dden'% he a 0ed her father &h% he 0e!t o *an% o'd ne& !a!er 'oc0ed a&a% there# and e+en de cri,ed the &a% the% &ere done )! in ,)nd'e ( ?era1 c)rio) ta'ent &a ,ro)ght to the notice of a cientific re earch in tit)te in the to&n of UI%ano+ 0# near &here he 'i+e # and in -!ri' he &a gi+en a erie of te t ,% a !ecia' co**i ion of the 4ini tr% of Hea'th of the R) ian Federa' Re!),'ic( @)ring the e te t he &a a,'e to read a ne& !a!er thro)gh an o!a7)e creen and# tranger ti''# ,% *o+ing her e',o& o+er a chi'd1 ga*e of Lotto he &a a,'e to de cri,e the fig)re and co'o)r !rinted on it3 and# in another in tance# &earing toc0ing and 'i!!er # to *a0e o)t &ith her foot the o)t'ine and co'o)r of a !ict)re hidden )nder a car!et( Other e.!eri*ent ho&ed that her 0nee and ho)'der had a i*i'ar en iti+it%( @)ring a'' the e te t ?era &a ,'indfo'd3 and# indeed# e.ce!t &hen ,'indfo'd he 'ac0ed the a,i'it% to !ercei+e thing &ith her 0in( It &a a' o fo)nd that a'tho)gh he co)'d !ercei+e thing &ith her finger thi a,i'it% cea ed the *o*ent her hand &ere &et(

Lesson5
The gori''a i o*ething of a !arado. in the -frican cene( One thin0 one 0no& hi* +er% &e''( For a h)ndred %ear or *ore he ha ,een 0i''ed# ca!t)red# and i*!ri oned# in 6oo ( Hi ,one ha+e ,een *o)nted in nat)ra' hi tor% *) e)* e+er%&here# and he ha a'&a% e.erted a trong fa cination )!on cienti t and ro*antic a'i0e( He i the tereot%!ed *on ter of the horror fi'* and the ad+ent)re ,oo0 # and an o,+io) <tho)gh not !erha! trict'% cientific= 'in0 &ith o)r ance tra' !a t( Aet the fact i &e 0no& +er% 'itt'e a,o)t gori''a ( No rea''% ati factor% !hotogra!h ha e+er ,een ta0en of one in a &i'd tate# no 6oo'ogi t# ho&e+er intre!id# ha ,een a,'e to 0ee! the ani*a' )nder c'o e and con tant o, er+ation in the dar0 B)ng'e in &hich he 'i+e ( Car' -0e'e%# the -*erican nat)ra'i t# 'ed t&o e.!edition in the nineteen-t&entie # and no& 'ie ,)ried a*ong the ani*a' he 'o+ed o &e''( B)t e+en he &a )na,'e to di co+er ho& 'ong the gori''a 'i+e # or ho& or &h% it die # nor &a he a,'e to define the e.act ocia' !attern of the fa*i'% gro)! # or indicate the fina' e.tent of their inte''igence( -'' thi and *an% other thing re*ain a'*o t a *)ch a *% ter% a the% &ere &hen the French e.!'orer @) Chai'') fir t de cri,ed the ani*a' to the ci+i'i6ed &or'd a
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

cent)r% ago( The -,o*ina,'e Sno&*an &ho ha)nt the i*agination of c'i*,er in the Hi*a'a%a i hard'% *ore e') i+e(

Lesson6
Peo!'e are a'&a% ta'0ing a,o)t1 the !ro,'e* of %o)th 1( If there i oneC&hich I ta0e 'ea+e to do),t--then it i o'der !eo!'e &ho create it# not the %o)ng the* e'+e ( Let ) get do&n to f)nda*enta' and agree that the %o)ng are after a'' h)*an ,eing --!eo!'e B) t 'i0e their e'der ( There i on'% one difference ,et&een an o'd *an and a %o)ng one> the %o)ng *an ha a g'orio) f)t)re ,efore hi* and the o'd one ha a !'endid f)t)re ,ehind hi*> and *a%,e that i &here the r), i ( When I &a a teenager# I fe't that I &a B) t %o)ng and )ncertain--that I &a a ne& ,o% in a h)ge choo'# and I &o)'d ha+e ,een +er% !'ea ed to ,e regarded a o*ething o intere ting a a !ro,'e*( For one thing# ,eing a !ro,'e* gi+e %o) a certain identit%# and that i one of the thing the %o)ng are ,) i'% engaged in ee0ing( I find %o)ng !eo!'e e.citing( The% ha+e an air of freedo*# and the% ha+e not a drear% co**it*ent to *ean a*,ition or 'o+e of co*fort( The% are not an.io) ocia' c'i*,er # and the% ha+e no de+otion to *ateria' thing ( -'' thi ee* to *e to 'in0 the* &ith 'ife# and the origin of thing ( It1 a if the% &ere in o*e en e co *ic ,eing in +io'ent an 'o+e'% contra t &ith ) ),)r,an creat)re ( -'' that i in *% *ind &hen I *eet a %o)ng !er on( He *a% ,e conceited# i''- *annered# !re )*!t)o) of fat)o) # ,)t I do not t)rn for !rotection to drear% c'iche a,o)t re !ect for e'der --a if *ere age &ere a rea on for re !ect( I acce!t that &e are e7)a' # and I &i'' arg)e &ith hi*# a an e7)a'# if I thin0 he i &rong(

Lesson7
I a* a'&a% a*a6ed &hen I hear !eo!'e a%ing that !ort create good&i'' ,et&een the nation # and that if on'% the co**on !eo!'e of the &or'd co)'d *eet one another at foot,a'' or cric0et# the% &o)'d ha+e no inc'ination to *eet on the ,att'efie'd( E+en if one didn1t 0no& fro* concrete e.a*!'e <the 9D:5 O'%*!ic Ga*e # for in tance= that internationa' !orting conte t 'ead to orgie of hatred# one co)'d ded)ce it fro* genera' !rinci!'e ( Near'% a'' the !ort !racti ed no&ada% are co*!etiti+e( Ao) !'a% to &in# and the ga*e ha 'itt'e *eaning )n'e %o) do %o)r )t*o t to &in( On the +i''age green# &here %o) !ic0 )! ide and no fee'ing of 'oca' !atrioti * i in+o'+ed# it i !o i,'e to !'a% i*!'% for the f)n and e.erci e> ,)t a oon a the 7)e tion of !re tige ari e # a oon a %o) fee' that %o) and o*e 'arger )nit &i'' ,e di graced if %o) 'o e# the *o t a+age co*,ati+e in tinct are aro) ed( -n%one &ho ha !'a%ed e+en in a choo' foot,a'' *atch 0no& thi ( -t the internationa' 'e+e' !ort i fran0'% *i*ic &arfare( B)t the ignificant thing i not the ,eha+io)r of the !'a%er ,)t the attit)de of the !ectator > and# ,ehind the !ectator # of the nation ( &ho &or0 the* e'+e into f)rie o+er the e a, )rd conte t # and erio) '% ,e'ie+e--at an% rate for hort !eriod --that r)nning# B)*!ing and 0ic0ing a ,a'' are te t of nationa' +irt)e(

Lesson8
Parent ha+e to do *)ch 'e for their chi'dren toda% than the% ) ed to do# and ho*e ha ,eco*e *)ch 'e of a &or0 ho!( C'othe can ,e ,o)ght read% *ade# &a hing can go to the 'a)ndr%# food can ,e ,o)ght coo0ed# canned or !re er+ed# ,read i ,a0ed and de'i+ered ,% the ,a0er# *i'0
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

arri+e on the door te!# *ea' can ,e had at the re ta)rant# the &or0 1 canteen# and the choo' dining-roo*( It i )n) )a' no& for father to !)r )e hi trade or other e*!'o%*ent at ho*e# and hi chi'dren rare'%# if e+er# ee hi* at hi !'ace of &or0( Bo% are therefore e'do* trained to fo''o& their father1 occ)!ation# and in *an% to&n the% ha+e a fair'% &ide choice of e*!'o%*ent and o do gir' ( The %o)ng &age-earner often earn good *one%# and oon ac7)ire a fee'ing of econo*ic inde!endence( In te.ti'e area it ha 'ong ,een c) to*ar% for *other to go o)t to &or0# ,)t thi !ractice ha ,eco*e o &ide !read that the &or0ing *other i no& a not )n) )a' factor in a chi'd1 ho*e 'ife# the n)*,er of *arried &o*en in e*!'o%*ent ha+ing *ore than do),'ed in the 'a t t&ent%-fi+e %ear ( With *other earning and hi o'der chi'dren dra&ing ), tantia' &age father i e'do* the do*inant fig)re that he ti'' &a at the ,eginning of the cent)r%( When *other &or0 econo*ic ad+antage accr)e# ,)t chi'dren 'o e o*ething of great +a')e if *other1 e*!'o%*ent !re+ent her fro* ,eing ho*e to greet the* &hen the% ret)rn fro* choo'(

Lesson9
Not a'' o)nd *ade ,% ani*a' er+e a 'ang)age# and &e ha+e on'% to t)rn to that e.traordinar% di co+er% of echo-'ocation in ,at to ee a ca e in &hich the +oice !'a% a trict'% )ti'itarian ro'e( To get a f)'' a!!reciation of &hat thi *ean &e *) t t)rn fir t to o*e recent h)*an in+ention ( E+er%one 0no& that if he ho)t in the +icinit% of a &a'' or a *o)ntain ide# an echo &i'' co*e ,ac0( The f)rther off thi o'id o, tr)ction the 'onger ti*e &i'' e'a! e for the ret)rn of the echo( - o)nd *ade ,% ta!!ing on the h)'' of a hi! &i'' ,e ref'ected fro* the ea ,otto*# and ,% *ea )ring the ti*e inter+a' ,et&een the ta! and the recei!t of the echoe the de!th of the ea at that !oint can ,e ca'c)'ated( So &a ,orn the echo- o)nding a!!arat) # no& in genera' ) e in hi! ( E+er% o'id o,Bect &i'' ref'ect a o)nd# +ar%ing ac- cording to the i6e and nat)re of the o,Bect( - hoa' of fi h &i'' do thi ( So it i a co*!arati+e'% i*!'e te! fro* 'ocating the ea ,otto* to 'ocating a hoa' of fi h( With e.!erience# and &ith i*!ro+ed a!!arat) # it i no& !o i,'e not on'% to 'ocate a hoa' ,)t to te'' if it i herring# cod# or other &e''-0no&n fi h# ,% the !attern of it echo ( - fe& %ear ago it &a fo)nd that certain ,at e*it 7)ea0 and ,% recei+ing the echoe the% co)'d 'ocate and teer c'ear of o, tac'e --or 'ocate f'%ing in ect on &hich the% feed( Thi echo'ocation in ,at i often co*!ared &ith radar# the !rinci!'e of &hich i i*i'ar(

Lesson10
In o)r ne& ociet% there i a gro&ing di 'i0e of origina'# creati+e *en( The *ani!)'ated do not )nder tand the*3 the *ani!)'ator fear the*( The tid% co**ittee *en regard the* &ith horror# 0no&ing that no !igeonho'e can ,e fo)nd for the*( We co)'d do &ith a fe& origina'# creati+e *en in o)r !o'itica' 'ifeCif on'% to create o*e enth) ia *# re'ea e o*e energ%--,)t &here are the%2 We are a 0ed to choo e ,et&een +ario) hade of the negati+e( The engine i fa''ing to !iece &hi'e the Boint o&ner of the car arg)e &hether the foot,ra0e or the hand,ra0e ho)'d ,e a!!'ied( Notice ho& the co'd# co'o)r'e *en# &itho)t idea and &ith no other !a ion ,)t a cra+ing for )cce # get on in thi ociet%# ca!t)ring one !')* after another and ta0ing the B)ice and ta te o)t of the*( So*eti*e %o) *ight thin0 the *achine &e &or hi! *a0e a'' the chief a!!oint*ent # !ro*oting the h)*an ,eing &ho ee* c'o e t to the*( Bet&een *id-night and da&n# &hen 'ee! &i'' not co*e and a'' the o'd &o)nd ,egin to ache# I often ha+e a night*are
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

+i ion of a f)t)re &or'd in &hich there are ,i''ion of !eo!'e# a'' n)*,ered and regi tered# &ith not a g'ea* of geni) an%&here# not an origina' *ind# a rich !er ona'it%# on the &ho'e !ac0ed g'o,e( The t&in idea' of o)r ti*e# organi6ation and 7)antit%# &i'' ha+e &on for e+er(

Lesson11
-'fred the Great acted a hi o&n !%# +i iting @ani h ca*! di g)i ed a a *in tre'( In tho e da% &andering *in tre' &ere &e'co*e e+er%&here( The% &ere not fighting *en# and their har! &a their !a !ort( -'fred had 'earned *an% of their ,a''ad in hi %o)th# and co)'d +ar% hi !rogra**e &ith acro,atic tric0 and i*!'e conB)ring( Whi'e -'fred1 'itt'e ar*% 'o&'% ,egan to gather at -the'ne%# the 0ing hi* e'f et o)t to !enetrate the ca*! of G)thr)*# the co**ander of the @ani h in+ader ( The e had ett'ed do&n for the &inter at Chi!!enha*> thither -'fred &ent( He noticed at once that di ci!'ine &a 'ac0> the @ane had the e'f-confidence of con7)eror # and their ec)rit% !reca)tion &ere ca )a'( The% 'i+ed &e''# on the !roceed of raid on neigh,o)ring region ( There the% co''ected &o*en a &e'' a food and drin0# and a 'ife of ea e had *ade the* oft( -'fred ta%ed in the ca*! a &ee0 ,efore he ret)rned to -the'ne%( The force there a e*,'ed &a tri+ia' co*!ared &ith the @ani h horde( B)t -'fred had ded)ced that the @ane &ere no 'onger fit for !ro'onged ,att'e > and that their co**i ariat had no organi6ation# ,)t de!ended on irreg)'ar raid ( So# faced &ith the @ani h ad+ance# -'fred did not ri 0 o!en ,att'e ,)t harried the ene*%( He &a con tant'% on the *o+e# dra&ing the @ane after hi*( Hi !atro' ha'ted the raiding !artie > h)nger a ai'ed the @ani h ar*%( No& -'fred ,egan a 'ong erie of 0ir*i he --and &ithin a *onth the @ane had )rrendered( The e!i ode co)'d rea ona,'% er+e a a )ni7)e e!ic of ro%a' e !ionage8

Lesson12
What characteri6e a'*o t a'' Ho''%&ood !ict)re i their inner e*!tine ( Thi i co*!en ated for ,% an o)ter i*!re i+ene ( S)ch i*!re i+ene ) )a''% ta0e the for* of tr)'% grandio e rea'i *( Nothing i !ared to *a0e the etting# the co t)*e # a'' of the )rface detai' correct( The e effort he'! to *a 0 the e entia' e*!tine of the characteri6ation# and the a, )rditie and tri+ia'itie of the !'ot ( The ho) e 'oo0 'i0e ho) e # the treet 'oo0 'i0e treet 3 the !eo!'e 'oo0 and ta'0 'i0e !eo!'e3 ,)t the% are e*!t% of h)*anit%# credi,i'it%# and *oti+ation( Need'e to a%# the di gracef)' cen or hi! code i an i*!ortant factor in !redeter*ining the content of the e !ict)re ( B)t the code doe not di t)r, the !rofit # nor the entertain*ent +a')e of the fi'* 3 it *ere'% he'! to !re+ent the* fro* ,eing credi,'e( It i n1t too hea+% a ,)rden for the ind) tr% to ,ear( In addition to the i*!re i+ene of the etting # there i a ) e of the ca*era# &hich at ti*e ee* *agica'( B)t of &hat h)*an i*!ort i a'' thi 0i''# a'' thi effort# a'' thi energ% in the !rod)ction of effect # &hen the tor%# the re!re entation of 'ife i ho''o&# t)!id# ,ana'# chi'di h 2

Lesson13
O.ford ha ,een r)ined ,% the *otor ind) tr%( The !eace &hich O.ford once 0ne&# and &hich a great )ni+er it% cit% ho)'d a'&a% ha+e# ha ,een &e!t r)th'e '% a&a%3 and no ,enefaction and re earch endo&*ent can *a0e )! for the change in character &hich the cit% ha )ffered( -t i. in the *orning the o'd co)rt ha0e to the roar of ,) e ta0ing the ne.t hift to Co&'e% and
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

Pre ed Stee'# great 'orrie &ith a do),'e dec0 cargo of car for e.!ort ')*,er !a t 4agda'en and the Uni+er it% Ch)rch( Load of *otor-engine are h)rried hither and thither and the treet are thronged &ith a !o!)'ation &hich ha no intere t in 'earning and 0no& no t)die ,e%ond er+o% te* and di tri,)tor # co*!re ion ratio and ca* haft ( Theoretica''% the *arriage of an o'd eat of 'earning and tradition &ith a ne& and &ea'th% ind) tr% *ight ,e e.!ected to !rod)ce o*e intere ting chi'dren( It *ight ha+e ,een tho)ght that the c)'t)re of the )ni+er it% &o)'d radiate o)t and tran for* the 'i+e of the &or0er ( That thi ha not ha!!ened *a% ,e the fa)'t of the )ni+er it%# for at ,oth O.ford and Ca*,ridge the co''ege tend to 'i+e in an era &hich i certain'% not of the t&entieth cent)r%# and )!on a !'anet &hich ,ear 'itt'e re e*,'ance to the &ar-torn Earth( Where+er the fa)'t *a% 'ie the fact re*ain that it i the theatre at O.ford and not at Ca*,ridge &hich i on the +erge of e.tinction# and the on'% fr)it of the co*,ination of ind) tr% and the rarefied at*o !here of 'earning i the d) t in the treet # and a !athetic en e of ,eing 'o t &hich hang o+er o*e of the co''ege (

Lesson14
So*e o'd !eo!'e are o!!re ed ,% the fear of death( In the %o)ng there i a B) tification for thi fee'ing( Ao)ng *en &ho ha+e rea on to fear that the% &i'' ,e 0i''ed in ,att'e *a% B) tifia,'% fee' ,itter in the tho)ght that the% ha+e ,een cheated of the ,e t thing that 'ife ha to offer( B)t in an o'd *an &ho ha 0no&n h)*an Bo% and orro& # and ha achie+ed &hate+er &or0 it &a in hi* to do# the fear of death i o*e&hat a,Bect and igno,'e( The ,e t &a% to o+erco*e it- o at 'ea t it ee* to *e----i to *a0e %o)r intere t grad)a''% &ider and *ore i*!er ona'# )nti' ,it ,% ,it the &a'' of the ego recede# and %o)r 'ife ,eco*e increa ing'% *erged in the )ni+er a' 'ife( -n indi+id)a' h)*an e.i tence ho)'d ,e 'i0e a ri+er-- *a'' at fir t# narro&'% contained &ithin it ,an0 # and r) hing !a ionate'% !a t ,o)'der and o+er &aterfa'' ( Grad)a''% the ri+er gro& &ider# the ,an0 recede# the &ater f'o& *ore 7)iet'%# and in the end# &itho)t an% +i i,'e ,rea0# the% ,eco*e *erged in the ea# and !ain'e '% 'o e their indi+id)a' ,eing( The *an &ho# in o'd age# can ee hi 'ife in thi &a%# &i'' not )ffer fro* the fear of death# ince the thing he care for &i'' contin)e( -nd it# &ith the deca% of +ita'it%# &earine increa e # the tho)ght of re t &i'' ,e not )n&e'co*e( I ho)'d &i h to die &hi'e ti'' at &or0# 0no&ing that other &i'' carr% on &hat I can no 'onger do# and content in the tho)ght that &hat &a !o i,'e ha ,een done(

