3.

TWIN CYLINDER ENGINE

3.1 AIM
To conduct a performance test at constant speed on multi cylinder four stroke, spark
ignition at various loads and plot the following performance characteristics curves.
TFC vs BP
SFC vs. BP
th
vs. BP
Bmep vs. BP
ith
vs. BP
!mep vs. BP
m
vs. BP
3.2 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
3.2.1 INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Tachometer, stopwatch, engine with dynamometer and orifice meter setup.
3.2.2 TEST-RIG SPECIFICATIONS
"et the following details of the engine like,
#. $o. of cylinders %n& ' (
(. Bore diameter %)& ' *+ mm
,. Stroke length %-& ' ##. mm
/. 0perating speed %$& ' #+.. rpm
+. 1ated power %P& ' *.*( k2
3. Compression ratio ' #34#
5. Fuel oil ' )!6S6-
*. Sp. gravity of fuel %S
F
& ' ..*/
7. Cal. value of fuel %C8& ' /(+. . k9:kg
3.3 PREPARATION
3.3.1 THEORY
6ngine performance is a relative term.
The performance of the engine depends on inter;relationship etween power developed,
speed and the specific fuel consumption at each operating condition within useful range of
speed and load.
!t is represented y typical characteristic curves which are functions of engine operating
parameters. The term performance usually means how well an engine is doing its <o in
relation to the input energy or how effectively it provides useful energy in relation to some
other comparale engines. The engine performance is indicated y the term efficiency, .
Five important engine efficiencies and other related performances are given elow.
#. 8olumetric efficiency
vol
(. Brake thermal efficiency
th
,. !ndicated thermal efficiency
ith
/. =echanical efficiency
m
+. =ean effective pressure mep
3. Specific fuel consumption SFC
3.3.4 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. >pply law of thermodynamics to internal comustion engine operation.

( ?ow is fuel feed into petrol engine@

,. ?ow is diesel feed into the engine@

/. 2hy is the engine output is called rake power@

+. 2hat is indicated power@

3.3.5. ANSWERS FOR PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. >pply law of thermodynamics to internal comustion engine operation.
The heat supplied to the engine is converted to mechanical power partially and
remaining heat is re<ected to atmosphere which is similar to the law of thermodynamics
principle.
(. ?ow is the fuel feed into petrol engine@
The petrol is miAed with air in carurettor and feed into the engine in the suction
stroke.
,. ?ow is diesel feed into the engine@
The diesel is in<ected directly into the engine cylinder at the end of compression
stroke y the fuel supply system of the engine.
/. 2hy the engine output is called rake power@
The power output is measured y the dynamometer y applying a rake like force to
the crank shaft and tests the engine&s survival and hence the output of the engine is called
so.
+. 2hat is indicated power@
The !ndicated power is the power developed inside the engine cylinder.
3.4 PROCEDURE
#. Calculate the maAimum load that can e applied to the engine using the given formula
2
maA
'
*# . 7 (
#... 3. B C


R N
BP
R
R

CkgB if the power output is in k2

(. Check the fuel level in the fuel tank and all the fuel valves in the line to the engine is
in open position.
,. "ive the cooling water supply to the engine Conly for water cooled engineB.
/. Check the decompression lever is in open position Conly for C! enginesB.
+. Check whether the engine in loaded or not.
3. Start the engine with all the precautions at no load CFor petrol engine provide rich
miAture to start the engine DuicklyB.
5. >llow the engine to run for aout , minutes to attain steady condition.
*. $ote down the time taken for #. cc of fuel consumed y the engine at each load Csay
. to *.E of the maA loadB.
The aove steps are common to oth rake drum: electrical dynamometer loading
device. The following steps should also e followed, in case of electrical
dynamometer.
Twin cylinder diesel engine F keep the voltage constant at /,.8 and then increase
the load from . F *.E of the maAimum load.
Two stroke petrol engine F keep the voltage constant at (,.8 and then increase
load from . F *.E of the maAimum load.
$ote down the ammeter reading Ccurrent !B at each load for the aove said engines.
=easure the pressure difference across the orifice plate mounted to the air tank y
noting the difference in heights of the manometer, at each load.
7. 0n completion of the eAperiment the load on the engine must e removed efore
stopping the engine.
3.5 OBSERVATION
3.5.2 CALCULATIONS
#. 8olumetric efficiency C
v
B4
!t is the ratio of actual volume of air intake to the theoretical volume of air intake.

