Sewing machine

1
Sewing machine
Senegalese woman sewing
A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other
materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during
the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual
sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of
the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been
the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine
has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing
industry.
Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual
items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the
fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools
used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time.
Industrial sewing machines, by contrast, are larger, faster, more complex, and more varied in their size, cost,
appearance, and task.
The fabric shifting mechanism may be a workguide or may be pattern-controlled (e.g., jacquard type). Some
machines can create embroidery-type stitches. Some have a work holder frame. Some have a workfeeder that can
move along a curved path, while others have a workfeeder with a work clamp. Needle guards, safety devices to
prevent accidental needle-stick injuries, are often found on modern sewing machines.
History
Invention
Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal, a German-born engineer working in England was awarded the first British patent for a
mechanical device to aid the art of sewing, in 1755. His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at
one end.
The "Sewing Hand, invented by Josef Madersperger in the early 19th century, (displayed at the Technisches
Museum Wien).]] In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did
not successfully advertise or market his invention.
[1]
His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas
material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker
and his device included many practically functional features: an overhanging arm, a feed mechanism (adequate for
short lengths of leather), a vertical needle bar, and a looper.
His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches
in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the
hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated,
locking the stitch. Saints machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles
and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. Although his
machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before
it could become a practical proposition. (In 1874 a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found
Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine,
currently owned by the London Science Museum.)
In 1804, a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for
embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland. An Austrian tailor Josef Madersperger began developing
his first sewing machine in 1807. He presented his first working machine in 1814.
Sewing machine
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The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthlemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, in
1829. His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint's model, and in 1830 he signed a contract with
Auguste Ferrand, a mining engineer, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The patent
for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830 and in the same year, he opened (with partners) the first machine-based
clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army. However, the factory
was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent.
[2]
A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum. The machine is made of wood and uses a
barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked
by the next loop.
The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832.
[3]
His machine used an
eye-pointed needle (with the eye and the point on the same end) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle
carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew.
The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the thread. The feed let the machine down, requiring the machine to
be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold it without bothering to
patent it. In 1842, John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States.
The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to
keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841.
The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern
sewing machine, was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844 for the processing of lace materials.
His machine was substantially similar to the devices built by Isaac Merritt Singer and Elias Howe in the following
years. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition
for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority between the two Americans.
Howe, Singer & The Sewing Machine Combination
Elias Howe's lockstitch machine, invented in
1845.
Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing
machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's, except that the
fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine
was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the
eye.
[4]
After a lengthy stint in England trying to attract interest in his
machine he returned to America to find various people infringing his
patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer.
[5]
He eventually won a case
against patent infringement in 1854 and was awarded the right to claim
royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent,
including Singer.
Sewing machine
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Singer treadle sewing machine
Trained as an engineer, Singer saw a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a
Boston shop. He thought it to be clumsy and promptly set out to design a better
one. His machine used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was
mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a
fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tensioning system. This machine
combined elements of Thimonnier's, Hunt's, and Howe's machines. He was granted
an American patent in 1851 and it was suggested he patent the foot pedal (or
treadle) used to power some of his machines; however, it had been in use for too
long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took
him to court. Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines
already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him
$1.15 per machine. Singer then entered a joint partnership with a lawyer named
Edward Clark. They established the first hire-purchase scheme to allow people to
buy their machines through payments over time.
An 1880 machine from the Wheeler and Wilson
Company.
Meanwhile Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated
("vibrated") in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer's
and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device
and threatened to sue. Wilson decided to try a new method. He went
into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a
rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother
than the other methods, and the Wheeler and Wilson Company
produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other
manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed
mechanism; this is still seen on every machine today. This had a
forward, down, back, and up motion, which drew the cloth through
in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Through the 1850s
more and more companies were being formed and were trying to sue each other. This triggered a patent thicket
known as the Sewing Machine War.
[6]
In 1856 the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and
Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, meaning that all the other manufacturers had to obtain a license
and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877 when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs
(18291902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain-stitch single-thread
sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal in Willcox & Gibbs
Sewing Machine Company. Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century.
Spread and maturation
Jones Family CS machine from around 1935.
William Jones started making sewing machines in 1859 and in 1860
formed a partnership with Thomas Chadwick. As Chadwick & Jones,
they manufactured sewing machines at Ashton-under-Lyne, England
until 1863. Their machines used designs from Howe and Wilson
produced under licence.