Lesson15
When an%one o!en a c)rrent acco)nt at a ,an0# he i 'ending the ,an0 *one%# re!a%*ent of &hich he *a% de*and at an% ti*e# either in ca h or ,% dra&ing a che7)e in fa+o)r of another !er on( Pri*ari'%# the ,an0er-c) to*er re'ation hi! i that of de,tor and creditor--&ho i &hich de!ending on &hether the c) to*er1 acco)nt i in credit or i o+erdra&n( B)t# in addition to that ,a ica''% i*!'e conce!t# the ,an0 and it c) to*er o&e a 'arge n)*,er of o,'igation to one another( 4an% of the e o,'igation can gi+e ri e to !ro,'e* and co*!'ication ,)t a ,an0 c) to*er# )n'i0e# a%# a ,)%er of good # cannot co*!'ain that the 'a& i 'oaded again t hi*( The ,an0 *) t o,e% it c) to*er1 in tr)ction # and not tho e of an%one e' e( When# for e.a*!'e# a c) to*er fir t o!en an acco)nt# he in tr)ct the ,an0 to de,it hi acco)nt on'% in re !ect of che7)e dra&n ,% hi* e'f( He gi+e the ,an0 !eci*en of hi ignat)re# and there i a +er% fir* r)'e that the ,an0 ha no right or a)thorit% to !a% o)t a c) to*er1 *one% on a che7)e on &hich it c) to*er1 ignat)re ha ,een forged( It *a0e no difference that the forger% *a% ha+e ,een a +er%
5 :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

0i'f)' one> the ,an0 *) t recogni6e it c) to*er1 ignat)re( For thi rea on there i no ri 0 to the c) to*er in the *odern !ractice# ado!ted ,% o*e ,an0 # of !rinting the c) to*er1 na*e on hi che7)e ( If thi faci'itate forger% it i the ,an0 &hich &i'' 'o e# not the c) to*er(

Lesson16
The dee!e t ho'e of a'' are *ade for oi'# and the% go do&n to a *)ch a /"#$$$ feet( B)t &e do not need to end *en do&n to get the oi' o)t# a &e *) t &ith other *inera' de!o it ( The ho'e are on'% ,oring # 'e than a foot in dia*eter( 4% !artic)'ar e.!erience i 'arge'% in oi'# and the earch for oi' ha done *ore to i*!ro+e dee! dri''ing than an% other *ining acti+it%( When it ha ,een decided &here &e are going to dri''# &e !)t )! at the )rface an oi' derric0( It ha to ,e ta'' ,eca) e it i 'i0e a giant ,'oc0 and tac0'e# and &e ha+e to 'o&er into the gro)nd and ha)' o)t of the gro)nd great 'ength of dri'' !i!e &hich are rotated ,% an engine at the to! and are fitted &ith a c)tting ,it at the ,otto*( The geo'ogi t need to 0no& &hat roc0 the dri'' ha reached# o e+er% o often a a*!'e i o,tained &ith a coring ,it( It c)t a c'ean c%'inder of roc0# fro* &hich can ,e een he trata the dri'' ha ,een c)tting thro)gh( Once &e get do&n to the oi'# it ) )a''% f'o& to the )rface ,eca) e great !re )re# either fro* ga or &ater# i !) hing it( Thi !re )re *) t ,e )nder contro'# and &e contro' it ,% *ean of the *)d &hich &e circ)'ate do&n the dri'' !i!e( We endea+o)r to a+oid the o'd# ro*antic idea of a g) her# &hich &a te oi' and ga ( We &ant it to ta% do&n the ho'e )nti' &e can 'ead it off in a contro''ed *anner(

Lesson17
The fact that &e are not )re &hat 1inte''igence1 i # nor &hat i !a ed on# doe not !re+ent ) fro* finding it a +er% ) ef)' &or0ing conce!t# and !'acing a certain a*o)nt of re'iance on te t &hich 1*ea )re1 it( In an inte''igence te t &e ta0e a a*!'e of an indi+id)a'1 a,i'it% to o'+e !)66'e and !ro,'e* of +ario) 0ind # and if &e ha+e ta0en a re!re entati+e a*!'e it &i'' a''o& ) to !redict )cce f)''% the 'e+e' of !erfor*ance he &i'' reach in a &ide +ariet% of occ)!ation ( Thi ,eca*e of !artic)'ar i*!ortance &hen# a a re )'t of the 9DEE Ed)cation -ct# econdar% choo'ing for a'' ,eca*e 'a&# and gra**ar choo' # &ith the e.ce!tion of a *a'' n)*,er of inde!endent fo)ndation choo' # ,eca*e a+ai'a,'e to the &ho'e !o!)'ation( Since the n)*,er of gra**ar choo' in the co)ntr% co)'d acco**odate at *o t a!!ro.i*ate'% /" !er cent of the tota' chi'd !o!)'ation of e'e+en-!') # o*e 0ind of e'ection had to ,e *ade( Narro&'% acade*ic e.a*ination and te t &ere fe't# 7)ite right'%# to ,e hea+i'% &eighted in fa+o)r of chi'dren &ho had had the ad+antage of high'%-acade*ic !ri*ar% choo' and acade*ica''% ,ia ed ho*e ( Inte''igence te t &ere de+i ed to co)nteract thi narro& !ecia'i6ation# ,% introd)cing !ro,'e* &hich &ere not ,a ed on !ecifica''% cho'a tica''%-ac7)ired 0no&'edge( The inte''igence te t i an atte*!t to a e the genera' a,i'it% of an% chi'd to thin0# rea on# B)dge# ana'% e and %nthe i6e ,% !re enting hi* &ith it)ation # ,oth +er,a' and !ractica'# &hich are &ithin hi range of co*!etence and )nder tanding(

Lesson18
T&o factor &eigh hea+i'% again t the effecti+ene of cientific in ind) tr%( One i the genera' at*o !here of ecrec% in &hich it i carried o)t# the other the 'ac0 of freedo* of the indi+id)a'
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

re earch &or0er( In o far a an% in7)ir% i a ecret one# it nat)ra''% 'i*it a'' tho e engaged in carr%ing it o)t fro* effecti+e contact &ith their fe''o& cienti t either in other co)ntrie or in )ni+er itie # or e+en # often eno)gh # in other de!art*ent of the a*e fir*( The degree of ecrec% nat)ra''% +arie con idera,'%( So*e of the ,igger fir* are engaged in re earche &hich are of )ch genera' and f)nda*enta' nat)re that it i a !o iti+e ad+antage to the* not to 0ee! the* ecret( Aet a great *an% !roce e de!ending on )ch re earch are o)ght for &ith co*!'ete ecrec% )nti' the tage at &hich !atent can ,e ta0en o)t( E+en *ore !roce e are ne+er !atented at a'' ,)t 0e!t a ecret !roce e ( Thi a!!'ie !artic)'ar'% to che*ica' ind) trie # &here chance di co+erie !'a% a *)ch 'arger !art than the% do in !h% ica' and *echanica' ind) trie ( So*eti*e the ecrec% goe to )ch an e.tent that the &ho'e nat)re of the re earch cannot ,e *entioned( 4an% fir* # for in tance# ha+e great diffic)'t% in o,taining technica' or cientific ,oo0 fro* 'i,rarie ,eca) e the% are )n&i''ing to ha+e their na*e entered a ha+ing ta0en o)t )ch and )ch a ,oo0 for fear the agent of other fir* ho)'d ,e a,'e to trace the 0ind of re earch the% are 'i0e'% to ,e )nderta0ing(

Lesson19
- gent'e*an i # rather than doe ( He i intere ted in nothing in a !rofe iona' &a%( He i a''o&ed to c)'ti+ate ho,,ie # e+en eccentricitie # ,)t *) t not !racti e a +ocation( He *) t 0no& ho& to ride and hoot and ca t a f'%( He ho)'d ha+e re'ati+e in the ar*% and na+% and at 'ea t one connection in the di!'o*atic er+ice( B)t there are &ea0ne e in the Eng'i h gent'e*an1 a,i'it% to r)'e ) toda%( He ) )a''% 0no& nothing of !o'itica' econo*% and 'e a,o)t ho& foreign co)ntrie are go+erned( He doe not re !ect 'earning and !refer 1 !ort 1( The !ro,'e* et for ociet% i not the +irt)e of the t%!e o *)ch a it ade7)ac% for it f)nction# and here gra+e diffic)'tie ari e( He ref) e to con ider )fficient'% the &ant of the c) to*er# &ho *) t ,)%# not the thing he de ire ,)t the thing the Eng'i h gent'e*an &ant to e''( He attend inade7)ate'% to techno'ogica' de+e'o!*ent( @i ,e'ie+ing in the nece it% of 'arge- ca'e !rod)ction in the *odern &or'd# he i !a ionate'% de+oted to e.ce i+e ecrec%# ,oth in finance and *ethod of !rod)ction( He ha an inc)ra,'e and &ide !read ne!oti * in a!!oint*ent# di co)nting a,i'it% and re'%ing )!on a *% tic entit% ca''ed 1character#1 &hich *ean # in a gent'e*an1 *o)th# the 7)a'itie he traditiona''% !o e e hi* e'f( Hi 'ac0 of i*agination and the narro&ne of hi ocia' 'o%a'tie ha+e ranged again t hi* one of the f)nda*enta' e tate of the rea'*( He i inca!a,'e of that i*aginati+e rea'i * &hich ad*it that thi i a ne& &or'd to &hich he *) t adB) t hi* e'f and hi in tit)tion # that e+er% !ri+i'ege he for*er'% too0 a of right he can no& attain on'% ,% offering !roof that it i direct'% re'e+ant to ocia' &e'fare(

Lesson20
In the organi6ation of ind) tria' 'ife the inf')ence of the factor% )!on the !h% io'ogica' and *enta' tate of the &or0er ha ,een co*!'ete'% neg'ected( 4odern ind) tr% i ,a ed on the conce!tion of the *a.i*)* !rod)ction at 'o&e t co t# in order that an indi+id)a' or a gro)! of indi+id)a' *a% earn a *)ch *one% a !o i,'e( It ha e.!anded &itho)t an% idea of the tr)e nat)re of the h)*an ,eing &ho r)n the *achine # and &itho)t gi+ing an% con ideration to the effect !rod)ced on the indi+id)a' and on their de cendant ,% the artificia' *ode of e.i tence i*!o ed ,% the factor%( The great citie ha+e ,een ,)i't &ith no regard for ) ( The ha!e and di*en ion of the 0% cra!er de!end entire'% on the nece it% of o,taining the *a.i*)* inco*e !er 7)are foot of
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

gro)nd# and of offering to the tenant office and a!art*ent that !'ea e the*( Thi ca) ed the con tr)ction of gigantic ,)i'ding &here too 'arge *a e of h)*an ,eing are cro&ded together( Ci+i'i6ed *en 'i0e )ch a &a% of 'i+ing( Whi'e the% enBo% the co*fort and ,ana' ').)r% of their d&e''ing# the% do not rea'i6e that the% are de!ri+ed of the nece itie of 'ife( The *odern cit% con i t of *on tro) edifice and of dar0# narro& treet f)'' of !etro' f)*e # coa' d) t# and to.ic ga e # torn ,% the noi e of the ta.i-ca, # 'orrie and ,) e # and thronged cea e'e '% ,% great cro&d ( O,+io) '%# it ha no ,een !'anned for the good of it inha,itant (

Lesson21
In the ear'% da% of the ett'e*ent of -) tra'ia# enter!ri ing ett'er )n&i e'% introd)ced the E)ro!ean ra,,it( Thi ra,,it had no nat)ra' ene*ie in the -nti!ode # o that it *)'ti!'ied &ith that !ro*i c)o) a,andon characteri tic of ra,,it ( It o+erran a &ho'e continent( It ca) ed de+a tation ,% ,)rro&ing and ,% de+o)ring the her,age &hich *ight ha+e *aintained *i''ion of hee! and catt'e( Scienti t di co+ered that thi !artic)'ar +ariet% of ra,,it <and a!!arent'% no other ani*a'= &a ) ce!ti,'e to a fata' +ir) di ea e# *%.o*ato i ( B% infecting ani*a' and 'etting the* 'oo e in the ,)rro& # 'oca' e!ide*ic of thi di ea e co)'d ,e created( Later it &a fo)nd that there &a a t%!e of *o 7)ito &hich acted a the carrier of thi di ea e and !a ed it on to the ra,,it ( So &hi'e the re t of the &or'd &a tr%ing to get rid of *o 7)itoe # -) tra'ia &a enco)raging thi one( It effecti+e'% !read the di ea e a'' o+er the continent and dra tica''% red)ced the ra,,it !o!)'ation( It 'ater ,eca*e a!!arent that ra,,it &ere de+e'o!ing a degree of re i tance to thi di ea e# o that the ra,,it !o!)'ation &a )n'i0e'% to ,e co*!'ete'% e.ter*inated( There &ere ho!e # ho&e+er# that the !ro,'e* of the ra,,it &o)'d ,eco*e *anagea,'e( Ironica''%# E)ro!e# &hich had ,e7)eathed the ra,,it a a !e t to -) tra'ia ac7)ired thi *an-*ade di ea e a a !e ti'ence( - French !h% ician decided to get rid of the &i'd ra,,it on hi o&n e tate and introd)ced *%.o*ato i ( It did not# ho&e+er# re*ain &ithin the confine of hi e tate( It !read thro)gh France &here &i'd ra,,it are not genera''% regarded a a !e t ,)t a a !ort and a ) ef)' food )!!'%# and it !read to Britain &here &i'd ra,,it are regarded a a !e t ,)t &here do*e ticated ra,,it # e7)a''% ) ce!ti,'e to the di ea e# are the ,a i of a !rofita,'e f)r ind) tr%( The 7)e tion ,eca*e one of &hether 4an co)'d contro' the di ea e he had in+ented(

Lesson22
There ha 'ong ,een a )!er tition a*ong *ariner that !or!oi e &i'' a+e dro&ning *en ,% !) hing the* to the )rface# or !rotect the* fro* har0 ,% )rro)nding the* in defen i+e for*ation( 4arine St)dio ,io'ogi t ha+e !ointed o)t that# ho&e+er inte''igent the% *a% ,e# it i !ro,a,'% a *i ta0e to credit do'!hin &ith an% *oti+e of 'ife- a+ing( On the occa ion &hen the% ha+e !) hed to hore an )ncon cio) h)*an ,eing the% ha+e *)ch *ore 'i0e'% done it o)t of c)rio it% or for !ort# a in riding the ,o& &a+e of a hi!( In 9D/G o*e !or!oi e &ere !hotogra!hed &or0ing 'i0e ,ea+er to !) h a hore a &ater'ogged *attre ( If# a ha ,een re!orted# the% ha+e !rotected h)*an fro* har0 # it *a% ha+e ,een ,eca) e c)rio it% attracted the* and ,eca) e the cent of a !o i,'e *ea' attracted the har0 ( Por!oi e and har0 are nat)ra' ene*ie ( It i !o i,'e that )!on )ch an occa ion a ,att'e en )ed# &ith the har0 ,eing dri+en a&a% or 0i''ed( Whether it ,e ,ird# fi h or ,ea t# the !or!oi e i intrig)ed &ith an%thing that i a'i+e( The% are con tant'% after the t)rt'e # the Ferdinand of *arine 'ife# &ho !eacef)''% ),*it to a'' ort of
D :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

indignitie ( One %o)ng ca'f e !ecia''% enBo%ed rai ing a t)rt'e to the )rface &ith hi no)t and then ho+ing hi* acro the tan0 'i0e an a7)a!'ane( -'*o t an% da% a %o)ng !or!oi e *a% ,e een tr%ing to t)rn a :$$-!o)nd ea t)rt'e o+er ,% tic0ing hi no)t )nder the edge of hi he'' and !) hing )! for dear 'ife( Thi i not ea %# and *a% re7)ire t&o !or!oi e &or0ing together( In another ga*e# a the t)rt'e &i* acro the oceanari)*# the fir t !or!oi e &oo! do&n fro* a,o+e and ,)tt hi he'' &ith hi ,e''%( Thi 0noc0 the t)rt'e do&n e+era' feet( He no ooner reco+er hi e7)i'i,ri)* than the ne.t !or!oi e co*e a'ong and hit hi* another crac0( E+ent)a''% the t)rt'e ha ,een ,)tted a'' the &a% do&n to the f'oor of the tan0( He i no& ati fied *ere'% to tr% to tand )!# ,)t a oon a he doe o a !or!oi e 0noc0 hi* f'at( The t)rt'e at 'a t gi+e )! ,% !)''ing hi feet )nder hi he'' and the ga*e i o+er(

Lesson23
It i fair'% c'ear that the 'ee!ing !eriod *) t ha+e o*e f)nction# and ,eca) e there i o *)ch of it the f)nction &o)'d ee* to ,e i*!ortant( S!ec)'ation a,o)t it nat)re ha+e ,een going on for 'itera''% tho) and of %ear # and one odd finding that *a0e the !ro,'e* !)66'ing i that it 'oo0 +er% *)ch a if 'ee!ing i not i*!'% a *atter of gi+ing the ,od% a re t(1 Re t 1# in ter* of *) c'e re'a.ation and o on# can ,e achie+ed ,% a ,rief !eriod '%ing# or e+en itting do&n( The ,od%1 ti )e are e'f-re!airing and e'f-re toring to a degree# and f)nction ,e t &hen *ore or 'e contin)o) '% acti+e( In fact a ,a ic a*o)nt of *o+e*ent occ)r d)ring 'ee! &hich i !ecifica''% concerned &ith !re+enting *) c'e inacti+it%( If it i not a 7)e tion of re ting the ,od%# then !erha! it i the ,rain that need re ting2 Thi *ight ,e a !'a) i,'e h%!othe i &ere it not for t&o factor ( Fir t the e'ectroence!ha'ogra!h <&hich i i*!'% a de+ice for recording the e'ectrica' acti+it% of the ,rain ,% attaching e'ectrode to the ca'!= ho& that &hi'e there i a change in the !attern of acti+it% d)ring 'ee!# there i no e+idence that the tota' a*o)nt of acti+it% i an% 'e ( The econd factor i *ore intere ting and *ore f)nda*enta'( In 'D5$ an -*erican ! %chiatri t na*ed Wi''ia* @e*ent !),'i hed e.!eri*ent dea'ing &ith the recording of e%e-*o+e*ent d)ring 'ee!( He ho&ed that the a+erage indi+id)a'1 'ee! c%c'e i !)nct)ated &ith !ec)'iar ,)r t of e%e-*o+e*ent # o*e drifting and 'o&# other Ber0% and ra!id( Peo!'e &o0en d)ring the e !eriod of e%e-*o+e*ent genera''% re!orted that the% had ,een drea*ing( When &o0en at other ti*e the% re!orted no drea* ( If one gro)! of !eo!'e &ere di t)r,ed fro* their e%e-*o+e*ent 'ee! for e+era' night on end# and another gro)! &ere di t)r,ed for an e7)a' !eriod of ti*e ,)t &hen the% &ere not e.hi,iting e%e-*o+e*ent # the fir t gro)! ,egan to ho& o*e !er ona'it% di order &hi'e the other ee*ed *ore or 'e )naffected( The i*!'ication of a'' thi &ere that it &a not the di t)r,ance of 'ee! that *attered# ,)t the di t)r,ance of drea*ing(

Lesson24
Wa'0ing for &a'0ing1 a0e *a% ,e a high'% 'a)da,'e and e.e*!'ar% a thing a it i he'd to ,e ,% tho e &ho !racti e it( 4% o,Bection to it i that it to! the ,rain( 4an% a *an ha !rofe ed to *e that hi ,rain ne+er &or0 o &e'' a &hen he i &inging a'ong the high road or o+er hi'' and da'e Thi ,oa t i not confir*ed ,% *% *e*or% of an%,od% &ho on a S)nda% *orning ha forced *e to !arta0e of hi ad+ent)re( E.!erience teache *e that &hate+er a fe''o&-g)e t *a% ha+e of !o&er to in tr)ct or to a*) e &hen he i itting in a chair# or tanding on a hearth-r)g# 7)ic0'% 'ea+e hi* &hen he ta0e one o)t for a &a'0( The idea that co*e o thic0 and fa t to hi* in an%
9$ :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

roo*# &here are the% no& 2 &here that enc%c'o!aedic 0no&'edge &hich he ,ore o 'ight'% 2 &here the 0ind'ing fanc% that !'a%ed 'i0e )**er 'ightning o+er an% to!ic that &a tarted 2 The *an1 face that &a o *o,i'e i et no&3 gone i the 'ight fro* hi fine e%e ( He a% that - <o)r ho t= i a thoro)gh'% good fe''o&( Fift% %ard f)rther on# he add that - i one of the ,e t fe''o& he ha e+er *et( We tra*! another f)r'ong or o and he a% that 4r - i a char*ing &o*an( Pre ent'% he add that he i one of the *o t char*ing &o*en he ha e+er 0no&n( We !a an inn( He read +a!id'% a'o)d to *e> 1The King1 -r* ( Licen ed to e'' -'e and S!irit (1 I fore ee that d)ring the re t of the &a'0 he &i'' read a'o)d an% in cri!tion that occ)r ( We !a a *i'e tone( He !oint at it &ith hi tic0# and a% 1 U.*in ter( II 4i'e (1 We t)rn a har! corner at the foot of the hi''( He !oint at the &a''# and a% 1 @ri+e S'o&'%(1 (I ee far ahead# on the other ide of the hedge ,ordering the high road# a *a'' notice-,oard( He ee it too( He 0ee! hi e%e on it( -nd in d)e co)r e( 1Tre !a er #1 he a% # 1&i'' ,e Pro ec)ted(1 Poor *an 8C*enta''% a &rec0(

