Centre Number

Candidate Number

Name

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

0680/04
5014/02

Alternative to Coursework
October/November 2006
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
Study the appropriate Source materials before you start to write your answers.
Credit will be given for appropriate selection and use of data in your answers and for relevant interpretation
of these data. Suggestions for data sources are given in some questions.
You may use the source data to draw diagrams and graphs or to do calculations to illustrate your answers.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiners Use

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.

(DR) T07225/4
UCLES 2006

[Turn over

Equator

ZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA

SWAZILAND

1000

SOUTH
AFRICA

km

Fig. 1 Map of southern Africa

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LESOTHO

3
a
fric
A
uth
o
S

Maseru

LESOTHO

ca
Afri
h
t
u
So

50

100

Key:

capital
new diamond mine

km
Fig. 2 Map of Lesotho

Lesotho is one of the worlds poorest countries. 70% of the population live in small rural communities.
Crops are grown in the valleys where soil erosion is a major problem. Large herds of cattle and sheep
are grazed on the extensive highlands.

Area: 30 350 km
Population: 2 076 000
Children per woman: 4.7
Life expectancy at birth: 40 years
Currency: maloti (parity with South African Rand)
Official languages: Sesotho, English
Climate: cool to cold, dry winters, hot, wet summers
Altitude: lowest point 1 400 m, highest point 3 482 m
Terrain: mostly highlands with plateaux
Main exports: water, textiles, animal hides

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4
1

In Lesotho, boys are less likely to be able to read and write than girls. Many boys, between 715 years old, herd livestock in the highlands. They leave home for many months. One boy
had to look after 700 sheep and 72 cattle and was paid 700 maloti (US$140) for a years
work.
When the boys finish herding it is difficult for them to find other work because they have few
skills and up to 60% are illiterate. The country also has high unemployment.
The Lesotho Distance Learning Centre encourages young boys to take basic teaching
materials into the highlands to share with other herders. About 700 boys graduated from the
programme in 2003.
(a) (i)

Suggest why the herds of livestock need to be looked after.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii)

Calculate how many maloti are equal to one US dollar.

..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

(b) You have been asked to find out if the boys who graduated in 2003 have benefited from
the Learning Programme by 2006.
A questionnaire will be used to record the responses of the boys you interview.
(i)

Suggest how many boys should be interviewed as a fair sample of the 700
graduates.
..............................................................................................................................[1]

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For
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5
(ii)

Complete the questionnaire that has been started for you.

QUESTIONNAIRE
1

Has the Distance Learning helped you since you graduated three years ago?
Yes

No

Not sure

What type of work do you do now?

farming

mining

manufacturing

other (please state) ............................

unemployed
3

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
(iii)

Describe, in detail, how you could use this questionnaire to find out if the Distance
Learning Project had really improved the boys standard of living.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

(iv)

Until recently up to 45% of Lesothos labour force worked in the gold mines of
South Africa. There are now fewer jobs in these gold mines.
Explain why the Government of Lesotho has made the education of boys a priority.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

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6
2

Climate is a very important factor for the success of crops in the valleys.
Look at the table below.
Average
minimum
temperature
(C)

Average
maximum
temperature
(C)

Rainfall
(mm)

January

14

26

114

February

14

25

109

March

13

24

89

April

10

22

48

May

19

22

June

17

July

17

August

20

September

23

20

October

12

25

56

November

13

25

107

December

14

26

125

Month

(a) (i)

In which months are ground frosts most likely?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Between which months is the rainy season?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Only 10% of the land area can be used for crops and soil erosion is a major problem.
Drought has caused poor harvests in the last three years and many villagers now suffer
from lack of food.
A Food for Work Programme pays local people with food rations for building a dam for
livestock farming and to enable crop rotation.
The ration is 50 kg maize, 5 kg beans, 2 litres oil per person per month.
A building supervisor said At the start of the dam building many people were weak and
slow but now they are very active. I can hardly believe they are the same people.
(i)

Explain why the people on this programme changed so much.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

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7
(ii)

The local people wanted to know how quickly their new reservoir behind the dam
would fill with water. They carried out the procedure shown in Fig. 3.

