1. PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE vs.

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

Present Tense Simple
is used to express:
Present tense Continuous
is used to express:
1. Habits and routines
e.g Karen usually deals with the clients.
I often get junk emails from unknown .
companies.
1. Events happening at or around the moment
of speaking
e.g. He is having breakfast at the moment.
It is snowing hard today.
2. Permanent/general situations
e.g I work for a big foreign trade firm.
My parents live in England.
2. Temporary/particular situations
e.g. I am working in Paris for two months.
I am living in England for a while.
3. Facts that are always true
e.g. The sun sets in the West.
Water boils at 100 C.

3. Annoying actions/complainits
e.g. My car is always breaking down!
You are always arriving late on
Fridays.
4. Timetables and programmes
e.g. British Airways flight BA309 leaves
Rome at 7.45 and lands in London at 8.55
School starts on the 15th of September.
4. Fixed future arangements
e.g We are spending our holiday in Greece
next summer.
They are moving to the new premises in
April.
Time expressions :
- every day/week/month/year etc.
- usually, always, ever, never, often,
seldom, sometimes.
Time expressions :
- now, at the moment, at present, today, tonight
etc.




PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

TO HAVE a avea
Affirmative Interrogative
Long form Short form
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
You have
They have

I do not have
You do not have
He does not have
She does not have
It does not have
We do not have
You do not have
They do not have
I dont have
You dont have
He doesnt have
She doesnt have
It doesnt have
We dont have
You dont have
They dont have
Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?
Do you have?
Do they have?


TO GO a merge
Affirmative Interrogative
Long form Short form
I go
You go
He goes
She goes
It goes
We go
You go
They go
I do not go
You do not go
He does not go
She does not go
It does not go
We do not go
You do not go
They do not go
I dont go
You dont go
He doesnt go
She doesnt go
It doesnt go
We dont go
You dont go
They dont go
Do I go?
Do you go?
Does he go?
Does she go?
Does it go?
Do we go?
Do you go?
Do they go?



TO DO A face
Affirmative Interrogative
Long form Short form
I do
You do
He does
She does
It does
We do
You do
They do
I do not do
You do not do
He does not do
She does not do
It does not do
We do not do
You do not do
They do not do
I dont do
You dont do
He doesnt do
She doesnt do
It doesnt do
We dont do
You dont do
They dont do
Do I do?
Do you do?
Does he do?
Does she do?
Does it do?
Do we do?
Do you do?
Do they do?
PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS


TO BE A FI
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Long form Short form Long form Short form
I am
You are
He is
She is
Im
Youre
Hes
Shes
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
Im not
You arent
He isnt
She isnt
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
It is
We are
You are
They are
Its
Were
Youre
Theyre
It is not
We are not
You are not
They are not
It isnt
We arent
You arent
They arent
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

S+TO BE+Ving

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Long form Short form Long form Short form
I am eating
You are eating
He is eating
She is eating
It is eating
We are eating
You are eating
They are eating
Im eating
Youre eating
Hes eating
Shes eating
Its eating
Were eating
Youre eating
Theyre eating
I am not eating
You are not
eating
He is not eating
She is not eating
It is not eating
We are not
eating
You are not
eating
They are not
eating
Im not eating
You arent eating
He isnt eating
She isnt eating
It isnt eating
We arent eating
You arent eating
They arent
eating
Am I eating?
Are you eating?
Is he eating?
Is she eating?
Is it eating?
Are we eating?
Are you eating?
Are they eating?


2. PAST TENSE SIMPLE vs. PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

Past Tense Simple
Is used to express:
Past Tense Continuous
Is used to express:
1.An action completed at a stated time in the
past
e.g. The merchant bank went bankrupt in
1997.
The first world war started in 1914.
2. Actions which happened one after another
(a sequence of actions)
e.g. He entered the office, picked up the
phone and started to talk.

1. An action that was in progress at a
particular moment in the past.
e.g. At 9 oclock last night she was talking on
the phone.
What were you doing this time yesterday?
2. Two or more actions which were
happening at the same time in the past
e.g. They were talking to the clients while I
was filling in a form.