Lesson25
Ho& it ca*e a,o)t that na0e *an)fact)red !oi on i a *% ter%( O+er the !eriod their a'i+a# a *i'd# dige ti+e B)ice 'i0e o)r o&n# &a con+erted into a !oi on that defie ana'% i e+en toda%( It &a not forced )!on the* ,% the )r+i+a' co*!etition3 the% co)'d ha+e ca)ght and 'i+ed on !re% &itho)t ) ing !oi on B) t a the tho) and of non-!oi ono) na0e ti'' do( Poi on to a na0e i *ere'% a ').)r%3 it ena,'e it to get it food &ith +er% 'itt'e effort# no *ore effort than one ,ite( -nd &h% on'% na0e 2 Cat # for in tance# &o)'d ,e great'% he'!ed3 no r)nning right &ith 'arge# fierce rat or t) 'e &ith gro&n ra,,it - B) t a ,ite and no *ore effort needed( In fact it &o)'d ,e an a i tance to a'' the carni+orae--tho)gh it &o)'d ,e a t&o-edged &ea!on -When the% fo)ght each other( B)t# of the +erte,rate # )n!redicta,'e Nat)re e'ected on'% na0e <and one 'i6ard=( One &onder a' o &h% Nat)re# &ith o*e na0e concocted !oi on of )ch e.tre*e !otenc%( In the con+er ion of a'i+a into !oi on one *ight )!!o e that a fi.ed !roce too0 !'ace( It did not3 o*e na0e *an)fact)red a !oi on different in e+er% re !ect fro* that of other # a different a ar enic i fro* tr%chnine# and ha+ing different effect ( One !oi on act on the ner+e # the other on the ,'ood( The *a0er of the ner+e !oi on inc')de the *a*,a and the co,ra and their +eno* i ca''ed ne)roto.ic( ?i!er <adder = and ratt'e na0e *an)fact)re the ,'ood !oi on# &hich i 0no&n a hae*o'%tic( Both !oi on are )n!'ea ant# ,)t ,% far the *ore )n!'ea ant i the ,'ood !oi on( It i aid that the ner+e !oi on i the *ore !ri*iti+e of the t&o# that the ,'ood !oi on i # o to !ea0# a ne&er !rod)ct fro* an i*!ro+ed for*)'a( Be that a it *a%# the ner+e !oi on doe it ,) ine &ith *an far *ore 7)ic0'% than the ,'ood !oi on( Thi # ho&e+er # *ean nothing( Sna0e did not ac7)ire their !oi on for ) e again t *an ,)t for ) e again t !re% )ch a rat and *ice# and the effect on the e of +i!erine !oi on i a'*o t i**ediate(

Lesson27
Wi''ia* S( Hart &a # !erha! # the greate t of a'' We tern tar # for )n'i0e Gar% Coo!er and Hohn Wa%ne he a!!eared in nothing ,)t We tern ( Fro* 9D9E to 9D/E he &a )!re*e and )ncha''enged( It &a Hart &ho created the ,a ic for*)'a of the We tern fi'*# and de+i ed the !rotagoni t he !'a%ed in e+er% fi'* he *ade# the good-,ad *an# the accidenta'# no,'e o)t'a&# or the hone t ,)t fra*ed co&,o%# or the heriff *ade ) !ect ,% +icio) go i!3 in hort# the indi+id)a' in conf'ict &ith hi* e'f and hi frontier en+iron*ent(
99 :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

Un'i0e *o t of hi conte*!orarie in Ho''%&ood# Hart act)a''% 10ne& o*ething of the o'd We t( He had 'i+ed in it a a chi'd &hen it &a a'read% di a!!earing# and hi hero &a fir*'% rooted in hi *e*orie and e.!erience # and in ,oth the hi tor% and the *%tho'og% of the +ani hed frontier( -nd a'tho)gh no !eriod or !'ace in -*erican hi tor% ha ,een *ore a, )rd'% ro*antici6ed# *%th and rea'it% did Boin hand in at 'ea t one arena# the conf'ict ,et&een the indi+id)a' and encroaching ci+i'i6ation( 4en acc) to*ed to tr)gg'ing for )r+i+a' again t the e'e*ent and Indian &ere ,e&i'dered ,% !o'itician # ,an0er and ,) ine -*en# and )nhor ed ,% fence # 'a& and a'ien ta,oo ( Hart1 good-,ad *an &a a'&a% an o)t ider# a'&a% one of the di inherited# and if he fo)nd it nece ar% to hoot a heriff or ro, a ,an0 a'ong the &a%# hi ear'% a)dience fo)nd it ea % to )nder tand and forgi+e# e !ecia''% &hen it &a Hart &ho# in the end# o+erca*e the attac0ing Indian ( -)dience in the econd decade of the t&entieth cent)r% fo)nd it !'ea ant to e ca!e to a ti*e &hen 'ife# tho)gh hard# &a re'ati+e'% i*!'e( We ti'' do3 'i+ing in a &or'd in &hich )ndec'ared aggre ion# &ar# h%!ocri %# chicaner%# anarch% and i*!ending i**o'ation are !art of o)r dai'% 'i+e # &e a'' &ant a code to 'i+e ,%(

Lesson27
Wh% doe the idea of !rogre 'oo* o 'arge in the *odern &or'd 2 S)re'% ,eca) e !rogre of a !artic)'ar 0ind i act)a''% ta0ing !'ace aro)nd ) and i ,eco*ing *ore and *ore *anife t( -'tho)gh *an0ind ha )ndergone no genera' i*!ro+e*ent in inte''igence or *ora'it%# it ha *ade e.traordinar% !rogre the acc)*)'ation of 0no&'edge( Kno&'edge ,egan to increa e a oon a the tho)ght of one indi+id)a' co)'d ,e co**)nicated to another ,% *ean of !eech( With the in+ention of &riting# a great ad+ance &a *ade# for 0no&'edge co)'d then ,e not on'% co**)nicated ,)t a' o tored( Li,rarie *ade ed)cation !o i,'e# and ed)cation in it t)rn added to 'i,rarie > the gro&th of 0no&'edge fo''o&ed a 0ind of co*!o)nd-intere t 'a&# &hich &a great'% enhanced ,% the in+ention of !rinting( -'' thi &a co*!arati+e'% 'o& )nti'# &ith the co*ing cience# the te*!o &a )dden'% rai ed( Then 0no&'edge ,egan to ,e acc)*)'ated according to a % te*atic !'an( The tric0'e ,eca*e a trea*3 the trea* ha no& ,eco*e a torrent( 4oreo+er# a oon a ne& 0no&'edge i ac7)ired# it i no& t)rned to !ractica' acco)nt( What i ca''ed 1*odern ci+i'i6ation1 i not the re )'t of a ,a'anced de+e'o!*ent of a'' *an1 nat)re# ,)t of acc)*)'ated 0no&'edge a!!'ied to !ractica' 'ife( The !ro,'e* no& facing h)*anit% i > What i going to ,e done &ith a'' thi 0no&'edge 2 - i o often !ointed o)t# 0no&'edge i a t&o-edged &ea!on &hich can ,e ) ed e7)a''% for good or e+i'( It i no& ,eing ) ed indifferent'% for ,oth( Co)'d an% !ectac'e# for in tance# ,e *ore gri*'% &hi* ica' than that of g)nner ) ing cience to hatter *en1 ,odie &hi'e# c'o e at hand# )rgeon ) e it to re tore the* 2 We ha+e to a 0 o)r e'+e +er% erio) '% &hat &i'' ha!!en if thi t&ofo'd ) e of 0no&'edge# &ith it e+erincrea ing !o&er# contin)e (

Lesson28
No t&o ort of ,ird !racti e 7)ite the a*e ort of f'ight3 the +arietie are infinite# ,)t t&o c'a e *a% ,e ro)gh'% een( -n% hi! that cro e the !acific i acco*!anied for *an% da% ,% the *a''er a',atro # &hich *a% 0ee! co*!an% &ith the +e e' for an ho)r &itho)t +i i,'e or *ore than occa iona' *o+e*ent of &ing( The c)rrent of air that the &a'' of the hi! direct )!&ard # a &e'' a in the 'ine of it co)r e are eno)gh to gi+e the great ,ird &ith it i**en e
9/ :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

&ing )fficient ) tenance and !rogre ( The a',atro i the 0ing of the g'ider # the c'a of f'ier &hich harne the air to their !)r!o e# ,)t *) t %ie'd to it o!!o ition( In the contrar% choo' the d)c0 i )!re*e( It co*e nearer to the engine &ith &hich *an ha 1con7)ered1 the air# a he ,oa t ( @)c0# and 'i0e the* the !igeon # are endo&ed &ith tee'-'i0e *) c'e # that are a good !art of the &eight of the ,ird# and the e &i'' !'% the hort &ing &ith irre i ti,'e !o&er that the% can ,ore for 'ong di tance thro)gh an o!!o ite ga'e ,efore e.ha) tion fo''o& ( Their h)*,'er fo''o&er # )ch a !artridge # ha+e a 'i0e !o&er of trong !ro!)' ion# ,)t oon tire( Ao) *a% !ic0 the* )! in )tter e.ha) tion# if &ind o+er the ea ha dri+en the* to a 'ong Bo)rne%( The &a''o& hare the +irt)e of ,oth choo' in highe t *ea )re( It tire not nor doe it ,oa t of it !o&er3 ,)t ,e'ong to the air# tra+e''ing it *a% ,e i. tho) and *i'e to and fro* it northern ne ting ho*e feeding it f'o&n %o)ng a it f'ie and 'i!!ing thro)gh a *edi)* that ee* to he'! it !a age e+en &hen the &ind i ad+er e( S)ch ,ird do ) good# tho)gh &e no 'onger ta0e o*en fro* their f'ight on thi ide and that# and e+en the *o t )!er titio) +i''ager no 'onger ta0e off their hat to the *ag!ie and &i h it good-*orning(

Lesson29
- %o)ng *an ee a )n et and# )na,'e to )nder tand or to e.!re the e*otion that it ro) e in hi*# conc')de that it *) t ,e the gate&a% to a &or'd that 'ie ,e%ond( It i diffic)'t for an% of ) in *o*ent of inten e ae thetic e.!erience to re i t the )gge tion that &e are catching a g'i*! e of a 'ight that hine do&n to ) fro* a different rea'* of e.i tence# different and# ,eca) e the e.!erience i inten e'% *o+ing# in o*e &a% higher( -nd# tho)gh the g'ea* ,'ind and da66'e# %et do the% con+e% a hint of ,ea)t% and erenit% greater than &e ha+e 0no&n or i*agined( Greater too than &e can de cri,e# for 'ang)age# &hich &a in+ented to con+e% the *eaning of thi &or'd# cannot readi'% ,e fitted to the ) e of another( That a'' great art ha thi !o&er of )gge ting a &or'd ,e%ond i )ndenia,'e( In o*e *ood Nat)re hare it( There i no 0% in H)ne o ,')e that it doe not !oint for&ard to a ,')er# no )n et o ,ea)tif)' that it doe not &a0en the +i ion of a greater ,ea)t%# a +i ion &hich !a e ,efore it i f)''% g'i*! ed# and in !a ing 'ea+e an indefina,'e 'onging and regret( B)t# if thi &or'd i not *ere'% a ,ad Bo0e# 'ife a +)'gar f'are a*id the coo' radiance of the tar # and e.i tence an e*!t% 'a)gh ,ra%ing acro the *% terie 3 if the e inti*ation of a o*ething ,ehind and ,e%ond are not e+i' h)*o)r ,orn of indige tion# or &hi* ie ent ,% the de+i' to *oc0 and *adden ) # if# in a &ord# ,ea)t% *ean o*ething# %et &e *) t not ee0 to inter!ret the *eaning( If &e g'i*! e the )n)ttera,'e# it i )n&i e to tr% to )tter it# nor ho)'d &e ee0 to in+e t &ith ignificance that &hich &e cannot gra !( Bea)t% in ter* of o)r h)*an *eaning i *eaning'e (

Lesson30
Each ci+i'i6ation i ,orn# it c)'*inate # and it deca% ( There i a &ide !read te ti*on% that thi o*ino) fact i d)e to inherent ,io'ogica' defect in the cro&ded 'ife of citie ( No&# 'o&'% and at fir t faint'%# an o!!o ite tendenc% i ho&ing it e'f( Better road and ,etter +ehic'e at fir t ind)ced the &ea'thier c'a e to 'i+e on the o)t 0irt of the citie ( The )rgent need for defence had a' o +ani hed( Thi tendenc% i no& !reading ra!id'% do&n&ard ( B)t a ne& et of condition i B) t ho&ing it e'f( U! to the !re ent ti*e# thro)gho)t the eighteenth and nineteenth cent)rie # thi ne& tendenc% !'aced the ho*e in the i**ediate ),)r, # ,)t concentrated *an)fact)ring acti+it%# ,) ine re'ation # go+ern*ent# and !'ea )re in the centre of the citie ( -!art fro* the care of
9: :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

chi'dren and !eriod of heer re t# the acti+e 'i+e &ere !ent in the citie ( In o*e &a% the concentration of )ch acti+itie &a e+en *ore e*!ha i6ed# and the ho*e &ere !) hed o)t&ard e+en at the co t of the di co*fort of co**)ting( B)t# if &e e.a*ine the trend of techno'og% d)ring the !a t generation# the rea on for thi concentration are 'arge'% di a!!earing( Sti'' *ore# the rea on for the choice of ite for citie are a' o a'tering( 4echanica' !o&er can ,e tran *itted for h)ndred of *i'e # *en can co**)nicate a'*o t in tantaneo) '% ,% te'e!hone# the chief of great organi6ation can ,e tran !orted ,% air!'ane # the cine*a can !rod)ce !'a% in e+er% +i''age# *) ic# !eeche # and er*on can ,e ,roadca t( -'*o t e+er% rea on for the gro&th of the citie # conc)rrent'% &ith the gro&th of ci+i'i6ation ha ,een !rofo)nd'% *odified(

Lesson31
4an% !eo!'e in ind) tr% and the Ser+ice # &ho ha+e !ractica' e.!erience of noi e# regard an% in+e tigation of thi 7)e tion a a &a te of ti*e3 the% are not !re!ared e+en to ad*it the !o i,i'it% that noi e affect !eo!'e( On the other hand# tho e &ho di 'i0e noi e &i'' o*eti*e ) e *o t inade7)ate e+idence to )!!ort their !'ea for a 7)ieter ociet%( Thi i a !it%# ,eca) e noi e a,ate*ent rea''% i a good ca) e( and it i 'i0e'% to ,e di credited if it get to ,e a ociated &ith ,ad cience ( One a''egation often *ade i that noi e !rod)ce *enta' i''ne ( - recent artic'e in a &ee0'% ne& !a!er# for in tance# &a headed &ith a tri0ing i'') tration of a 'ad% in a tate of con idera,'e di tre # &ith the ca!tion 1She &a %et another +icti*# red)ced to a crea*ing &rec0 1( On t)rning eager'% to the te.t# one 'earn that the 'ad% &a a t%!i t &ho fo)nd the o)nd of office t%!e&riter &orried her *ore and *ore )nti' e+ent)a''% he had to go into a *enta' ho !ita'( No& the nag in thi ort of anecdote i of co)r e that one cannot di ting)i h ca) e and effect( Wa the noi e a ca) e of the i''ne # or &ere the co*!'aint a,o)t noi e *ere'% a %*!to*2 -nother !atient *ight e7)a''% &e'' co*!'ain that her neigh-,o)r &ere co*,ining to 'ander her and !er ec)te her# and %et one *ight ,e ca)tio) a,o)t ,e'ie+ing thi tate*ent( What i needed in the ca e of noi e i a t)d% of 'arge n)*,er of !eo!'e 'i+ing )nder noi % condition # to di co+er &hether the% are *enta''% i'' *ore often than other !eo!'e are( The United State Na+%# for in tance# recent'% e.a*ined a +er% 'arge n)*,er of *en &or0ing on aircraft carrier > the t)d% &a 0no&n a ProBect -nehin( It can ,e )n!'ea ant to 'i+e e+en e+era' *i'e fro* an aerodro*e3 if %o) thin0 &hat it *) t ,e 'i0e to hare the dec0 of a hi! &ith e+era' 7)adron of Bet aircraft# %o) &i'' rea'i6e that a *odern na+% i a good !'ace to t)d% noi e( B)t neither ! %chiatric inter+ie& nor o,Becti+e te t &ere a,'e to ho& an% effect )!on the e -*erican ai'or ( Thi re )'t *ere'% confir* ear'ier -*erican and Briti h t)die > if there i an% effect of noi e )!on *enta' hea'th it *) t ,e o *a'' that !re ent *ethod of ! %chiatric diagno i cannot find it( That doe not !ro+e that it doe not e.i t3 ,)t it doe *ean that noi e i 'e dangero) than# a%# ,eing ,ro)ght )! in an or!hanage --&hich rea''% i a *enta' hea'th ha6ard(

Lesson32
It i ani*a' and !'ant &hich 'i+ed in or near &ater &ho e re*ain are *o t 'i0e'% to ,e !re er+ed# for one of the nece ar% condition of !re er+ation i 7)ic0 ,)ria'# and it i on'% in the ea and ri+er # and o*eti*e 'a0e # &here *)d and i't ha+e ,een contin)o) '% de!o ited# that ,odie and the 'i0e can ,e ra!id'% co+ered o+er and !re er+ed(
9E :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

B)t e+en in the *o t fa+o)ra,'e circ)* tance on'% a *a'' fraction of the creat)re that die are !re er+ed in thi &a% ,efore deca% et in or# e+en *ore 'i0e'%# ,efore ca+enger eat the*( -fter a''# a'' 'i+ing creat)re 'i+e ,% feeding on o*ething e' e# &hether it ,e !'ant or ani*a'# dead or a'i+e# and it i on'% ,% chance that )ch a fate i a+oided( The re*ain of !'ant and ani*a' that 'i+ed on 'and are *)ch *ore rare'% !re er+ed# for there i e'do* an%thing to co+er the* o+er( When %o) thin0 of the inn)*era,'e ,ird that one ee f'%ing a,o)t# not to *ention the e7)a''% n)*ero) *a'' ani*a' 'i0e fie'd *ice and +o'e &hich %o) do not ee# it i +er% rare'% that one co*e acro a dead ,od%# e.ce!t# of co)r e# on the road ( The% deco*!o e and are 7)ic0'% de tro%ed ,% the &eather or eaten ,% o*e other creat)re( It i a'*o t a'&a% d)e to o*e +er% !ecia' circ)* tance that trace of 'and ani*a' )r+i+e# a ,% fa''ing into inacce i,'e ca+e # or into an ice cre+a e# 'i0e the Si,erian *a**oth # &hen the &ho'e ani*a' i o*eti*e !re er+ed# a in a refrigerator( Thi i &hat ha!!ened to the fa*o) Bere o+0a *a**oth &hich &a fo)nd !re er+ed and in good condition( In hi *o)th &ere the re*ain of fir tree --the 'a t *ea' that he had ,efore he fe'' into the cre+a e and ,ro0e hi ,ac0( The *a**oth ha no& ,een re tored in the Pa'aeonto'ogica' 4) e)* in Leningrad( Other ani*a' &ere tra!!ed in tar !it # 'i0e the e'e!hant # a,re-toothed cat # and n)*ero) other creat)re that are fo)nd at Rancho 'a Brea# &hich i no& B) t a ),)r, of Lo -nge'e ( -!!arent'% &hat ha!!ened &a that &ater co''ected on the e tar !it # and the ,igger ani*a' 'i0e the e'e!hant +ent)red o)t on to the a!!arent'% fir* )rface to drin0# and &ere !ro*!t'% ,ogged in the tar( -nd then# &hen the% &ere dead# the carni+ore # 'i0e the a,re-toothed cat and the giant &o'+e # ca*e o)t to feed and )ffered e.act'% the a*e fate( There are a' o end'e n)*,er of ,ird in the tar a &e''(