For
Examiners
Use

Measuring speed of flow with the help of a float

A
red
easu tres
m
y
0 me
lread
ce a nd B, 5
n
a
t
dis en A a
e
betw

B
direction
of flow

wetted section already

measured 1.2m2

bottle with pebbles

and well sealed
Fig. 3

Complete the captions 1, 2 and 3 for each of the farmers to show how they
measured the speed of flow.
[3]
(iii)

Calculate the volume of water using the formula

wetted section
distance = volume of water.
.......................
....................... = .......................m3

The farmers found that the float took 60 seconds.

Calculate the discharge.
.................m3
volume
Discharge = = = ..................m3/s
seconds
..................s
[3]
(iv)

The dam was built to hold 52 000m3. If the stream flow remained constant at
8 640 m per day, approximately how many days would it take to fill?

........................................................[1]
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8
(c) Another Food for Work Programme paid local people to build silt traps using stones in a
donga (a small steep sided valley) that divided their grazing land. They have also been
given 2 000 trees by the government.
surface runoff

Key:
grazing land
stones

3
m
Fig. 4

(i)

On Fig. 4 shade in the areas where silt will be trapped.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Suggest why the local people wanted to fill in the donga on their grazing land.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

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9
(iii)

Explain how trees can prevent the donga from forming again.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

(iv)

The local people plan to use the trees when they are mature as a renewable source
of fuel.
Describe how the local people could do this without the risk of soil erosion.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

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10
(d) To help the people recover, some Food for Training Programmes have been started.

New Farming
Skills

Environmental
Management

Food for
Training
programme
Lifeskills
and HIV/AIDS
awareness

Income
Generating
Projects
Fig. 5

You have been asked to prepare an outline plan for this programme.
For each part of the programme state one topic you would teach and explain an
advantage to local people.
Programme Part: New Farming Skills
Topic ................................................................................................................................
Advantage.........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Programme Part: Environmental Management
Topic ................................................................................................................................
Advantage.........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Programme Part: Lifeskills and HIV/AID awareness
Topic ................................................................................................................................
Advantage.........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Programme Part: Income Generating Projects
Topic ................................................................................................................................
Advantage.........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
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11
(e) To help the local people wind turbines were installed by the government. Each family
could buy a battery to be charged by the wind turbines and taken home.

For
Examiners
Use

The wind turbines are on high poles.

prevailing
wind

Fig. 6
(i)

Explain why turbine Q is in a better position than P.

..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Suggest how a family could use the electricity stored in their battery to improve
daily life.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

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(f)

People from another village came to see the wind turbine and find out how to set up a
similar scheme for themselves.
They decided to take measurements of wind speed at sites A and B for five days. The
data are shown below.

wind speed m/s

Monday
time

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

11:00

17:00

11:00

17:00

11:00

17:00

11:00

17:00

11:00

17:00

site A

8.2

8.8

9.1

7.2

7.4

6.5

6.5

7.5

8.0

7.5

site B

8.6

9.2

7.4

7.2

8.0

7.0

7.2

8.0

8.8

8.5

(i)

Plot a graph of the data for 11:00 hours for sites A and B for 5 days.

[4]
(ii)

Describe the pattern shown on the graph for

site A ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
site B ........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

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(iii)

With reference to the graph, which site should the villagers use? Give two reasons
for your answer.

For
Examiners
Use

Site ...............
First reason ..............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Second reason .........................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

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3

The government has recently reopened Lesothos largest diamond mine. It is expected to
employ less than 1 000 workers but the high quality diamonds will contribute 20% of the
annual tax revenue of the government.
The government wants to use some of this money to develop food production so the country
is less dependent on food aid in the future.
A new lyamonga bean has been developed by cross-breeding existing varieties. It has been
given to farmers in a nearby country with a similar climate, periods of severe storms followed
by drought.
One farmer said When I used the old variety of bean I only got one bag of beans from my
land. Now, if there is enough rain I can get 5 bags of beans, if the rains are few I still get 2
bags of beans.
(a) A scientist wanted to carry out a field trial of both varieties of beans.
Describe how the scientist could carry out
1 the planting
2 the harvest
3 the measuring and recording of the harvest.
..........................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................[6]

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15
(b) The farmers were also asked to plant a trial crop of a genetically modified (GM) bean.
The farmers held a meeting and decided not to use the GM bean.
Suggest two reasons why the farmers rejected the GM bean.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]

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16
BLANK PAGE

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reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

0680/04, 5014/02/O/N/06