3. With non-continuous verbs (like, love,
hate, prefer, believe, remember, think,
understand, forget, know, want, mean, need,
seem, see, feel, taste, smell etc).
e.g. She wanted to buy a mansion but she
3. A past action that was in progress when
another action interrupted it.
e.g. While she was explaining her proposal
somebody interrupted her.
couldnt afford it.
.

4. Past actions which wont happen again.
e.g. Charles Dickens wrote a lot of novels.

4. Past actions which describe the
background to the events in a story.
e.g. We were skiing on the slope. It was
snowing heavily
The Past Tense Simple is often used with past time expressions:
a) with prepositions: - at two oclock/the end of the month/on Christmas
- on Monday/the 15
th
of April/New years Day
- in May/winter/1996/the 1980s
b) without preposition: yesterday/yesterday morning/last week/last night/a few days ago


PAST TENSE SIMPLE

TO BE

Affirmative

Negative
Interrogative

I was I was not (wasnt) Was I?
You were You were not (werent) Were you?
He/she/it was He/she/it was not (wasnt) Was he/she/it?
We were We were not (werent) Were we?
You were You were not (werent) Were you?
They were They were not (werent) Were they?

TO HAVE
I had an expensive car last year.

1. REGULAR VERBS: work-worked-worked
2. IRREGULAR VERBS: go went gone

Affirmative: I worked hard last week. S + V2
He went to the cinema last night.

Negative: I didnt work hard last week. S + DID + NOT + V1
He didnt go to the cinema last night.

Interrogative: Did you work hard last week? DID + S + V1
Did you go to the cinema last night?

1. REGULAR VERBS: ask asked asked [t]
cook cooked cooked
look looked - looked
laugh laughed laughed
dance danced danced
work worked worked
finish finished finished
like liked liked
pass passed passed
wash washed washed
watch watched - watched

love loved loved [d ]
arrive arrived arrived
listen listened listened
live lived lived
travel travelled travelled
phone phoned phoned
borrow borrowed borrowed
happen happened happened
order ordered ordered
play played played
stay stayed stayed
return returned - returned

want wanted wanted [ id ]
start started started
sound sounded sounded
visit visited - visited
need needed - needed
taste tasted - tasted
hate hated hated
sound sounded sounded
invite invited invited

Adverbs: YESTERDAY
LAST WEEK (MONTH, YEAR, NIGHT etc)
TWO DAYS AGO

Past Simple and time expressions:

last night
two days ago
I did it yesterday morning
in 1999
in summer
when I was yo
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS

S + TO BE + VERB-ING

WAS WERE


Affirmative

Negative
Interrogative

I was eating I was not eating (wasnt eating) Was I eating?
You were eating You were not eating (werent
eating)
Were youeating?
He/she/it was eating He/she/it was not eating
(wasnt eating)
Was he/she/it eating?
We were eating We were not eating (werent
eating)
Were we eating?
You were eating You were not eating (werent
eating)
Were you eating?
They were eating They were eating (werent
eating)
Were they eating?



PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

S+ HAVE+VERB (3)

1. Indefinite action: Somebody has broken the window.
I have got my driving-license.
2. Recent action:
- just The taxi has just arrived.
- already Have you already talked to him?
Yes, I have already talked to him.
- notyet I havent talked to him yet.
- lately/recently I havent talked to him recently/lately
- up to now/so far He has asked ten questions so far.
- before Have you met before?
We havent met before.

3. A series of repeated actions in the past which may continue into
the present./adverbs of frequency
- ever Have you ever travelled by plane?
- never I have never travelled by plane.
- always She has always bought expensive clothes.
- often They have often visited their grandparents.
- seldom (rarely) They have seldom visited their grandparents.

4. An action taking place in a period of time which is not over yet.
- today Where have you been today?
- this (week, month, year etc) I have been very busy this week.

5. An action which is not over yet or which has a result for the
present moment.
- How long have you known Mary?
- I have known Mary for 5 years.
- I have known Mary since 2002.
-
- I have learnt English for 5 years.