Lesson33
Fro* the e+enteenth-cent)r% e*!ire of S&eden# the tor% of a ga''eon that an0 at the tart of her *aiden +o%age in 95/G *) t ,e one of the trange t ta'e of the ea( For near'% three and a ha'f cent)rie he 'a% at the ,otto* of Stoc0ho'* har,o)r )nti' her di co+er% in 9D"5( Thi &a the ?a a# ro%a' f'ag hi! of the great i*!eria' f'eet( King G) ta+) -do'!h) # 1The Northern H)rricane1# then at the height of hi *i'itar% )cce in the Thirt% Aear 1 War# had dictated her *ea )re*ent and ar*a*ent( Tri!'e g)n-dec0 *o)nted i.t%-fo)r ,ron6e cannon( She &a intended to !'a% a 'eading ro'e in the gro&ing *ight of S&eden( - he &a !re!ared for her *aiden +o%age on -)g) t 9$# 95/G# Stoc0ho'* &a in a fer*ent( Fro* the S0e!! ,ron and )rro)nding i 'and the !eo!'e &atched thi thing of ,ea)t% ,egin to !read her ai' and catch the &ind( The% had 'a,o)red for three %ear to !rod)ce thi f'oating &or0 of art3 he &a *ore rich'% car+ed and orna*ented than an% !re+io) hi!( The high tern ca t'e &a a riot of car+ed god # de*on # 0night # 0ing # &arrior # *er*aid # cher), 3 and 6oo*or!hi c ani*a' ha!e a,'a6e &ith red and go'd and ,')e# %*,o' of co)rage# !o&er# and cr)e't%# &ere !ortra%ed to tir the i*agination of the )!er titio) ai'or of the da%( Then the cannon of the anchored &ar hi! th)ndered a a')te to &hich the ?a a fired in re!'%( he e*erged fro* her drifting c'o)d of g)n *o0e &ith the &ater ch)rned to foa* ,eneath her ,o&# her f'ag f'%ing# !ennant &a+ing# ai' fi''ing in the ,ree6e# and the red and go'd of her )!er tr)ct)re a,'a6e &ith co'o)r# he !re ented a *ore *aBe tic !ectac'e than Stoc0ho'*er had e+er een ,efore( -'' g)n-!ort &ere o!en and the *)66'e !ee!ed &ic0ed'% fro* the*( - the
9" :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

&ind fre hened there ca*e a )dden 7)a'' and the hi! *ade a trange *o+e*ent# 'i ting to !ort( The Ordnance Officer ordered a'' the !ort cannon to ,e hea+ed to tar,oard to co)nteract the 'i t# ,)t the tee!ening ang'e of the dec0 increa ed( Then the o)nd of r)*,'ing th)nder reached the &atcher on the hore# a cargo# ,a''a t# a**)nition and E$$ !eo!'e &ent 'iding and cra hing do&n to the !ort ide of the tee!'% 'i ting hi!( The 'o&er g)n-!ort &ere no& ,e'o& &ater and the inr) h ea'ed the hi!1 fate( In that fir t g'orio) ho)r# the *ight% ?a a# &hich &a intended to r)'e the Ba'tic# an0 &ith a'' f'ag f'%ingCin the har,o)r of her ,irth(

Lesson34
Thi i a ce!tica' age# ,)t a'tho)gh o)r faith in *an% of the thing in &hich o)r forefather fer+ent'% ,e'ie+ed ha &ea0ened# o)r confidence in the c)rati+e !ro!ertie of the ,ott'e of *edicine re*ain the a*e a their ( Thi *odern faith in *edicine i ro+ed ,% the fact that the ann)a' dr)g ,i'' of the Hea'th Ser+ice i *o)nting to a trono*ica' fig)re and ho& no ign at !re ent of cea ing to ri e( The *aBorit% of the !atient attending the *edica' o)t-!atient de!art*ent of o)r ho !ita' fee' that the% ha+e not recei+ed ade7)ate treat*ent )n'e the% are a,'e to carr% ho*e &ith the* o*e tangi,'e re*ed% in the ha!e of a ,ott'e of *edicine# a ,o. of !i'' # or a *a'' Bar of oint*ent# and the doctor in charge of the de!art*ent i on'% too read% to !ro+ide the* &ith the e re7)ire*ent ( There i no 7)ic0er *ethod of di !o ing of !atient than ,% gi+ing the* &hat the% are a 0ing for# and ince *o t *edica' *en in the Hea'th Ser+ice are o+er&or0ed and ha+e 'itt'e ti*e for offering ti*e-con )*ing and 'itt'e-a!!reciated ad+ice on )ch ),Bect a diet# right 'i+ing# and the need for a,andoning ,ad ha,it # etc(# the ,ott'e# the ,o.# and the Bar are a'*o t a'&a% granted the*( Nor i it on'% the ignorant and i''-ed)cated !er on &ho ha )ch faith in the ,ott'e of *edicine# e !ecia''% if it ,e &ra!!ed in &hite !a!er and ea'ed &ith a da, of red ea'ing-&a. ,% a c'e+er che*i t( It i reco)nted of Tho*a Car'%'e that &hen he heard of the i''ne of hi friend# Henr% Ta%'or# he &ent off i**ediate'% to +i it hi*# carr%ing &ith hi* in hi !oc0et &hat re*ained of a ,ott'e of *edicine for*er'% !re cri,ed for an indi !o ition of 4r Car'%'e1 ( Car'%'e &a entire'% ignorant of &hat the ,ott'e in hi !oc0et contained# of the nat)re of the i''ne fro* &hich hi friend &a )ffering# and of &hat had !re+io) '% ,een &rong &ith hi &ife# ,)t a *edicine that had &or0ed o &e'' in one for* of i''ne &o)'d )re'% ,e of e7)a' ,enefit in another# and co*forted ,% the tho)ght of the he'! he &a ,ringing to hi friend# he ha tened to Henr% Ta%'or1 ho) e( Hi tor% doe not re'ate &hether hi friend acce!ted hi *edica' he'!# ,)t in a'' !ro,a,i'it% he did( The great ad+antage of ta0ing *edicine i that it *a0e no de*and on the ta0er ,e%ond that of !)tting )! for a *o*ent &ith a di g) ting ta te# and that i &hat a'' !atient de*and of their doctor -- to ,e c)red at no incon+enience to the* e'+e (

Lesson35
4an% trange ne& *ean of tran !ort ha+e ,een de+e'o!ed in o)r cent)r%# the trange t of the* ,eing !erha! the ho+ercraft( In 9D":# a for*er e'ectronic engineer in hi fiftie # Chri to!her Coc0ere''# &ho had t)rned to ,oat-,)i'ding on the Norfo'0 Broad # )gge ted an idea on &hich he had ,een &or0ing for *an% %ear to the Briti h Go+ern*ent and ind) tria' circ'e ( It &a the idea of )!!orting a craft on a1 !ad 1# or c) hion# of 'o&-!re )re air# ringed &ith a c)rtain of higher !re )re air( E+er ince# !eo!'e ha+e had diffic)'t% in deciding &hether the craft ho)'d ,e ranged a*ong hi! # !'ane # or 'and +ehic'e --for it i o*ething in ,et&een a ,oat and an aircraft( - a
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

hi!,)i'der# Coc0ere'' &a tr%ing to find a o')tion to the !ro,'e* of the &a+e re i tance &hich &a te a good dea' of a )rface hi!1 !o&er and 'i*it it !eed( Hi an &er &a to 'ift the +e e' o)t of the &ater ,% *a0ing it ride on a c) hion of air# no *ore than one or t&o feet thic0( Thi i done ,% a great n)*,er of ring- ha!ed air Bet on the ,otto* of the craft( It 1f'ie 1# therefore# ,)t it cannot f'% higher--it action de- !end on the )rface# &ater or gro)nd# o+er &hich it ride ( The fir t te t on the So'ent in 9D"D ca) ed a en ation( The ho+ercraft tra+e''ed fir t o+er the &ater# then *o)nted the ,each# c'i*,ed )! the d)ne # and at do&n on a road( Later it cro ed the Channe'# riding *ooth'% o+er the &a+e # &hich !re ented no !ro,'e*( Since that ti*e# +ario) t%!e of ho+ercraft ha+e a!!eared and ta0en )! reg)'ar er+ice--cr)i e on the Tha*e in London# for in tance# ha+e ,eco*e an ann)a' attraction( B)t &e are on'% at the ,eginning of a de+e'o!*ent that *a% tran !ort net- ea and 'and tran !ort( Chri to!her Coc0ere''1 craft can e ta,'i h tran !ort &or0 in 'arge area &ith !oor co**)nication )ch a -frica or -) tra'ia3 it can ,eco*e a 1f'%ing fr)it-,o&'1# carr%ing ,anana fro* the !'antation to the !ort # giant ho+ercraft 'iner co)'d !an the -t'antic3 and the rai'&a% of the f)t)re *a% &e'' ,e the 1ho+ertrain1# riding on it air c) hion o+er a ing'e rai'# &hich it ne+er to)che # at !eed )! to :$$ *(!(h(--the !o i,i'itie a!!ear )n'i*ited(

Lesson36
O)r 0no&'edge of the ocean a h)ndred %ear ago &a confined to the t&o-di*en iona' ha!e of the ea- )rface and the ha6ard of na+igation !re ented ,% the irreg)'aritie in de!th of the ha''o& &ater c'o e to the 'and( The o!en ea &a dee! and *% terio) # and an%one &ho ga+e *ore than a !a ing tho)ght to the ,otto* confine of the ocean !ro,a,'% a )*ed that the ea,ed &a f'at( Sir Ha*e C'ar0 Ro had o,tained a o)nding of o+er /#E$$ fatho* in 9G:5 ,)t it &a not )nti' 9G$$# &hen H(4(S( Porc)!ine &a !)t at the di !o a' of the Ro%a' Societ% for e+era' cr)i e # that a erie of dee! o)nding &a o,tained in the -t'antic and the fir t a*!'e &ere co''ected ,% dredging the ,otto*( Short'% after thi the fa*o) H(4(S( Cha''enger e.!edition e ta,'i hed the t)d% of the ea-f'oor a a ),Bect &orth% of the *o t 7)a'ified !h% ici t and geo'ogi t ( - ,)r t of acti+it% a ociated &ith the 'a%ing of ),*arine ca,'e oon confir*ed the Cha''enger1 o, er+ation that *an% !art of the ocean &ere t&o to three *i'e dee!# and the e.i tence of )nder&ater feat)re of con idera,'e *agnit)de( Toda% eno)gh o)nding are a+ai'a,'e to ena,'e a re'ief *a! of the -t'antic to ,e dra&n and &e 0no& o*ething of the great +ariet% of the ea-,ed1 to!ogra!h%( Since the ea co+er the greater !art of the earth1 )rface it i 7)ite rea ona,'e to regard the ea-f'oor a the ,a ic for* of the cr) t of the earth# &ith )!eri*!o ed )!on it the continent # together &ith the i 'and and other feat)re of the ocean ( The continent for* r)gged ta,'e'and &hich tand near'% three *i'e a,o+e the f'oor of the o!en ocean( Fro* the hore-'ine o)t to a di tance &hich *a% ,e an%&here fro* a fe& *i'e to a fe& h)ndred *i'e r)n the gent'e 'o!e of the continenta' he'f# geo'ogica''% !art of the continent ( The rea' di+iding-'ine ,et&een continent and ocean occ)r at the foot of a tee!er 'o!e( Thi continenta' 'o!e ) )a''% tart at a !'ace o*e&here near the ice-fatho* *ar0 and in the co)r e of a fe& h)ndred *i'e reache the tr)e ocean-f'oor at /#"$$-:#$$$ fatho* ( The 'o!e a+erage a,o)t 9 in :$# ,)t contain tee!# !ro,a,'% +ertica'# c'iff # and gent'e edi*ent-co+ered terrace # and near it 'o&er reache there i a 'ong tai'ing-off &hich i a'*o t certain'% the re )'t of *ateria' tran !orted o)t to dee! &ater after ,eing eroded fro* the continenta' *a e (

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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

Lesson37
The ?ictorian # rea'i6ing that the greate t ha!!ine accorded to *an i that !ro+ided ,% a ha!!% *arriage# endea+o)red to !retend that a'' their *arriage &ere ha!!%( We# for o)r !art# ad*itting the fact that no feat of inte''igence and character i o e.acting a that re7)ired of t&o !eo!'e &ho de ire to 'i+e !er*anent'% together on a ,a i of a*it%# are o, e ed ,% the !ro,'e* of ho& to render the ,a ic fact of coha,itation i*!'er and *ore rea ona,'e# in order that )nha!!% *arriage *a% 'e fre7)ent'% re )'t( The ?ictorian &o)'d ha+e con idered it 1!ainf)'1 or 1)n!'ea ant1 &ere one to !oint o)t that on'% fo)r *arriage o)t of e+er% ten are an%thing ,)t forced er+it)de ( We o)r e'+e tart fro* thi +er% a )*!tion and tr% to ,)i'd fro* it a theor% of *ore en i,'e re'ation ,et&een the e.e ( Of a'' for* of arrant )ntr)thf)'ne ?ictorian o!ti*i * a!!ear to *e to ha+e ,een the *o t co&ard'% and the *o t da*aging( Tr)th# therefore# i an attit)de of the *ind( It i i*!ortant# if one doe not &i h to incon+enience and to ,ore one1 friend # not to te'' 'ie ( B)t it i *ore i*!ortant not to thin0 'ie # or to 'ide into tho e *echanica' and )ntr)thf)' ha,it of tho)ght &hich are o !'ea ant and o ea % a de cent to *enta' ine!tit)de( The +ictorian ha,it of *ind <&hich I con ider to ha+e ,een a ,ad ha,it of *ind= &a )nd)'% !reocc)!ied ,% &hat &a ocia''% and *ora''% con+enient( Con+enience i # ho&e+er# in a'' affair of 'ife# an e.ecra,'e te t of +a')e( One ho)'d ha+e the co)rage to thin0 )nco*forta,'%# ince it i on'% ,% reBecting the con+enient that one can co*e to thin0 the tr)th( Not# after a''# that there i an% )ch thing a tr)th( -t ,e t &e can a!!roach to o*e re'ati+e a!!ro.i*ation( On the other hand# there i )re'% )ch a thing a )ntr)th( One i genera''% a&are &hen one ha aid o*ething# or acted in o*e &a% &hich ha 'eft on other !eo!'e an i*!re ion not trict'% in accordance &ith the fact ( One i genera''% a&are# a' o( &hen one ha thr) t a ide an incon+enient tho)ght and 'id into it !'ace another tho)ght &hich i con+enient( One1 a&arene in the for*er ca e i in genera' *ore ac)te than in the 'atter# ince &e are *ore on the 'oo0-o)t for the 'ie &e )tter than for tho e &e *ere'% thin0( In fact# ho&e+er# it i the )ntr)thf)' tho)ght &hich i the *ore +icio) of the t&o( S!o0en 'ie are in+aria,'% tire o*e and *a% act)a''% ,e di hone t( B)t contin)o) '%ing in the *ind# a di ea e to &hich the -ng'o-Sa.on i !ec)'iar'% e.!o ed# !e'' the de tr)ction of h)*an tho)ght and character(

Lesson38
-!!reciation of c)'!t)re de!end )!on the a,iG'it% to re !ond to for* in three di*en ion ( That i !erha! &h% c)'!t)re ha ,een de cri,ed a the *o t diffic)'t of a'' art 3 certain'% it i *ore diffic)'t than the art &hich in+o'+e a!!reciation of f'at for* # ha!e in on'% t&o di*en ion ( 4an% *ore !eo!'e are 1for*-,'ind1 than co'o)r-,'ind( The chi'd 'earning to ee# fir t di ting)i he on'% t&o-di*en iona' ha!e3 it cannot B)dge di tance # de!th ( Later# for it !er ona' afet% and !ractica' need # it ha to de+e'o!<!art'% ,% *ean of to)ch= the a,i'it% to B)dge ro)gh'% threedi*en iona' di tance ( B)t ha+ing ati fied the re7)ire*ent of !ractica' nece it%# *o t !eo!'e go no f)rther( Tho)gh the% *a% attain con idera,'e acc)rac% in the !erce!tion of f'at for*# the% do not *a0e the f)rther inte''ect)a' and e*otiona' effort needed to co*!rehend for* in it f)'' !atia' e.i tence( Thi i &hat the c)'!tor *) t do( He *) t tri+e contin)a''% to thin0 of # and ) e# for* in it f)'' !atia' co*!'etene ( He get the o'id ha!e# a it &ere# in ide hi head--he thin0 of it# &hate+er it i6e# a if he &ere ho'ding it co*!'ete'% enc'o ed in the ho''o& of hi hand( He *enta''%
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

+i )a'i6e a co*!'e. for* fro* a'' ro)nd it e'f3 he 0no& &hi'e he 'oo0 at one ide &hat the other ide i 'i0e3 he identifie hi* e'f &ith it centre of gra+it%# it *a # it &eight3 he rea'i6e it +o')*e# a the !ace that the ha!e di !'ace in the air( -nd the en iti+e o, er+er of c)'!t)re *) t a' o 'earn to fee' ha!e i*!'% a ha!e# not a de cri!tion or re*ini cence( He *) t# for e.a*!'e# !ercei+e an egg a a i*!'e ing'e o'id ha!e# 7)ite a!art fro* it ignificance a food# or fro* the 'iterar% idea that it &i'' ,eco*e a ,ird( -nd o &ith o'id )ch a a he''# a n)t# a !')*# a !ear# a tad!o'e# a *) hroo*# a *o)ntain !ea0# a 0idne%# a carrot# a tree-tr)n0# a ,ird# a ,)d# a 'ar0# a 'ad%,ird# a ,)'r) h# a ,one( Fro* the e he can go on to a!!reciate *ore co*!'e. for* of co*,ination of e+era' for* (