[7]
Thomas Chadwick later joined Bradbury &
Co. William Jones opened a factory in Guide Bridge, Manchester in
1869.
[8]
In 1893 a Jones advertising sheet claimed that this factory was
Sewing machine
4
the "Largest Factory in England Exclusively Making First Class Sewing Machines".
[9]
The firm was renamed as the
Jones Sewing Machine Co. Ltd and was later acquired by Brother Industries of Japan, in 1968.
[10]
Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear
clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machinesranging in price from 6 to
15 in Britain depending on featuresbecame very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely
to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends, and
women's magazines and household guides such as Mrs Beeton's offered dress patterns and instructions. A sewing
machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to 14 1/2 hours by hand.
Vintage sewing patterns
In 1877 the worlds first crochet machine was invented and patented by
Joseph M. Merrow, then-president of what had started in the 1840s as a
machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting
operations. This crochet machine was the first production overlock
sewing machine. The Merrow Machine Company went on to become
one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing
machines, and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as
the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer.
In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a
vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines,
perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by
rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design,
with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s.
The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889.
[11]
By the end of the First
World War, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first the electric machines were
standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular
and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing.
Social impact
Seamstresses in 1904.
Before sewing machines were invented, women spent a large amount
of their time on maintaining family clothing. Middle-class housewives,
even with the aid of a hired seamstress, would have to spend several
days of every month on this task. It would take a seamstress some 14
hours to make a dress shirt for a man; a dress took 10 hours,
[12]
and a
pair of summer pants nearly three hours.
[13]
Most individuals would
have only two sets of clothing: a work outfit and a Sunday outfit.
Sewing machines reduced the time for making a dress shirt to one hour
15 minutes, the time to make a dress to an hour, and the time for a pair
of summer pants to 38 minutes. This reduced labor resulted in women having a diminished role in household
management, and allowed more hours for their own leisure as well as the ability to seek more employment.
Industrial use of sewing machines further reduced the burden placed upon housewives, moving clothing production
from housewives and seamstresses to large-scale factories. The movement to large-scale factories also resulted in a
decrease in the amount of time clothing production took, which caused the prices for clothing to drop significantly.
This is because manufacturers were able to decrease the number of workers needed to produce the same amount of
clothing, resulting in reduced costs. Increased supply also lowered the cost.
Sewing machine
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Woman using a treadle sewing machine
manufactured by Singer.
The initial effects of sewing machines on workers were both positive
and negative, however in the long run the negative effects decreased.
Many of the women who had previously been busy at home could now
seek employment in factories, increasing the income for their family.
This allowed for families to be able to afford more sets of clothing and
items than they previously could. For seamstresses, home sewing
machines allowed them to produce clothing for the average person
during periods when demand for fitted clothes was low, effectively
increasing their earnings. When industrial sewing machines initially
became popular many seamstresses working in factories as well as
those working at home lost their jobs as it enabled fewer workers could
produce the same output. In the long run these now unemployed workers along with thousands of men and children,
would eventually be able to gain employment in jobs created as the clothing industry grew.
The sewing machines effects on the clothing industry resulted in major changes for other industries as well. Cotton
production needed to increase in order to match the demand of the new clothing factories. As a result cotton became
planted in new areas where it hadnt previously been farmed. Other industries involved in the process benefitted as
well such as metal companies who provided for parts of the machines and shippers to move the increased amounts of
goods.
[14]
Gun makers visited clothing factories in order to perfect their own mass production techniques.
[15]
In
addition to being important for clothing production, sewing machines also became important in the manufacturing of
furniture with upholstery, curtains and towels, toys, books, and many other products.
Stitch formation
The bobbin driver of a Husqvarna 3600 sewing
machine
Sewing machines can make a great variety of plain or patterned
stitches. Ignoring strictly decorative aspects, over three dozen distinct
stitch formations are formally recognized by the ISO 4915:1991
standard, involving one to seven separate threads to form the stitch.
[16]
Plain stitches fall into four general categories: lockstitch, chainstitch,
overlock, and coverstitch.
Lockstitch
Main article: Lockstitch
Sewing machine
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Formation of a lock-stitch using a boat shuttle as employed in early
domestic machines.