FOR is used to express a period of time
SINCE is used to express a point in time.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST TENSE SIMPLE
1.Indefinite action:
e.g. Somebody has broken the window.

e.g. I have got my driving-license.



2. An action taking place in a period of time
1.Definite action:
e.g. Somebody broke the window on Monday.

e.g. I got my driving-license in June.


2. An action taking place in a period of time
which is over: YESTERDAY/LAST WEEK
which is not over yet: TODAY/THIS WEEK
(MONTH, YEAR ETC)
e.g. Where have you been today?
e.g. I have been busy this week.

3. ADVERBS:
a) expressing a recent action:
- just
- already
- notyet
- lately/recently
- up to now/so far.
- before
b) adverbs of frequency:
- always
- ever
- never
- often
- seldom (rarely)
c) - how long
- for
- since


(MONTH, YEAR ETC)/AGO
e.g. Where were you yesterday?
e.g. I was busy last week.




PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S + HAVE + BEEN + VERB ING

1. An activity which began in the past and is still continuing now:
How long have you been driving the car?
I have been driving the car for 5 years.
I have been driving the car since 2004.
I have been driving the car since I was 18.

2. A past activity which has caused a present result:
I have been working all day. (Im tired now).
She has been travelling all night. (She is exhausted).
3. An action which finished just now
Have you been crying? (Your eyes are red).
He has been swimming. (His hair is wet).


PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
S+HAD+V3

a past action taking place before another past action

E.g. We had just got into the car when it started raining.
She had already entered the house when the storm broke out.
She had not entered the house yet when the storm broke out.
He had finished the paper before I rang him up.
We arrived at the airport after the plane had landed.
He told me he had never travelled by plane before.


PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
S+HAD+BEEN+V-ING

E.g. He had been speaking for an hour when we came. (he was still
speaking when we came).
He had spoken for an hour when we came. (he was no longer speaking).

They had been driving for an hour when the accident happened.

S+USED TO+VERB

He used to smoke when he was younger.
Did he use to smoke when he was younger?
He didnt use to smoke when he was younger.
There used to be an old shop there.
He used to be an army officer (he is retired now)
Would My grandpa would smoke a cigarette after lunch.

S+to be used to(get used to) +Ving

I am not used to working so hard.
I cant get used to working so hard.
(I used to work very hard when I was younger)


FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE

1.Affirmative

S + SHALL/WILL + VERB (1)

I shall leave tomorrow. We shall leave tomorrow.
You will leave tomorrow. You will leave tomorrow.
He They will leave tomorrow.
She will leave tomorrow.
It


Lets have a break, shall we?
Shall we leave now?

2. Interrogative

SHALL/WILL + S + VERB (1)

Shall I leave tomorrow? Shall we leave tomorrow?
Will you leave tomorrow? Will you leave tomorrow?
He Will they leave tomorrow?
Will she leave tomorrow?
it

3. Negative

S + SHALLWILL + NOT + VERB (1)

I shall not leave tomorrow/shant leave
You will not leave tomorrow/wont leave
He
She will not leave tomorrow/wont leave
It
We shall not leave tomorrow/shant leave
You will not leave tomorrow/wont leave
They will not leave tomorrow/wont leave

Dupa WHEN, AS SOON AS, BEFORE, AFTER, TILL/UNTIL, BY THE TIME, IF, UNLESS
I will call you when I get back home.
We will play tennis as soon as the rain stops.
We will sell the products before the shop closes.
I am afraid I will get to the airport after the plane lands/after the plane has landed
She will stay in hospital until she recovers completely.
By the time you get home, dinner will be ready.
You will sell the products if they are of high quality.
You wont sell the products unless they are of high quality.




JOAN DANIEL

IFI dont go out so much IFI stop smoking

do more work have more money

pass my exams save some every week

go to university be rich when Im thirty

study economics have my own business

become an economist make a lot of money

earn a good salary retire when Im forty

If I do not go out so much, I will do more work.
If I do more work, I will pass my exams.
If I pass my exams, I will go to university.
If I go to university, I will study economics.
If I study economics, I will become an economist.
If I become an economist, I will earn more money.



FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS

S+SHALL/WILL+BE+V-ing

- It is used to express an activity that will be in progress at a particular moment in the
future.

E.g. This time tomorrow I will be flying to London.
At three oclock tomorrow he will be attending a meeting.
This time next week I will be attending a training course in Rome.
What will you be doing tomorrow afternoon?
He will be travelling all night.
She will be working hard all week.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

S+SHALL/WILL+HAVE+V3
- It is used for an action that will be completed before a particulat time in the
future (together with the time phrase by)
3E.g. We wont have repaid the loan by March.
They will have sold all the goods by the time the Trade Fair closes./has closed
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
She promised me that she would help me.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE

GOING TO FUTURE

S+TO BE +GOING TO +VERB

1. Affirmative
I am going to spend my holiday in Spain.
You are going to spend your holiday in Spain.
He is going to spend his holiday in Spain.
She is going to spend her holiday in Spain.
We are going to spend our holiday in Spain.
You are going to spend your holiday in Spain.
They are going to spend their holiday in Spain.

2. Interrogative
Where are you going to spend your holiday?

3. Negative
I am not going to spend my holiday in Spain.

Uses:
1. immediate action: Look at the sky! It is going to rain.
If you eat so many cakes, you are going to be sick.

2. intention: We are going to spend our holiday in Greece next summer.

To be due to + verb

The plane is due to take off in five minutes.
We are due to hand in the papers on Monday.

To be + verb
We are to talk to the manager tomorrow.
To be about to

To be about to +verb We are about to leave

The Sequene of Tenses
1.We arrived at the airport after the plane had taken off.
2. I didnt know that John was your best friend.
Exceptions: The teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees C.
3. She promised me that she would help me. Future in the past













State verbs express a permanent state and are not normally used in the continuous/ progressive aspect.
These are:
Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, etc.
Verbs of feeling and emotion: like, enjoy, love, adore, appreciate, desire, detest, dislike,
hate, loathe, forgive, prefer, refuse, want, wish, etc.
Verbs of thinking/opinion: agree, believe, consider, recall, recollect, expect (=think),
intend, forget, feel (=think), know, mind, recall, recollect, realize, remember, see
(=understand), suppose, understand, want, wish, etc
Verbs indicating states/permanent qualities of people or objects: be, belong, own, contain,
comprise, cost, consist, have(=possess), include, measure, resemble, weigh
Miscellaneous verbs: appears (=seem), concern, depend, fit (=be the right shape and size
for something), mean, owe, possess, need, require, keep, seem etc.

*feel and hurt can be used in either continuous or simple forms, Mary feels/is feeling better today.
*Can or could are often used with these verbs.
- Theres too much noise here, I cant hear you.
- I cant see anything. Its too dark in here.
- I cant understand him.
- I cant remember her name.
Some stative verbs have continuous forms but with a difference in meaning:
State Action
He thinks shes really very intelligent.
(=he believes)
The icecream tastes sweet. (=It has the
flavor)

He has twomansions. (= he owns; he
possesses)
The silk scarf feels soft. (=it has a soft
texture)
Do you seewhat I mean? (= understand)

Your perfume smells of roses. (it has the
smell)
I love/enjoy good films. (= I like in general)
It looks as if its going to rain. (= it appears)

Im thinking about his proposal. (=Im
considering)
Why is he tasting the soup? (= testing the
flavour)

Shes having lunch. (= shes eating)

She is feeling the scarf. (= shes touching)

I m seeing the manager tonight. (= Im
meeting)
She is smelling the roses. (= shes sniffing)
Im loving/enjoying this film. (= I like
specifically)
He is looking at the painting. (= hes
observing it)
He appears to be painting. (=he seems to be)
The box is heavy. It weighs a few kilos. (=has
the weight of)

The actress is appearing on stage now.(= is
performing)
He is weighing meat (=is measuring the
weight of)