Lesson39
In hi o&n 'ifeti*e Ga'i'eo &a the centre of +io'ent contro+er %3 ,)t the cientific d) t ha 'ong ince ett'ed# and toda% &e can ee e+en hi fa*o) c'a h &ith the In7)i ition in o*ething 'i0e it !ro!er !er !ecti+e( B)t# in contra t# it i on'% in *odern ti*e that Ga'i'eo ha ,eco*e a !ro,'e* chi'd for hi torian of cience( The o'd +ie& of Ga'i'eo &a de'ightf)''% )nco*!'icated( He &a # a,o+e a''# a *an &ho e.!eri*ented> &ho de !i ed the !reB)dice and ,oo0 'earning of the -ri tote'ian # &ho !)t hi 7)e tion to nat)re in tead of to the ancient # and &ho dre& hi conc') ion fear'e '%( He had ,een the fir t to t)rn a te'e co!e to the 0%# and he had een there e+idence eno)gh to o+erthro& -ri tot'e and Pto'e*% together( He &a the *an &ho c'i*,ed the Leaning To&er of Pi a and dro!!ed +ario) &eight fro* the to!# &ho ro''ed ,a'' do&n inc'ined !'ane # and then genera'i6ed the re )'t of hi *an% e.!eri*ent into the fa*o) 'a& of free fa''( B)t a c'o er t)d% of the e+idence# )!!orted ,% a dee!er en e of the !eriod# and !artic)'ar'% ,% a ne& con cio) ne of the !hi'o o!hica' )nderc)rrent in the cientific re+o')tion# ha !rofo)nd'% *odified thi +ie& of Ga'i'eo( Toda%# a'tho)gh the o'd Ga'i'eo 'i+e on in *an% !o!)'ar &riting # a*ong hi torian of cience a ne& and *ore o!hi ticated !ict)re ha e*erged( -t the a*e ti*e o)r %*!ath% for Ba'i'eo1 o!!onent ha gro&n o*e&hat( Hi te'e co!ic o, er+ation are B) t'% i**orta'3 the% aro) ed great intere t at the ti*e# the% had i*!ortant theoretica' con e7)ence # and the% !ro+ided a tri0ing de*on tration of the !otentia'itie hidden in in tr)*ent and a!!arat) ( B)t can &e ,'a*e tho e &ho 'oo0ed and fai'ed to ee &hat Ga'i'eo a&# if &e re*e*,er that to ) e a te'e co!e at the 'i*it of it !o&er ca'' for 'ong e.!erience and inti*ate fa*i'iarit% &ith one1 in tr)*ent2 Wa the !hi'o o!her &ho ref) ed to 'oo0 thro)gh Ga'i'eo1 te'e co!e *ore c)'!a,'e than tho e &ho a''eged that the !ira' ne,)'ae o, er+ed &ith Lord Ro e1 great te'e co!e in the eighteen-fortie &ere cratche 'eft ,% the grinder2 We can !erha! forgi+e tho e &ho aid the *oon of H)!iter &ere !rod)ced ,% Ga'i'eo1 !%-g'a if &e reca'' that in hi da%# a for cent)rie ,efore# c)r+ed g'a &a the !o!)'ar contri+ance for !rod)cing not tr)th ,)t i'') ion# )ntr)th3 and if a ing'e c)r+ed g'a &o)'d di tort nat)re# ho& *)ch *ore &o)'d a !air of the*2

Lesson40
Po!)'ation increa e and decrea e re'ati+e'% not on'% to one another# ,)t a' o to nat)ra' re o)rce ( In *o t !art of the &or'd# the re'ation ,et&een !o!)'ation and re o)rce i a'read% )nfa+o)ra,'e and &i'' !ro,a,'% ,eco*e e+en *ore )nfa+o)ra,'e in the f)t)re( Thi gro&ing !o+ert% in the *id t of gro&ing !o+ert% con tit)te a !er*anent *enace to !eace( -nd not on'% to !eace# ,)t a' o to de*ocratic in tit)tion and !er ona' 'i,ert%( For o+er!o!)'ation i not co*!ati,9e &ith
9D :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

freedo*( -n )nfa+o)ra,'e re'ation hi! ,et&een n)*,er and re o)rce tend to *a0e the earning of a 'i+ing a'*o t into'era,'% diffic)'t( La,o)r i *ore a,)ndant than good # and the indi+id)a' i co*!e''ed to &or0 'ong ho)r for 'itt'e !a%( No )r!') of acc)*)'ated !)rcha ing !o&er tand ,et&een hi* and the t%rannie of )nfriend'% nat)re or of the e7)a''% )nfriend'% &ie'der of !o'itica' and econo*ic !o&er( @e*ocrac% i # a*ong other thing # the a,i'it% to a% 1no1 to the ,o ( B)t a *an cannot a% 1no1 to the ,o # )n'e he i )re of ,eing a,'e to eat &hen the ,o 1 fa+o)r ha ,een &ithdra&n( -nd he cannot ,e certain of hi ne.t *ea' )n'e he o&n the *ean of !rod)cing eno)gh &ea'th# for hi fa*i'% to 'i+e on# or ha ,een a,'e to acc)*)'ate a )r!') o)t of !a t &age # or ha a chance of *o+ing to +irgin territorie # &here he can *a0e a fre h tart( In an o+ercro&ded co)ntr%# +er% fe& !eo!'e o&n eno)gh to *a0e the* financia''% inde!endent3 +er% fe& are in a !o ition to acc)*)'ate !)rcha ing !o&er3 and there i no free 'and( 4oreo+er# in an% co)ntr% &here !o!)'ation !re e hard )!on nat)ra' re o)rce # the genera' econo*ic it)ation i a!t to ,e o !recario) that go+ern*ent contro' of ca!ita' and 'a,o)r# !rod)ction and con )*!tion# ,eco*e ine+ita,'e( It i no accident that the t&entieth cent)r% ho)'d ,e the cent)r% of high'% centra'i6ed go+ern*ent and tota'itarian dictator hi! 3 it had to ,e o for the i*!'e rea on that the t&entieth cent)r% i the cent)r% of !'anetar% o+ercro&ding(

Lesson41
Ed)cation i one of the 0e% &ord of o)r ti*e( - *an &itho)t an ed)cation# *an% of ) ,e'ie+e# i an )nfort)nate +icti* of ad+er e circ)* tance de!ri+ed of one of the greate t t&entieth-cent)r% o!!ort)nitie ( Con+inced of the i*!ortance of ed)cation# *odern tate 1in+e t1 in in tit)tion of 'earning to get ,ac0 1intere t1 in the for* of a 'arge gro)! of en'ightened %o)ng *en and &o*en &ho are !otentia' 'eader ( Ed)cation# &ith it c%c'e of in tr)ction o caref)''% &or0ed o)t# !)nct)ated ,% te.t-,oo0 --tho e !)rcha a,'e &e'' of &i do*-- &hat &o)'d ci+i'i6ation ,e 'i0e &itho)t it ,enefit 2 So *)ch i certain> that &e &o)'d ha+e doctor and !reacher # 'a&%er and defendant # *arriage and ,irth --,)t o)r !irit)a' o)t'oo0 &o)'d ,e different( We &o)'d 'a% 'e tre on 1fact and fig)re 1 and *ore on a good *e*or%# on a!!'ied ! %cho'og%# and on the ca!acit% of a *an to get a'ong &ith hi fe''o&-citi6en ( If o)r ed)cationa' % te* &ere fa hioned after it ,oo0'e !a t &e &o)'d ha+e the *o t de*ocratic for* of 1co''ege1 i*agina,'e( -*ong the !eo!'e &ho* &e 'i0e to ca'' a+age a'' 0no&'edge inherited ,% tradition i hared ,% a''3 it i ta)ght to e+er% *e*,er of the tri,e o that in thi re !ect e+er%,od% i # e7)a''% e7)i!!ed for 'ife( It i the idea' condition of the 1e7)a' tart1 &hich on'% o)r *o t !rogre i+e for* of *odern ed)cation tr% to regain( In !ri*iti+e c)'t)re the o,'igation to ee0 and to recei+e the traditiona' in tr)ction i ,inding to a''( There are no 1i''iterate 1--if the ter* can ,e a!!'ied to !eo!'e &itho)t a cri!t--&hi'e o)r o&n co*!)' or% choo' attendance ,eca*e 'a& in Ger*an% in 95E/# in France in 9G$5# and in Eng'and in 9GF5# and i ti'' non-e.i tent in a n)*,er of 1ci+i'i6ed1 nation ( Thi ho& ho& 'ong it &a ,efore &e dee*ed it nece ar% to *a0e )re that a'' o)r chi'dren co)'d hare in the 0no&'edge acc)*)'ated ,% the 1ha!!% fe&1 d)ring the !a t cent)rie ( Ed)cation in the &i'derne i not a *atter of *onetar% *ean ( -'' are entit'ed to an e7)a' tart( There i none of the h)rr% &hich# in o)r ociet%# often ha*!er the f)'' de+e'o!*ent of a gro&ing !er ona'it%( There# a chi'd gro& )! )nder the e+er-!re ent attention of hi !arent # therefore the B)ng'e and the a+annah 0no& of no 1B)+eni'e de'in7)enc%(1 No nece it% of *a0ing a 'i+ing a&a% fro* ho*e re )'t in neg'ect of chi'dren# and no father i confronted &ith hi ina,i'it% to
/$ :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

1,)%1 an ed)cation for hi chi'd(

Lesson42
Parent are often )! et &hen their chi'dren !rai e the ho*e of their friend and regard it a a ')r on their o&n coo0ing# or c'eaning# or f)rnit)re# and often are foo'i h eno)gh to 'et the ado'e cent ee that the% are anno%ed( The% *a% e+en acc) e the* of di 'o%a't%# or *a0e o*e !itef)' re*ar0 a,o)t the friend 1 !arent ( S)ch a 'o of dignit% and de cent into chi'di h ,eha+io)r on the !art of the ad)'t dee!'% hoc0 the ado'e cent # and *a0e the* re o'+e that in f)t)re the% &i'' not ta'0 to their !arent a,o)t the !'ace or !eo!'e the% +i it( Before +er% 'ong the !arent &i'' ,e co*!'aining that the chi'd i o ecreti+e and ne+er te'' the* an%thing# ,)t the% e'do* rea'i6e that the% ha+e ,ro)ght thi on the* e'+e ( @i i'') ion*ent &ith the !arent # ho&e+er good and ade7)ate the% *a% ,e ,oth a !arent and a indi+id)a' # i to o*e degree ine+ita,'e( 4o t chi'dren ha+e )ch a high idea' of their !arent # )n'e the !arent the* e'+e ha+e ,een )n ati factor%# that it ca hard'% ho!e to tand )! to a rea'i tic e+a')ation( Parent &o)'d ,e great'% )r!ri ed and dee!'% to)ched if the% rea'i6e ho& *)ch ,e'ief their chi'dren ) )a''% ha+e in their character and infa''i,i'it%# and ho& *)ch thi faith *ean to a chi'd( If !arent &ere !re!ared for thi ado'e cent reaction# and rea'i6ed that it &a a ign that the chi'd &a gro&ing )! and de+e'o!ing +a')a,'e !o&er of o, er+ation and inde!endent B)dge*ent # the% &o)'d not ,e o h)rt# and therefore &o)'d not dri+e the chi'd into o!!o ition ,% re enting and re i ting it( The ado'e cent# &ith hi !a ion for incerit%# a'&a% re !ect a !arent &ho ad*it that he i &rong# or ignorant# or e+en that he ha ,een )nfair or )nB) t( What the chi'd cannot forgi+e i the !arent 1 ref) a' to ad*it the e charge if the chi'd 0no& the* to ,e tr)e( ?ictorian !arent ,e'ie+ed that the% 0e!t their dignit% ,% retreating ,ehind an )nrea oning a)thoritarian attit)de3 in fact he% did nothing of the 0ind# ,)t chi'dren &ere then too co&ed to 'et the* 0no& ho& the% rea''% fe't( Toda% &e tend to go to the other e.tre*e# ,)t on the &ho'e thi i a hea'thier attit)de ,oth for the chi'd and the !arent( It i a'&a% &i er and afer to face )! to rea'it%# ho&e+er !ainf)' it *a% ,e at the *o*ent(

Lesson43
Faith in contro''ed n)c'ear fi ion i no& ,eing ho&n ,% the con tr)ction of ato*ic !o&er tation ( In Britain# Ca'der Ha'' on the coa t of C)*,er'and fir t *ade it contri,)tion to the Nationa' E'ectricit% grid in 9D"F( S), e7)ent'% a chain of n)c'ear !o&er tation &a !'anned( Of nece it% the% are ited near the coa t or tida' &ater ,eca) e of the need of *)ch &ater for coo'ing and a certain di charge of !o i,'e radioacti+e eff')ent( -to*ic !o&er i a ociated in the !),'ic *ind &ith the de tr)cti+e force of ato* ,o*, and !art'% for thi rea on# tho)gh it i c'ai*ed that there i no danger to ,e a ociated &ith ato*ic !o&er tation # the% are ,eing ited a&a% fro* !o!)'o) centre ( The !re ent !o ition i that the three *ain o)rce of !o&er are coa'# oi' and &ater !o&er( We o*eti*e refer to e'ectricit% #ga or !etro' a if the% &ere the act)a' o)rce of !o&er # forgetting that e'ectricit% *) t ,e generated ,% the con )*!tion of coa' or oi' or ,% the )ti'i6ation of &ater !o&er# &hi' t co0e# ga and !etro' are e.a*!'e of econdar% f)e' ,% &hich coa' and oi' *a% ,e *ore effecti+e'% ) ed( Where a'ternati+e o)rce of !o&er are a+ai'a,'e there are o*e *ar0ed contra t in hand'ing( The ,)'0 and &eight of coa' re7)ired in the *aBorit% of *an)fact)ring ind) trie i 'arge in co*!ari on
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

&ith the ,)'0 and &eight of other ra& *ateria' ( Thi i not a'&a% tr)e--&a &ith the *an)fact)re of !ig iron and tee' fro* 'o&-grade iron ore -- ,)t it did 'ead to the concentration of ind) tria' de+e'o!*ent on the coa'-fie'd # a !heno*enon &e'' een in )ch co)ntrie a Britain &here the Ind) tria' Re+o')tion ca*e ,efore the da% of oi' or e'ectricit%( Coa' ,eing a o'id *) t ,e di tri,)ted *ain'% ,% rai' or &ater( B% &a% of contra t oi' can ,e tran !orted 'arge di tance ,% !i!e'ine ,)t o+er ea *o+e*ent ha in+o'+ed ,)i'ding of 'arge n)*,er of tan0er # inc')ding no& o*e of the 'arge t +e e' af'oat( Un'e )ita,'e on other gro)nd oi'fie'd ha+e not ,eco*e ind) tria' region 3 on the contrar% the oi' ind) tr% i *ar0ed ,% a certain a*o)nt of *e'' and an e'e*ent of danger# hence the iting of refinerie at a di tance fro* !o!)'ation centre ( It i not a'&a% rea'i6ed that the o&ner of !i!e'ine can hand'e the oi' of different c) to*er # ending it thro)gh at different# !eriod ( Nat)ra' ga can a' o ,e tran !orted 'arge di tance ,% !i!e( Ear'% in 9D"D Britain recei+ed the fir t hi! cargo of nat)ra' ga ----'i7)efied for the !)r!o e of tran !ort(

Lesson44
If a nation i e entia''% di )nited# it i 'eft to the go+ern*ent to ho'd it together( Thi increa e the e.!en e of go+ern*ent# and red)ce corre !onding'% the a*o)nt of econo*ic re o)rce that co)'d ,e ) ed for de+e'o!ing the co)ntr%# -nd it ho)'d not ,e forgotten ho& *a'' tho e re o)rce are in a !oor and ,ac0&ard co)ntr%( Where the co t of go+ern*ent i high# re o)rce for de+e'o!*ent are corre !onding'% 'o&( Thi *a% ,e i'') trated ,% co*!aring the !o ition of a nation &ith that of a !ri+ate ,) ine enter!ri e( -n enter!ri e ha to inc)r certain co t and e.!en e in order to ta% in ,) ine ( For o)r !)r!o e # &e are concerned on'% &ith one 0ind of co t--the co t of *anaging and ad*ini tering the ,) ine ( S)ch ad*ini trati+e o+erhead in a ,) ine i ana'ogo) to the co t of go+ern*ent in a nation( The ad*ini trati+e o+erhead of a ,) ine i 'o& to the e.tent that e+er%one &or0ing in the ,) ine can# ,e tr) ted to ,eha+e in a &a% that ,e t !ro*ote the intere t of the fir*( If the% can each ,e tr) ted to ta0e )ch re !on i,i'itie # and to e.erci e )ch initiati+e a fa'' &ithin their !here# then ad*ini trati+e o+erhead &i'' ,e 'o&( It &i'' ,e 'o& ,eca) e it &i'' ,e nece ar% to ha+e on'% one *an 'oo0ing after each Bo,# &itho)t ha+ing another *an to chec0 )!on &hat he i doing# 0ee! hi* in 'ine# and re!ort on hi* to o*eone e' e( B)t if no one can ,e tr) ted to act in a 'o%a' and re !on i,'e *anner to&ard hi Bo,# then the ,) ine &i'' re7)ire ar*ie of ad*ini trator # chec0er # and fore*en# and ad*ini trati+e o+erhead &i'' ri e corre !onding'%( - ad*ini trati+e o+erhead ri e # o the earning of the ,) ine # after *eeting the e.!en e of ad*ini tration# &i'' fa''3 and the ,) ine &i'' ha+e 'e *one% to di tri,)te a di+idend or in+e t direct'% in it f)t)re !rogre and de+e'o!*ent( It i !reci e'% the a*e &ith a nation( To the e.tent that the !eo!'e can ,e re'ied )!on to ,eha+e in a 'o%a' and re !on i,'e *anner# the go+ern*ent doe not re7)ire ar*ie of !o'ice and ci+i' er+ant to 0ee! the* in order( B)t if a nation i di )nited# the go+ern*ent cannot ,e )re that the action of the !eo!'e &i'' ,e in the intere t of the nation3 and it &i'' ha+e to &atch# chec0# and contro' the !eo!'e according'%( - di )nited nation therefore ha to inc)r )nd)'% high co t of go+ern*ent(

Lesson45
-t the age of t&e'+e %ear # the h)*an ,od% i at it *o t +igoro) ( It ha %et to reach it f)'' i6e
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

and trength# and it o&ner hi or her f)'' inte''igence3 ,)t at thi age the 'i0e'ihood of death i 'ea t( Ear'ier &e &ere infant and %o)ng chi'dren# and con e7)ent'% *ore +)'nera,'e3 'ater# &e ha'' )ndergo a !rogre i+e 'o of o)r +igo)r and re i tance &hich# tho)gh i*!erce!ti,'e at fir t# &i'' fina''% ,eco*e o tee! that &e can 'i+e no 'onger# ho&e+er &e'' &e 'oo0 after o)r e'+e # and ho&e+er &e'' ociet%# and o)r doctor # 'oo0 after ) ( Thi dec'ine in +igo)r &ith the !a ing of ti*e i ca''ed ageing( It i one of the *o t )n!'ea ant di co+erie &hich &e a'' *a0e that &e *) t dec'ine in thi &a%# that if &e e ca!e &ar # accident and di ea e &e ha'' e+ent)a''% die of o'd age# and that thi ha!!en at a rate &hich differ 'itt'e fro* !er on to !er on# o that there are hea+% odd in fa+o)r of o)r d%ing ,et&een the age of i.t%-fi+e and eight%( So*e of ) &i'' die ooner# a fe& &i'' 'i+e 'onger-- on into a ninth or tenth decade( B)t the chance are again t it# and there i a +irt)a' 'i*it on ho& 'ong &e can ho!e to re*ain a'i+e# ho&e+er ')c0% and ro,) t &e are( Nor*a' !eo!'e tend to forget thi !roce )n'e and )nti' the% are re*inded of it( We are o fa*i'iar &ith the fact that *an age # that !eo!'e ha+e for %ear a )*ed that the !roce of 'o ing +igo)r &ith ti*e# of ,eco*ing *ore 'i0e'% to die the o'der &e get# &a o*ething e'f-e+ident# 'i0e the coo'ing of a hot 0ett'e or the &earing-o)t of a !air of hoe ( The% ha+e a' o a )*ed that a'' ani*a' # and !ro,a,'% other organi * )ch a tree # or e+en the )ni+er e it e'f# *) t in the nat)re of thing 1&ear o)t1( 4o t ani*a' &e co**on'% o, er+e do in fact age a &e do if gi+en the chance to 'i+e 'ong eno)gh3 and *echanica' % te* 'i0e a &o)nd &atch or the )n# do in fact r)n o)t of energ% in accordance &ith the econd 'a& of ther*od%na*ic <&hether the &ho'e )ni+er e doe o i a *oot !oint at !re ent=( B)t the e are not ana'ogo) to &hat ha!!en &hen *an age - r)n-do&n &atch i ti'' a &atch and can ,e re&o)nd( -n o'd &atch# ,% contra t# ,eco*e o &orn and )nre'ia,'e that it e+ent)a''% i not &orth *ending( B)t a &atch co)'d ne+er re!air it e'f it doe not con i t of 'i+ing !art # on'% of *eta'# &hich &ear a&a% ,% friction( We co)'d# at one ti*e# re!air o)r e'+e &e'' eno)gh# at 'ea t# to o+erco*e a'' ,)t the *o t in tant'% fata' i''ne e an accident ( Bet&een t&e'+e and eight% %ear &e grad)a''% 'o e thi !o&er3 an i''ne &hich at t&e'+e &o)'d 0noc0 ) o+er# at eight% can 0noc0 ) o)t# and into o)r gra+e( If &e co)'d ta% a +igoro) a &e are at t&e'+e# it &o)'d ta0e a,o)t F$$ %ear for ha'f of ) to die# and another F$$ for the )r+i+or to ,e red)ce ,% ha'f again(