Lockstitch utilising a rotating hook invented by Allen B Wilson. This
is employed on many modern machines.
Lockstitch is the familiar stitch performed by most
household sewing machines and most industrial "single
needle" sewing machines from two threads, one passed
through a needle and one coming from a bobbin or
shuttle. Each thread stays on the same side of the
material being sewn, interlacing with the other thread at
each needle hole by means of a bobbin driver. As a
result, a lockstitch can be formed anywhere on the
material being sewn; it does not need to be near an
edge. Stitch making : The drive shaft has a vertical
crank attached to it, going down under the base plate.
Again, by a series of levers, this connects to a hook
ring. The hook ring picks up the upper thread and
guides it round the bobbin holding the lower thread.
Using the up and down movement of the needle and the
rotation of the hook ring the two threads are looped
together to form the stitch.
Chainstitch
Chainstitch was used by early sewing machines and has
two major drawbacks:
1. The stitch is not self-locking, and if the thread
breaks at any point or is not tied at both ends, the
whole length of stitching comes out. It is also easily
ripped out.
[17]
2. 2. The direction of sewing cannot be changed much
from one stitch to the next, or the stitching process
fails.
A better stitch was found in the lockstitch. The
chainstitch is still used today in clothing manufacture,
though due to its major drawback it is generally paired
with an overlock stitch along the same seam.
Overlock
Overlock, also known as "serging" or "serger stitch",
can be formed with one to four threads, one or two
needles, and one or two loopers. Overlock sewing machines are usually equipped with knives that trim or create the
edge immediately in front of the stitch formation. Household and industrial overlock machines are commonly used
for garment seams in knit or stretchy fabrics, for garment seams where the fabric is light enough that the seam does
not need to be pressed
Sewing machine
7
Formation of the double locking chain stitch.
open, and for protecting edges against raveling. Machines using two to
four threads are most common, and frequently one machine can be
configured for several varieties of overlock stitch. Overlock machines
with five or more threads usually make both a chainstitch with one
needle and one looper, and an overlock stitch with the remaining
needles and loopers. This combination is known as a "safety stitch".
Household overlock machines are widely used.
Zigzag stitch
A zigzag stitch is variant geometry of the lockstitch. It is a back-and-forth stitch used where a straight stitch will not
suffice, such as in preventing raveling of a fabric, in stitching stretchable fabrics, and in temporarily joining two
work pieces edge-to-edge.
When creating a zigzag stitch, the back-and-forth motion of the sewing machine's needle is controlled by a cam. As
the cam rotates, a fingerlike follower, connected to the needle bar, rides along the cam and tracks its indentations. As
the follower moves in and out, the needle bar is moved from side to side.
[18]
Very old sewing machines lack this
hardware and so cannot natively produce a zigzag stitch, but there are often shank-driven attachments available
which enable them to do so.
Coverstitch
Coverstitch is formed by two or more needles and one or two loopers. Like lockstitch and chainstitch, coverstitch
can be formed anywhere on the material being sewn. One looper manipulates a thread below the material being
sewn, forming a bottom cover stitch against the needle threads. An additional looper above the material can form a
top cover stitch simultaneously. The needle threads form parallel rows, while the looper threads cross back and forth
all the needle rows. Coverstitch is so-called because the grid of crossing needle and looper threads covers raw seam
edges, much as the overlock stitch does. It is widely used in garment construction, particularly for attaching trims
and flat seaming where the raw edges can be finished in the same operation as forming the seam.
Feed mechanisms
Besides the basic motion of needles, loopers and bobbins, the material being sewn must move so that each cycle of
needle motion involves a different part of the material. This motion is known as feed, and sewing machines have
almost as many ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches. For general categories, there are: drop feed,
needle feed, walking foot, puller, and manual. Often, multiple types of feed are used on the same machine. Besides
these general categories, there are also uncommon feed mechanisms used in specific applications like edge joining
fur, making seams on caps, and blindstitching.
Sewing machine
8
Drop feed
Presser foot raised with feed dogs visible
The drop feed mechanism is used by almost all household machines
and involves a mechanism below the sewing surface of the machine.