v
'
#..
Qth
Qact
>. >ctual volume of air intake4
G
act
'
a d gh A C (
Cm
,
:sB
A '
/

d
(
Cm
(
B
2here, A ' area of the orifice plate.
a h '
m
a
m
h

CmB
2here,
m
; density of manometric liDuid.
a
; )ensity of air at room temperature.
B. Theoretical volume of air intake4
G
th
'
(
/
D

n
N
L
3.
Cm
,
:sB
2here, n ; $o. of cylinders
3.
N
; For (;stroke engine

3. (
N
; For /;stroke engine
(. >ir F fuel ratio C>:FB4
TFC
m
F
A a
=
>. >ctual mass flow rate of air

a m
'
act a Q
Ckg:sB
a
'

+ B (5, C R t R
Pa
2here,
a
; )ensity of air
a P ; >tmospheric pressure
R - Characteristic gas constant
R t
; 1oom temperature
B. Total fuel consumption CTFCB4
TFC ' CF
(
F F
#
B : t A #... Ckg:sB
2here, F
#
is the first reading on fuel indicator Cweight in gmsB
F
(
is the second reading on fuel indicator Cweight in gmsB
t is the time interval etween two readings.
,. ?eat input Cq
i
B4
q
i
' C8 A TFC Ck9:s or k2B
/. Power output CBPB4
>. =echanical rake test rig.
Break power
BP ' 2 A $ : ,... Ck2B
2here 2 ' -oad in kg
$'6ngine speed in rpm C'$:( for / stroke engineB
B. 6lectrical dynamometer test rig.
CSwinging field typeB
Break power, BP ' 8! Ck2B
2here, 8 ; 8oltmeter reading
! ; >mmeter reading
C. 6lectrical resistance dynamometer test rig.
The power applied to the engine shaft directly read in k2.
). 6lectrical alternator with water rheostat.
Brake power
BP F Power output of alternator :
A

A
F ..5. ' alternative efficiency
E
c
; 6nergy meter constant
Power output of alternator '
c E t
n ,3..

Ck2B
2here, n F $o. revolutions of energy meter.
+. Power developed CP
i
B4
P
i
' !P ' BPH FP Ck2B
The fractional power lost can e calculated y 2illan&s line method. > model graph is
shown in Fig. /.( y eAtrapolating the 2illan&s line to meet I F aAis. This method of
finding FP is suitale only for C! engines.
3. Brake thermal efficiency C
bth
B4

bth
'
#..
i q
BP
5. !ndicated thermal efficiency C
ith
B

ith
'
i q
IP
*. =echanical efficiency C
mech
B

mech
'
IP
BP
or B
mep
: !
mep

7. Break mean effective power CB
mep
B
B
mep
'
n N!N A L
BP
B ( : C
#... 3.


k$:m
(
2here, N ; for ( stroke engine
N"# ; for / stroke engine
> ; >rea of the cylinder '
(
/
D

#.. !ndicated mean effective pressure CI

mep
B
I
mep
'
n N!N A L
IP
B ( : C
#... 3.


k$:m
(
##. Specified fuel consumption CSFCB4
SFC ' TFC A ,3..:BP kg: k2;h
3.5.3 MODEL CALCULATIONS
#. Break power, BP ' 2 A $ : ,... Ck2B
' #. A ,... : ,... ' #. k2
(. !ndicated power, !P ' BPH FP Ck2B
' #. H /.+ ' #/.+ k2
,. Total fuel consumption CTFCB4
TFC ' CF F F
#
B : t A #... Ckg:sB
TFC ' C#.B : #*.7/ A #... Ckg:sB ' +.,(* A #.
;/
kg:s
$. ?eat input Cq
i
B4
q
i
' C8 A TFC Ck9:s or k2B
' /+... A ,.++ A#.
;/
' #+.7* k2
%. Break mean effective power CB
mep
B
B
mep
'
n N!N A L
BP
B ( : C
#... 3.