Lesson46
-fter *i''ennia of gro&th o 'o& that each generation hard'% noticed it# the citie are )dden'% racing off in e+er% direction( The &or'd !o!)'ation goe )! ,% t&o !er cent a %ear# cit% !o!)'ation goe )! ,% fo)r !er cent a %ear# ,)t in ,ig citie the rate *a% ,e a *)ch a fi+e and i. !er cent a %ear( To gi+e on'% one e.a*!'e of a'*o t +i i,'e acce'eration# -then toda% gro& ,% three d&e''ing -nd 9$$ 7)are *etre of road e+er% ho)r( There i no rea on to ,e'ie+e that thi !ace &i'' 'ac0en( - techno'og% grad)a''% &a''o& )! a'' for* of &or0# ind) tria' and agric)'t)ra'# the r)ra' area are going to hrin0# B) t a the% ha+e hr)n0 in Britain# and the +a t *aBorit% of their !eo!'e &i'' *o+e into the cit%( In fact# in Britain no& on'% a,o)t fo)r or fi+e !er cent of !eo!'e 'i+e in r)ra' area and de!end )!on the*3 a'' thro)gh the de+e'o!ing &or'd the +ang)ard of the r)ra' e.od) ha reached the )r,an fringe a'read%# and there the% h)dd'e# *igrant in the fa+e''a and ,arrio of Latin -*erica# in hant% to&n in -frica# in tho e horrif%ing enca*!*ent one ee on the o)t 0irt of Ca'c)tta and Bo*,a%( We are heading to&ard an )r,an &or'd( Thi enor*o) increa e &i'' go ahead &hate+er &e do# and &e ha+e to re*e*,er that the ne& citie de+o)r !ace( Peo!'e no& ac7)ire far *ore good and thing ( There i a greater den it% of
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

ho) eho'd good 3 the% de*and *ore er+ice )ch a e&age and drainage( -,o+e a'' the car change e+er%thing> ri ing inco*e and ri ing !o!)'ation can *a0e )r,an car den it% increa e ,% o*ething 'i0e fo)r and fi+e !er cent in a decade3 traffic f'o& ri e to fi'' &hate+er ca'e of high&a% are !ro+ided for the*( The car a' o ha a c)rio) a*,i+a'ence> it create and then it de tro% *o,i'it%( The car te*!t !eo!'e f)rther o)t and then gi+e the* the a!!a''ing !ro,'e* of getting ,ac0( It *a0e the* ,e'ie+e the% can !end S)nda% in Brighton# ,)t *a0e it i*!o i,'e for the* to ret)rn ,efore# a%# t&o in the *orning( Peo!'e go f)rther and f)rther a&a% to reach o!en air and co)ntr% ide &hich contin)o) '% recede fro* the*# and B) t a their &or0ing &ee0 dec'ine and the% ,egin to ha+e *ore ti*e for 'ei )re# the% find the% cannot get to the o!en !ace or the recreation or the ,eache &hich the% no& ha+e the ti*e to enBo%( Recent'% o*e t)die &ere *ade in the ,eha+io)r of *ice &hen e.!o ed to *ore than a certain degree of den it%# fr) tration# and noi e# and the *ice B) t ,eca*e deranged( I thin0 o*e ocio'ogi t &onder &hether it *ight not ,e the a*e for *en( Thi co*,ination of +er% high den it% of !o!)'ation# good and er+ice # and *achine # a'' increa ing &ith a'*o t ,r)ta9 !eed# doe acco)nt for o*e rea''% anti ocia' tendencie in *odern )r,an gro&th(

Lesson47
The *odern P'ato# 'i0e hi ancient co)nter!art# ha an )n,o)nded conte*!t for !o'itician and tate *en and !art% 'eader &ho are not )ni+er it% *en( He find !o'itic a dirt% ga*e# and on'% enter the* re')ctant'% ,eca) e he 0no& that at the +er% 'ea t he and hi friend are ,etter than the !re ent gang( Bro)ght )! in the tradition of the r)'ing c'a e # he ha a nat)ra' !it% for the co**on !eo!'e &ho* he ha 'earnt to 0no& a er+ant # and o, er+ed fro* a di tance at their &or0 in the factor%# at their !'a% in the !ar0 and ho'ida% re ort ( He ha ne+er *i.ed &ith the* or !o0en to the* on e7)a' ter* # ,)t ha de*anded and genera''% recei+ed a re !ect d)e to hi !o ition and )!erior inte''igence( He 0no& that if the% tr) t hi*# he can gi+e the* the ha!!ine &hich the% cra+e( - *an of c)'t)re# he gen)ine'% de !i e the e'f-*ade ind) tria'i t and ne& !a!er-0ing> &ith a *ode t !rofe iona' a'ar% and a 'itt'e !ri+ate inco*e of hi o&n# he regard *one%-*a0ing a +)'gar and a+oid a'' o tentation( Ind) tr% and finance ee* to hi* to ,e acti+itie )n&orth% of gent'e*en# a'tho)gh# a'a # *an% are forced ,% e.igencie of circ)* tance to ta0e o*e !art in the*( inte''ect)a'# he gent'% 'a)gh at the )!er tition of *o t Chri tian # ,)t attend ch)rch reg)'ar'% ,eca) e he ee the i*!ortance of organi6ed re'igion for the *aintenance of o)nd *ora'it% a*ong the 'o&er order # and ,eca) e he di 'i0e the ce!tici * and *ateria'i * of radica' teacher ( Hi gen)ine !a ion are for 'iterat)re and the !hi'o o!h% of cience and he &o)'d g'ad'% !end a'' hi ti*e in t)d%ing the*( B)t the !'ight of the &or'd co*!e' hi )n&i''ing attention# and &hen he ee that h)*an t)!idit% and greed are a,o)t to !')nge (E)ro!e into chao and de tro% the *o t g'orio) ci+i'i6ation &hich the &or'd ha 0no&n# he fee' that it i high ti*e for *en of good en e and good &i'' to inter+ene and to ta0e !o'itic o)t of the hand of the !')tocrat of the Right and the &oo''%-*inded idea'i t of the Left( Since he and hi 0ind are the on'% re!re entati+e of decenc% co*,ined &ith inte''igence# the% *) t te! do&n into the arena and a+e the *a e for the* e'+e (

Lesson48
I ha+e 0no&n +er% fe& &riter # ,)t tho e I ha+e 0no&n# and &ho* I re !ected# confe at once that the% ha+e 'itt'e idea &here the% arc going &hen the% fir t et !en to !a!er( The% ha+e a
/E :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

character# !erha! t&o# the% are in that condition of eager di co*fort &hich !a e for in !iration# a'' ad*it radica' change of de tination once the Bo)rne% ha ,eg)n3 one# to *% certain 0no&'edge# !ent nine *onth on a no+e' a,o)t Ka h*ir# then re et the &ho'e thing in the Scotti h High'and ( I ne+er heard of an%one *a0ing a 1 0e'eton1# a &e &ere ta)ght at choo'( In the ,rea0ing and re*a0ing# in the ti*ing# inter&ea+ing# ,eginning afre h# the &riter co*e to di cern thing in hi *ateria' &hich &ere not con cio) '% in hi *ind &hen he ,egan( Thi organic !roce # often 'eading to *o*ent of e.traordinar% e'f-di co+er%# i of an inde cri,a,'e fa cination( - ,')rred i*age a!!ear # he add a ,r) h tro0e and another# and it i gone3 ,)t o*ething &a there# and he &i'' not re t ti'' he ha ca!t)red it( So*eti*e the %ea t &ithin a &riter o)t'i+e a ,oo0 he ha &ritten( I ha+e heard of &riter &ho read nothing ,)t their o&n ,oo0 # 'i0e ado'e cent the% tand ,efore the *irror# and ti'' cannot fatho* the e.act o)t'ine of the +i ion ,efore the*( For the a*e rea on# &riter ta'0 inter*ina,'% a,o)t their o&n ,oo0 # &in0'ing o)t hidden *eaning # )!eri*!o ing ne& one # ,egging re !on e fro* tho e aro)nd the*( Of co)r e a &riter doing thi i *i )nder tood> he *ight a &e'' tr% to e.!'ain a cri*e or a 'o+e affair( He i a' o# incidenta''%# an )nforgi+a,'e ,ore( Thi te*!tation to co+er the di tance ,et&een hi* e'f and the reader# to t)d% hi i*age in the ight of tho e &ho do not 0no& hi*# can ,e hi )ndoing> he ha ,eg)n to &rite to !'ea e( - %o)ng Eng'i h &riter *ade the !ertinent o, er+ation a %ear or t&o ,ac0 that the ta'ent goe into the fir t draft# and the art into the draft that fo''o&( For thi rea on a' o the &riter# 'i0e an% other arti t# ha no re ting !'ace# no cro&d or *o+e*ent in &hich he *a% ta0e co*fort# no B)dg*ent fro* o)t ide &hich can re!'ace the B)dg*ent fro* &ithin( - &riter *a0e order o)t of the anarch% of hi heart3 he ),*it hi* e'f to a *ore r)th'e di ci!'ine than an% critic drea*ed of# and &hen he f'ir t &ith fa*e# he i ta0ing ti*e off fro* 'i+ing &ith hi* e'f# fro* the earch for &hat hi &or'd contain at it in*o t !oint(

Lesson49
Roc0et and artificia' ate''ite can go far a,o+e the iono !here# and e+en e ca!e fro* the Earth( Aet the% are co*!'e. and e.!en i+e# and in their !re ent tage of de+e'o!*ent the% cannot 'ift *a i+e te'e co!e # 0ee! the* tead% &hi'e the o, er+ation are ,eing carried o)t# and then ret)rn the* afe'%( Ba''oon are *)ch ea ier to hand'e# and are a' o +a t'% chea!er( Their *ain 'i*itation i that the% are inca!a,'e of ri ing to the iono !here( - height of ,et&een G$#$$$ and D$#$$$ feet i a *)ch a can rea ona,'% ,e e.!ected# and o ,a''oon-,orne in tr)*ent can contri,)te 'itt'e to either )'tra-+io'et a trono*% or I-ra% a trono*%( -'' the a*e# the ,a''oon ha *)ch to ,e aid in it fa+o)r# ince it can at 'ea t carr% hea+% e7)i!*ent a,o+e *o t of the at*o !heric *a --th) e'i*inating ,')rring and )n teadine of the i*age ( 4oreo+er# &ater-+a!o)r and car,on dio.ide in the 'o&er air a, or, *o t of the infra-red radiation ent to ) fro* the !'anet ( Ba''oon a cent o+erco*e thi ha6ard &ith ea e( Hot-air ,a''oon date ,ac0 to the %ear 9FG:# and &ithin a fe& *onth of the fir t f'ight a French cienti t# Char'e # &ent )! t&o *i'e in a free ,a''oon( Aet there i 'itt'e re e*,'ance ,et&een the e cr)de +ehic'e and a *odern cientific ,a''oon# &hich ha ,% no& ,eco*e an i*!ortant re earch too'( The *ain de+e'o!*ent ha ,een carried o)t ,% 4( Sch&ar' chi'd and hi tea* at Princeton Uni+er it% in the United State # in co''a,oration &ith the United State Na+%# the Nationa' Science
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

Fo)ndation# and the Nationa' -ero-na)tic and S!ace -d*ini tration( The 1Strato co!e1 f'ight of 9D"D# concerned *ain'% &ith t)die of the S)n# &ere re*ar0a,'% )cce f)'# and the !roBect ha no& ,een e.tended( With Strato co!e II# the o+era'' height fro* the te'e co!e to the to! of the 'a)nch ,a''oon i 555 feet# the ,a''oon together &eigh o+er t&o ton # and another t&o ton of ,a''a t are carried for 'ater re'ea e if height ha ,e *aintained d)ring the night( The te'e co!e# !') it contro' &eigh three-and-a-ha'f ton ( T&o 'arge !arach)te arc a' o carried3 in ca e of e*ergenc%# the in tr)*ent and their record can ,e e!arated fro* the *ain ,a''oon % te*# and ,ro)ght do&n gent'%( 4an% of the radio and e'ectronic de+ice ) ed are i*i'ar to tho e of artificia' ate''ite (

Lesson50
In *ediae+a' ti*e ri+er &ere the +ein of the ,od% !o'itic a &e'' a econo*ic( Bo)ndarie ,et&een tate or hire # the% &ere cro ed ,% ford &hich ,eca*e the ite of to&n # or ,% ,ridge &hich &ere often !oint of ,att'e( U!on ri+er the !eo!'e of that ti*e de!ended for food# !o&er and tran !ort( In o)r da% fi h are ca)ght in the ea and ,ro)ght to ) ,% rai' and 'orr%3 on'% the ang'er ti'' thin0 fre h-&ater fi h i*!ortant# and !o'')tion of ri+er dri+e hi* into *a''er and *a''er reache in &hich to !racti e hi !ort( B)t in ear'ier ti*e # &hen ea fi h &ere eaten on'% ,% tho e &ho 'i+ed on the ea coa t# &hen *eat &a o,taina,'e on'% for !art of the %ear# and &hen fa t &ere fre7)ent and )ni+er a''% !racti ed# ri+er fi h !'a%ed an i*!ortant !art in the nationa' 'ife( E+er% a,,e% and great *an1 ho) e had it fi h !ond# and acro the ri+er great and *a'' tretched the fi h &eir # ) )a''% *ade of ta0e and net or ,a 0et-&or0( Bet&een the o&ner of the fi herie and the ,arge*a ter &ho needed an )ni*!eded !a age contin)o) &ar &a fo)ght# ti'' the i*!ortance of fre h-&ater fi h 'e ened a the !ractice of fa ting cea ed to ,e )ni+er a'# a *eat ,e-ca*e a+ai'a,'e a'' the %ear ro)nd# and a the tran !ort of ea fi h in'and ,eca*e !ractica,'e( Ri+er &ere a' o the *o t i*!ortant o)rce of !o&er( E+er% trea* had it *i'' # not on'% for grinding corn# ,)t for a'' the other ind) tria' !roce e of the ti*e# )ch a f)''ingJ c'oth or dri+ing the ha**er of iron&or0 ( P'aced do&n the ,an0 &here+er a head of &ater co)'d ,e got# the e *i'' &ere to ,e fo)nd on the tin% trea* that ran thro)gh a +i''age# or on the ,igger ri+er that &a a' o ) ed for na+igation( -n artificia' c)t &a *ade fro* the ri+er to ,ring the &ater at !ro!er height to the &ater-&hee'# and# in order to *a0e )re of a )!!'% of &ater at a'' ea on # the *i''-o&ner ) )a''% ,)i't a &eir acro the ri+er to ho'd ,ac0 the &ater and o for* an artificia' re er+oir( If the ri+er &ere na+iga,'e# the centre of )ch a &eir &a *ade of !'an0 he'd +ertica''% ,% cro ,ea* o that the% co)'d ,e re*o+ed &hen it &a nece ar% to !a a ,arge# or &a fitted &ith a ing'e !air of gate ( S)ch &eir &ere ca''ed ta)nche or f'a h-'oc0 3 the% did not di a!!ear fro* the ,igger ri+er ti'' !re ent ti*e # and *a% ti'' ,e een in the Fen ( J C'ean ing and thic0ening(

Lesson51
T&o *ain techni7)e ha+e ,een ) ed for training e'e!hant # &hich &e *a% ca'' re !ecti+e'% the to)gh and the gent'e( The for*er *ethod i*!'% con i t of etting an e'e!hant to &or0 and ,eating hi* )nti' he doe &hat i e.!ected of hi*( -!art fro* an% *ora' con ideration thi i a t)!id *ethod of training# for it !rod)ce a re entf)' ani*a' &ho at a 'ater tage *a% &e'' t)rn *an-0i''er( The gent'e *ethod re7)ire *ore !atience in the ear'% tage # ,)t !rod)ce a cheerf)'#
/5 :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

good-te*!ered e'e!hant &ho &i'' gi+e *an% %ear of 'o%a' er+ice( The fir t e entia' in e'e!hant training i to a ign to the ani*a' a ing'e *aho)t &ho &i'' ,e entire'% re !on i,'e for the Bo,( E'e!hant 'i0e to ha+e one *a ter B) t a dog do# and are ca!a,'e of a con idera,'e degree of !er ona' affection( There are e+en torie of ha'f-trained e'e!hant ca'+e &ho ha+e ref) ed to feed and !ined to death &hen ,% o*e )na+oida,'e circ)* tance the% ha+e ,een de!ri+ed of their o&n trainer( S)ch e.tre*e ca e *) t !ro,a,'% ,e ta0en &ith a grain of a't# ,)t the% do )nder'ine the genera' !rinci!'e that the re'ation- hi! ,et&een e'e!hant and *aho)t i the 0e% to )cce f)' training( The *o t econo*ica' age to ca!t)re an e'e!hant for training i ,et&een fifteen and t&ent% %ear # for it i then a'*o t read% to )nderta0e hea+% &or0 and can ,egin to earn it 0ee! traight a&a%( B)t ani*a' of thi age do not ea i'% ,eco*e ), er+ient to *an# and a +er% fir* hand *) t ,e e*!'o%ed in the ear'% tage ( The ca!ti+e e'e!hant# ti'' ro!ed to a tree# !')nge and crea* e+er% ti*e a *an a!!roache # and for e+era' da% &i'' !ro,a,'% ref) e a'' food thro)gh anger and fear( So*eti*e a ta*e e'e!hant i tethered near,% to gi+e the &i'd one confidence# and in *o t ca e the ca!ti+e grad)a''% 7)ieten do&n and ,egin to acce!t it food( The ne.t tage i to get the e'e!hant to the training e ta,'i h*ent# a tic0'i h ,) ine &hich i achie+ed &ith the aid of t&o ta*e e'e!hant ro!ed to the ca!ti+e on either ide( When e+era' e'e!hant are ,eing trained at one ti*e it i c) to*ar% for the ne& arri+a' to ,e !'aced ,et&een the ta'' of t&o ca!ti+e &ho e training i a'read% &e'' ad+anced( It i then 'eft co*!'ete'% )ndi t)r,ed &ith !'ent% of food and &ater o that it can a, or, the at*o !here of it ne& ho*e and ee that nothing !artic)'ar'% a'ar*ing i ha!!ening to it co*!anion ( When it i eating nor*a''% it o&n training ,egin ( The trainer tand in front of the e'e!hant ho'ding a 'ong tic0 &ith a har! *eta' !oint( T&o a i tant # *o)nted or ta*e e'e!hant # contro' the ca!ti+e fro* either ide# &hi'e other r), their hand o+er hi 0in to the acco*!ani*ent of a *onotono) and oothing chant( Thi if )!!o ed to ind)ce !'ea )ra,'e en ation in the e'e!hant# and it effect are rein-forced ,% the ) e of endearing e!ithet # )ch a 1ho 8 *% on1# or 1ho 8 *% father1# or 1*% *other1# according to the age and e. of the ca!ti+e( The e'e!hant i not i**ediate'% ) ce!ti,'e to )ch ,'andi h*ent # ho&e+er# and ) )a''% 'a he fierce'% &ith it tr)n0 in a'' direction ( The e *o+e*ent are contro''ed ,% the trainer &ith the *eta'-!ointed tic0# and the tr)n0 e+ent)a''% ,eco*e o ore that the e'e!hant c)r' it )! and e'do* after&ard ) e it for offen i+e !)r!o e (