When the needle is withdrawn from the material being sewn, a set of
"feed dogs" is pushed up through slots in the machine surface, then
dragged horizontally past the needle. The dogs are serrated to grip the
material, and a "presser foot" is used to keep the material in contact
with the dogs. At the end of their horizontal motion, the dogs are
lowered again and returned to their original position while the needle
makes its next pass through the material. While the needle is in the
material, there is no feed action. Almost all household machines and
the majority of industrial machines use drop feed. Differential feed is a
variation of drop feed with two independent sets of dogs, one before and one after the needle. By changing their
relative motions, these sets of dogs can be used to stretch or compress the material in the vicinity of the needle. This
is extremely useful when sewing stretchy material, and overlock machines (heavily used for such materials)
frequently have differential feed.
Needle feed
A needle feed, used only in industrial machines, moves the material while the needle is in the material. In fact, the
needle may be the primary feeding force. Some implementations of needle feed rock the axis of needle motion back
and forth, while other implementations keep the axis vertical while moving it forward and back. In both cases, there
is no feed action while the needle is out of the material. Needle feed is often used in conjunction with a modified
drop feed, and is very common on industrial two needle machines. The advantage of needle feed over drop feed is
that multiple layers of material, especially slippery material, can not slide with respect to one another, since the
needle holds all layers together while the feed action takes place. Household machines do not use needle feed as a
general rule.
Walking foot
Main article: Walking foot
Vintage Davis vertical feed (walking foot) sewing
machine produced around 1890.
A walking foot replaces the stationary presser foot with one that moves
along with whatever other feed mechanisms the machine already has.
As the walking foot moves, it shifts the workpiece along with it. It is
most useful for sewing heavy materials where needle feed is
mechanically inadequate, for spongy or cushioned materials where
lifting the foot out of contact with the material helps in the feeding
action, and for sewing many layers together where a drop feed will
cause the lower layers to shift out of position with the upper layers.
Puller feed
Some factory machines and a few household machines are set up with
an auxiliary puller feed, which grips the material being sewn (usually from behind the needles) and pulls it with a
force and reliability usually not possible with other types of feed. Puller feeds are seldom built directly into the basic
sewing machine. Their action must be synchronized with the needle and feed action built into the machine to avoid
damaging the machine. Pullers are also limited to straight seams, or very nearly so. Despite their additional cost and
limitations, pulling feeds are very useful when making large heavy items like tents and vehicle covers.
Sewing machine
9
Manual feed
A manual feed is used primarily in freehand embroidery, quilting, and shoe repair. With manual feed, the stitch
length and direction is controlled entirely by the motion of the material being sewn. Frequently some form of hoop
or stabilizing material is used with fabric to keep the material under proper tension and aid in moving it around. Most
household machines can be set for manual feed by disengaging the drop feed dogs. Most industrial machines can not
be used for manual feed without actually removing the feed dogs.
Gallery
A Merrow 70-Class
machine (2007).
Computerized home sewing
machines (2005).
A sewing machine in Haikou
City, Hainan Province, China.
A sewing machine
for shoemaking
and shoe repair.
A bobbin in a chamber beneath
the foot plate also holds thread.
Wilcox &
Gibbs ornate
treadle machine
1922 Singer with Lotus pattern. Wilcox and Gibbs
straw hat binder (c.
1870).
Yugoslav made Bagat Danica
Sewing machine
10
Sewing machine needle
Main article: Sewing machine needle
Sewing machines use special needles tailored to their needs and to the character of the material being sewn.
References
[1] Sewing Machines (http:/ / www. moah.org/ exhibits/ virtual/ sewing. html)
[2] (http:/ / www.britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 536932/ sewing-machine), "Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 31 Dec. 2011.".
[3] A Brief History of the Sewing Machine (http:/ / www.ismacs. net/ sewing_machine_history. html)
[4] [4] Elias Howe Jr., Sewing Machine, United States Patent Office, US Patent 4,750, issued 10 September 1846, expired 1867.
[5] e.g. Bill Bryson: Made in America: an Informal History of the English Language in the United States, Black Swan, 1998, ISBN
0-552-99805-2, p.110.
[6] Adam Mossoff, A Stitch in Time: The Rise and Fall of the Sewing Machine Patent Thicket (http:/ / papers. ssrn. com/ sol3/ papers.
cfm?abstract_id=1354849); summarized and discussed at Sewing Machine Blogging (http:/ / volokh. com/ posts/ chain_1240849478. shtml),
The Volokh Conspiracy.