k$:m
(
B
mep
'
,
#.... 3. #...
...5( ,.5, #. C3...: (B

k$:m
(
' #*+.5 k$:m
(
> ; >rea of the cylinder '
( (
C...37B
/ /
D

=
' /,.5, A #.
;,
m
(

&. !ndicated mean effective pressure CI
mep
B
I
mep
'
n N!N A L
IP
B ( : C
#... 3.


k$:m
(
I
mep
'
,
#/.+ 3. #...
...5( ,.5/ #. C3...: (B

' (37.(/ k$:m
(
'. Brake thermal efficiency C
bth
B4

bth
'
#..
i q
BP

bth
'
#.
#..
(,.53

' /(..7E
(. !ndicated thermal efficiency C
ith
B

ith
'
#..
i q
IP

ith
'
#/.+
#..
(,.53

' 3#E
). =echanical efficiency C
mech
B

mech
'
IP
BP
or B
mep
: !
mep


mech
'
#.
3*.73E
#/.+
=
#.. Specified fuel consumption CSFCB4
SFC ' TFC A ,3..:BP kg: k2;h
SFC ' +.(* A #.
;/
A ,3..:#.
' ..#3( kg: k2;h
3.5.4 GRAPHS
Plot the aove mentioned graphs C1efer >imB
$ature of graphs shown in Fig. ,.( Ca, , J cB
NATURE OF GRAPHS
Fig. /.(
3.6 POST LAB QUESTIONS
#. 2hat is mean effective pressure@
(. 2hat is specific fuel consumption@
,. 2hy does the volumetric efficiency decreases with power output@
/. 2hat is >:F ratio@
+. 2hat is the heating value of the fuel@
3.6.1 ANSWER FOR POST LAB QUESTIONS
#. 2hat is mean effective pressure@
The average pressure acting inside the engine for a given output.
(. 2hat is specific fuel consumption@
!t is the amount of fuel consumed per unit power output.
,. 2hy does the volumetric efficiency decreases with power output@
=ore work means, speed is more so sufficient time is not there for air entry.
/. 2hat is >:F ratio@
!t is the ratio of air and fuel.
+. 2hat is the heating value of the fuel@
!t is the amount of heat lierated while urning any fuel.
3. INFERENCE
#. The rake thermal efficiency increases with increase of load due to addition of more fuel
for maintaining speed.
(. The specific fuel consumption falls with increase in load till the economic load and
reverses with increase in load. This is due to the increase in power output with load.
,. 8olumetric efficiency droops with load as more fuel has to e urnt with less
seconds:cycle, the cycle time and hence suction time decreases. ?ence less Duantity of air is
taken in.
3.! RESULT
The performance test of the single cylinder petrol engine has een conducted for the
various graphs were plotted.
3.5.1 TABULATION
F.P ' ..+ k2
S.
$o.
-oad
CkgB
or
Ck2B
8oltmeter
reading
C8B
>mmeter
reading
C!B
Time taken
for #. cc of
fuel
consumption
BP
Ck2B
!P
Ck2B
qi
Ck2B
Bmep
Ck$:m
(
B
Imep
Ck$:m
(
B
ith
CEB
bth
CEB
m
CEB
*
CEB
>:
F
TFC
Ckg:sB
AA #.
;
,
SFC
Ckg:k2;
hB
# ((. . (/.+, . ..+ #,.+7 . 3#.(, ,.3 . . ,..( infinitive
( (/. ( (,.+3 ../* ..7* #/.#, +*.5* #(..., 3.7 ,., /*.7 ,.#/ (.,+
, (+. / (..*/ #... #.+ #+.7* #((.+ #*,.5 7., 3.(+ 33.3 ,.++ #.(*
/ (/. +.(+ #7.3 #.(3 #.53 #3.75 #+/., (#+.+ #../ 5./ 5#.+ ,.55 #..5
+ ((. 5 #5.+ #.+/ (../ #*.77 #**.3 (/7.* #..5 *.# 5+.+ /.(( ..7*