Lesson52
-n earth7)a0e co*e 'i0e a thief in the night# &itho)t &arning( It &a nece ar%# therefore# to in+ent in tr)*ent that neither ')*,ered nor 'e!t( So*e de+ice &ere 7)ite i*!'e( one# for in tance# con i ted of rod of +ario) 'ength and thic0ne e &hich &o)'d tand )! on end 'i0e nine!in ( &hen a hoc0 ca*e it hoo0 the rigid ta,'e )!on &hich the e tood( If it &ere gent'e# on'% the *ore )n ta,'e rod fe''( If it &ere e+ere# the% a'' fe''( Th) the rod ,% fa''ing# and ,% the direction in &hich the% fe''# recorded for the ')*,ering cienti t the trength of a hoc0 that &a too &ea0 to &a0en hi* and the direction fro* &hich it ca*e( B)t in tr)*ent far *ore de'icate than that &ere needed if an% rea''% erio) ad+ance &a to ,e *ade( The idea' to ,e ai*ed at &a to de+i e an in tr)*ent that co)'d record &ith a !en on !a!er the *o+e*ent # of the gro)nd or of the ta,'e# a the 7)a0e !a ed ,%( Whi'e I &rite *% !en *o+e # ,)t the !a!er 0ee! ti''( With !ractice# no do),t# I co)'d in ti*e 'earn to &rite ,% ho'ding the ti'' &hi'e the !a!er *o+ed( That o)nd a i''% )gge tion# ,)t that &a !reci e'% the idea ado!ted in
/F :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

o*e of the ear'% in tr)*ent < ei *o*eter = for recording earth7)a0e &a+e ( B)t &hen ta,'e# !enho'der and !a!er are a'' *o+ing ho& i it !o i,'e to &rite 'egi,'%2 The 0e% to a o')tion of that !ro,'e* 'a% in an e+er%- da% o, er+ation( Wh% doe a !er on tanding in a ,) or train tend to fa'' &hen a )dden tart i *ade2 It i ,eca) e hi feet *o+e on# ,)t hi head ta% ti''( - i*!'e e.!eri*ent &i'' he'! ) a 'itt'e f)rther( Tie a hea+% &eight at the end of a 'ong !iece of tring( With the hand he'd high in the air ho'd the tring o that the &eight near'% to)che the gro)nd( No& *o+e the hand to and fro and aro)nd ,)t not )! and do&n( It &i'' ,e fo)nd that the &eight *o+e ,)t 'ight'% or not at a''( I*agine a !en attached to the &eight in )ch a &a% that it !oint re t )!on a !iece of !a!er on the f'oor( I*agine an earth7)a0e hoc0 ha0ing the f'oor# the !a!er# %o) and %o)r hand( In the *id t of a'' thi *o+e*ent the &eight and the !en &o)'d ,e ti''( B)t a the !a!er *o+ed fro* ide to ide )nder the !en !oint it *o+e*ent &o)'d ,e recorded in in0 )!on it )rface( It &a )!on thi !rinci!'e that the fir t in tr)*ent &ere *ade# ,)t the !a!er &a &ra!!ed ro)nd a dr)* &hich rotated 'o&'%( - 'ong a a'' &a ti'' the !en dre& a traight 'ine# ,)t &hi'e the dr)* &a ,eing ha0en the 'ine that the !en &a dra&ing &rigg'ed fro* ide to ide( The a!!arat) th) de cri,ed# ho&e+er# record on'% the hori6onta' co*!onent of the &a+e *o+e*ent# &hich i # in fact# *)ch *ore co*!'icated( If &e co)'d act)a''% ee the !ath de cri,ed ,% a !artic'e# )ch a a and grain in the roc0# it &o)'d ,e *ore 'i0e that of a ,')e,ott'e ,)66ing ro)nd the roo*3 it &o)'d ,e )! and do&n# to and fro and fro* ide to ide( In tr)*ent ha+e ,een de+i ed and can he o !'aced that a'' three e'e*ent can ,e recorded in different gra!h ( When the in tr)*ent i it)ated at *ore than F$$ *i'e fro* the earth7)a0e centre# the gra!hic record ho& three &a+e arri+ing one after the other at hort inter+a' ( The fir t record the arri+a' of 'ongit)dina' +i,ration ( The econd *ar0 the arri+a' of tran +er e +i,ration &hich tra+e' *ore 'o&'% and arri+e e+era' *in)te after the fir t( The e t&o ha+e tra+e''ed thro)gh the earth( It &a fro* the t)d% of the e that o *)ch &a 'earnt a,o)t the interior of the earth( The third# or *ain &a+e# i the 'o&e t and ha tra+e''ed ro)nd the earth thro)gh the )rface roc0 (

Lesson53
The French Foreign Legion &a fo)nded ,% a Ro%a' Ordinance# &ritten on a *a'' !iece of officia' French War Office note!a!er dated 4arch Dth# 9G:9# and igned ,% the then reigning *onarch of France# Lo)i -Phi'i!!e( He had ,een on the throne for ,are'% eight *onth &hen he a)thori6ed thi *ea )re# &hich &a a *)ch a !rod)ct of nece it% a of caref)' !'anning# a'tho)gh there *a% ,e di+ided +ie& on thi ( The rea on for for*ing the French Foreign Legion &ere !ro,a,'% t&ofo'd( In the fir t !'ace the *en of the di ,anded ro%a' ,od%g)ard and the Regi*ent of Hohen'ohe# )dden'% t)rned 'oo e on to the treet of a ca!ita' eething &ith )n-re t# )ne*!'o%ed and !erha! di gr)nt'ed at their a,r)!t di *i a'# &ere a !otentia''% dangero) e'e*ent( The% &ere trained to the ) e of ar* # and ho)'d the% ,eco*e too' of the !o'itica''% a*,itio) or di contented the% &o)'d !re ent a di tinct *enace to the ne& regi*e# not %et too fir*'% e ta,'i hed and )re of it e'f( For o*e ti*e Pari had ,een &ar*ing &ith co)nt'e other di charged foreign o'dier &ho had er+ed in the French ar*% at +ario) ti*e )nder the E*!ire and the Re!),'ic# *an% of &ho* &ere in need% circ)* tance and o!en to )gge tion# &hi' t other &ere o!en'% 'oo0ing for tro),'e and a'&a% read% to ta0e !art in an% di t)r,ance( It &a c'ear'% ,oth e.!edient and de ira,'e to re-*o+e the e danger a far a&a% fro* the ca!ita' a !o i,'e( Ne.t# the -'gerian ad+ent)re had ,eg)n# and it a!!eared that thi *ight !ro+e e.!en i+e in 'i+e (
/G :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

The *ore French*en 0i''ed in North -frica# the 'e !o!)'ar the go+ern*ent at ho*e &o)'d ,e# o if foreign cannon fodder &a a+ai'a,'e o *)ch the ,etter( The -'gerian 'anding had ,een +ie&ed &ith *i.ed fee'ing in a !o'itica''% di+ided France# ,)t there doe not ee* to ha+e ,een# an% *ar0ed indication on the !art of the !o'itician that the% &ere )nani*o) that the occ)!ation ho)'d ,e a,r)!t'% ter*inated3 *o t &ere &ar% and *an% a!!rehen i+e a to ho& the -'gerian ,) ine &o)'d t)rn o)t( The for*ation of a foreign 'egion ee*ed therefore to ,e an idea' *ethod of 0i''ing the e t&o ,ird &ith one tone( Once the condition &ere *ade c'ear there doe not ee* o ha+e ,een an% erio) o!!o ition( 4ar ha' So)'t &a re!)ted to ,e the *an ,ehind the che*e ,oth for re*o+ing and ) ing the )ne*!'o%ed foreign e.- o'dier ( He co)'d not ha+e fai'ed to recogni6e# once the% &ere for*ed into di ci!'ined )nit # ho& ) ef)' the% &o)'d ,e# ,oth for garri on d)t% and for acti+e o!eration in -'geria# nor the fact that if their ca )a'tie &ere hea+% or their condition not of the ,e t# there &o)'d ,e no e*,arra ing reaction for agitation in France on their ,eha'f( The Ro%a' Ordinance decreed that there ho)'d ,e a 'egion for*ed foreigner for er+ice o)t ide France# &hich &a to ,e ca''ed the 1Foreign Legion1 and it &a to ,e !art of the French ar*% and )nder the contro' of the War 4ini ter( It 'aid do&n that a far a !o i,'e co*!anie ho)'d ,e co*!o ed of *en of the a*e nationa'it% or &ho !o0e a co**on 'ang)age( -'geria &a not !ecifica'' % *entioned ,)t a it &a the on'% cra! of foreign territor% of an% i6e !o e ed ,% France at that *o*ent# there &a no do),t a to the *eaning of the !hra e 1o)t ide France1( In the an.iet% to get d),io) # re t'e character o)t of the co)ntr% no 7)e tion &ere a 0ed a to nationa'it%# !re+io) record or hi tor%# and no !roof of identit% &a re7)ired( The na*e and !artic)'ar gi+en ,% the recr)it &ere acce!ted at face +a')e and *an% ga+e no* de g)erre#J for )nder tanda,'e rea on ( Th) the !ractice ,egan# and the tradition tarted of 1a 0ing no 7)e tion 1( Thi tradition of g)aranteeing anon%*it% ,egan to de+e'o! 7)ic0'%# a'tho)gh it &a not )nti' 'ater that it &a carried to the e.tre*e of den%ing a'' 0no&'edge of an% indi+id)a' &ho &ere in it ran0 and of ref) ing !oint ,'an0 to an &er 7)e tion or to a''o& an% o)t ide contact &ith the 'egionnaire ( J P e)don%* (

Lesson54
We *) t conc')de fro* the &or0 of tho e &ho ha+e t)died the origin of 'ife# that gi+en a !'anet on'% a!!ro.i*ate'% 'i0e o)r o&n# 'ife i a'*o t certain to tart( Of a'' the !'anet in o)r o&n o'ar % te* &e arc no& !rett% certain the Earth i the on'% one on &hich 'ife can )r+i+e( 4ar i too dr% and !oor in o.%gen# ?en) far too hot# and o i 4erc)r%# and the o)ter !'anet ha+e te*!erat)re near a, o')te 6ero and h%drogen-do*inated at*o !here ( B)t other )n # tar a the a trono*er ca'' the*# are ,o)nd to ha+e !'anet 'i0e o)r o&n# and a the n)*,er of tar in the )ni+er e i o +a t# thi !o i,i'it% ,eco*e +irt)a' certaint%( There are one h)ndred tho) and *i''ion tar in o)r o&n 4i'0% Wa% a'one# and then there are three tho) and *i''ion other 4i'0% Wa% # or Ga'a.ie # in the )ni+er e( So the n)*,er of tar that &e 0no& e.i t i e ti*ated at a,o)t :$$ *i''ion *i''ion *i''ion( -'tho)gh !erha! on'% 9 !er cent of the 'ife that ha tarted o*e&here &i'' de+e'o! into high'% co*!'e. and inte''igent !attern # o +a t i the n)*,er of !'anet that inte''igent 'ife i ,o)nd to ,e a nat)ra' !art of the )ni+er e( If then &e are o certain that other inte''igent 'ife e.i t in the )ni+er e# &h% ha+e &e had no +i itor fro* o)ter !ace %et 2 Fir t of a''# the% *a% ha+e co*e to
/D :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

thi !'anet of o)r tho) and or *i''ion of %ear ago# and fo)nd o)r then !re+ai'ing !ri*iti+e tate co*!'ete'% )nintere ting to their o&n ad+anced 0no&'edge( Profe or Rona'd Brace&e''# a 'eading -*erican radio-a trono*er# arg)ed in Nat)re that )ch a )!erior ci+i'i6ation# on a +i it to o)r o&n o'ar % te*# *a%- ha+e 'eft an a)to*atic *e enger ,ehind to a&ait the !o i,'e a&a0ening of an ad+anced ci+i'i6ation( S)ch a *e enger# recei+ing o)r radio and te'e+i ion igna' # *ight &e'' re-tran *it the* ,ac0 to it ho*e-!'anet# a'tho)gh &hat i*!re ion an% other ci+i'i6ation &o)'d th) get fro* ) i ,e t 'eft )n aid( B)t here &e co*e )! again t the *o t diffic)'t of a'' o, tac'e to contact &ith !eo!'e on other !'anet --the a trono*ica' di tance &hich e!arate ) ( - a rea ona,'e g)e # the% *ight# on an a+erage# ,e 9$$ 'ight %ear a&a%( <- 'ight %ear i the di tance &hich 'ight tra+e' at 9G5#$$$ *i'e !er econd in one %ear# na*e'% 5 *i''ion *i''ion *i'e (= Radio &a+e a' o tra+e' at the !eed of 'ight# and a )*ing )ch an a)to*atic *e enger !ic0ed )! o)r fir t ,roadca t of the 9D/$1 # the *e age to it ho*e !'anet i ,are'% ha'f&a% there( Si*i'ar'%# o)r o&n Pre ent !ri*iti+e che*ica' roc0et # tho)gh good eno)gh to or,it *en# ha+e no chance of tran !orting ) to the neare t other tar# fo)r 'ight %ear a&a%# 'et a'one di tance of ten or h)ndred of 'ight %ear ( Fort)nate'%# there i a 1)ni7)e'% rationa' &a%1 for ) to co**)nicate &ith other inte''igent ,eing # a Wa'ter S)''i+an ha !)t it in hi e.ce''ent recent ,oo0# We are not a'one( Thi de!end on the !reci e radio-fre7)enc% of the /9-c* &a+e'ength# or 9E/$ *egac%c'e !er econd( It i the nat)ra' fre7)enc% of e*i ion of the h%drogen ato* in !ace and &a di co+ered ,% ) in 9D"93 it *) t ,e 0no&n to an% 0ind of radio-a trono*er in the )ni+er e( Once the e.i tence of thi &a+e-'ength had ,een di co+ered# it &a not 'ong ,efore it ) e a the )ni7)e'% recogni6a,'e ,roadca ting fre7)enc% for inter te''ar co**)nication &a )gge ted( Witho)t o*ething of thi 0ind# earching for inte''igence on other !'anet &o)'d ,e 'i0e tr%ing to *eet a friend in London &itho)t a Pre-arranged rende6+o) and a, )rd'% &andering the treet in the ho!e of a chance enco)nter(

Lesson55
C) to* ha not ,een co**on'% regarded a a ),Bect of an% great *o*ent( The inner &or0ing of o)r o&n ,rain &e fee' to ,e )ni7)e'% &orth% of in+e tigation# ,)t c) to* ha+e a &a% of thin0ing# i ,eha+io)r at it *o t co**on!'ace( - a *atter of fact# it i the other &a% aro)nd( Traditiona' c) to*# ta0en the &or'd o+er# i a *a of detai'ed ,eha+io)r *ore a toni hing than &hat an% one !er on can e+er e+o'+e in indi+id)a' action # no *atter ho& a,errant( Aet that i a rather tri+ia' a !ect of the *atter( The fact of fir t-rate i*!ortance i the !redo*inant ro'e that c) to* !'a% in e.!erience and in ,e'ief# and the +er% great +arietie it *a% *anife t( No *an e+er 'oo0 at the &or'd &ith !ri tine e%e ( He ee it edited ,% a definite et of c) to* and in tit)tion and &a% of thin0ing( E+en in hi !hi'o o!hica' !ro,ing he cannot go ,ehind the e tereot%!e 3 hi +er% conce!t of the tr)e and the fa' e &i'' ti'' ha+e reference to hi !artic)'ar traditiona' c) to* ( Hohn @e&e% ha aid in a'' erio) ne that the !art !'a%ed ,% c) to* in ha!ing the ,eha+io)r of the indi+id)a' a o+er again t an% &a% in &hich he can affect traditiona' c) to*# i a the !ro!ortion of the tota' +oca,)'ar% of hi *other tong)e o+er again t tho e &ord of hi o&n ,a,% ta'0 that are ta0en )! into the +ernac)'ar of hi fa*i'%( When one erio) '% t)die the ocia' order that ha+e had the o!!ort)nit% to de+e'o! a)tono*o) '%# the fig)re ,eco*e no *ore than an e.act and *atter-off-fact o, er+ation( The 'ife hi tor% of the indi+id)a' i fir t and fore*o t an acco**odation to the !attern and tandard traditiona''%
:$ :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

handed do&n in hi co**)nit%( Fro* the *o*ent of hi ,irth the c) to* into &hich he i ,orn ha!e hi e.!erience and ,eha+io)r( B% the ti*e he can ta'0# he i the 'itt'e creat)re of hi c)'t)re# and ,% the ti*e he i gro&n and a,'e to ta0e !art in it acti+itie # it ha,it are hi ha,it # it ,e'ief hi ,e'ief # it i*!o i,i'itie hi i*!o i,i'itie ( E+er% chi'd that i ,orn into hi gro)! &i'' hare the* &ith hi*# and no chi'd ,orn into one on the o!!o ite ide of the g'o,e can e+er achie+e the tho) andth !art( There i no ocia' !ro,'e* it i *ore inc)*,ent )!on ) to )nder tand than thi of the ro'e of c) to*( Unti' &e are inte''igent a to it 'a& and +arietie # the *ain co*!'icating fact of h)*an 'ife *) t re*ain )ninte''igi,'e( The t)d% of c) to* can ,e !rofita,'e on'% after certain !re'i*inar% !ro!o ition ha+e ,een acce!ted# and o*e of the e !ro!o ition ha+e ,een +io'ent'% o!!o ed( In the fir t !'ace an% cientific t)d% re7)ire that there ,e no !referentia' &eighting of one or another of the ite* in the erie it e'ect for it con ideration( In a'' the 'e contro+er ia' fie'd 'i0e the t)d% of cacti or ter*ite or the nat)re of ne,)'ae# the nece ar% *ethod of t)d% i to gro)! the re'e+ant *ateria' and to ta0e note of a'' !o i,'e +ariant for* and condition ( In thi &a% &e ha+e 'earned a'' that &e 0no& of the 'a& of a trono*%# or of the ha,it of the ocia' in ect # 'et ) a%( It i on'% in the t)d% of *an hi* e'f that the *aBor ocia' cience ha+e ), tit)ted the t)d% of one 'oca' +ariation# that of We tern ci+i'i6ation( -nthro!o'og% &a ,% definition i*!o i,'e a 'ong a the e di tinction ,et&een o)r e'+e and the !ri*iti+e# o)r e'+e and the ,ar,arian# o)r e'+e and the !agan# he'd &a% o+er !eo!'e1 *ind ( It &a nece ar% fir t to arri+e at that degree# of o!hi tication &here &e no 'onger et o)r o&n ,e'ief o+er again t o)r neigh,o)r1 )!er tition( It &a nece ar% to recogni6e that the e in tit)tion &hich are ,a ed on the a*e !re*i e # 'et ) a% the )!ernat)ra'# *) t ,e con idered together# o)r o&n a*ong the re t(

Lesson56
Science and techno'og% ha+e co*e to !er+ade e+er% a !ect of o)r 'i+e and# a a re )'t# ociet% i changing at a !eed &hich i 7)ite )n!recedented( There i a great techno'ogica' e.!'o ion aro)nd ) # generated ,% cience( Thi e.!'o ion i a'read% freeing +a t n)*,er of !eo!'e fro* their traditiona' ,ondage to nat)re# and no& at 'a t &e ha+e it in o)r !o&er to free *an0ind once and for a'' fro* the fear &hich i ,a ed on &ant( No&# for the fir t ti*e# *an can rea ona,'% ,egin to thin0 that 'ife can ,e o*ething *ore than a gri* tr)gg'e for )r+i+a'( B)t e+en toda%# in !ite of the high tandard of 'i+ing &hich ha ,eco*e genera' in the *ore fort)nate We t# the *aBorit% of !eo!'e in the &or'd ti'' !end near'% a'' their ti*e and energ% in a ne+er-ending tr)gg'e &ith nat)re to ec)re the food and he'ter the% need( E+en in thi e'e*entar% effort *i''ion of h)*an ,eing each %ear die )nnece ari'% and &a tef)''% fro* h)nger# di ea e# or f'ood( Aet# in the We t# cience and techno'og% ha+e *ade it !o i,'e for ) to ha+e a !'entif)' )!!'% of food# !rod)ced ,% on'% a fraction of the 'a,o)r that &a nece ar% e+en a fe& decade ago( In the United State # for in tance# one *an on the 'and !rod)ce *ore than eno)gh food to feed fifteen *en in the citie # and# in fact# there i a )r!') of food gro&n e+en ,% thi *a'' !ro!ortion of the -*erican 'a,o)r force( We ha+e con idera,'% e.tended o)r e.!ectation of 'ife( We ha+e enriched o)r 'i+e ,% creating !h% ica' *o,i'it% thro)gh the *otor-car# the Bet aero!'ane# and other *ean of *echanica' tran !ort3 and &e ha+e added to o)r inte''ect)a' *o,i'it% ,% the te'e!hone# radio# and te'e+i ion( Not content &ith the e ad+ance # &e are no& thr) ting for&ard to the tar # and the con7)e t o !ace no 'onger tri0e ) a We'' ian or H)'e ?ernian( -nd &ith the ad+ent of the ne&
:9 :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