[7] [7] Veteran Sewing Machines by E Brian Jewel pp. 99
[8] [8] Sewing Machines by K. R Gilbert (1970) published for the London Science Museum pp12
[9] Sewalot at: http:/ / www. sewalot. com/ jones_sewing_machines. htm
[10] Brother Industries at: http:/ / www.brother. co. uk/ g3. cfm/ s_page/ 204540
[11] Sewing Machine History - Invention of the Sewing Machine (http:/ / www. ideafinder. com/ history/ inventions/ sewmachine. htm)
[12] Sewing Machine (http:/ / www.moah. org/ exhibits/ virtual/ sewing. html)
[13] 19th Century Fashion and the Sewing Machine (http:/ / historywired. si. edu/ detail. cfm?ID=502)
[14] The Sewing Machine and Its Impact on America (http:/ / sewingmachine. umwblogs. org/ the-sewing-machine-its-impact-on-america/ )
[15] Sewing Machine History (http:/ / www.sewalot. com/ sewing_machine_history. html)
[16] For a summary of stitch types see (http:/ / www. amefird. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2009/ 10/ Stitch-Type-Matrix. pdf) or (http:/ / 158. 132.
122. 156/ portal/ pattern/ 02Clothing/ 6Stitches02. pdf)
[17] (http:/ / home. howstuffworks. com/ sewing-machine1.htm) The Home Sewing Machine
[18] Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Sewing. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc., 32-36.
External links
Sewing Machines, Historical Trade Literature (http:/ / www. sil. si. edu/ DigitalCollections/ Trade-Literature/
Sewing-Machines) Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Old Sewing Machines and How They Work with animations. (http:/ / oldsewingmachines. acandanex. co. uk)
Servant in the house: A brief history of the sewing machine. From The Annual Report of the Smithsonian
Institution, 1929 (http:/ / www. sil. si. edu/ digitalcollections/ hst/ lewton/ high/ index. htm)
"Lockstitch sewing machine mechanism" (http:/ / home. howstuffworks. com/ sewing-machine2. htm), How stuff
works.
History of Singer sewing machines (http:/ / www. sewalot. com/ singer_through_the_ages. htm)
Article Sources and Contributors
11
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:SenegalSewing.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SenegalSewing.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: dimworld
Image:Elias Howe sewing machine.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Elias_Howe_sewing_machine.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Frank Puterbaugh
Bachman
File:Singer sewing machine.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singer_sewing_machine.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Vincent de
Groot - http://www.videgro.net
File:W&w8d.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:W&w8d.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Panjigally
File:Jonescs.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jonescs.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Panjigally
File:Sewing patterns.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sewing_patterns.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: FlickreviewR, Naberacka
File:Eatons Seamstresses.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eatons_Seamstresses.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Infrogmation, OlEnglish, Skeezix1000
File:Woman with Singer.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Woman_with_Singer.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Krschner, OttawaAC
File:Husqvarna 3600 C226.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Husqvarna_3600_C226.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Petri Krohn
Image:lockani1.gif Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lockani1.gif License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Panjigally
File:Lockstitch.gif Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lockstitch.gif License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: ru:user:NikolayS
Image:G&bani.gif Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:G&bani.gif License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Panjigally
File:Regular apeirogon zig-zag.png Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Regular_apeirogon_zig-zag.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was
Tomruen at en.wikipedia
File:Two threads threaded sewing machine.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Two_threads_threaded_sewing_machine.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: FlickreviewR, Jacopo Werther, OttawaAC
File:Davis1.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Davis1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Panjigally
Image:Merrow new machine.jpeg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merrow_new_machine.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was
Seniorcrochet at en.wikipedia
File:Computerized sewing machines.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Computerized_sewing_machines.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
Contributors: FlickreviewR, OttawaAC
File:Sewing machine in Haikou 01.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sewing_machine_in_Haikou_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors:
User:Anna Frodesiak
File:Sewing machine for shoes and bags 01.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sewing_machine_for_shoes_and_bags_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero
Contributors: User:Anna Frodesiak
File:Sewing machine bobbin under plate.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sewing_machine_bobbin_under_plate.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: FlickreviewR, Gerrit41, Jacopo Werther, OttawaAC
File:Wilcox&gibbswithtreadle.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wilcox&gibbswithtreadle.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
Panjigally
File:Singer66.JPG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singer66.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Panjigally
File:Wghat1.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wghat1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Panjigally
File:Bagat.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bagat.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:PetarM
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