!ha e of techno'og% &e ca'' a)to*ation# &e ha+e the !ro*i e ,oth of greater 'ei )re and of e+en greater *ateria' and inte''ect)a' riche ( B)t thi i not ine+ita,'e( It de!end on a)to*ation ,eing ade7)ate'% e.!'oited( We ha'' need to a!!'% o)r cientific and techno'ogica' re o)rce to 'itera''% e+er% a !ect of o)r ociet%# to o)r co**erce# o)r ind) tr%# o)r *edicine# o)r agric)'t)re# o)r tran !ortation( It i fa cinating and enco)raging to o, er+e the de+e'o!*ent of thi i**en e !roce # a !roce in &hich *an a!!ear a'' the ti*e to ,e engaged in the act of creating an e.ten ion of hi* e'f( In hi ne& techno'ogica' )cce e thi a!!ear !artic)'ar'% tr)e( He i e.tending hi e%e &ith radar3 hi tong)e and hi ear thro)gh te'eco**)nication3 hi *) c'e and ,od% tr)ct)re thro)gh *echani6ation( He e.tend hi o&n energie ,% the generation and tran *i ion of !o&er and hi ner+o) % te* and hi thin0ing and deci ion-*a0ing fac)'tie thro)gh a)to*ation( If thi o, er+ation i acc)rate# a I ,e'ie+e it i # the i*!'ication are far-reaching( It *ight ,e rea ona,'e to conc')de that the direction of *odern cience and techno'og% i to&ard the creation of a erie of *achine- % te* ,a ed on *an a a *ode'(

Lesson57
In *an1 ear'% da% # co*!etition &ith other creat)re *) t ha+e ,een critica'( B)t thi !ha e of o)r de+e'o!*ent i no& fini hed( Indeed# &e 'ac0 !ractice and e.!erience no&ada% in dea'ing &ith !ri*iti+e condition ( I a* )re that# &itho)t *odern &ea!on # I &o)'d *a0e a +er% !oor ho& of di !)ting the o&ner hi! of a ca+e &ith a ,ear# and in thi I do not thin0 that I tand a'one( The 'a t creat)re to co*!ete &ith *an &a the *o 7)ito( B)t e+en the *o 7)ito ha ,een ),d)ed ,% attention to drainage and ,% che*ica' !ra% ( Co*!etition ,et&een o)r e'+e # !er on again t !er on# co**)nit% again t co**)nit%# ti'' !er i t # ho&e+er3 and it i a fierce a it e+er &a ( B)t the co*!etition of *an again t *an i not the i*!'e !roce en+i ioned in ,io'og%( It i not a i*!'e co*!etition for a fi.ed a*o)nt of food deter*ined ,% the !h% ica' en+iron*ent# ,eca) e the en+iron*ent that deter*ine o)r e+o')tion i no 'onger e entia''% !h% ica'( O)r en+iron*ent i chief'% conditioned ,% the thing &e ,e'ie+e( 4orocco and Ca'ifornia are ,it of the Earth in +er% i*i'ar 'atit)de # ,oth on the &e t coa t of continent &ith i*i'ar c'i*ate # and !ro,a,'% &ith rather i*i'ar nat)ra' re o)rce ( Aet their !re ent de+e'o!*ent i &ho''% different# not o *)ch ,eca) e of different !eo!'e e+en# ,)t ,eca) e of the different tho)ght that e.i t in the *ind of their inha,itant ( Thi i the !oint I &i h to e*!ha i6e( The *o t i*!ortant factor in o)r en+iron*ent i the tate of o)r o&n *ind ( It i &e'' 0no&n that &here the &hite *an ha in+aded a !ri*iti+e c)'t)re the *o t de tr)cti+e effect ha+e co*e not fro* !h% ica' &ea!on ,)t fro* idea ( Idea are dangero) ( The Ho'% office 0ne& thi f)'' &e'' &hen it ca) ed heretic to ,e ,)rned in da% gone ,%( Indeed# the conce!t of free !eech on'% e.i t in o)r *ode* ociet% ,eca) e &hen %o) are in ide a co**)nit% %o) are conditioned ,% the con+ention of the co**)nit% to )ch a degree that it i +er% diffic)'t to concei+e of an%thing rea''% de tr)cti+e( It i on'% o*eone 'oo0ing on fro* o)t ide that can inBect the dangero) tho)ght ( I do not do),t that it &o)'d ,e !o i,'e to inBect idea into the *odern &or'd that &o)'d )tter'% de tro% ) ( I &o)'d 'i0e to gi+e %o) an e.a*!'e# ,)t fort)nate'% I cannot do o( Perha! it &i'' )ffice to *ention the n)c'ear ,o*,( I*agine the effect on a rea ona,'% ad+anced techno'ogica' ociet%# one that ti'' doe not !o e the ,o*,# of *a0ing it a&are of the !o i,i'it%# of )!!'%ing )fficient detai' to ena,'e the thing to ,e con tr)cted( T&ent% or thirt% !age of infor*ation handed to an% of the *aBor &or'd !o&er
:/ :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

aro)nd the %ear 9D/" &o)'d ha+e ,een )fficient to change the co)r e of &or'd hi tor%( It i a trange tho)ght# ,)t I ,e'ie+e a correct one# that t&ent% or thirt% !age of idea and infor*ation &o)'d ,e ca!a,'e of t)rning the !re ent-da% &or'd )! ide do&n# or e+en de tro%ing it( I ha+e often tried to concei+e of &hat tho e !age *ight contain# ,)t of co)r e I cannot do o ,eca) e I a* a !ri oner of the !re ent-da% &or'd# B) t a a'' of %o) are( We cannot thin0 o)t ide the !artic)'ar !attern that o)r ,rain are conditioned to# or# to ,e *ore acc)rate# &e can thin0 on'% a +er% 'itt'e &a% o)t ide# and then on'% if &e are +er% origina'(

Lesson58
- gifted -*erican ! %cho'ogi t ha aid# 1Worr% i a !a * of the e*otion3 the *ind catche ho'd of o*ething and &i'' not 'et it go(1 It i ) e'e to arg)e &ith the *ind in thi condition( The tronger the &i''# the *ore f)ti'e the ta 0( One can on'% gent'% in in)ate o*ething e' e into it con+)' i+e gra !( -nd if thi o*ething e' e i right'% cho en# if it i rea''% attended ,% the i'')*ination of another fie'd of intere t# grad)a''%# and often 7)ite &ift'%# the o'd )nd)e gri! re'a.e and the !roce of rec)!eration and re!air ,egin ( The c)'ti+ation of a ho,,% and ne& for* of intere t i therefore a !o'ic% of fir t i*!ortance to a !),'ic *an( B)t thi i not a ,) ine that can ,e )nderta0en in a da% or &ift'% i*!ro+i ed ,% a *ere co**and of the &i''( The gro&th of a'ternati+e *enta' intere t i a 'ong !roce ( The eed *) t ,e caref)''% cho en3 the% *) t fa'' on good gro)nd3 the% *) t ,e ed)'o) '% tended# if the +i+if%ing fr)it are to ,e at hand &hen needed( To ,e rea''% ha!!% and rea''% afe# one o)ght to ha+e at 'ea t t&o or three ho,,ie # and the% *) t a'' ,e rea'( It i no ) e tarting 'ate in 'ife to a%> 1I &i'' ta0e an intere t in thi or that(1 S)ch an atte*!t on'% aggra+ate the train of *enta' effort( - *an *a% ac7)ire great 0no&'edge of to!ic )nconnected &ith hi dai'% &or0# and %et hard'% get an% ,enefit or re'ief( It i no ) e doing &hat %o) 'i0e# %o) ha+e got to 'i0e &hat %o) do( Broad'% !ea0ing# h)*an ,eing *a% ,e di+ided into three c'a e > tho e &ho are toi'ed to death# tho e &ho are &orried to death# and tho e &ho are ,ored to death( It i no ) e offering the *an)a' 'a,o)rer# tired o)t &ith a hard &ee01 &eat and effort# the chance of !'a%ing a ga*e of foot,a'' or ,a e,a'' on Sat)rda% afternoon( It i no ) e in+iting the !o'itician or the !rofe iona' or ,) ine *an# &ho ha ,een &or0ing or &orr%ing a,o)t erio) thing for i. da% # to &or0 or &orr% a,o)t trif'ing thing at the &ee0-end( - for the )nfort)nate !eo!'e &ho can co**and e+er%thing the% &ant# &ho can gratif% e+er% ca!rice and 'a% their hand on a'*o t e+er% o,Bect of de ire for the* a ne& !'ea )re# a ne& e.cite*ent i on'% an additiona' atiation( In +ain the% r) h frantica''% ro)nd fro* !'ace to !'ace# tr%ing to e ca!e fro* a+enging ,oredo* ,% *ere c'atter and *otion( For the* di ci!'ine in one for* or another i the *o t ho!ef)' !ath( It *a% a' o ,e aid that rationa'# ind) trio) # ) ef)' h)*an ,eing are di+ided into t&o c'a e > fir t# tho e &ho e &or0 i &or0 and &ho e !'ea )re i !'ea )re3 and econd'%# tho e &ho e &or0 and !'ea )re are one( Of the e the for*er are the *aBorit%( The% ha+e their co*!en ation ( The 'ong ho)r in the office or the factor% ,ring &ith the* a their re&ard# not on'% the *ean of ) tenance# ,)t a 0een a!!etite for !'ea )re e+en in it i*!'e t and *o t *ode t for* ( B)t fort)ne1 fa+o)red chi'dren ,e'ong to the econd c'a ( Their 'ife i a nat)ra' har*on%( For the* the &or0ing ho)r are ne+er 'ong eno)gh( Each da% i a ho'ida%# and ordinar% ho'ida% &hen the% co*e are gr)dged a enforced interr)!tion in an a, or,ing +ocation( Aet to ,oth c'a e the need of an a'ternati+e o)t'oo0# of a change of at*o !here# of a di+er ion of effort# i e entia'( Indeed#
:: :"

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

it *a% &e'' ,e that tho e &ho e &or0 i their !'ea )re are tho e &ho *o t need the *ean of ,ani hing it at inter+a' fro* their *ind (

Lesson59
Econo*% i one !o&erf)' *oti+e for ca*!ing# ince after the initia' o)t'a% )!on e7)i!*ent# or thro)gh hiring it# the tota' e.!en e can ,e far 'e than the co t of hote' ( B)t# contrar% to a !o!)'ar a )*!tion# it i far fro* ,eing the on'% one# or e+en the greate t( The *an &ho *anoe)+re care'e '% into hi fi+e hi''ing &orth of !ace at one of E)ro!e1 *%riad !er*anent ite *a% find hi* e'f ,)*!ing a Bent'e%( 4ore 'i0e'%# Ford Con )' &i'' ,e h), to h), &ith Rena)'t or 4ercede # ,)t rare'% &ith ,ic%c'e *ade for t&o( That the e7)i!*ent of *odern ca*!ing ,eco*e %ear'% *ore o!hi ticated i an entertaining !arado. for the c%nic# a ,righter !ro*i e for the ho!ef)' tra+e'er &ho ha &orn to get a&a% fro* it a''( It a' o !ro+ide --and o*e t)dent ocio'ogi t *ight care to ,a e hi the i )!on the !heno*enon--an e ca!e of another 0ind( The *odern tra+e''er i often a *an &ho di 'i0e the S!'endide and the Be''a+i ta# not ,eca) e he cannot afford# or h)n # their *eteria' co*fort # ,)t ,eca) e he i afraid of the*( -ff')ent he *a% ,e# ,)t he i ,% no *ean )re &hat# to ti! the door*an or the cha*,er*aid( 4a ter in hi o&n ho) e# he ha 'itt'e idea of &hen to a% ,oo to a *aitre d1hote'(J Fro* a'' )ch fear ca*!ing re'ea e hi*( Granted# a no,,er% of ca*!ing it e'f# ,a ed )!on e7)i!*ent and techni7)e # a'read% e.i t # ,)t it i of a 0ind that# if he *eet it# he can readi'% )nder tand and dea' &ith( There i no )!erior 1the%1 in the ha!e of *anage*ent and hote' hierarchie to dar0en hi ho'ida% da% ( To )ch *oti+e # %et another *) t ,e added( The conte*!orar% !heno*enon of *otor-car &or hi! i to ,e e.!'ained not 'ea t ,% the en e of inde!endence and freedo* that o&ner hi! entai' ( To thi !'ea )re ca*!ing gi+e an e.7)i ite refine*ent( Fro* one1 o&n front door to ho*e or foreign hi'' or and and ,ac0 again# e+er%thing i to hand( Not on'% are the *ean of arri+ing at the ho'ida% !aradi e entire'% &ithin one1 o&n co**and and 0ee!ing# ,)t the *ean of e ca!e fro* ho'ida% he'' <if the ,each !ro+e too cro&ded# the 'oca' &eather too inc'e*ent= are there# o)t ide--or# a 'i0e'%# !art of--the tent( Idea'i t ha+e o,Bected to the !ractice of ca*!ing# a to the !ac0aged to)r# that the tra+e''er a,road there,% denie hi* e'f the o!!ort)nit% of getting to 0no& the !eo!'e of the co)ntr% +i ited( In )'arit% and e'f-contain*ent# it i arg)ed# go hand in hand( The o!inion doe not )r+i+e e.!erience of a !o!)'ar Continenta' ca*!ing !'ace( Ho'ida% hote' tend to cater for one nationa'it% of +i itor e !ecia''%# o*eti*e e.c') i+e'%( Ca*!ing ite # ,% contra t# are high'% co *o!o'itan( Granted# a !re!onderance of Ger*an i a characteri tic that ee* co**on to *o t 4editerranean ite 3 ,)t a %et there i no o+er&he'*ing'% !ecia'i6ed !atronage( Notice for,idding the o!en-air dr%ing of c'othe # or the ) e of &ater !oint for car &a hing# or tho e in+iting 1o)r ca*!ing friend 1 to a dance or a ,oat tri! are !rinted not on'% in French or Ita'ian or S!ani h# ,)t a' o in Eng'i h# Ger*an and @)tch( -t *ea' ti*e the odo)r of a)er0ra)t +ie &ith that of gar'ic( The French*an1 ,rea0fa t coffee co*!ete &ith the Eng'i h*an1 ,acon and egg ( Whether the re*ar0a,'e gro&th of organi6ed ca*!ing *ean the e+ent)a' death of the *ore inde!endent 0ind i hard to a%( 4)nici!a'itie nat)ra''% &ant to ec)re the ca*!er 1 ite fee and other c) to*( Po'ice are &ar% of itinerant &ho cannot ,e traced to a recogni6ed ca*! ,o)ndar% or to fo)r &a'' ( B)t *o t !ro,a,'% it &i'' a'' de!end )!on ca*!er the* e'+e > ho& *an% heath fire the% ca) e# ho& *)ch 'itter the% 'ea+e# in hort# &hether or not the% &ho''% a'ienate
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NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH- BOOK FOUR

'ando&ner and tho e &ho 'i+e in the co)ntr% ide( On'% good co)ting i 'i0e'% to !re er+e the freedo* o dear to the heart of the eterna' Bo% Sco)t(

Lesson60
-'tho)gh tr)th and B) tice *a% ,e the *o t !o&erf)' i*!)' e to ho& *ora' co)rage# there are other ( Co*!a ion i one of the e( Tentati+e'% it can ,e )gge ted that thi i the *ain inf')ence )!on tho e &ho )rge the a,o'ition of ca!ita' !)ni h*ent( It i recognition of co*!a ion1 !art that 'ead the )!ho'der of ca!ita' !)ni h*ent to acc) e the a,o'itioni t of enti*enta'it% in ,eing *ore orr% for the *)rderer than for hi +icti*( Thi i non en e ,)t &ith it o*e organ of the !o!)'ar Pre !'a%ed )!on the e*otion of their reader o )cce f)''% that *an% candidate for Par'ia*ent &ere afraid to )!!ort a,o'ition for fear of 'o ing +ote and the re )'t &a the *)dd'eheaded Ho*icide -ct of 9D"F &hich *ade *)rder &ith ro,,er% a ca!ita' cri*e and a''o&ed the !oi oner to e ca!e the ga''o& ( That i''ogica' 7)a'ification ho& ho& f'i* % i the arg)*ent that ca!ita' !)ni h*ent i a deterrent to *)rder( The !oi oner a'&a% &or0 on a ca'c)'ated !'an of action and therefore i a,'e to con ider &hether or not hi ta0ing another1 'ife i &orth the ri 0 of hi o&n3 the +io'ent thief i ) )a''% at the *erc% of an in tant e*otion( The on'% arg)a,'e !'ea for ca!ita' !)ni h*ent i the right of ociet% to retri,)tion in thi &or'd &ith the !ro !ect of 'ife in another# ,)t ince &hat ) ed to ee* to the great *aBorit% of ci+i'i6ed h)*anit% the a )rance of another 'ife ,e%ond the gra+e ha co*e to ee* to *ore and *ore !eo!'e 'e certain# a fee'ing for the +a')e of h)*an 'ife ha ,eco*e dee!er and *ore &ide !read( Thi *a% ee* a !arado.ica' c'ai* to *a0e at a ti*e &hen *an0ind i o *)ch !reocc)!ied &ith &ea!on of de tr)ction( Ne+erthe'e # it i a c'ai* that can ,e ) tained and if co*!a ion ani*ate tho e &ho )rge the a,o'ition of the death !ena't% it i not a enti*enta' co*!a ion for the *enta' agon% inf'icted )!on a conde*ned *an ,)t a dread of de tro%ing the *irac'e of 'ife( When in the eighteenth cent)r% offence again t the 'a& that toda% &o)'d no earn a *onth in !ri on &ere !)ni hed &ith the death !ena't%# the e+erit% of the !ena' code had no erio) effect on the !re+a'ence of cri*e( When it *ade no difference to the fate of a high&a%*an &hether he had 0i''ed hi +icti* or *ere'% ro,,ed hi* of a fe& !iece of i'+er# there &ere no *ore *)rder then than there &ere &hen *en 'i0e Sir Frarici B)rdett )cceeded in 'ightening the e.ce i+e e+erit% of the !ena' 'a& ( In tho e da% the acredne of 'ife on earth &a not great'% regarded ,eca) e a 'ife in the &or'd to co*e &a ta0en for granted e.ce!t ,% a co*!arati+e'% *a'' *inotit% of !hi'o o!her ( Nor &a the 'ong-dra&n ordea' of the conde*ned ce'' inf'icted either )!on the conde*ned *an or hi gao'er once )!on a ti*e( Tho e &ho ,e'ie+e in ca!ita' !)ni h*ent *a% ha+e arg)*ent for it retention# ,)t )re'% no rea ona,'e arg)*ent can ,e fo)nd for retention of the ic0ening *)*,oB)*,o that acco*!anie it fro* the *o*ent that the B)dge don the ,'ac0 ca! &ith &hat 'oo0 'i0e a !en-&i!er ,a'anced on the to! of hi &ig# to the reading of the ,)ria' er+ice o+er the conde*ned *an ,efore he i dead( 4oreo+er# it &a *ore *ercif)' to 'a)nch the conde*ned *an into eternit% t&ent%-fo)r ho)r after he &a entenced than to 0ee! hi* hi+ering on the ,rin0 of that dread g)'f for near'% three &ee0 ( Hanging i an atrocio) '% archaic &a% of 0i''ing a h)*an ,eing and the e'f- ati fied *odernit% of the e'ectric chair i B) t a atrocio) ( The ad*ini tration of a trong 'ee!ing dra)ght to the conde*ned *an e+er% night fro* &hich one night he doe hot a&a0e# ee* a *ore ci+i'i6ed a'ternati+e to o)r !re ent ,ar,aro) !roced)re# if ca!ita' !)ni h*ent thro)gh the inf')ence of ,ac0&ard *ind ,e retained(
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